DOCSLIB.ORG

Medical Writings on Childbirth in Imperial China

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Medical Writings on Childbirth in Imperial China Male Brushstrokes and Female Touch: Medical Writings on Childbirth in Imperial China Margaret Wee Siang Ng Department of History, Faculty of Arts McGill University, Montreal May, 2013 A thesis submitted to McGill University in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the degree of Doctorate of Philosophy in History © Margaret Wee Siang Ng, 2013 TABLE OF CONTENTS Abstract i Résumé ii Acknowledgements iii INTRODUCTION 1 Writing about Birth 3 Methods 8 Sources 10 Contemporary Scholarship 11 The Life of Shichan lun 14 CHAPTER ONE 20 Female Hands and Male Brushstrokes: A Translation and Analysis of Shichan lun 十產論 (Ten Topics on Birth) Part One: Introduction 20 Authorship, Structure, Language and Tone 21 Part Two: The Pain of Childbirth 29 Topic One: Zhengchan 正產 29 The quality of pain in Shichan lun 30 Topic Two: Shangchan 傷產 35 Talking About Pain 42 Pain in Medicine 48 Painful Birth in Chinese Culture 58 Topic Three: Cuichan 催產 66 A Season to Birth: Topics Four and Five: Season and Climate 67 Part Three: Female Hands: Shoufa 手法 (Hand Techniques) 72 Fa 法 – Method, Technique and Skill 73 Topic Six: Hengchan 橫產 74 Topic Seven: Daochan 倒產 77 Topic Eight: Pianchan 偏產 78 Topic Nine: Aichan 礙產 81 Touch of the Practitioner 82 Healing Hands in Chinese Medicine 84 Part Four: 93 Topic Ten: Zuochan 坐產 93 Topic Eleven: Panchang chan 盤腸產 95 Conclusion 96 CHAPTER TWO Male Brushstrokes: The Life of a Text: 101 The Transmission of Shichan lun from Song to the Qing Introduction 101 The Northern Song (960-1126) 104 The Intellectual Milieu 107 Yang Zijian, the Literatus from Qingshen 112 Writings of Yang Zijian 126 Yang and His Contemporaries 140 Shen Gua 143 Scholarly Learning and Medicine 149 Medical Governance 152 Elites and Medicine 155 Who was Yang Zijian? 160 CHAPTER THREE 164 Envisioning Women's Medicine: Chen Ziming Introduction 164 The End of the Southern Song 169 Chen Ziming's Unique and Ambitious Undertaking 174 Chen Ziming's Vision/ Revision of Fuke 176 Preservation of Non-Extant Works 179 Female Difference in Song Medical Texts 183 Aspirations to Become a Literatus-Physician 194 Organization of Furen daquan liangfang 199 Teaching Materials 208 Childbirth 215 Preparing the Woman about to Give Birth 220 Aligning the Birthing Woman with the Stars 226 Conclusion 234 CHAPTER FOUR 236 Xue Ji: A Successful Physician and the Charlatan? Introduction 236 Xue Ji's Role as Editor 238 Editorial Style 243 The Untalented Doctor 246 Major Milestones 249 Social, Cultural and Political Background of Xue Ji's Period 255 Medicine in Mid-Ming China 257 Contemporaries of Xue Ji 264 Changes in the Description of Childbirth 265 Preliminary Observations 266 Analysis of the Changes Xue Ji Made to Shichan lun 268 Topic One to Topic Four 269 Xue and Qi (Blood and Qi) 275 Topic Five to Topic Six 278 Topic Seven to Topic Nine 284 Techniques of Delivery 285 Topic Ten to Topic Eleven 288 Conclusion 290 CONCLUSION 293 APPENDIX 297 BIBLIOGRAPHY 310 Abstract This dissertation is a study of Shichan lun (Ten Topics on Birth), a widely disseminated medical treatise produced in the Northern Song dynasty (960-1127), around the early twelfth century. Shichan lun records how childbirth progressed and it also contains detailed descriptions of hand techniques deployed by women practitioners during birth complications. I examine its composition, incorporation into a larger work (in the thirteenth century), and redaction (ca. early to mid- sixteenth century). In Chapter One, I translate and analyze the earliest extant edition of Shichan lun, collected in Chen Ziming’s Furen daquan liangfang (All Inclusive Good Prescriptions for Women, pub. 1238). I highlight the use of childbirth pain descriptions as a diagnostic “tool” during delivery and the hand techniques women practitioners used to manage birth complications. In Chapter Two, I provide a composite biography of the author of Shichan lun, Yang Zijian (fl. 1100), and analyze the reasons why a literatus came to write about childbirth in the early twelfth century and his literary network. Chapter Three is devoted to the study of Chen Ziming (fl. 1237-1271), who incorporated Shichan lun into his work. I examine Chen’s authorial impulse and evaluate his involvement in re- defining women’s medicine. Chapter Four is a study of the changes introduced by Xue Ji (1487-1558), the sixteenth century medical author, to Chen Ziming’s work and Shichan lun. My conclusion addresses how Shichan lun, a work of a technical and practical nature, resisted theoretical incorporation, and the problems of using male-authored sources to study women’s medicine and women practitioners. i Résumé Cette thèse de doctorat est une étude biographique du Shichan Lun (Dix discours sur la naissance), un traité médical rédigé dans la dynastie des Song du Nord (960-1127) autour du début du XIIe siècle et largement diffusé jusqu'aujourd'hui. Shichan lun enregistre l'évolution des méthodes d'accouchement et contient également des descriptions détaillées des techniques manuelles déployés par les praticiens femmes pendant les complications de l'accouchement. J'examine la composition de l’oeuvre, l’intégration de l’oeuvre à un ouvrage plus large (au XIIIe siècle) ainsi que sa rédaction (ca. début au milieu du XVIe siècle). Dans le premier chapitre, je traduis et j’analyse la première édition existante du Shichan lun, recueillie dans le Furen daquan Liangfang de Chen Ziming (prescriptions inclusives et bonnes pour les femmes, pub. 1238). Je souligne l'utilisation des descriptions de la douleur de l'accouchement comme un «outil» de diagnostic pendant l'accouchement et les techniques manuelles utilisées par les praticiens femmes pour gérer les complications de l'accouchement. Dans le deuxième chapitre, je fournis une biographie composite de l'auteur du Shichan lun, Yang Zijian, en analysant les raisons pour lesquelles un lettré se mit à écrire au sujet de l'accouchement au début du XIIe siècle ainsi que son réseau littéraire. Le troisième chapitre est consacré à l'étude de Chen Ziming qui a incorporé le Shichan lun dans son oeuvre. J'examine impulsion d’authorial de Chen et j’évalue son implication dans la redéfinition de la médecine des femmes. Le chapitre quatre est une étude au sujet des changements introduits par Xue Ji, auteur médical du XVIe siècle, dans l’oeuvre de Chen Ziming et dans le Shichan Lun. En conclusion, je constate la façon dont le Shichan lun, un oeuvre de caractère technique et pratique, a résisté l’incorporation théorique ainsi que les problèmes de l'utilisation de sources d'auteurs masculins quant à l‘étude de la médecine des femmes et des praticiens femmes. ii Acknowledgements This journey has been meaningful, unexpected and rewarding, and I have incurred much debt during the long gestation period of this project. First, I would like to express my gratitude to my supervisor, Robin D.S. Yates, who has supported me throughout my PhD career. His good cheer and sound advice were important ingredients in the completion of this dissertation. Griet Vankeerberghen taught me classical Chinese and the importance of being a meticulous thinker. Much credit is due to Faith Wallis who taught me everything I know about the history of medicine in the West. She has been most generous with her time and good advice. I would also like to thank Kenneth Dean, Grace Fong, Brian Lewis, Leonard Moore and Nancy Partner for their time and counsel. I would like to thank Yi-Li Wu, the external examiner for this dissertation. I much appreciate the valuable suggestions she made for its improvement. My time at McGill was made much easier by the assistance and goodwill of Georgii Mikula, Colleen Parish, Mitali Das, Sylvia Crawford and Jody Anderson of the History Department. My appreciation is also extended to Livia Nardini and Angela Lapenna of the East Asian Studies Department, who have been most supportive. In Montreal, I was fortunate to receive much intellectual stimulation and support from Afra Tucker, Lin Fan, Rongdao, Chloe Sondervorst, Paola Carozza, Alvin Chung, Sara Neswald, Hasan Karrar, Jessica Main, Melissa Curley, Gyewon Kim, Zheng Lee, Sarah Gibson, Brian Lander, Elizabeth Lord, Chris Bryne, Tracy Zhang and Grace Lin. A fellowship from the Princeton University Library Research Grant allowed me to use the collection of rare Chinese medical works held at the Seeley G. Mudd Manuscript Library. I am much indebted to the staff of the Princeton University East Asian Library and Gest Collection. They provided me with much assistance, and I especially benefitted from the guidance of Martin Heijdra. I would like to express my appreciation for the welcome offered by the East Asian Studies Department. During my tenure in Princeton, I was fortunate to meet Lucille Chia and received good counsel. I also had the opportunity to meet Charlotte Furth, whose work inspired me to start this project many years ago. She was most generous with her time and advice. My thinking on practice was enriched by discussions with Pamela Smith and Dieter Kuhn. I had stimulating conversations with Brigid Vance, April Hughes, Wayne Soon, Ye Minlei, Zuo Ya, Christine Dunbar, Erin Brightwell, Margaret Schotte, Nurfadzilah Yahaya, Yulia Frumer, and Pey-Yi Chu. Thank you for camaraderie, encouragement, and good food. I dearly miss the dessert club. A Center for Chinese Studies Fellowship made possible my research in Asia, and the opportunity for me to use the resources at the National Library, the National Palace Museum Library, and the Academia Sinica in Taiwan. I am grateful to the staff of the CCS, especially Keng Li-chun, Jane Liau, Mister Tsai, iii and Luo Jinmei, who were excellent hosts. In Taiwan, I also benefitted from discussions with Annika Pissin, Uffe Bergeton, Hsieh Mei-yu, Eli Alberts, Stephan Schmidt, Quinn and Sophie Javers, David Wright, Cho Sungwu, Wang Cheng-hua, and Chang Che-chia.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Orthography of Early Chinese Writing: Evidence from Newly Excavated Manuscripts
    IMRE GALAMBOS ORTHOGRAPHY OF EARLY CHINESE WRITING: EVIDENCE FROM NEWLY EXCAVATED MANUSCRIPTS BUDAPEST MONOGRAPHS IN EAST ASIAN STUDIES SERIES EDITOR: IMRE HAMAR IMRE GALAMBOS ORTHOGRAPHY OF EARLY CHINESE WRITING: EVIDENCE FROM NEWLY EXCAVATED MANUSCRIPTS DEPARTMENT OF EAST ASIAN STUDIES, EÖTVÖS LORÁND UNIVERSITY BUDAPEST 2006 The present volume was published with the support of the Chiang Ching-kuo Foundation. © Imre Galambos, 2006 ISBN 963 463 811 2 ISSN 1787-7482 Responsible for the edition: Imre Hamar Megjelent a Balassi Kiadó gondozásában (???) A nyomdai munkálatokat (???)a Dabas-Jegyzet Kft. végezte Felelős vezető Marosi Györgyné ügyvezető igazgató CONTENTS Acknowledgements ................................................................................................. vii Introduction ............................................................................................................ 1 CHAPTER ONE FORMER UNDERSTANDINGS ..................................................................................... 11 1.1 Traditional views ........................................................................................... 12 1.1.1 Ganlu Zishu ........................................................................................ 13 1.1.2 Hanjian .............................................................................................. 15 1.2 Modern views ................................................................................................ 20 1.2.1 Noel Barnard .....................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • The Web That Has No Weaver
    THE WEB THAT HAS NO WEAVER Understanding Chinese Medicine “The Web That Has No Weaver opens the great door of understanding to the profoundness of Chinese medicine.” —People’s Daily, Beijing, China “The Web That Has No Weaver with its manifold merits … is a successful introduction to Chinese medicine. We recommend it to our colleagues in China.” —Chinese Journal of Integrated Traditional and Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China “Ted Kaptchuk’s book [has] something for practically everyone . Kaptchuk, himself an extraordinary combination of elements, is a thinker whose writing is more accessible than that of Joseph Needham or Manfred Porkert with no less scholarship. There is more here to think about, chew over, ponder or reflect upon than you are liable to find elsewhere. This may sound like a rave review: it is.” —Journal of Traditional Acupuncture “The Web That Has No Weaver is an encyclopedia of how to tell from the Eastern perspective ‘what is wrong.’” —Larry Dossey, author of Space, Time, and Medicine “Valuable as a compendium of traditional Chinese medical doctrine.” —Joseph Needham, author of Science and Civilization in China “The only approximation for authenticity is The Barefoot Doctor’s Manual, and this will take readers much further.” —The Kirkus Reviews “Kaptchuk has become a lyricist for the art of healing. And the more he tells us about traditional Chinese medicine, the more clearly we see the link between philosophy, art, and the physician’s craft.” —Houston Chronicle “Ted Kaptchuk’s book was inspirational in the development of my acupuncture practice and gave me a deep understanding of traditional Chinese medicine.
    [Show full text]
  • Place Names on Taiwan's Tombstones: Facts, Figures, Theories
    Place Names on Taiwan's Tombstones Place Names on Taiwan's Tombstones: Facts, Figures, Theories Oliver Streiter, Mei-fang Lin, Ke-rui Yen, Ellen Hsu, Ya-wei Wang National University of Kaohsiung Yoann Goudin, Ecole des Hautes Etudes en Sciences Sociales, Paris Abstract This paper presents a corpus-based study on 8.500 place names inscribed on Taiwan's tombstones. Research on place names on Taiwan's tombstones is promising new perspectives in the research on migration, identity, local customs, or Han culture in general. But how much 'identity' or 'migration' are actually coded in the location names? How can such dimensions reliably be identified? Using the place names, their geographic references, their linguistic features, together with other inscriptions, symbols or images on the tomb, we show how place names can be successfully analyzed. Dimensions encoded in the places names are the religious orientation, ethnic identity, social identity, local identity and historical migrations. New, never published data on Taiwanese tombstones are revealed during our analysis, for some of which the explanation pose new challenges. Keywords: Corpus-based study, Taiwan’s tombstone, migration, identity, local custom, Han culture 1. Introduction 1.1 From Cultural Features to Corpus Tombs and tombstones are important artifacts of a culture which allow analyzing and understanding concepts that are fundamental in a culture. Tombs and tombstones are part of a larger complex of death rituals, which as a rite of transition, is expected to illuminate our understanding of a culture. 34 Oliver Streiter A systematic investigation of the cultural concepts related to death rituals, in time and space, is possible through an electronic corpus that combines qualitative data with objective criteria for comparison and generation.
    [Show full text]
  • Downloaded from Brill.Com09/28/2021 09:41:18AM Via Free Access 102 M
    Asian Medicine 7 (2012) 101–127 brill.com/asme Palpable Access to the Divine: Daoist Medieval Massage, Visualisation and Internal Sensation1 Michael Stanley-Baker Abstract This paper examines convergent discourses of cure, health and transcendence in fourth century Daoist scriptures. The therapeutic massages, inner awareness and visualisation practices described here are from a collection of revelations which became the founding documents for Shangqing (Upper Clarity) Daoism, one of the most influential sects of its time. Although formal theories organised these practices so that salvation superseded curing, in practice they were used together. This blending was achieved through a series of textual features and synæsthesic practices intended to address existential and bodily crises simultaneously. This paper shows how therapeutic inter- ests were fundamental to soteriology, and how salvation informed therapy, thus drawing atten- tion to the entanglements of religion and medicine in early medieval China. Keywords Massage, synæsthesia, visualisation, Daoism, body gods, soteriology The primary sources for this paper are the scriptures of the Shangqing 上清 (Upper Clarity), an early Daoist school which rose to prominence as the fam- ily religion of the imperial family. The soteriological goal was to join an elite class of divine being in the Shangqing heaven, the Perfected (zhen 真), who were superior to Transcendents (xianren 仙). Their teachings emerged at a watershed point in the development of Daoism, the indigenous religion of 1 I am grateful for the insightful criticisms and comments on draughts of this paper from Robert Campany, Jennifer Cash, Charles Chase, Terry Kleeman, Vivienne Lo, Johnathan Pettit, Pierce Salguero, and Nathan Sivin.
    [Show full text]
  • Ming-Qing Women's Song Lyrics to the Tune Man Jiang Hong
    engendering heroism: ming-qing women’s song 1 ENGENDERING HEROISM: MING-QING WOMEN’S SONG LYRICS TO THE TUNE MAN JIANG HONG* by LI XIAORONG (McGill University) Abstract The heroic lyric had long been a masculine symbolic space linked with the male so- cial world of career and achievement. However, the participation of a critical mass of Ming-Qing women lyricists, whose gendered consciousness played a role in their tex- tual production, complicated the issue. This paper examines how women crossed gen- der boundaries to appropriate masculine poetics, particularly within the dimension of the heroic lyric to the tune Man jiang hong, to voice their reflections on larger historical circumstances as well as women’s gender roles in their society. The song lyric (ci 詞), along with shi 詩 poetry, was one of the dominant genres in which late imperial Chinese women writers were active.1 The two conceptual categories in the aesthetics and poetics of the song lyric—“masculine” (haofang 豪放) and “feminine” (wanyue 婉約)—may have primarily referred to the textual performance of male authors in the tradition. However, the participation of a critical mass of Ming- Qing women lyricists, whose gendered consciousness played a role in * This paper was originally presented in the Annual Meeting of the Association for Asian Studies, New York, March 27-30, 2003. I am deeply grateful to my supervisor Grace S. Fong for her guidance and encouragement in the course of writing this pa- per. I would like to also express my sincere thanks to Professors Robin Yates, Robert Hegel, Daniel Bryant, Beata Grant, and Harriet Zurndorfer and to two anonymous readers for their valuable comments and suggestions that led me to think further on some critical issues in this paper.
    [Show full text]
  • The Discovery of Chinese Logic Modern Chinese Philosophy
    The Discovery of Chinese Logic Modern Chinese Philosophy Edited by John Makeham, Australian National University VOLUME 1 The titles published in this series are listed at brill.nl/mcp. The Discovery of Chinese Logic By Joachim Kurtz LEIDEN • BOSTON 2011 This book is printed on acid-free paper. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Kurtz, Joachim. The discovery of Chinese logic / by Joachim Kurtz. p. cm. — (Modern Chinese philosophy, ISSN 1875-9386 ; v. 1) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-90-04-17338-5 (hardback : alk. paper) 1. Logic—China—History. I. Title. II. Series. BC39.5.C47K87 2011 160.951—dc23 2011018902 ISSN 1875-9386 ISBN 978 90 04 17338 5 Copyright 2011 by Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, The Netherlands. Koninklijke Brill NV incorporates the imprints Brill, Global Oriental, Hotei Publishing, IDC Publishers, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers and VSP. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, translated, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior written permission from the publisher. Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use is granted by Koninklijke Brill NV provided that the appropriate fees are paid directly to The Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Suite 910, Danvers, MA 01923, USA. Fees are subject to change. CONTENTS List of Illustrations ...................................................................... vii List of Tables .............................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • The Poetic Theory and Practice of Huang Tingjian
    THE POETIC THEORY AND PRACTICE OF HUANG TINGJIAN BY LIANG DU B.A., HUNAN NORMAL UNIVERSITY, 1982 THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS i IN THE FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES (Department of Asian Studies) We accept this thesis as conforming to the required standard THE UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA JULY, 1991 (C) LIANG DU, 1991 In presenting this thesis in partial fulfilment of the requirements for an advanced degree at the University of British Columbia, I agree that the Library shall make it freely available for reference and study. I further agree that permission for extensive copying of this thesis for scholarly purposes may be granted by the head of my department or by his or her representatives. It is understood that copying or publication of this thesis for financial gain shall not be allowed without my written permission. Department of ^,A-A! S>Tc/P>/gS The University of British Columbia Vancouver, Canada DE-6 (2/88) ABSTRACT Huang Tingjian ffKpK<1045-1105) is one of the most important poets of the Song Dynasty. He is often associated with his contemporary Su Shi|||^ , just as the Tang Dynasty's most important poets Du Fu and Li Bai ^ are linked. Huang founded the Jiangxi School which exerted 150 years of influence _ i upon the creative theory and practice of succeeding generations of poets. Huang is also one of the most controversial poets in Chinese history. His position in poetic history and the controversy surrounding him, make it worthwhile to analyze his poetic theory and practice.
    [Show full text]
  • I. Guides to the State of the Field Song Research Tools
    I. Guides to the State of the Field Page 1 of 125 Song Research Tools home | about | faq I. Guides to the State of the Field The late Etienne Balazs began formulating plans for an international, collaborative study of the Sung period as early as 1949 and formally initiated the "Sung Project" in 1954. The Project was responsible for some of the most valuable reference tools in this guide. Its history is related in: Ref (W) DS751.S86 1978x Yves Hervouet, "Introduction," (W) DS751.S86 1978x A Sung Bibliography Loc: Z3102 .S77 Hong Kong: The Chinese University Press, 1978, pp. vii-xiv. I.A. SOCIETIES, NEWSLETTERS, AND JOURNALS Societies Japan: Sōdaishi kenkyūkai 宋代史研究会 (Society for Song Studies): http://home.hiroshima-u.ac.jp/songdai/songdaishi-yanjiuhui.htm This site contains announcements for and reports on the annual meetings of the society, links to related sites, a bibliography of Japanese scholarship on Song studies (1982-2002) and a directory of Japanese scholars working in the field. Sōdaishi danwakai 宋代史談話會 (Society for the Study of Song History in Japan) http://www2u.biglobe.ne.jp/~songsong/songdai/danwakai.html Established in 1997 as a forum and reading group for young scholars of Song history active in Kyoto-Osaka-Kobe region. Includes meeting information, list of readings, and an announcement board. Sōdai shibun kenkyūkai 宋代詩文研究會 (Society for the Study of Song Literature) http://www9.big.or.jp/~co-ume/song/ http://www9.big.or.jp/~co-ume/song/danwakai.htm Includes announcements and a mailing list. Registration is required to get access to the full site.
    [Show full text]
  • REVIEW ESSAY Situating the History of Medicine Within Chinese History
    REVIEW ESSAY Situating the History of Medicine within Chinese History Marta Hanson, John Hopkins University Andrew Schonebaum. Novel Medicine: Healing, Literature, and Popular Knowledge in Early Modern China. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 2016. 296 pp. $50 (cloth); $30 (paper). Hilary A. Smith. Forgotten Disease: Illnesses Transformed in Chinese Medicine. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2017. 248 pp. $85 (cloth); $25 (paper/e-book). The past ten years have seen the publication of more than seventy English-language monographs, edited books, translations, dictionaries, and even a three-volume catalogue, related to the history of medicine in China. Such substantive, varied, and often ground-breaking scholarship is finally starting to do justice to the complexity of the subject and the richness of the sources vis-à-vis the better known, and thus more widely taught, history of European and Anglo-American medicine from antiquity to the modern world. Collectively bringing the field of the history of medicine in China to a new level of synthesis, these works not only demonstrate how integral the history of medicine and public health is to Chinese history but also should help facilitate the integration of East Asian medical history into more broadly conceived global histories of medicine and public health. This major boon in publications on the medical history of China over the past decade also reveals the wide-ranging methods and diverse approaches scholars have chosen to frame, and thereby exert heuristic control over, what arguably has become newly visible as the contours of a vast, complex, and essential subject of not just Chinese but human history.
    [Show full text]
  • Family-Cyprinidae-Gobioninae-PDF
    SUBFAMILY Gobioninae Bleeker, 1863 - gudgeons [=Gobiones, Gobiobotinae, Armatogobionina, Sarcochilichthyna, Pseudogobioninae] GENUS Abbottina Jordan & Fowler, 1903 - gudgeons, abbottinas [=Pseudogobiops] Species Abbottina binhi Nguyen, in Nguyen & Ngo, 2001 - Cao Bang abbottina Species Abbottina liaoningensis Qin, in Lui & Qin et al., 1987 - Yingkou abbottina Species Abbottina obtusirostris (Wu & Wang, 1931) - Chengtu abbottina Species Abbottina rivularis (Basilewsky, 1855) - North Chinese abbottina [=lalinensis, psegma, sinensis] GENUS Acanthogobio Herzenstein, 1892 - gudgeons Species Acanthogobio guentheri Herzenstein, 1892 - Sinin gudgeon GENUS Belligobio Jordan & Hubbs, 1925 - gudgeons [=Hemibarboides] Species Belligobio nummifer (Boulenger, 1901) - Ningpo gudgeon [=tientaiensis] Species Belligobio pengxianensis Luo et al., 1977 - Sichuan gudgeon GENUS Biwia Jordan & Fowler, 1903 - gudgeons, biwas Species Biwia springeri (Banarescu & Nalbant, 1973) - Springer's gudgeon Species Biwia tama Oshima, 1957 - tama gudgeon Species Biwia yodoensis Kawase & Hosoya, 2010 - Yodo gudgeon Species Biwia zezera (Ishikawa, 1895) - Biwa gudgeon GENUS Coreius Jordan & Starks, 1905 - gudgeons [=Coripareius] Species Coreius cetopsis (Kner, 1867) - cetopsis gudgeon Species Coreius guichenoti (Sauvage & Dabry de Thiersant, 1874) - largemouth bronze gudgeon [=platygnathus, zeni] Species Coreius heterodon (Bleeker, 1865) - bronze gudgeon [=rathbuni, styani] Species Coreius septentrionalis (Nichols, 1925) - Chinese bronze gudgeon [=longibarbus] GENUS Coreoleuciscus
    [Show full text]
  • Superstition and В€Œlucky∕ Apartments
    Journal of Comparative Economics 42 (2014) 109–117 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Journal of Comparative Economics journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/jce Superstition and ‘‘lucky’’ apartments: Evidence from transaction-level data ⇑ Matthew Shum a, Wei Sun b, Guangliang Ye b, a Division of Humanities and Social Sciences, California Institute of Technology, MC 228-77, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA b Hanqing Advanced Institute of Economics and Finance, School of Economics/Finance, Renmin University of China, Haidian District, Beijing 100872, PR China article info abstract Article history: Shum, Matthew, Sun, Wei, and Ye, Guangliang—Superstition and ‘‘lucky’’ apartments: Received 18 January 2013 Evidence from transaction-level data Revised 19 September 2013 Available online 11 November 2013 Using a sample of apartment transactions during 2004–2006 in Chengdu, China, we inves- tigate the impact of superstitions in the Chinese real estate market. Numerology forms an Keywords: important component of Chinese superstitious lore, with the numbers 8 and 6 signifying Superstition good luck, and the number 4 bad luck. We find that secondhand apartments located on Real estate market floors ending with ‘‘8’’ fetch, on average, a 235 RMB higher price (per square meter) than Apartment prices on other floors. For newly constructed apartments, this price premium disappears due to uniform pricing of new housing units, but apartments on floors ending in an ‘‘8’’ are sold, on average, 6.9 days faster than on other floors. Buyers who have a phone number contain- ing more ‘‘8’’’s are more likely to purchase apartments in a floor ending with ‘‘8’’; this sug- gests that at least part of the price premium for ‘‘lucky’’ apartments arises from the buyers’ superstitious beliefs.
    [Show full text]
  • Challenges for the Promotion and Development of Traditional Chinese Medicine in Central and Eastern Europe Under the Belt and Road Initiative
    Asian Social Science; Vol. 16, No. 1; 2020 ISSN 1911-2017 E-ISSN 1911-2025 Published by Canadian Center of Science and Education Challenges for the Promotion and Development of Traditional Chinese Medicine in Central and Eastern Europe Under the Belt and Road Initiative Feifei Xue1, Xiaoyong He1, Wenzhi Hao1, Jiajia Qin1 & Jiaxu Chen1 1 Formula-pattern Research Center, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China Correspondence: Jiaxu Chen. E-mail: [email protected] Received: October 21, 2019 Accepted: November 19, 2019 Online Published: December 31, 2019 doi:10.5539/ass.v16n1p35 URL: https://doi.org/10.5539/ass.v16n1p35 This work was supported by the Department of International Cooperation and Exchanges of Ministry of Education of the People’s Republic of China under Grant number 2059999. Abstract Along with the implementation of the Belt and Road Initiative, traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) is increasingly used and attracts more interest in Central and Eastern Europe (CEE). As an important bridge between different cultures, translation plays a major role in promoting TCM in CEE. However, there are some problems in the translation process hindering further promotion of TCM theories and culture in CEE. First of all, the English translations of TCM classics and textbooks lack universally accepted standards, and the quality of TCM text translation is low. Secondly, TCM translators lack sufficient training in TCM knowledge. Also, the translation of TCM materials lacks cultural connotation. Through analyzing the current problems of TCM translation in CEE, this study proposed three suggestions: strengthening the exchange between the government and experts, regulating the translation of TCM textbooks, and strengthening the training of TCM translators.
    [Show full text]