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General Li Jing'in Askerî Düşüncesi Ve Doğu Göktürk Kağanlığı'nın Çöküşü

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General Li Jing'in Askerî Düşüncesi Ve Doğu Göktürk Kağanlığı'nın Çöküşü Hacettepe Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Tarih Anabilim Dalı GENERAL LI JING’İN ASKERÎ DÜŞÜNCESİ VE DOĞU GÖKTÜRK KAĞANLIĞI’NIN ÇÖKÜŞÜ Hayrettin İhsan ERKOÇ Doktora Tezi Ankara, 2015 GENERAL LI JING’İN ASKERÎ DÜŞÜNCESİ VE DOĞU GÖKTÜRK KAĞANLIĞI’NIN ÇÖKÜŞÜ Hayrettin İhsan ERKOÇ Hacettepe Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Tarih Anabilim Dalı Doktora Tezi Ankara, 2015 iii TEŞEKKÜR Doktora tez çalışmam boyunca çalışmamı yakından takip ederek her türlü yardımı ve desteği sağlayan tez danışmanım Doç. Dr. Erkin Ekrem’e, yine tez çalışmam boyunca değerli katkılarıyla ve önerileriyle tezimi zenginleştiren Prof. Dr. Ali Merthan Dündar’a ve Prof. Dr. Yunus Koç’a, tez savunma sınavımda kıymetli düşünceleriyle tezime katkıda bulunan Prof. Dr. Saadettin Yağmur Gömeç’e ve Prof. Dr. Mehmet Özden’e teşekkürlerimi sunarım. Çalışmakta olduğum Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart Üniversitesi Fen- Edebiyat Fakültesi Tarih Bölümü’nün tüm akademik personeline doktora tez çalışmam boyunca bana çeşitli kolaylıklar sağladıkları için teşekkür ederim. Ayrıca hayatımın en büyük maddî-manevî destekçileri olan babama ve anneme de en derin şükranlarımı sunmayı bir borç bilirim. iv ÖZET ERKOÇ, Hayrettin İhsan. General Li Jing’in Askerî Düşüncesi ve Doğu Göktürk Kağanlığı’nın Çöküşü, Doktora Tezi, Ankara, 2015. Göktürk Kağanlığı 552’de kurulduktan sonra 583 yılında ikiye bölünmüştür. Doğu Göktürk Kağanlığı da 627’den itibaren yaşadığı bir dizi felaketin ardından 630 yılında Çin’deki Tang 唐 Hanedanı tarafından yıkılmıştır. Kağanlığın yıkılmasının ekolojik, ekonomik ve siyasî sebepleri vardır. Yaşanan sert kışlar ve askerî masraflar yüzünden ekonomi bozulmuş, ağır vergilendirmeler yüzünden kağanlığa bağlı konar-göçer boylar ayaklanmışlardır. Göktürk hükümdarı İllig Ḳaġan’ın (Xie-li Ke-han 頡利可汗) devlet yönetiminde Soğdlular ve Çinliler gibi yabancılara daha ağırlık vermesi, kağanlığın kurucu unsuru olan Göktürk beylerinin tepkisini çekmiştir. Ayaklanmaları bastıramayan Göktürk hanedan üyelerinin İllig Ḳaġan tarafından cezalandırılmaları, kağanın yönetiminden hoşnut olmayan bu kişilerin kağanı terk etmelerine yol açmıştır. Kağanlığın bünyesindeki yabancıların da bu çöküş sürecinde yürüttükleri olumsuz faaliyetler, kağanlığın yıkılmasına katkıda bulunmuştur. Doğu Göktürk Kağanlığı’nın zayıflayıp çökmekte olduğunu gören Tang Hanedanı da fırsattan yararlanarak bir askerî seferle bu devleti ortadan kaldırmaya karar vermiştir. General Li Jing’in 李靖 komuta ettiği Tang seferî ordusu, 630 yılında Göktürk kuvvetlerini dağıtarak İllig Ḳaġan’ı ele geçirmiş ve Doğu Göktürk Kağanlığı’nı yıkmıştır. Bu seferle ilgili kayıtlar Çin kroniklerinde bulunmaktadır. Ancak Doğu Göktürk Kağanlığı’nın çöküşünün daha iyi anlaşılabilmesi için, bu devleti yıkan General Li Jing’in askerî düşüncesinin yer aldığı Tang Tai-zong Li Wei-gong Wen-dui 唐太宗李衛公問對 adlı esere de başvurulması gerekmektedir. Tezimizde Doğu Göktürk Kağanlığı’nın çöküş süreciyle ilgili Çin kaynaklarını gözden geçirerek bu süreçle ilgili bazı sorunları çözdük. Kağanlığın çöküş sebeplerini tespit v ettik ve bozkır imparatorluklarının çöküşleriyle ilgili yaklaşımların da yardımıyla bu sebeplerin arka planlarını inceledik. Li Jing’in Tang Tai-zong Li Wei-gong Wen-dui’de dağınık bir şekilde yer alan askerî düşüncesini tasnif ederek onun bu düşünceyi Göktürklerle savaşırken nasıl kullandığını ve nasıl başarılı olduğunu ortaya koyduk. Doğu Göktürk Kağanlığı’nın yıkılmasıyla sonuçlanan 630 seferini anlatan Çin kayıtlarıyla yaptığımız karşılaştırmalarla da gerçekliği hakkında kuşkular bulunan ve asıl metni günümüze ulaşmayan Tang Tai-zong Li Wei-gong Wen-dui’nin büyük oranda orijinal bir metne dayandığını, metne sonradan yapılan eklemelerin ise sayıca az olduğunu tespit ettik. Anahtar Sözcükler Göktürkler, Doğu Göktürk Kağanlığı, İllig Ḳaġan, Bozkır İmparatorluğu, Li Jing, Tang Hanedanı, Askerî Düşünce, Strateji, Taktikler, Tang Tai-zong Li Wei-gong Wen-dui. vi ABSTRACT ERKOÇ, Hayrettin İhsan. The Military Thought of General Li Jing and the Fall of the Eastern Gokturk Qaghanate, Ph. D. Dissertation, Ankara, 2015. Following its foundation in 552, the Gokturk (Tu-jue 突厥) Qaghanate was divided into two rival qaghanates in the year 583. One of these, the Eastern Gokturk Qaghanate, was destroyed by the Tang 唐 Dynasty of China in 630 after the qaghanate suffered from a series of disasters starting from 627. Economy was disrupted because of harsh winters and military spending, while vassal nomadic tribes rebelled because of heavy taxation. Illig Qaghan (Xie-li Ke-han 頡利可汗), ruler of the qaghanate, favored foreigners like Soghdians and Chinese in state affairs, which made him unpopular among Gokturk noblemen who were the representatives of the founding element of the qaghanate. When members of the Gokturk dynasty failed in suppressing the rebellions, they were punished by Illig Qaghan, which led these noblemen to abandon him as they were already dissatisfied from his rule. Some disruptive activities of foreigners living among the Gokturks also contributed to the fall of the qaghanate during this process. Seeing that the qaghanate was weakening and about to fall, the Tang Dynasty decided to take advantage of this opportunity by organizing a military campaign and destroying the qaghanate. The Tang field army commanded by General Li Jing 李靖 dispersed Gokturk forces, captured Illig Qaghan and destroyed the qaghanate in the year 630. Records about this campaign are located in Chinese chronicles. However, in order to better comprehend the fall of the Eastern Gokturk Qaghanate, it is necessary to study Tang Tai-zong Li Wei-gong Wen-dui 唐太宗李衛公問對, a historical source containing the military thought of General Li Jing who destroyed this empire. In our dissertation, we went through the Chinese sources containing information about the fall of this qaghanate and solved some of the problems regarding this process. We vii identified the reasons for the fall of the qaghanate and examined the backgrounds of these reasons with the help of several approaches regarding the fall of steppe empires. After classifying Li Jing’s military thought located dispersedly in the Tang Tai-zong Li Wei-gong Wen-dui, we put forth how he used this thought while fighting against the Gokturks and how he succeeded. Because there are disputes regarding the authenticity of the Tang Tai-zong Li Wei-gong Wen-dui, we also made comparisons with the Chinese records describing the campaign of 630, and we determined that this work has been largely based on an original now-lost text, while later additions to the text have been few in number. Keywords Gokturks (Tu-jue 突厥), Eastern Gokturk Qaghanate, Illig Qaghan, Steppe Empire, Li Jing, Tang Dynasty, Military Thought, Strategy, Tactics, Tang Tai-zong Li Wei-gong Wen-dui. viii İÇİNDEKİLER KABUL VE ONAY .......................................................................................................... i BİLDİRİM ....................................................................................................................... ii TEŞEKKÜR ................................................................................................................... iii ÖZET ............................................................................................................................... iv ABSTRACT .................................................................................................................... vi İÇİNDEKİLER ............................................................................................................ viii KISALTMALAR ........................................................................................................... xi ÖNSÖZ ........................................................................................................................... xii GİRİŞ ............................................................................................................................... 1 A. KONU, AMAÇ VE YÖNTEM .............................................................................. 1 1. Konu....................................................................................................................... 1 2. Amaç ...................................................................................................................... 3 3. Yöntem................................................................................................................... 5 B. KAYNAKLAR ........................................................................................................ 6 1. Çin Kaynakları ....................................................................................................... 6 2. Diğer Kaynaklar ................................................................................................... 13 C. BOZKIR DEVLETLERİNİN ÇÖKÜŞ SEBEPLERİ İLE İLGİLİ YAKLAŞIMLAR ....................................................................................................... 14 1. BÖLÜM: TARİHÎ ARKA PLAN ............................................................................ 30 1.1. 220-630 YILLARI ARASINDA ÇİN’İN SİYASÎ DURUMU ......................... 30 1.2. 552-626 YILLARI ARASINDA GÖKTÜRK KAĞANLIĞI .......................... 39 1.2.1. Göktürklerin Adları, Kökenleri ve Tarih Sahnesine Çıkışları ....................... 39 1.2.2. 581 Yılına Kadar Göktürk Kağanlığı............................................................. 44 1.2.3. Göktürk Kağanlığı’nın Bölünmesi................................................................. 47 ix 1.2.4. 603-626 Yılları Arasında
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