Thirty-Third Annual Report for the Year Ended June 30, 1922
Item Type text; Report
Authors University of Arizona. Agricultural Experiment Station.
Publisher College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ)
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Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/196704 jtf Aripma College of Agriculture Agricultural Experiment Station
THIRTY-THIRD ANNUAL REPORT For The Year Ended June 30, 1922
This Report constitutes Part III of the Annual Report of the Board of Regents of the University of Arizona, made in conform- ity to Article 44-83, Title 42, Revised Stat- uteb of Arizona, 1913,
PUBLISHED BY of Arizona UNIVERSITY STATION TUCSON, ARIZONA ORGANIZATION
BO-\RD OF REGENTS EX OFFICIO MI:1I,fBERS
'I~ k,XCELLENCY, TIJ01\{AS E CAMPBELL, G<>velflor o! "'"zo"" Phoen x "0'< I:!<;lF TOLE<; St,te Supellntendent of PublIc rmtrucMn PhOent1 -1.PPOINTED MEMBERS ()II" If C\l\[PBELL LLM, Clnncellor TU"M 1 \ \!}~ G COMPTO"', ~ecretl", Tucson llhE DR \CHM'I."<, Tr."urel Tucson J 1\IOTI!Y 'I. RIORDAN Flag.t.if , !l \tuNC W WELLS _Pre,cott [aUI'> D RICKETTS, So 0, LL D _Warren I ~T1\iIER W HUDSON Tempe 1)\\ IGH'l n HF "RD PhOeTllT
1)1 \l\" FRANCI<; C LOO.WOOO, ph D
J) W WORKING, B So, AM Deon, College of Ag1Jcultule lOHN J THORNBER, 'I. M D,rector Expellmen! StatIon Botan"t ROBERT H FORPES, Ph D Re,earch Speclalm \l BERT E VINSO'\, Ph D Agncultural Che:ru,t GEORGE F P SMITH, C E I,r,g,tlOn Eng-meer RICHARD H WILLI'l.MS, Pic D ";mmal Hu.b-mdman W'l.LTER S CUNNINGHAM, B S D1 ';'DMI!' PROJl>CTS 187 Agrlcult"r~l Chez!llstry 187 Agronomy ____ 187 An,m,l Hu,bnnd,y ______187188 Botany Dauy Hu.b.ndry 188 Entomology ------188 HortIculture ______189 Irrigation 1" Piant Iheerimg ____ 189 Plant P.thology ____ _ 190 Poultry Husband" ___ 190 AORICULTURAL CHEMISTRY_ 192 BhcJ... Alkal! Stud.. " nt the Unlve"ltv Fum 192 The Treatment wIth Sulphunc Ac,d of '>o,ls for Black A!ka1I 192 Pot C Iitule Exp""mento wIth Black Alkali 193 The Sv;elllag CoefficIent of SOIl. 19+ The Tempe Dnmage DItch 19+ MIscelhneous 196 'l.C,RONOMY _____ 198 Conbnuatlon of Studl .... at the Prescott Dry-Farm 19'1 ContmuatlOn of Stud e, .it the Sulphur Spring Valley Dry_Farm _ _ _ 199 A Study of the Culture and the Varlet,es of Legumee _ __ 199 Varietal and Cultunl T eeLS of Com and Sorg"hum. _ _ 20. The Culture 1nd Field Ma~ag"=ent of Plnla_Egypt,an Cetton ______202 Culture and M.nagement of 'i\l!lter and Spring Grains 204- Vmetal and Cultural Test5 of Grlln and Forage Cropll, and of GU.5e. and MI&eellaneeus c,op.______205 CoOpel'ltlVe Demonatrat'Oni __ 205 Study of Ind,an Agriculture ___ 207 Seed Te,ttng ______207 ANIMAL HUSBANDRY _ 207 L,ve'tock Cond,t,ons the Pa.t Ye~r _ _ _ __ 208 "'ge and QualIty a' F1cton In Cattle Feeding ____ 208 Small Calves Versu& Large Clilvee Ver.us Yearllllg Steers for Feed,ng __ 209 Feedl!l/l' Ste~r C~lv""·Ver.ue Old Cows oa SunJlower S,lage and Cottonseed Mcd ______~_ _ __ _ 209 BOTA'fY D>\IRY HUSB\NDRY 215 Adv1nced Registry Te.t. 215 G,een AJhlt\ V."u, Alhlf. n'l for OOlrV COWl 217 M neo ,1 Suppleme,t. m R1!10n' for O'ury Ca!tl~, .nd G,een Feed VelSu, Cured Fee\ Nu" Insect Pe't of Gr1pe, _ 221 Ree Cultu, e 220 M"celi meou. 220 IrOR1ICLLTURE 220 ("tru. Fruit. 22, Expel,ment"l Plantmg' 221 Eff<.ct of rempel~tule and 221 Bud Selechon 222 D,te Stud,e. no Date Vanetles 222 P, np1g?t PL ... ~r PA,Il0LOGY 2.>3 lotton Projects 23S The S lhu.nt1 Plota 2\9 rhe Yum1 PI"t' 2<0 Salt R"er Valley fa1m Plota 2-1-1) Comp'lro.on or R ..ult. 2-1-J Date Rot Project MJscollmeoll' StJldJes '402-1-2 Alhlt I GJJdle 242 Sunburn 'lnd AphJd Injury of So, B.,n. and CO"'l'e1$ Z·E Cooperotlve Pol,to SproYUlg ,24.J B"ef Summ'~lv ~f Fhn! D seJ'~ DetL!mm~twns 243 F,eld Crops 243 Orrh1Jd T,ees :-1+ Sm,'l F,UI!. ~ _ 246 G~rden Ve,,~I,ble, 246 OJ~'m.~t1b 2+5 OthCl '\ct,Vlt" 246 I "t~n"on W",l _ HS Selent,,," 'VlcelLngs Pubbe1tlOm Needed In\e,l,gl!lOn, POULTRY Ht:SR \NDRY Poultry PIlOt Well ILLUSTRATIONS I ig I—Annual Field Day at the Salt River Valley Farm, Octobei, 1921 178 I ig 2—Date offshoot propagation shed at the Salt River Valley Farm — 181 Fig 3—Field of selected began at the Silt Rivei Valley Farm 201 Fig 4—Field of Double Dwnf milo at the Silt River Valley Faim - 202 Tig 5—Fertilizer tests vuth wheat 204 1 !0 6—The new dairy barn at the Umveisity Firm 218 Jri^ 7—The iclition of dnvi down to yield and the ielation of discharge to lift at the East Well pumping plant on the Lnnersity Campus _ 233 F 8f 8—Umbrella tiees in a city paik in Tucson being killed bj Texas root lot (Oxomtftv onw vorum^ 239 tic; 9—Root rot disc ise on cantaloupe caused by nematode (Heterodora tad tcicola] 241 1 4 10—Blossom end rot of tomato caubed b\ nmgus 243 1 g 11—Root lot of ilfalla caused by Fttsanum sp 245 I ig 12—Tomato plant attacked h doddei (Cuicuta so ) 247 >ij 13—Egg 1 tying house at the Lnneisty poultn plint 249 TABLES 1 ible I—Showin? Evpenment Station expendituies by funds ind schedules foi the yeai ended June 30, 1922 190 I ible II—Showing iccupts from all stuices and disbursements foi all pur poses on account of the College of Agncultuie foi the ve 11 ended June 30, 1922 191 1 ible III—Monthl> variations m compositicn oi \ater from Tempe Diamage Ditch, 1921 22, parts per 100,000 19-> I able IV—Analyses of Anzona feeding <5tuas 197 Tible V—Effects of feitilizeis on cotton yields, 20 f ible VI—Results of cooperative demonstrations 205 I able VII-—Alfalia as a supplement to cracked hegiri and tankige foi pigs 21 ^ Tiblc VIII—Ad^ anced legistiy tests of co\\s on the Umveisitv Faim 216 Table IX—Yields of dan> co^s at the Unu ei sit} Taim, 1921-1922 216 I ible X—Showing the effect of pruning on the vield of 6 \ear old olive trees 22j> I ible XI—Showing results obtained in use of seed potatoes, gio\\n locally in spring and fall 22" Table XII—Showing the efiect of vine pruning on the yield of s-weet potatoes 227 Table XIII—Runoff recoids for Sarta Crur md Rillito mers, 1920 md 1921 2U Table XIV—Yield, percentage of lint, length, and stiength of nbei ot uplmd cottons 2^0 T ible XV—Baking results obtained "with flours milled from pedigreed stiains of A^r/ona gro\vn wheats, ciop of 1922 2"1" THIRTY-THIRD ANNUAL RfiPORT ADMINISTRATION J. J. THORNBER Following be\eral conferences with President R. B. \on KleinSmid «>: he Universiu in February and March, 1921, relative to the work of th ; Experiment Station, the writer was appointed Director of the Agricultun ' Experiment Station in May, 1921. It was not possible for him to take- charge of this work, however, until September 1, since he was schedule.: to teach at the University Summer School, Flagstaff, Arizona, from June tu August inclubhc. With the assistance of Dean Working of the College of Agriculture and the members of the Station staff, budgets were prepared in May and June for the work of the Experiment Station for the fisca* ; car, 1921-1922, and approved by the President, In April, 1922, the Regents of the University appointed the Directrr of the Experiment Station to be also Dean of the College of Agriculture, which position he assumed July 1, 1922. CHANGES IN THE WORK OF THE EXPERIMENT STATION It has been necessary to make changes in the routine of the work of the Experiment Station, and it is felt that the^e changes have improved ma- terially the organization and work of the Station. The plan of requiring quarterly progress reports was begun in January, 1921. These report- give a brief statement of the progress made by the members of the Station staff in the different lines of work under investigation* They are helpful alike to the Director and to members of the Station staffs and enable the President and Regents of the University to keep in close touch with the work of the Station. More recently the foremen of the Experiment Station farms have been requested to send in weekly reports on the work of the experiment farms. These reports are narrative in form and are a great help to the agricultural staff and to the administration in following ihe work on these experiment farms. The custom of holding one general Experiment Station Field Day annually at the Salt River Valley Farm has been discontinued, and instead three or four field days are held each year. Thus in May, 1922, a cereal , , HI/RII-tHIRD A\.n;nL f..'EPORT ,r"p! field day W~~ held; ill O<.:tobcr, 1922,;1 cotton field da~' wa" held; :lId in Norembcr, 1922, 3 'm~1l fruits field da}' was held. In this way the College of Agriculture ;taff can !tud}' with hrmcrs under field condi twO, the rc;ults of care! ull,l- planned cxpcrimcnu ~Iong nrious agricultural lim:~ in relation to their pr~{t;cll application to pre~nt da:. farming rru',lems. RE\I:-iIO!\ OF I'HE MAILl'\G LIST During the past yt-Jt the !nailing iiH of the ExperimclH Station ha, 'n rCI'ich.!. The prv<:!\t Ii, induJc, 4,70(1 name'. To ~cure Ihi~ li;1 \, n,ul F D,,' 1 d, !'.i( Ri'~r \""llry 1'_,,,,.0,1,011 -, )'l;;!! 11' pl' I Jtd wen: mailed to all persons who were rcceil'ing Stillion Il.Juli';llin" \';111 Ihe rcquefl that, if they de,ired to continue to rettive "ht·;,e publl<"~tlon., they write their names and adJres<;es on the return .~, •.. 1 cJrd· ~,l mail a~ ;«)On.11 com'enicnt, Doubtless !lOme persons hiled t·, ·,:e[\"e :hc" pmul rar,b, while olhers received them but failed 10 fill lU! .znd m,;l them, Upon reque,! the name! of such persons will be : red tn he n '1'0' mJiling Ii~l. EXPERIMENT STATIO~ PUBLICATIONS The puhlicJli<)n of "Timely Hints for Farmers" which was discontinued 1 .!uly. 1i)IS IYl' begun 3~ain in Janu:l.ry, 1922, Thus fu six numbeu ARIZONA AGRICliLrVRAL EXPERIMEM SM'1IO\ 1"» have appeared in the new series. Every effort will be made to have the t publications as helpful to farmers and stockmen in the future as they havt been in the past. "Timely Hints" are perhaps as well known to farmers and as popular as any other similar publication in our country. In par- ticular they have been received well by southwestern farmers who on numerous occasions have requested their continued publication. During the period, 1918-1921, the subject matter that formerly had been published by the Experiment Station as "Timely Hints for Farmer " was publibhed in a series of circulars at firbt by the Agricultuial Extension^ Service and later by the Agricultuial Experiment Station. This series of circulars was begun originally by the Agricultuial Extension Service. To a\oid confusion, to keep Experiment Station and Extension Sen ice publi- cations distinct, and to insure that the publications of both these divisio i of the College of Agriculture should have consecutive numbers, the States Relations Service, Washington, D. C., recommended that the Experiment Station discontinue its publication of circulars along with those of the Agricultural Extension Service and begin anew the publication of timelv hints for farmers, which precedent was already well established. This recommendation was followed. The Extension Service will continue to isbue its publications as circulars. A new series of Experiment Station publications known as "Technical Bulletins" has been begun. These publications are quite technical in character and represent the results of careful, scientific research in agriculture under both field and laboratory conditions. Since the demand for these publications will be less than that for general bulletins, they will be issued in smaller editions. Like other publications of the Experiment Station, technical bulletins will be mailed free to all persons and institu- tions requesting them. It is expected that the publication of technicil bulletins will be the means of encouraging more research in the College of Agriculture relating to fundamental problems underlying the broad field of agriculture. With the foregoing, the Experiment Station is issuing now four classes of publications as follows: (1) Timely hints for farmers; (2) general bulletins; (3) technical bulletinsj and (4) annual reports. STUDY OF THE KANGAROO RAT For 3 years the Experiment Station has cooperated with the United States Forest Service, the United States Biological Survey, and the Carnegie Institution of Washington in the study of rodents of southwestern grazing ranges. Dr. C. T. Vorhies of the Arizona Agricultural Experiment Station and Dr. Walter P. Taylor of the United States Biological Survey completed a paper last \ear entitled "Life History of the Kangaroo Rat". This publication appeared in September, 1922, as Bulletin 1,091 of the United 1MJ THIRTY-THIRD ANNUAL REPORT States Department of Agriculture and also as Technical Bulletin No, 1 of the Arizona Agricultural Experiment Station. WORK WITH DATE PALMS Particular attention has been given to the work with date palms, espe- cially that part relating to the eradication of Parlatoria scale and the Hucessful rooting of date palm offshoots. Until these two problems are -ohed, commercial date growing in Arizona will be greatly hampered, if -not impracticable. Parlatoria scale has existed in the Tempe Date Orchard almost since the time the date palms were planted, and from here the snle was carried in the transfer of palms to the date orchard on the Yuma \ illey Farm. On several occasions outbreaks of the scale have occurred in both these orchards, resulting in heavy losses of fruit, in the loss of some palms through drastic treatment, and in serious setbacks in the growth of ill the date palms. A serious outbreak of scale occurred in 1919, when all the palms in these orchards were defoliated and torched. Following this in 1920 and 1921, some palms in the extreme eastern part of the Tempe Date Orchard, where the scale infestation had been established for a considerable number of years, were found to be infested with the Par- latoria scale. In the orchard at the Yuma Valley Farm, an outbreak of the Pailatoria scale occurred in the summer and fall of 1921. Up to this tune no concerted effort had been made to eradicate this scale. in January, 1922, the Director of the Arizona Experiment Station entered into a cooperative agreement with Mr. A. J. Shamblin of the Federal Horticultural Board, and Mr. Don C. Mote, Entomologist of the Arizona Commission of Agriculture and Horticulture, to make regular monthly inspections of the trees in these orchards with a view to eradicating the Parlatoria «cale. Palms found infested with the scale were to be defoliated and torched, or fumigated, while offshoots, if not of rare or valuable varieties, were to be destroyed; otherwise, they were to be removed as early as convenient, fumigated, and planted where they could be given the most careful supervision. In this inspection work, Messrs. H. B. Skinner and Frank Todd have represented the Arizona Commission of Agriculture and Horticulture, and Messrs. T. L. Stapley and Leslie Beaty have represented the Agricultural Experiment Station. Mr. A. J. Shamb- lin has directed this work and has personally assisted in the inspection. As a result of this regular monthly inspection and follow-up treatment, Parlatoria scale has largely disappeared from the Tempe Date Orchard. The work of inspection, however, will be continued to prevent a further possible recurrence of the infestation. The palms at the Tempe Date Orchard are recovering rapidly from the effects of defoliation and torch- ing, and during the past year they made a satisfactory growth and bore a light crop of fruit. .'RI:lfJ.\.l .1(;RICt/J( R.iL /:.XPERIMF.\r .~"T_il'lO.\ 1~1 Rc~u1t, h~\e heen le. ~J!i'fJ..:tory ~t the dlte orchard on the YUIIl.1 \'Jlley }-";mll Ilhere condition< were Ie .. Lwonblc for the eradicltion of the scale. fo.bny of the J.ttc plhm in thi, orchard hne been allowed to del"elop l he3\";' growth of olh-homs which has interfered with the work ot 'c~lc impection ~nJ er.ldication. It j, planned 10 remol'e these: offshoot, ,1$ early in the 'pring ~s il j, believed they can be rooted with 5.1fet;., Unfortunately, ~ wmiderable number of dale palms growing in the yar.l, in Yuma and in the vicinity of the Experiment Station date orchard h&H become infe'tI;d with I'arl.ltoria scale, eilhtr from date palms on the Statilll] farm or [rom urlier Gowrmncnl importJrjom of d~te~ ill the Yum.l \'alle; . In Maj, 1921, a date off,hoot propagation ~hed was built at Ihe Slit River \·~lle;.. Farm to make JlQ5>ible a more careful study of the propagation !If date olf,hoot" Jnd th<: work which hd been begun art a small scJle under unf~\"(HJble conditions on the Yuma MC$! F~rm WOI$ lunsferred t., this farlll, After cm:[ul deliberation it was decided to construct thi "hed with J I·iew to !'t:(urmg n:htil-ely cool temperatures together wilh moderate humidity and partial t1ude in summer OInd mmlcr temperOltur~i in winler thJn ordinarily obuin with open tic:ld conditions. The roof i, of blti,e, admilting !lbollt one-hJJf the normal Jrnount of sunlight, and the ~jde' are woven wire ovcrgrown with baham apple (fltl()m~rJiclI) anJ purple morning /!:Iory vinc~. A row of athel or evergreen tarnari,l (T"·IIari."f artirull1fa) WJS pbntl'd on the out6ide lind about 15 feet OIWJ.\· from the ~idc, to CUI off winds lnu Ic;;sen their drying~ut effe," on Ih~ soil Jnd pbnts. Where the oate off~hoot~ were to be: s.et in the grounJ. trenche~ 20 feet deep werc dug Jnd partly tilled with gravc:l and 5.1nd t.) inmr!': good drJinJ.I:"e in the !Oil which is 3 he3vy day 1000m. In the bottom of the"" trenches iron pires were bid to lead off :toy exce~5 of water, The CQmtfuction of this d:He offshoot rooting hou~ is in marked contu!! wilh thQ'" in SOuthl'm C11ifornia where the aim has been to secure hi~h 182 THIR1V-THIRD ANNUAL REPORT tcmperatuies and high humidity. Approximately two hundred fifty date offshoots of worthless or less valuable varieties were cut at the Tempe Date Orchard for use in rooting in this experiment. WORK WITH GRAPES In response to manv requests for additional information on grape grow- ing, a project treating of the cultivation, irrigation, fertilization, and pruning of grapes under irrigated conditions in southern Arizona valleys was approved, and in March, 1922, 3 acres of Sultanina (Thompson Seedless) and Malaga giapes were planted on the Salt River Valley Farm, and 1% acies of Sultanina grapes at the Yuma Mesa Farm. All these grapes are making a very satisfactory growth. UNIVERSITY POULTRY PLANT On account of the inability of the University to provide suitable accommodations, it was necessary for the Director to cancel the egg-laying contest which was scheduled to begin November 1, 1921. In June, 1922, the Regents of the University appropriated $12,500, exclusive of the cost of the land, for the construction of a modern poultry plant. This is located five blocks north of the University Campus on the University Farm Road, and occupies 13^2 acres enclosed with a durable woven wire fence. In August a well was drilled to a depth of 150 feet, using 12-inch stovepipe casing. On November 1, the houses and yards were ready for use for the egg-laying contest, and by December 1 the building piogram was piactically completed. The equipment includes a well, with a good supply of water piped to all parts of the grounds, a cottage for the attendant, a commercial egg-laying house, a feed storehouse, a cockerel house, portable colony and brooder houses with yards, houses and yards for the egg-laying contest, and a fire-proof incubator cellar with an incubator room, an egg room, and laboratories. With this modern poultry plant there is every reason to expect that the University can be of gi cater service to the poultry interests of the State, in both experimental and instruction work. THE EXPERIMENT STATION FARMS At the Prescott Dry-Farm a modem, 5-room, frame dwelling was built for the foreman at a cost of $4,400; also a barn, the construction of which was begun the previous year, was completed. The temporary stock corrals built of old railroad ties were replaced with five new feedlots provided with suitable feed mangers and concrete water troughs. The fences for these lots were built of heavy, bull, woven wire'and the posts were set in concrete. A durable barbed wire fence to replace the former one which ARIZONA AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION 183 is no longer serviceable was built around the farm. On account of an overdraft of more than $2,000 on this farm, which was created prior to September 1, 1921, little repair work and only such other work as was necessary have been done. Cultural operations on this farm are limited to- growing hay, fodder, and silage crops for feeding, and to experiment** relative to the maintenance of soil fertility of dry-farm lands. A home orchard of 1 acre is maintained. During the winter and spring months a feeding test with yearling steers and steer calves was conducted. Cotton- seed meal, alfalfa hay, and silage made from the different forage crops were the feeds used. At the Sulphur Spring Valley Dry-Farm four feed lots with suitable mangers were built. A John Deere disc plow was purchased, since this is better suited than a mould-board plow for plowing the gravelly, clay soil characteristic of this farm. A team of 4-year-old geldings was pur- chased, for which a team of old mules was given in part payment. The rains for the summer season of 1921 were very timely and unusually heavy, with the result that there was a heavy growth of forage crops, including sorghum, milo maize, and sunflowers for silage and fodder, and of native grasses for hay. There was also a good yield of tepary beans. A feeding test was conducted with calves and old range cows, using for feed sorghum silage, sunflower silage, and cottonseed meal. At the Yuma Mesa Farm 40 acres including the part of the farm under cultivation were enclosed with a durable 4-foot, rabbit-proof, woven wire fence. In July the well furnishing the domestic supply of water, which was almost dry, was deepened 42 feet, bringing it to a total depth of 192 feet. At this depth a strong flow of water was struck in wash gravel, which rose 72 feet in the casing. This well consists now of a 6-inch casing sunk to a depth of 15 0 feet, and a 4-inch casing sunk to a depth of 42 feet below this, and projecting about 2 feet in the 6-inch casing above. The small cottage on this farm occupied by the attendant was wainscotted and painted during the summer. Mr. Dayton Haygood, attendant In charge of this farm, resigned, effective July 31, 1922, and Mr* H. G. Seamons was appointed In his place on August 1, 1922. At the Yuma Valley Farm a block of 4^ acres was purchased for $2,250. This land lies within the lines of the southeast corner of the sta- tion farm and is valuable for cultural purposes. It was known as the "Curl block". With this addition the Yuma Valley Experiment Farm contains approximately 40 acres. A 1-ton Ford truck purchased in July, 1921 has proved very serviceable for hauling material and equipment from the farm in the Yuma Valley to the farm on the Yuma Mesa, a distance of about 9 miles. During the spring of 1922 the following pieces of farm machinery were purchased: One Moline 9-shovel orchard cultivator, $37.50; one Olive 14-inch-bottom middlebuster, $26.00; one No. 7 Kimball culti- 184 THIRTY-THIRD ANNUAL REPORT vator, $25.00; one 14-tooth expansion cultivator, $10.50; one Planet Jr. No. 4 seeder, $20.00; one bordering machine, $30.00; one Roderick lean spring-tooth harrow, $37.50, one South bend vineyard plow, $18.00. A small shed wa* built in May, 1922, for storing the crop of Bermuda seed onions. Late in June, 1922, one of the team of farm horses became useless and in September, 1922, a team of 7-year-old geldings was purchased for $250. This gi\es the farm three good work horses. At the Salt River Valley Farm the usual work in variety and fertilizer testing, time of planting, and amount of seed to sow with such crops as cotton, wheat, corn, milo maize, sorghum, and hegari was conducted; also the effects of various green manure crops on crop yields, and of inocula- tion on the giowth of alfalfa were noted. A valuable experiment in breeding, selecting, and growing strains of bread wheat adapted to irriga- tion agriculture under southwestern conditions was made. A feeding test was made "with steer calves, good versus inferior yearling and 2-year-old steers, and grade Hereford cows. The feeds used were hegari silage, hegari stover, alfalfa hav, and cottonseed meal. At the University Farm near Tucson a modern dairy barn with stan- chions for 22 cows was completed at a cost of $4,500. Later in the year a new Delaval cream separator was installed. One-half mile of standard, rabbit-proof, woven wire fence was built on the south side of the farm, and several divibion fences between fields. Two of the barns and three cottages were repaired and painted. A 1-ton Ford truck was purchased, and an old one was traded in part payment. Also, a new Ford car was purchased to replace an old one. In July, 1921, a new McCormicIc mower was purchased for $106. The University Farm acquired the large Holstein-Freisian bull, Chang- ling Pontiac de Kol, from Mr, B. Coman, Phoenix, Arizona, in exchange for a Holstein-Freisian cow (Arizona Maid 2nd.) and her bull calf. The following sales of registered stock raised on the University Farm were made to Arizona farmers: One Shropshire buck, $25.00; one Rambouillet buck, $25.00; two Holstein-Freisian bull calves, $225.00; two Duroc Jersey, and two Poland China boars, $68.00. MISCELLANEOUS In addition to the improvements noted at the various experiment station farms, the following equipment was provided for work in the Experiment Station or for Instruction in the College of Agriculture: For agricultural chemistry work, one Bovie hydrogen potentiometer, $300; for work in agronomy, one binocular microscope, and one agronomy garden on the University Campus, $365; for entomology, cabinets, insect cases, and microscopes, $340; for irrigation work, three water level recorders, $146 for horticultural work, two dendrographs, and four thermographs, $600; ARIZONA AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION 185 lor poultry husbandry work, one Monroe calculator, one autographic kodak, and incubators and egg cabinets, $550; for plant-breeding work, one D. C. roller cotton gin, one 10-saw Eagle cotton gin, one variable bpeed electric motor, and tables and laboratory equipment, $917; for plant pathological work, one Arnold steam sterilizer, one horizontal steam auto- cla\ e, one Spencer microscope with compensating oculars and apochromatic lenses, one Troemer analytic balance and weights, one Freas's electric sterilizing oven, 10 volumes Sacchardo Sylloge Fungorum, cabinets for supplies and screened garden, $2,775; also miscellaneous cabinets and furniture, $505; two new Ford cars to replace old ones, $800; and the completion of rooms in the basement of the Agriculture Building, $1,200. The International Harvester Company courteously loaned to the College of Agriculture one Primrose cream separator, and the Delaval Pacific Com- pany one Delaval cream separator for student class work. RESIGNATIONS August 29, 1921: Joe D. Morgan, County Agricultural Agent, Santa Cruz County. September 10, 1921: Miss Edna Ladwig, Home Demonstration Agent, Pima and Santa Cruz counties. September 15, 1921: M. H. Woody, Foreman Sulphur Spring Valley Dry-Farm. December 31, 1921: M. M. Winslow, County Agricultural Agent, Yuma County. June 30, 1922: D. W. Working, Dean College of Agriculture. APPOINTMENTS AND PROMOTIONS July 1, 1921: J. J. Thornber promoted from Botanist of the Agricul- tural Experiment Station to Director of the Agricultural Experiment Station. July 1, 1921: Frederick Gibson, Assistant Plant Pathologist. July 10, 1921: C, U. Pickrell, County Agricultural Agent, Yavapai County. August 15, 1921: Joe D. Morgan, County Agricultural Agent, Santa Cruz County. August 19, 1921: J. W. Wright, County Agricultural Agent, Graham County. September 16, 1921: F, G. Gray, Foreman Sulphur Spring Valley Dry-Farm. October 1, 1921: ^J^Smith, County Agricultural Agent, Santa Cruz County. October 16, 1921: Evalyn A. BentTe^Bome Demonstration Agent, Pima and Santa Cruz counties. 186 THIRTY-THIRD ANNUAL REPORT October 16, 1921: Walter F. Gilpln, County Agricultural Agent, Greenlee County. February 1, 1922: J. E. Mundell, County Agricultural Agent, Yuma County. February 13, 1922: Miss Roberta Sinclair, Home Demonstration Agent, Yuma and Yavapai counties. March 1, 1922: Robert Penquite, Assistant Poultry Husbandman. PUBLICATIONS BULLETINS No. 93, "Feeding Cotton Seed and Cotton Seed Products to Range Steers." E. B. Stanley, August, 1921, (5,000). No. 94, "The Olive in Arizona." F. J. Crider, January, 1922, (8,000). No. 95, "The Colorado River and Arizona's Interest in Its Development." G. E. P. Smith, February, 1922, (6,000). TIMELY HINTS FOR FARMERS No. 136, "Treatment of Seed Potatoes for Scab and Black Scurf." J. G. Brown, January 16, 1922, (8,000). No. 137, "Butter-Making on the Arizona Farm." W. S. Cunningham, January 25, 1922, (8,000). No. 138, "Cytospora Canker, a Disease Destructive to Cottonwoods and Poplars." J. G. Brown, April 17, 1922, (6,000). No. 139, "Sudan Grass Hay versus Alfalfa Hay for Dairy Cows." W. S. Cunningham, June 30, 1922, (6,000). CIRCULARS No. 40, "Experiment Station Regulations under Arizona Uniform Seed Law." Department of Agronomy, July, 1921, (6,000). No. 41, "Poultry Breeding Contest." R. B, Thompson, July, 1921, (3,500). TECHNICAL PAPERS "Some Observations on Alfalfa Girdle." J. G. Brown and Frederick Gibson, Phytopathology, Vol. XII, No. 4, April, 1922. "Arizona's Interest in the Development of the Colorado River." G. E. P. Smith, Arizona Magazine, Vol. XII, No. 8, May, 1922. "The Water Ouzel in Ari7ona." C. T. Vorhies, The Condor, Vol. XXIII, No. 4, July-August, 1921. ARIZONA AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION 187 PROJECTS AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY A, E. VINSON, C. N. CATLIN Study of colloidal swelling of dry soil when wetted. The colloidal swell- ing of soils and the correlation of colloidal swelling to other soil properties (Adams), Alkali investigations: Concomitant soil conditions that affect the toxicitx of black alkali, and means for the amelioration of the effects of alkali on soil and plants (Adams). Gypsum treatment of black alkali land at the University Farm (State). Irrigating waters and soils (Hatch). Meteorological observations (State). AGRONOMY G. E. THOMPSON, R. S. HAWKINS> S, P. CLARK Continuation of studies at the Prescott Dry-Farm (State)* Continuation of studies at the Sulphur Spring Valley Dry-Farm (State), This project and the preceding one include varietal tests, rate and date of seeding tests, methods of planting tests, inoculation of legumes; test^ designed to determine whether dry-farming is feasible in the particular localities indicated. Study of Indian agriculture (State), Varietal and cultural tests with winter and spring grains (Hatch) (State) Effect on crops of dynamiting subsoils (State). Alfalfa seed certification (State). Varietal and cultural tests with cotton (Hatch) (State). Varietal and cultural tests of corn and the various sorghums (Hatch) (State). Varietal and cultural tests of legumes (Hatch) (State). Cooperative crop experiments (State). Varietal and cultural tests of grain, grass, and miscellaneous crops (State) ANIMAL HUSBANDRY R. H. WILLIAMS, E. B. STANLEY Alfalfa as a supplement to concentrates in feeding hogs (Hatch), Garbage alone and garbage supplemented with pasture for growing hog^ (State), Feeding range cattle: This project was conducted at the Sulphur Spring Valley Dry-Farm (Hatch) (State). ]gg THIRTY-THIRD ANNUAL REPORT Feeding range cattle: This project was conducted at the Prescott Dry- Farm (Hatch) (Hatch Sales). Feeding range cattle: This project was conducted at the Salt River Valley Experiment Farm (Hatch) (State). Alfalfa hay alone as a ration for beef cows (State). BOTANY J. J. THORNBER Economic study of grasses and grass-like plants of Arizona (Hatch). Poibon plants of our grazing ranges (Hatch). Range improvement through fencing (Hatch). Trees and shrubs for ornamental planting (Hatch). Study of jujube plants (Hatch). Study of pistasch trees (Plstacia vera) (Hatch). Study of species of mulberries (Hatch). Study of tamarisks, particularly Tamarix articulate (Hatch). DAIRY HUSBANDRY W. S. CUNNINGHAM, R. N. DAVIS Milk substitutes for calves (Hatch). Mineral supplements in rations for dairy cattle; and green feed cured feed for dairy cattle (Hatch). Green alfalfa versus alfalfa hay for dairy cattle (State). ENTOMOLOGY C. T. VORHIES Study of range rodents; special reference to the kangaroo rat, ipectMlis, the jackrabbit, Lefus alleni, and the small ground squirrel, Citellus tereticaudus (Adams). Arizona (or Thurberia) boll-worm, Thurb&rtyhaga ratalma, life history and relation to cultivated cotton (Adams). Collection and preservation of Arizona insects, especially the economic forms (Hatch) (State). General observations of variable factors and conditions in bee-keeping, honey plants, etc. (State). HORTICULTURE F. J. CRIDER, A. F. KINNISON, D. W. ALBERT Olives: This project includes study of sterility, cultural practices such a* pruning, irrigation, etc, (Hatch) (State). ARIZONA AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION 189 Dates. A study of the culture and management of date orchards with special reference to propagation and to the improvement of fruit (State). Citrus fruits: A study of cultural practices including varietal tests, bud selection studies, methods of pruning, propagation, soil improvement by use of cover crops, time and method of planting, effect of stable manure and commercial fertilizers; and a study of effect of temperature and atmospheric humidity (Hatch) (State). Study of the water requirements- of fruits (Hatch) (State). Study of the effects of different methods of pruning upon deciduous fruits (Hatch). Walnut and pecan studies: Special attention is given to top-grafting Juglans *?iajor with cultivated varieties (Hatch) (State). Study of conditions affecting the production of Irish potatoes in Arizona (Hatch) (State). Study of cultural and storage methods of sweet potatoes in Arizona (Hatch) (State). Spinach: Tests to determine what varieties are best adapted to southern Arizona (State). Miscellaneous horticultural studies (Hatch) (State). Grapes: Study of the various factors and conditions affecting commercial grape production in Arizona (Hatch) (State). IRRIGATION G. E. P. SMITH, W. E. CODE, H. C. SCHWALEN Groundwater investigations: Principles of groundwater recharge, move- ment, and escape, or use, especially escape through transpiration (Adams) (State). Relation of evaporation rate to the duty of water (Adams). Pumping machinery: A study to determine fundamental facts relating to the action and efficiency of various types (Adams) (State). Water resources and irrigation in Cochise County (State). PLANT BREEDING W. E. BRYAN, E. H. PRESSLEY Alfalfa: Study of heritable characters in pure lines of alfalfa (Adams). Cotton: Selections within the Pima variety in order to improve the variety in earliness, percentage of lint, yield, and form of plant. Also selections from the best short-staple upland varieties in order to pro- duce a suitable short-staple variety for those sections of the State which seem best adapted to this sort of cotton (Adams) (State). Corn: Breeding a high yielding, heat resisting field corn (State). 190 THIRTY-THIRD ANNUAL REPORT Wheat: Study of the factors controlling milling and baking qualities in wheat (Adams) (State). Beans: The object is to produce an edible field bean which can be suc- cessfully grown as a summer crop (Adams) (State). PLANT PATHOLOGY J. G. BROWN Date rot: Study of the effects of inoculation and spraying experiments (Adams). Influence of alkali on the susceptibility of cotton to black-arm and angular leaf spot (Adams) (State). Influence of alkali on the susceptibility of cotton to Texas root* rot (Adams) (State). Miscellaneous plant disease studies (State). POULTRY HUSBANDRY Foundation for experimental work in poultry husbandry (State). TABLE I.—SHOWING EXPERIMENT STATION EXPENDITURES BY FUNDS AND SCHEDULES FOR THE YEAR ENDED JUNE 30, 1922 State Sales Hatch Adams Abstract fund fund fund fund Total Salaries —_ $33,340.30 $ 1,375.02 $ 8,574.87 $11,824.01 $ 55,114,20 Labor 13,155.20 1,505.69 392.58 553.42 15,606.89 Publications ~.— — 1,084.39 73.20 1,157.59 Postage and stationery 597.19 46.78 915.24 106.12 1,665,33 Freight and express — 687.13 101.30 74.88 58.43 921.74 Fleat, light, water, and power . 28.25 28.25 Chemicals and lab- oratory supplies 335.22 23.30 469.30 98.27 926.09 Seeds, plants, and sundry supplies 1,538.10 788.09 260.36 70.43 2,656.98 Fertilizers 2,286.93 297.00 2 583 93 Feeding1 stuffs 1,041.69 1,311.35 790.56 3,143.60 Library „ 1.00 1 DO Tools, machinery, and appliances 2,996.19 270.30 350.57 454.38 4,071.44 Furniture and fixtures 221.02 504.20 87.75 812.97 Scientific apparatus ___ and specimens 1,454.33 958.81 2,413.14 Livestock 228.50 2,022.64 Traveling expenses "1,489.81 285.80 606.19 632.55 5,014.35 Contingent expenses 119.80 119.80 Buildings and lands™ 6,640.24 533.091 403.22 155.83 7,633.38 Balance forward to 1922-23 _ . _ 2,749,27 2 749 27 Totals $67,561.46 $11,081.13 $15,000.00 $15»000<00 $118,642.59 ARIZONA AGRICULTURAL EXPSRL11E.\T STATION 191 TABLE II.—SHOWING RECEIPTS FROM ALL SOURCES AND DISBURSE- MENTS FOR ALL PURPOSES ON ACCOUNT OF THE COLLEGE OF AG- RICULTURE FOR THE YEAR ENDED JUNE 30, 1922 Disburse- Fund Balance Receipts Total ments Balance College of Agriculture $ $ 32,015.51 $ 32,015.51 $ 32,015.51 | Agricultural Research 35,452.99 35,452.99 35,452.99 University of Ari- zona Farm 9,720.51 9,720.51 9,720.51 . Experiment Farms Prescott Dry- Farm 905.96 6,819.07 7,725.03 7,725.03 ,__ Salt River Valley Farm 9,307.99 9,307.99 9,307.99 Sulphur Spring Valley Dry- Farm 123.90 2,514.77 2,638.67 2,638.67 _.„_ Tempe Date Palm Orchard _. 2,322.33 2,322.33 2,322.33 Yuma Date Orchard Horticultural Station ,. _ ___ 10,114.45 10,114.45 10,114.45 Experiment Farm Sales *1,987.53 12,165.31 10,177.78 8,124.38 2,053.4^ University of Ari- zona Farm Sales _. 9,227,40 9,227.40 7,733.99 1,493.41 Hatch Sales „„ 903,35 903.35 207.48 695.8~ Adams : 15,000.00 15,000,00 15,000.00 Hatch 15,000.00 15,000,00 15,000.00 Student Fees 427.56 188.26 615.82 615.82 Federal Smith- Lever 25,174.15 25,174.15 25,174.15 „ . State Smith-Lever,,, 15,174,15 15,174.15 15,174.15 , „ Federal Extension , „ „__„_ 6,322,56s 6,322.56 6,322.56 State Extension 6,322.56 6,322.56 6,322.56 County Extension _ V2Q6-42 19,567,84 23,774.26 15,383.57 "8,390.69 Cooperative Agricul- tural Extension 16,500.00 16,500.00 8,305.95 f8,194.05 Totals „ $ 5,663.84 $249,813,20 $253,489.51 $232,662.09 $20,827,42 —1,987.53 $ 3,676.31 Grand Total .... , $253,489.51 $253,489.51 *Overdraft fReturned to State Treasurer ly: THIRTY-THIRD ANNUAL REPORT AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY A. E. VINSON, C. N. CATLIN During the period covered by this report the chemists have been en- gaged in research, in teaching, and in miscellaneous analytical work for other departments and for residents of the State. The latter work has been confined almost entirely to the analysis of irrigating waters and alkaline «oils. By this service the chemists in some cases have prevented the loss of much money that might have been wasted in futile attempts to develop excessively alkaline lands and irrigating waters; in other cases they have gnen assurance that a project was safe in so far as it depended upon the quality of soil and water. BLACK ALKALI STUDIES AT THE UNIVERSITY FARM The treatment of black alkali with gypsum at the University Farm has tu.cn \crv successful and the experiment may now be considered completed on the present tract. The observations made in connection with this experiment and the final results will be published as a bulletin in the near future. Winter crops of wheat and barley on the treated plots show a marked increase in yield following the application of either gypsum or manure, but the best results were obtained by combining the two treat- ments, in which case the yields approached those obtained on the better clatss of soils. A few excessively alkaline spots that appeared after the first treatment are being re-treated. It is recommended that this experi- ment be lepeated and expanded on a new tract of virgin black alkali land adjoining the present tract, and that materials other than gypsum, such as sulphuric acid, "iron salts", and inoculated sulphur be included in the plan. THE TREATMENT WITH SULPHURIC ACID OF SOILS FOR BLACK ALKALI Black alkali soils are by no means rare in the State and their economical leclamation is an important question. Other investigations have shown that direct leaching of this form of alkali is not practicable before chemical treatment is given to neutralize the sodium carbonate, at least m part, and to bring about the flocculation of the soil so as to permit water to percolate more freely. These observations have been verified by us, and the effect of many substances on the rate of percolation and on the tilth of the soil has been studied. Field experiments1 at Tempe by Messrs. Goodin and Eder, in which we cooperated, also proved the futility of leaching to remove black alkali. In September, 1922, the opportunity was offered us to plan and supervise an extensive field experiment in the treatment of black alkali land with Arizona Agricultural Experiment Station, Thirtieth Annual Report, page 406. ARIZONA AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION 1«H sulphuric acid. This experiment is cooperative with the Arizona Agricul- tural Experiment Station, a group of farmers of the Casa Grande Valle}, and The Calumet and Arizona Mining Company. The soils in question are highly deflocculated black alkali soils containing from I to nearly 10 percent of calcium carbonate. The sulphuric acid treatment, therefore, i< equivalent to an application of gypsum, in very effective form. The experiment is being conducted on eight tract;? lowing considerable differences in texture, black alkali content, and accompanying whht alkali. In some cases flocculation alone should prove sufficient to permit the growth of crops, but in others leaching seems necessary. The acid is being flooded onto some of the more uniform tracts with irrigating water, but where the land is spotted with loose, open areas the direct application of the acid to the hard spots is required, otherwise the acid would be absorbed where it is not needed. It is hoped that valuable results may be obtained from this experiment. If the experiment proves successful and the practice is financiallv feasible a new market will be opened for the enormous quantities of acid that can be produced at the copper smelters, as well as for other by- products of the mining industries-, such as "iron wlu,"(a mixture of H iron -ulphate and l/^ aluminum sulphate), pyrites which while not immediate!} effective may possibly be corroded b\ preliminary treatment, and for the large native deposits of gypsum. Iron salts and inoculated sulphur & well as quicklime, for its flocculating effects, are being tried on very small areas at Casa Grande for comparison with sulphuric acid. POT CULTURE EXPERIMENTS WITH BLACK ALKALI Previous work had established the fact that the particular type of soil with which we are working, (University Farm soil) at a concentration of .2% sodium carbonate by analysis inhibited almost all growth of vegetation. With this concentration as the standard, series of pot cultures were ar- ranged in order to study the effect of adding to the toil various amounts of different chemicals that react with black alkali without allowingany of the resulting compounds to be removed by leaching. In each series six pots received the same treatment. The black alkali was half neutralized in one set, fully neutralized in a second, and double the necessary amount of the reagent to react with the total black alkali was added in the third set. Gypsum (calcium sulphate), ferrous sulphate, sulphur, tartaric acid, acetic acid, and finely ground pyrites were used as neutralizes in the 1921-22 cultures. The pots are so arranged in a specially constructed bed that drainage water is caught and poured back over the soil. No condition is allowed to vary except the amount of neutralize? added. The pyrites which are by-products of mines and are produced in large amounts, were included in the experiment at the suggestion of the mining companies These pyrites did not contain harmful amounts of copper or arsenic in the 194 THIRTY-THIRD ANNUAL REPORT quantities used, but doe to their resistance to oxidation they gave little results in neutralizing the toxicity of the alkali. Pyrites mixed with a sample of the same soil and kept wet in the laboratory for several weeks did not tarnish. It is thought, however, that this material may be ren- dered available by preliminary chemical treatment. THE SWELLING COEFFICIENT OF SOILS The method of measuring accurately the swelling of dry soils when wetted, which was discussed briefly in the Thirty-second Annual Report, has been published in The Journal of the American Society of Agronomy, November, 1922, page 302. A limited number of reprints are available for distribution to interested persons and may be had by addressing the Aiizona Agricultural Experiment Station. The method is now in use in btudying the Casa Grande soils on which sulphuric acid is being used to neutralize black alkali. The coefficient of swelling on these soils has been found to differ several hundred percent. The most significant observation, however, is that the rate of swelling differs greatly with different soils. Some samples expand fairly uniformly until maximum swelling is reached. Others expand partially until an apparent standstill is reached, after which a further swelling more or less noticeable takes place. The 24-hour clocks on the ordinary MacDougal auxographs are not suitable for recording these curves, but a new clock, giving a 15 to 20 minute rotation, has been constructed with which the rate of swelling will he ctudied more carefully. A few preliminary experiments leave no doubt that certain chemical treatments of soils influence the form of the swell- ing curve, The method also offers a way of determining the volume that will be occupied by the fully consolidated but undried sediments carried by rivers. This application should prove useful in estimating the rate of filling of storage reser\roirs with the silts and clays coming from any particular watershed. THE TEMPE DRAINAGE DITCH The interesting study of the improvement over a long period of years in the character of the drainage water from a water-logged alkaline district, besides being of local interest, will furnish valuable information as to the time required to sweeten the ground-waters of such a district by open ditch drainage, and the extent to which such waters may be sweetened. While the experiment is of long duration and has been continued for 6 years, it does not consume much time. The samples are taken monthly by the foreman of the Tempe Date Orchard, which is situated in the dtainage district, and are sent to the laboratory, usually twice a year. Table III gives the results of analyses of samples taken from July, 1921, to December, 1922. !J.RlZONd .1GRICvL7'UR.1L EXPERLlJENl' STI1TIO.\ 1~5 'UBLE III-MONTHLY VARIA'lIO!>;S IN CO!>.IPOSl'flO;;'; OF WATER FROM TEMPE DRAINAGE DITCH, 1'121-22 P,,"Il.fS PER IOU,UOO I , , 1 Hardness . H~ldne.. ; Chlollde. (permanent)' (telllporary)' Alkolmi:y i Tot.l IJS sodIum calcIUm i c.·icmffi ,Dd,um Qun!Jtal"'e~ ~I S~l!ds dllo"de sulph·te b Inl I July I 19:.0 I 13+.0 I 25.0 1-1-.4 MS M i MS -i--'-~I--~,~~I--- -- Aug. 202_6' 141.0 I 49.S 5.1 "IS --,--M M MS ,=,=,=,,== ==1='8=,6=;===1=11=,_0 :. --m--I.::.'c,I,--_,=I=,= -----, Oct. 206.8 I 137.0 22' 69.0 I MS _M_:_M~ --I-~ - - Nov. I 202.~ I 129.0 ____1 64.6 I~_~_~:~ 1 ~I 203.01-----ol.ii neutral I 688 !ncut,"l MS M I MS Ja~2 1-2-"-,-0 'Ii 136.0 neutral i InMral :M5 -:-!:-- F-,6-.-1 217.2 137.0 I-M-S~-M-'!-M-S- ~~- ~::;::-I--='::'I----I---~I--~,,:=--- ,- March I 202.0 127.0 69.2 .,_2_I~._M_I!::~ ~~- , _____ 1__ April 2!2.0 132.0 68.8 _.::.'--CI ____ 1_2_,'__ ijM.::.S_ M I' 1\.1~ ~~- --- +____ 1-- M" {Botti" broken} -J"-'-'-':'::'1~9:4:,.-I::'::'1=2:',~O+~~~-f~-6C9,C2~-1~5C'-1~-!iM~S- -;-1M;- -- , i-----1 July 209.2: 114.0 60.8 2.5 I~ MS _!:!.._ o\lIg. I 193.61~ 48.0 uell!r.l iMS ~~,f~_ ~~I~ 41.6 6.& I'M:S MS 1\.; 1924 0 512 rs r-;S-'MSI"M-- ~~i~I~ ___ '_':":" __I_'_' -I-----I-~ Nov. Ig7..21 114.0 i 54.4 1_'~,:2~_ MS MS I J\.l 1 D<"C. 184.0 -1-1-0,-0- ----1-64-.0-- 4.2 IMS 'MSIM M_Moderate. MS=Moderately ,trong. The detailed analyses for former years will be found in previous re~ ports. The following summary traces the a\'erage yearly changes in the ch.lracter of the drainage water. 19171~:~II920 I~I-=- Total ,olid. •• ___. 308 I 266 I 262, 256 I 188.0 I 198.4 Chlorjd~, ('S NaCl .. 20Q 132 173 I 158: 132.0 I 122.~ 1 % '1 H!Rl I -I HMD JiXXUAL REPORT MISCELLANEOUS A number of Arizona feeding stuffs have been analyzed during the \car and the re-alts are recorded in Table IV. In this sec of analyses those of careless weed (Amaranthus Palmeri) and nlage made from it are of special interest. Although the silage has a foul odor, it is slated that cattle cat it readily. Russian sunflowers also male a fair milage, a<= i« 4*Qwn by the analyses. Perhaps the most intere^t- ing material in the te=t is rice polish. The sample was submitted by Mr. F, O. Goodcll of the Arizoaa Eastern Railroad, who informs us that large amounts arc a\ aiiablc along the webt coast of Mexico and that there is no aJequate market for it. Rice polish is an excellent feed for stock and inie^it be used to advantage by Arizona feeders. Among other materials1 analyzed by the chemists were several sets of waters and soils for the United States Indian Service from San Carlos, from the reservation -south of Tempe, and from San Xavier. Silt deter- minations were made for the irrigation engineering work on a set of water samples from the San Pedro. A set of soils for alkali determinations in connection with frosted areas at the University Farm was submitted by the agronomists. An interesting observation has been made on the amount of salt taken up by Rhodes grass (CMoris gayana) growing on alkaline lands. For comparison samples growing in strongly alkaline soil at the University Farm and in sweet soil on the University Campus have been analyzed for sodium chloride. While the Rhodes grass in the sweet soil contained only .022 per cent of salt, that growing in alkaline soil had taken up .157 percent of the salt. The chemists have made a number of field trips to investigate soil conditions in other parts of the State, including several trips- to- the Casa Grande Valley, and others in connection with the selection of lands for Arizona soldier settlement. Increasing interest has been manifested in the suitability of soils for grape culture and many examinations for alkali have been made in this connection. The Alkali Conference at Salt Lake City held June 225 1922, was attended and participated in by the chemist. The chapter on the agricul- ture of Arizona to appear in a new encyclopedia of agriculture was also prepared by the chemist. The general correspondence of the department has been heavy and has consisted in large part of answers to those persons seeking technical advice or information. A number of requests for service have come from the west coast states of Mexico or from residents of Arizona interested in that district. Answering these requests often re- quires much analytical work. TARLE n".-ANALYSES OF ARIZONA FEEDING STUFFS I I I Nitrogen Lah. No. De,cription Crude I Crude Ether I free , Moj.tur~ A.h protein Ebtt .xtract extract --- .----~,-~---- -~------§ ~,O67 Cotton,eed meal {Pima) ... __ ... _ 6.14- 6.J7 JHZ H.70 7.68 31.49 8,068 Cotton,eed hulls (PimaL ___ .. _"_ 7.99 3.00 4-m 4-6.n 2.33 3U3 8,069 Whole cotton.eod (Pima)_ _ .... 6.~O 4.06 18.;0 2J.a6 1>.70 31.98 8,070 Corn .iloge _____ ._"_ 71.21 1.70 3.49 7.48 0.74 15.38 "o Carele •• weed (fre~h) ______. _•...... •" 8,111 70M 4.60 2.S3 10.31 , 0.59 11.93 8,136 Some as .ample No.2 ______81.36 4.02 2.18 I $.SO 0.50 6.44 g 8,136a Papago Sweet Corn ,ilage ______81.27 4.38 2.12 6.38 (I.'iO 5.45 8,137 Sunllower sibg" (Cochise) ______" (t:n;\,e... ity of Ari~ona Farml_._ 71.20 I 2.70 I 2.4-7 7.89 I 0.58 1'.16 ~ 8,138 Ground hegar; ...•..... ____.. _ ...... _. 81,26 2.89 2.27 Ul 0.45 , 5.82 , ~,lS7 Cracked hej!'ari ______. ______.. _ 9.28 1.88 i 11.43 1.82 3.38 72.21 , 8,188 Tankage" . ______...... _. __ 8.70 1.7; 11.38 l.SI 2.89 i 73.48 8,IS9 Tankagc*___ ._. . 6.72 21.71 S7.~1 2.14- 9.04- 2.<;8 6.00 21.4-7 I ,s. ,0 8,190 Silage (Pr~scott) ... , 2.32 10.60 I 1.I1 ~ 8,204- Sunflower silage (Cochi,.) ------I 73,06 1.86 , 2.25 7.24- 0.;3 I 14-,96 8,347 Hegari silage (M~so) _...... - 77.61 3 ..12 2.'>6 ,.76 , \A-, 9.3l , " 8,348 Sun:llower ,jbge (Cochise) ._ .. . 69.7) 1.27 1.13 7.77 , 0.6n , 17.48 ~ 8,349 Sorghum .ih,g-e (Mesa) .. 75.61 3.[19 2.30 I 7." LI2 10.3, 8,35(1 Ground h"8"'ri (Me.a) .. --.-- I 57.93 3.')9 2.Q 11.70 0,71 23.14 " 7.20 I " 8,3~1 Cottonseed m ..al (PimJ) I , 182 IO.J1 1.60 3.08 7".99 " 8,H2 Cotton • ...,d ml":d (Pima) : 4.35" , 6.88 40.81 I 9.00 29.21 I I I ,~ 8,3;3 Rk.. poriah (Mexico1 , 4.~'; 7.'14 I, 3.~.69 '"r..;R &.90 34.04 3,154 Card.... w""d (.i!age) from Nogal"" 5.25 10.17 14.17 H.43 I 16.'i0 44.2~ ----I ---- ~'f"nblt'e cont.ined m.nur~. , 19S IHlRri'-THlRD ANNUAL REPORT AGRONOMY G. E. THOMPSON, R, S. HAWKINS, S. P. CLARK During the period covered by this report there have been no changes in the personnel of the Agronomy department. Mr. F. G, Gray replaced Mr. M. H. Woody as foreman of the Sulphur Spring Valley Dry-Farm on September 16, 1921. Mr. Charles A, Hobart, a recent graduate of the University of Arizona College of Agriculture, has been engaged to assist in the detailed experimental work at the Salt River Valley Experiment Finn. He began his duties on July 1, 1922. During the latter part of 1921 a good cottage was completed for the loreman of the Prescott Dry-Farm, A solid wall concrete silo 14 by 35 leet has been erected at the Salt River Valley Farm. This silo will be a great aid in handling economically the forage crops grown on the farm and will make it possible to conduct much more satisfactory feeding tests. \n area of about one acre on the University Campus has been fenced, Jeweled, bordered, and ditched for irrigation and is now being used for ch^s instruction and experimental purposes. A report of progress in each of the various projects of the agronomy uoik follows. CONTINUATION OF STUDIES AT THE PRESCOTT DRY-FARM The crop season of 1921 was one of the most unsatisfactory ever re- corded at the Prescott Dry-Farm. Owing to the extremely dry spring and early summer, most of the crops planted failed to make satisfactory stands. Where fair stands were secured, from 20 to 60 percent of the plants died before the summer rains began, i. e., the middle of July. Sudan grass planted after the first summer rains made a very good crop of hay. It \ielded, however, but one cutting. Red Amber sorghum gave better } ields than any other sorghum. Rabbits and prairie dogs twice ruined the stands of the crops planted in the spring of 1922. The rabbits were particularly fond of the sunflowers, and for this reason it was impossible to get a good stand. Later plantings of forage crops did succeed and approximately 14-0 tons of silage were produced. In order to secure data concerning the value of crop rotation, of green manure, and of barnyard manure, a series of fertility plots was laid out, and work was started in the spring of 1922. Red Amber sorghum was chosen as the crop to be planted to test the fertility of these plots for the first year. It was impossible to obtain results of the effect of crop rotation *nd of green manure in one year, but the effect of barnyard manure upon this year's crop yields is shown by the following data: ARIZONA AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION 199 Pounds of green Treatment forage per acre Manure S tons per acre . 14400 Manure 2 % tons per acre 10,920 Check, no treatment 10,590 CONTINUATION OF STUDIES AT THE SULPHUR SPRING VALLEY DRY-FARM The growing season of 1921 was one of the best since the establishment of this Station. During June 6.43 inches of rainfall were recorded. July followed with 4.97 inches. An abundance of fioodwater was diverted to the fields of forage crops. Mammoth Russian sunflowers outyielded all other forage crops this season. Sunflowers planted early in July in rows 3J4 feet apart yielded 19,466 pounds of forage per acre. Those planted on the same date in rows 7 feet apart yielded 11,882 pounds of forage per acre. Another planting on August 3 in rows 3% feet apart yielded 3,988 pounds of forage. Red Amber sorghum planted early in July in rows 3l/2 feet apart yielded 4,200 pounds of forage per acre. Dwarf milo handled in a like manner yielded 863 pounds of threshed grain per acre. A 9-acre field of tepary beans planted after the beginning of the summer rains yielded 540 pounds of good quality threshed beans per acre. One of the two silos was filled with sunflower silage and the other with sorghum silage; the surplus sorghum feed was stacked and fed as dry fodder. Feeding tests were conducted by the Animal Husbandry department to determine the comparative feeding value of sunflower silage, sorghum silage, and dry sorghum fodder. The inoculation of legumes at this Station did not increase the yields this season. About fifteen hundred plants of Aga&e Palmeri were collected from the foothills bordering the Sulphur Spring Valley and set out on the farm during the winter. An endeavor will be made to discover whether fiber from these plants can be produced profitably in southern Arizona on soil not adapted to the usual farm crops. A STUDY OF THE CULTURE AND THE VARIETIES OF LEGUMES Tepary beans have proved to be the most satisfactory green manure crop experimented with thus far. The principal disadvantage of most soybean and cowpea varieties is their inability to produce seed of good 200 THIRTY-THIRD ANNUAL REPORT quality. Tepary beans are drought resistant, yield an abundance of seed, and form * dense mat of vines which can be easily cut up with a disk and plowed under for green manure. Twenty varieties of soybeans were experimented with on the Salt River Valley Farm during the season of 1921. Some of these varieties have proved practically worthless under Arizona conditions, but two varieties, namely the Otootan and the Barchet, have made excellent green manure crops.' Plantings were made of Otootan, Mandarin, Virginia, and Biloxi soybeans every 2 weeks beginning April 1 and continuing until August 15. The most striking feature of this test was that every planting of the Otootan variety made a good stand and growth, and remained green until frost. This variety can be recommended as a most excellent cover crop for citrus or other orchards if supplies of seed can be obtained at reasonable prices. The Biloxi variety made a fairly satisfactory growth, but the earlier plantings did not remain green so- long as did the corresponding plantings of the Otootan variety. The other two varieties in this part of the test made very inferior growth and were seriously affected by sun scald. Velvet beans have never produced satisfactory stands at the Salt River Valley Farm, but they have been raised with fair success at the University Farm near Tucson. The inoculation of legumes with commercial cultures or by the soil transfer method has not increased yields at the Salt River Valley Farm or at the Sulphur Spring Valley Dry-Farm. Experimental evidence has proved beyond question that artificial inoculation of vetch seed will increase the yields many fold in the sandy soils of the Yuma Mesa. VARIETAL AND CULTURAL TESTS OF CORN AND SORGHUMS The following yields of green corn for silage were obtained in the variety tests with corn: Mexican June , 13,216 pounds per acre Sure-cropper -..„,— , 7,600 pounds per acre Eureka . _ _. , „--. , „— , . - 4j460 pounds per acre Hickory King ~, , Almost complete failure Red Ripper cowpeas were planted with all varieties of corn, and in addition 1 acre of Mexican June corn was planted without cowpeas. This acre yielded 2,836 pounds of silage less than did the acre of Mexican June corn planted with cowpeas. The extra weight was due to the cow- peas that were cut with the corn, and not to the extra growth of corn. .1 RI7.U.\.1 ,I(./ JZ, J.-L~I,J ,,' ... I<'<:t,-J be,,,,, ;, tl., ~,II 11. •• ", \',JI", F.'m>; n"l<" Ih~ ""j in,,,,,,), " ,.t""h !'"cghum r,\rICln:' grlll'n un thc ~Jh Ri\~r \'Jlley Farm yielded as f,)l1ow,,: hor,g~ r~' acre PI;;I In~ 1911 I 1922 I)*~,f ",ii" (St,,,,,,.,,,) 1,(,1] lh'"f mil" ("\",',,.i.,I~) i,6~ 1 4.424 J)",."lr ,I\\."r ",ii" ;,1711 ~,71l1 Il,prj ,,-;62 2,~29 17,732 "'",n.\e .orgh~m (w;r~'"'' h,'~d) 1,866 ]4,907 11"",,- Drip (w;,h h~",'.,) +1-.291 \1"';<0" J"n~ <'or" 11.694 While D·,"~rf milo "Iif:htly t)ut'lielJc,1 the he~:lri in thre,hed grain in 1921, lhe hc~~~i :11\'.'.1;-' lll,1~1'< ~ much hc.g'ier growth of juicy forage lnd i, pro\'in~ to be' l l:,,<:u('", al1-.IfIJUnd crop than i" milo_ In 1922, the hcgHi ~n,1 thC' 'Ilm.1l !'I'lrghum were hC-Jdcd in the bondle after heing ,out 11'lh tit<" f,irhkr, while the he.ld; of the mil", were all hJr\'e~teJ by h.1nd'J they ,'In(hl in the fielJ_ ,\< a <"On><'qucnce, a comideuble per cent.1gc of tht' bq~.lri g-r~in .111\1 i<)1ll~wh~t Ie", of the ~unllC: gn;n were lefT in tll<: hun.l1<- tn h~ rut jnln the ~ilo. This 1I('C<}unt~ for the low grJTn yield, 1'i"<'11 for beg.lri in 1922. The D.)Uhle Dw~rf milo hu lrc;lh:J cOll-iJcr.1blc- inl~c~'1 hcnt; Fig. 4- ·ridJ "j D""bi·' J)""d n,l" _., th~ ... .1t R""t \',,11,-,- F.ot'" Th,. '!r.o" h,. hd.l it. ~~!r"!II" d .. ,11 l'i~ld in lb •. R~II. pj~ked lJ"n. n .. ! I.~d ClO!t"" I'~r ]I)!)-f!. upentd re' T,c.,lmrnt Ip~r '(rc row In{l-!"1- '0'" lJ ..ny~rd m,lnure t"n. m 1. ... ;- <; 7:;~ Rarnyard mJnurC 10 tn"l_ 1,361 7:x Barnyud m2nure 10 ton. ~nd .oi.! ph ...phJU jOt! lh. '"m 1,IH .\cid pho.phate :!-;O Ihl., 9;2 ;!'+'" !"cid ph",ph..1te Sill> Ib .. "d nilr~tc of IOd.1 '" 200 Ih,. 7,. 1,(116 S'.' . Acid ph",ph.te WI> lb., p+ 6fS ,HZ Add ph",ph,te ~OO lb •. ,od COIlOD • ...,J n1<"1 4)0 lb., )79 !,D9 Nitrale ,r .~d~ 200 lb., 6~Z 1,1136 +~"'" :- The low yields in many of these test plots seem to be due to delayed maturity and to the large number of bolls that did not open. This is especially true where acid phosphate was applied. In the date of planting tests the following yields were secured: Pounds of seed Date of planting- cotton per acre March 1 1,407 March IS 1,119 April 1 1,087 April 15 ___. 967 May 1 973 May IS 332 June 1 352 While a considerable number of plants of the first two plantings were frosted, enough were left to make a good stand. The variety tests with upland cotton have been made at the Experiment Station Farm at Yuma. The results of the tests for the season of 1921 follow: Pounds of seed Percentage Variety cotton, per acre of lint Pima 730 27.4 Meade 660 24.54 Durango 6SO 30.76 Acala 64-0 31.2 Mebane 580 34.48 Lone Star 490 34.69 Topping tests were made by pinching out the terminal bud of cotton plants and the resulting yields were as follows: Yield of seed Date of planting Date of topping cotton per acre April 1 July IS 1,212 April 1 Not topped 962 May 1 August 20 928 May 1 Not topped 1,018 No definite conclusions can be drawn from the topping experiment either during this year or other years. One acre of cotton was irrigated every week during the fruiting season and yielded 731 pounds of seed cotton. An adjoining acre which was given a moderate amount of water as often as it appeared to need irrigation yielded 860.5 pounds of seed cotton. TlIIRIy./lllRD .n\[ if. RFPOR1' ./t. <;--h·,-,i)i~, •• ,.,_ .. itt, "·11",, "1"', ' .. ",J~, on he .{ ,," ,i"rn u -'r' p!:<.1'iotl "I ~J6 p •• unJ. _,f "'tr."" ~f ,.,~, .,,,J U, ,-,"",,' "I cid ph'·'rh,v. Tht· }icld ..." 2,~~J r"""" ,,[ ,I",·,h.-J "h,· .• , 'cr ' ClTITRI \'D \1 \'.\(;1-:\11-:\'1' OF WI:'; ITR .\:\D SPJ{IXG GR.\I:\S In the I Hiel.'· te;:· uf 1922, Euly Burt ..... hcJt ~gain led in yield, with \l.lrquis ~ dQ!'C 'c,"mJ. In 1921 l\hrquis was far oUlyidded by en~ry other ,-.uietr in the; In'. \brio! baric;' yic!dd 3;0 pound,' of grJin more pcr ~ere th.1n did the common 6-row which W.H the next hc"t I'ariel)". Heldi,.t I'ariet~· ·.n)" fimihr to '\1.1riol, yielded IH3(tic311y the 'arne as the l"f)lllll\()n 6-row barley. .\oru7.7.e' ryc, a ,·ariet..- wen adapted to the Sc}ulh, m.,Jc mUe·h h"~'r Jild he.wier ~rowth eJrly in the SU",," than did Ihc wmmon winter ne. II"wel'er, the winter r~'c lacked hUI 4h pounds of yielding .IS mUl"h ~rain per ;lcre ~, did the ,\bruncs rye. Early Ra.ul II'he.lt when pbnte.] at the Ute "f ;:; poun.!t per lere OU\ lielded all other utc~ of .eedinf! in 1922, lnd thi, r;He hJ.~ givcn dll' brgcs\ al'cr.lge ;'ield for the iaH j ye:m. \n ;lppli(~ti()n of 236 pound~ of nitrw: of fOda a,\d 86 Jmund~ of leiJ I'ho'ph~te to an Jlre plot inuc.l~d the yield of E.lr1~- BaaTt wheat 926 p')und~ per 3tfe. In 1921 thi, 'Jllle amount of commercial fcrtilil.cr inerelsed the yield of II'heat 8116 pound" pcr aue. Fi'-e tons of hatnynJ mlnure to the JCre brought In increl!-e of 2; I pound. of wheat per ~nc' in 1922,lnd 251 pound, in In!. ARIZONA AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION 205 VARIETAL AND CULTURAL TESTS OF GRAIN, FORAGE CROPS, AND OF GRASSES AND MISCELLANEOUS CROPS Plantings of Kudzu vine made under this project thus far have proved to be failures. Small plantings of Chia (Salvia sp>) and of Crotolaria juncea were made on both the University Farm and the Salt River Valley Farm. Both of these plants made excellent growth, and since the latter is a leguminous plant it may have possibilities for green manuring. This season's results with Hubam clover indicate that it may prove of value for a cover crop and for emergency forage. Hubam clover blooms early and under favorable conditions continues in blossom until frost, making it an especially valuable plant for bees. In 1922 four varieties of pigeon peas were planted for the first time in Arizona. They have made a large and vigorous growth, but failed to mature seed. A variety test of millets was conducted on land from which a crop of small grains had just been harvested. The results of the test are as follows: Pounds of Pounds of Variety cured forage threshed seed German 8,500 1,906 Japanese Barnyard 8,250 987 Common 6,000 1,312 Hog 5,250 625 COOPERATIVE DEMONSTRATIONS Under this project small amounts of seed of the various field crops have been furnished to cooperating farmers in every county except two in the State. Owing to lack of time and funds it has been impossible to visit all of the cooperators at harvest time. In a majority of such cases only estimated yields are available. Such yields are not included in this report* Up to the date of writing this report the following demonstrations have been harvested and accurate yields secured. TABLE Vr.-—RESULTS OF COOPERATIVE DEMONSTRATIONS l yield per acre Variety in bushels Date planted Date harvested Early Baart wheat 50 Dec. 15 May 12 Federation White wheat „ 32 Dec. 15 May 12 Federation Hard wheat 36.66 Dec. 15 May 12 Kanred wheat 32 Dec. 15 May 12 Mariot barley - , 85.93 Dec. 15 May 12 Mariot barlev 39,38 Mar. 14 May 14 Beardless barley - 28.54 Mar. 14 June 14 Mission barley .,.,, -..,.,. 27.98 Mar. 14 June 14 206 THIRTY-THIRD ANNUAL REPORT SOME ETON Yield per acre Variety in bushels Date planted Date harvested JEarlv Baart wheat — — 41.356 Dec. 19 May 5 Early Baart wheat 41.845 Dec. 19 May 5 Federation White wheat 43.135 Dec. 19 May 5 Federation Hard wheat 41.556 Dec. 19 May 5 Federation wheat 48.062 Dec. 19 May 5 Beldi barley 47.07 Dec. 19 May 5 Mariot barley 51.77 Dec. 19 May 5 Smyrna barley 59.9 Dec. 19 May 5 Hanchen barley 54.7 Dec. 19 May 5 Red Texas oats 74.2 Dec. 19 May 5 CHINO VALLEY Yield per acre green Yield per forage in acre in Date Date Pei cent igc Variety pounds pounds planted harvested of stand White milo 5,700 1,530 June 15' Nov. 16 90 Yellow milo - - 5,880 2,250 June 15 Nov. 16 90 Hegari 6,720 2,025 June 15 Nov. 16 90 Feterita 6,840 2,070 June 15 Nov. 16 60 Freed's sorghum - 7,380 1,530 June 15 Nov. 16 50 Darso 11,700 Not mature June 15 Nov. 16 90 LAKESIDE Yield per Yield per acre green acre in Date Date Variety forage bushels planted harvested New Sixty-day oats 62.5 June 15 Sept. 13 Black oats 50 May 1 Sept. 10 Kherson oats 56.25 May 1 Sept. 10 Black Amber sorghum ,~ 4,000 cured May 1 Oct. 1 ST. JOHN';, Yield per acre Date Date Percentage Variety in bushels planted harvested of stand Honey Drip 18,198 May 17 Oct. 4 90 Freed's sorghum 19,014 May 17 Oct. 4 90 Sumac sorghum 18,900 May 17 Oct. 4 100 DUNCAN Yield per acre Date Date in bushels planted harvested Red Texas oats 109.3 Jan 15 Tulv 5 Worthy oats _ 62.18 Jan. IS July 5 Union White oats , 66.4 Jan. 15 July 5 College Success oats 62.18 Jan 15 Tulv 5 Russian Side oats .. - 109 3 Jan 15 Tulv 5 Wolverine oats _ 62.18 Jan 15 Tulv 5 Beardless barley 70 3 Jan 15 Tulv 5 Trebi barley , 101.5 Jan. 15 July 5 ARIZONA ACRICULTLRALE\PERIME\T S7M2/OA Black beardless barley Jan. 1 5 July 5 Wisconsin Pedigree bailey 20! Jan. 15 July 5 Dicklow wheat 33 ? JU1Tiil>v % Amona No. 39 wheat 18.7 Jan. 1? July > Australian Club wheat . .... >0. Jan. 1 1 July * Earlv Baart wheat "i "i ^ T m 1 ^ Tnlv *» STUDY OF INDIAN AGRICULTURE Several trips to the Indian country have been made during the past year. Observations and estimates of crop yields and methods of harvest weie made. Cultural methods were studied and photographs of growing crops were taken. SEED TESTING Since the adoption of the Arizona Seed Law the official germination and purity tests of seeds sold in the State have been made in the agronomv -eed laboratory. Of the hundreds of samples tested since the law went into effect in 1921, by far the largest number has been alfalfa. It has been very noticeable that alfalfa seeds germinated poorly immediately after threshing. This was due almost entirely to a high percentage of hard seeds. The percentage of hard seeds decreased rapidly as the season advanced, as shown by the following figures: Date Tested July 10-15 Aug. 20-25 Sept. 2^-30 Oct. 5-15 Oct. 20-2^ Germination 92.6% 69.3% 77 ANIMAL HUSBANDRY R. H. WILLIAMS, E. B. STANLEY The Animal Husbandry work during the past year has consisted largely of instruction and of giving assistance to stockmen. Two persons were available for this work. Teaching required the full time of one person, and agricultural extension work required one-half time of one person, leaving only one-half time of one person for executive work, including the supervision and improvement of the livestock, and for investigational work. Many farmers and stockmen availed themselves of- the services 208 THIRTY-THIRD ANNUAL REPORT icndercd by the Animal Husbandry department either through personal \j*its or correspondence. LIVESTOCK CONDITIONS THE PAST YEAR The year began with unsatisfactory conditions for stock production. A M?\ere drought prevailed in the southern counties until the beginning of Bummer rains in July. But a marked improvement in the livestock situa- tion has taken place during the year. Heavy rains fell in July and late in the fall, supplying abundant forage on the depleted ranges. The stock v ere quick to recover strength and flesh and went into the winter in good condition. The sheep industry has shown a phenomenJ recovery from the recent depression. Sheepmen have realized a good return from the sale of wool and lambs. The total wool clip amounted to 6,100,000 pounds. Quite i number of breeding ewes have been purchase i from drought-stricken ueib m New Mexico and shipped to Arizona ranges. Farmers in irrigated districts have increased the number of hogs and cutle during the past year. The number of young pigs has increased 20 poiccnt and the year ended with about one hundred thousand beef cattle in feedlots and pasture fields within the State. Farmers are looking more to hogs, sheep, and feeder cattle, as necessary adjuncts to a system of diversified farming. \GE AND QUALITY AS FACTORS IN CATTLE FEEDING \ge and quality are known to have a direct bearing on the rate and cost ol gains in finishing cattle for market. The object of this investigation was to determine the relative merits of good and inferior cattle of the sime age in the feedlots, and to make a comparison of feeding cattle of different ages. These cattle were given over a period of 98 days all the hegari sto\er silage and alfalfa hay they would eat and small quantities of .racked hegari and cottonseed meal. Four lot^ of cattle representing calves, yearling steers, 2-year-old steers, ind old cows were used to compare the effect of age in the feedlots. At the beginning of the test the calves weighed an average of 272 pounds, the itearling steers 504 pounds, the 2-year-old steers 653 pounds, and the cow, 829 pounds. The gains amounted to 2.04 pounds per head daily foi the calves, 2.36 for the yearling steers, 2.73 pounds for the 2-year-old ^tcvrs, and 2.11 pounds for the cows. Although the daily gains were Mm ilar in the various lots, the amounts of feed consumed increased quite regularly with the age of the animals. Reduced to a basis of dry matter, the feed required to produce 100 pounds gain was 530 pounds for the cahes, 668 pounds for yearling steers, 722 pounds for the 2-year-old ^cers, and 1,087 pounds for the cows. The cost of 100 pounds gain was ARIZONA AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT ^^ATIO^ 2119 $5.33 for the calves, $6.47 for the yearling steers $7.44 for 2-year-old ^-tcers, and $10.64 for the cows. Two additional lots of inferior cattle were used to compare the effects of feeding upon good animals and upon those that are inferior. The cittle in these lots consibted of }calling btcers and 2-}ear-old steers. The inferior cattle made about as large gaint a-, the better animals of the same ige, hut did not finish into such desirable carcasses as did those with better brooding and quality. If purchased cheaply inferior cattle may sometimes \ield a* large profits in feeding .is thoe Vvhich are well-bred, butasaru^e VvJl-bred animals of good conformation and quality pa) best in the feed- S\I \LL CALVES VERSUS LARGE CALVES VERSUS YEARLING STEERS FOR FEEDING \t the Prebcott Dry-Farm a feeding te^t was conducted over a period of 95 days. The yearling steerb made larger gains than the calves, but at greater cost. The older and larger animal^ were made ready for market in less time than were the younger animaK Calves* a\eraging 270 pounds in weight consumed almobt as much feed as calves weighing 329 pound4-, and the gains were about equal. Thin cattle made large gains and the 1 oung animalb made cheap gains. The yearling* were finithed earlier than the calvet and brought a higher price. The \earling steers consumed 7.77 pounds more silage and .83 pounds more alfalfa hay than did the calves. The yearlings required 51.28 percent more feed than did the calves to make the same gains. FEEDING STEER CALVES VERSUS OLD COWS ON SUNFLOWER SILAGE AND COTTONSEED MEAL On the Cochise Dry-Farm 10 tteer calves averaging 432 pounds were compared with the old range cows averaging 775 pounds. The calves ate an average of 42.87 pounds of sunflower milage and 1.99 pounds of cotton- ^eed meal daily, and the cows ate 62,25 pounds of silage and 2.27 pouncU of the meal per day. The cows gained an average of 1.91 pounds and the calves 1.74 pounds per day. Thus much more feed v\as required to make gains with the cows than with the calves. The cows made the largest gains during the first few week* in the feedlots, while the cal\e^ continued to make larger gains the longer they remained in the feedlots. \t prevailing prices for feeds and animah, the calves returned a profit of $7.62 per head and the cow« incurred a loss of $6.41 per head. 210 THIRll-THIRD 4 \A UAL REPORT VIFALFA HAY AS A SUPPLEMENT TO DRY-FARM SILAGE AND COTTONSEED MEAL IN FATTENING CALVES Two lots of calves containing eight animals each were fed for a period oi 95 days to study the effect of adding alfalfa hay to a ration of silage md cottonseed meal. Each of the lots averaged 329 pounds per animal it the beginning of the test. The addition of only 1.42 pounds of alfalfa hn for each calf daily to the basal ration of 26.29 pounds of silage and 1 89 pounds of cottonseed meal resulted in Y$ pound larger gam dnh at a cost of $.40 less per 100 pounds, and at the end of the test these calves were valued at $.25 more per 100 pounds. The margin required for feed amounted to $1,64 in the lot of calves fed on silage md meal, but only $1.46 when alfalfa hay was allowed in addition. Guns were larger with the lot receiving alfalfa hay, and they were pro- duced with 3.88 percent less feed. These animals made a daily gain over i jviod of 95 days of 2.31 pounds per head. SUPPLEMENTS TO COTTONSEED MEAL IN FATTENING OLD RANGE COWS 1 jur lots of old lange cows were used in this experiment; three lots Loiuuning 10 animals etch and the fourth lot containing five animals. Compaiison was made of various dry-farm feeds when fed along with 3 pounds of cottonseed meal. The 10 cows in Lot I were given all the ^milowei ^ilage they would eat; those in Lot II, all the sweet sorghum bilige they would eat; those in Lot III, all the sweet sorghum fodder they would eat, and the five cows in Lot IV were allowed freedom in a pasture where large amounts of dry grass were available. The test began Decem- b,r 28, 1921, and ended April 3, 1922, covering a period of 95 days. The sweet sorghum silage proved to be slightly better feed than sun- flower silage, since gains were more rapid and the cows became fatter. The sweet sorghum fodder did not piove conducive to large gains, but the cows receiving this fodder grew fatter than those in the other lots. The fodder, howe\er, was wasted in large quantities because the cows did not cue to eat the coarser parts of the stems. Dry range was found to be distinctly inferior for fattening old range con*b, even when the animals were allowed 3 pounds of cottonseed meal per head daily. Three of the five cows feeding on dry bunch grass cured on the stems lost in weight, and none of the five grew fat. The test proved that old range cows cannot be fattened by giving them 3 pounds of cotton- ^eed meal with dry winter range, even if an abundance of dry grass is a\ a liable. ARIZONA AGRICLLTliRiL E\PERl\l*\r S7 iTIQ^ 211 \LFALFA AS A SUPPLEMENT TO CRACKED HEGARI AND TANKAGE FOR PIGS Thirty purebred pigb representing both the Duroc Jersey and the Poland China breeds were fed m this test. They were divided into five lots of six pigs each and averaged 70 pounds for each pig at the beginning of the experiment. The following table gives a complete summary of the test, showing the rition fed, avenge daily gain, and the amount of feed required per 100 pounds gain. I4JBLE VII—ALFALFA AS A SUPPLEMENT TO CRICKED HEGA.RI AND TANKAGE FOR PIGS Lot I Lot II Lot III Lot IV LotV Number of pigs in lot 6 6 6 6 6 Length of time 63 63 56 63 63 on feed days days d^ys days dlJS Alfilfa Self-fed Self -led Hand-fed Sell-fed con- pastuie concen- concen- 1 % live centriteb* Rition trates* trates* weight con alfalfa hay a) fill a centrates* id lib. pastme alfalfa pasture Initial weight Pounds Pounds Pounds Pounds Pounds of each pig 7033 7033 7000 70 50 7050 Final \\ eight of each pig 9633 19067 19917 113,00 20550 Gam of e-nch pig 2600 120.34 12917 4250 13^00 A\erage daily gnu of each pig 041 1.91 2.31 0.67 2.14 Feed required per 100 Ibs. gain Ibs Ibs. Ibs. Ibs. Ibs. Hegari 332 283 116 314 Tankage 37 31 13 35 Alfalfa pasture* 410 27 118 Alfalfa hay 18 Total feed 410 369 341 317 367 *Cracked hegari 90%, Tankage 10% * ^Calculated to alfalfa hay equivalent 212 THIRTY-THIRD A.\ \UAL REPORT The conclusions drawn from this test are as follows: 1. Pigs weighing 70 pounds do not thrive on good alaflfa pasture alone. They make small gains at a low cost, become lean and paunchy, Hill not fatten, and return less profit than similar animals allowed con- tentiates. 2. The addition daily of 1 pound of concentrates consisting of 90 percent cracked hegari and 10 percent tankage per 100 pounds live weight to a ration of alfalfa pasture inci eases the rate of gain and the profitb. 3. The best ration consists of concentrates from a self-feeder and alfalfa pasture. Pigs fed in this way make the largest gains, finish earliest, and yield largest profits. 4. Alfilfa hiv makes a good supplement to concentrates where pasture ib not available. 5. Pigs fed a ration of grain with 10 percent tankage from a self- feeder will make good gains over a short period of time only. 6. Pigs weighing an average of 70 pounds when put in the feedlots should weigh 200 pounds and be leady for market in 8 weeks if fed a concentrate ration from a «elf-feeder and allowed to run on alfalfa pasture. CRACKED HEGARI AND TANKAGE FOR DEVELOPING GILTS A purebred Duroc Jersey gilt and also a purebred Poland China gilt have been used in this study. On September 14, 1921, when these pigs were placed in a dry lot, the Duroc Jersey gilt was 5 months old, and weighed 71 pounds; the Poland China gilt was 4 months old, and weighed 46 pounds. These pigs were fed from a self-feeder a ration consisting of 90 percent cracked hegari and 10 percent tankage until November 16, 1921, when they weighed 197 and 160 pounds, respectively. The self- feeder was then removed and the pigs were fed the same ration in sufficient quantity to keep them in good, vigorous, growing condition. Neither of the gilts would get with pig. The Duroc Jersey gilt became so weak that she died when turned out July 1, 1922, on alfalfa pasture with another lot of pigs. She was at this time 14 months old and weighed approx- imately 402 pounds. This study is being continued with the Poland China gilt. On September 6, 1922, the cracked hegari in the ration was replaced with cracked corn. This gilt weighed 440 pounds November 4, 1922, when 17^2 months old. At present she is showing a slight weakness in the hind quarters and legs. ARIZONA AGRICULTURAL EXPERIME\ f .S/JTYOY 213 GARBAGE ALONE VERSUS GARBAGE AND ALFALFA PASTURE FOR FATTENING PIGS Two lots of six pigs each were used in this experiment. One lot of pigs was fed all the garbage they would eat, supplemented with alfalfa pasture. Both lots averaged 70 pounds to the pig when put in the feedlot, and they were fed for 77 days. The pigs receiving garbage and alfalfa pasture gained an average of 1.73 pounds per head daily, while those receiving garbage alone gained 1.64 pounds per head daily. The lot having access to the alfalfa pasture in addition to the garbage made slightly larger gains than the lot receiving garbage alone, but at a cost of approximately $1.00 more per 100 pounds gain. The average dressing percentage was 74% for both lots of pigs. The data of this test have been tabulated and are being held for future publication. SKIMMILK AS A SUPPLEMENT TO CRACKED HEGARI AND ALFALFA PASTURE FOR GROWING PIGS This test was begun June 21, 1922, and continued for a period of 77 days. Two lotb of purebred pigs were fed, those in Lot I receiving a ration of cracked hegari from a self-feeder, and alfalfa pasture, and those in Lot II the same ration with the addition of skimmilk. The pigs in Lot I averaged 56 pounds each at the beginning of the test and made an average gain of 1.24 pounds daily. The pigs in Lot II averaged 5 7 pounds each at the beginning of the test and made an average daily gain of 1.60 pounds. The pigs in Lot I required, in addition to the alfalfa pasture, 314 pounds of cracked hegari to make 100 pounds gain. In Lot II, 2S4 pounds of cracked hegari and 437 pounds of skimmilk in addition to the alfalfa pasture were consumed by the pigs for every 100 pounds gain in live weight. In other words, 437 pounds of skimmilk replaced 60 pounds of cracked hegari. The cost of 100 pounds gain was 0.04 cents greater in the lot receiving the skimmilk, but the profit on each pig in this lot was $2.90 greater than in the lot not given skimmilk. In this test the pigs receiving skimmilk in addition to cracked hegari and alfalfa pasture gained more rapidly and returned a larger profit for each animal. 214 THIRTY-THIRD ANNUAL REPORT BOTANY J. J. THORNBER The rainfall for the >eai ended June 30, 1922 was much heavier than that for the average year in Arizona, and was quite general throughout the State. Rains began falling in southern Arizona, where the drought had been most severe during the preceding winter and spring months, in June and early in July, and continued quite heavily until October. In northern Arizona rains were not general until the latter part of July, and they were very heavy in August. The rains this summer often came as heavy downpours or cloudbursts which resulted in serious floods in the Hassayampa, New, Salt, Little Colorado, San Pedro, Santa Cruz, and Gila livers, and which at times did considerable damage, both to the roads and to the grazing ranges. The winter and spring rains were well distiibuted, and about the average amounts for this season. At Tucson the rainfall for the }ear ended June 30, 1922 was 16.11 inches. Of this amount 11.29 inches or 70 percent fell during the summer period, July to October inclusive; and 4.23 inches or 26.2 percent fell during the winter and spring period, November to April inclusive. Fifty-nine hundredths of an inch of rain fell during May and June or 3.6 percent. Judging from the very uniform growth of vegetation, the rainfall at Tucson may be taken as a good average this year for precipitation at similar altitudes in southern Arizona. The drought pieceding this heavy summer rainfall was one of the severest known for many years in southern Arizona, and losses of stock were very hea\y, as noted in the last annual report. There was almost no water on the ranges for stock, and no winter or spring annual growth. The growth) of mesquite and cat's claw (Acacia Greggii) had been very poor, and in some parts had been cut back by a late freeze. Native mul- berry (Morus celtidifolia), palo bianco (Celtis reticulata), and the palo verdes had made practically no growth, while in the case of oak browse, the old leaves had dropped off and new ones had not been put out. In the absence of cacti, bear grass (Nolina microcarpv), or other green growth, many cattle, of necessity starved to death. There was good feed on the ranges in southern Arizona 3 weeks after the time that the rains began, and by August stock were knee-deep in a heavy growth of grass, weeds, and other forage plants. The writer has never seen a heavier nor a more continuous growth of annual grasses and weeds on the desert ranges in southern Arizona than that of September and October, 1922. This growth extended from Redrock along the Southern Pacific railroad to the extreme eastern part of the State. There was considerable annual growth even on the sandy desert stretches, particularly in depressions, in the western part of the State. ARIZONA AGRICULTURAL EXPERLMEM" \T 1110 \ 215 As a result of the heavy summer rains and the good feed on the ranges, losses of stock ceased immediately. Animals that had barely eked out an existence for months were in good condition by fall, and in most cases* they were ready for the market. Feed on the ranges continued good throughout the fall, winter, and spring months. On account of the pre- vailing low prices, stockmen were not able to sell their cattle to advantage. There was considerable growth of loco weeds on the ranges in southern Arizona during the spring season, with the usual number of cabes of loco poisoning among stock. These plants were represented by such specie- as sheep loco (Argdlus nothoxus)^ desert loco (Astragalus WoototnJ, haiu loco (Astragalus Bigelouu), till loco (Art}again* Jiph^sus)^ and (As/n^- dw Thwben). In April, 1922, the vvliter with Mr. W. W. Eggle.tcm, Assistant Botanist of the United States Department of Agriculture, gath- ered a quantity of desert loco in the vicinity of Tucson and shipped it to Dr. C. D. Marsh, Physiologist in Charge, Investigations of Stock Poisoning by Plants, Salina Experiment Station, Salina, Utah, to be tested for loco poison. This Station is maintained by the United States Department of Agriculture. Mr. Marsh repoited that animals fed this material in ordinary amounts showed the characteristic symptoms of loco poisoning within the usual time. It is planned to continue this cooperative work with the Department of Agriculture to determine whether or not certain other Arizona plants are poisonous to stock. DAIRY HUSBANDRY W. S. CUNNINGHAM, R. N. DAVIS The year 1921-22 was a discouraging one for the dairy industry. Prices for dairy products were comparatively low and prices for feed were relatively high. One of the main problems confronting the dairy farmer is that of securing better marketing facilities for his products; already steps have been taken in various communities of the State to market dairy products cooperatively, either through a cooperative creamery or by dealing collectively with privately owned creameries. With a more stable market the dairy industry should go forward and take its proper place in our system of agriculture. Other problems important to the dairy farmer are feeding and selecting dairy cows. Cow-testing associations and judging demonstrations seem to be the most effective means of assisting farmers to improve the quality of their herds. They are being helped in their feeding problems by corre- spondence, lectures, bulletins, and articles published in the papers of the State. ADVANCED REGISTRY TESTS Several cows on the University Farm completed official records during the year. The following results were obtained: 216 THIRTY-THIRD ANNUAL REPORT TABLE VIII.—ADVANCED REGISTRY TESTS OF COWS ON THE UNI- VERSITY FARM Butter- Butter Age Milk fat equivalent Name years Breed pounds pounds pounds Sex en-day record MissPeli Pietertje 6 Holstein 578 17.8 22.3 305-day record. MissPeli Pieteitje 6 Holstein 18,480 638.0 797.5 JtMoensje Jesse Aspirante 2nd 3 Holstein 13,476 457.3 571.6 Madison Hengerveld Martha 3 Holstein 10,612 347,1 433.8 365-day record: Theresa Belle 3rd. 7 Holstein 26,320 812.1 1,015.2 Theresa Belle DeVries. 5 Holstein 20,071 585.4 731.7 Midison Martha 2nd. 6 Holstein 22,031 537.9 672.4 Chtldeberte 15 Jersey 8,275 475.8 559.8 Arizona Gypsy Draconis 4 Jersey 11,190 585.3 688.6 •"•Arizona Butter Girl 6 Jersey 10,414 597.5 703.0 ^Approximate record. Official figuies have not been received. Official tests for breeders of dairy cattle were conducted and test super- visors were furnished to C. S. Con way of SafFordj M, W. Turley of Tempej B. Coman of Phoenix j Tempe Normal School, Tempej Dudley Webster,, Phoenix; and Alex. McMinn, Phoenix. A record was kept of the milk and butterfat production of the cows on the University Farm for the fiscal year, 1921-22. One of the cows, Theresa Belle 3rd, did not freshen during the year and all of the cows were dry for a portion of the time. The result is that the amount of milk and butterfat given in this report is less than it would have been if exact lactation periods had been reported. Table IX gives the yield of milk and butterfat from July 1, 1921, to June 30, 1922. TABLE IX.—-YIELDS OF DAIRY COWS AT UNIVERSITY FARM, 1921-1922 Days Yield in pounds Average in percentage Name of cow Breed milk Milk Fat butterfat Childeberte Jersey 306 5,570.5 328.96 5.90 Myrtle of Nogales Jersey 303 3,686.5 157.61 4.27 Arizona Gypsy Draconis Jersey 314 10,011.1 525.99 5.25 Arizona Butter Girl Jersey 311 8,646.9 488.45 5.64 Butter Girl's Noble Lass Jersey 186 3,533.7 213.68 6.04 Aldan's Oxford Nora Jersey 233 5,351.8 304.91 5.69 Average for Jerseys 275 6,133.4 366.60 S.46 Josephine Arizona Maid Holstein 286 17,195.7 439.40 2.55 Miss Pell Pietertje Holstein 270 1 7,459. 1 609.73 3.49 Theresa Belle DeVries Holstein 271 15,175.9 448,10 2.95 Theresa Belle 3rd. Holstein 316 10,287.3 335.46 3.26 Mad'son Martha 2nd, Holstein 316 17,012.8 419.76 2.46 Moensje Jesse Aspirante 2nd. Holstein 330 14,563,7 498.87 3.42 Average for Holstems 278 15,282.4 458.55 3.00 ARIZO^ d AGRICULriRAL EXPERIMENT STATION 217 GREEN ALFALFA VERSUS ALFALFA HAY FOR DAIRY COWS This test, mentioned in the last annual report, was run to secure data on the relative feeding value of green alfalfa and alfalfa hay, and to deter- mine as far as possible the relative economy from the standpoint of pro- duction of the two methods of feeding. There was very little difference in the production of milk and butteif it when the cows were fed the different rations. The results of this tt^t indicate that for short periods of time, at leat-t, alfalfa hay is as good ^ green alfalfa for milk production. The test was not run long enough to determine whether either ration had a more favorable effect on the geneial health and well-being of the animals. Several loads of green alfalfa were weighed and the alfalfa was then spread out to di\. When it was as dry as it would be ordinarily when baled, it was reweighed to determine the amount of weight lost during the drying procesb. It was found that 39 percent of the original weight remained in the hay. Working on this basis, it was learned that when the cows were fed all they would eat, they consumed 28.3 pounds of alfalfa hay per head daily, and the weights of the green alfalfa eaten were the equivalent of 28.9 pounds of dry alfalfa hay per head. Thus the cows received approximately the same amount of dry matter, whethei fed green alfalfa or baled hay. MINERAL SUPPLEMENTS IN RATIONS FOR DAIRY CATTLE; AND GREFN FEED VERSUS CURED FEED FOR DAIRY CATTLE This project was started in March, 1922, and its object is to determine whether mineral supplements are necessary or desirable in the rations of high producing dairy cows. An effort will be made to determine the effect of the mineral supplements and green feed on the birth weight and strength of calves, on the breeding of cows, on the quantity of milk pro- duced, and on persistency in milking. It is expected that this test will answer such questions as whether dairy cows obtain sufficient mineral matter from the rations commonly fed them in Arizona, and whether green feed is necessary for the' proper assimilation and use of minerals. Sixteen cows are being u«ed in this experiment; they are divided into four groups, with two Jersey* and two Holstein-Friesians in each group. Group 1 is being fed sodium phosphate; group 2, bone ash; group 3, air- blaked lime; and group 4, no mineral supplement. It is planned to carry each of the cows in this project through two entire lactation periods, in order to determine whether there is a cumula- tive effect in feeding mineral supplements. ~IS TIIIRTI"-TIIIRD .~S.\'UAL R!'PORT .~."-__CSZXQ ____ " \'IlLK SUBSTITUTES FOR CAL\'ES In this project, which was described in the Thirty~First and Thirty~ S"~Il(\d AnnulI Reponf, ;1 compJIi50n is being made of :r. home~made calf 1ll";11 with commercial calf mcal and with whole milk, The purpose of this project is to develop a practical mcahod of feeding dairy c:dves on farms where skimrnilk is not ayaib.blc. A home-made minure has been prepared which is being fed in the fonn of a gruel mlde by Idding I pound of the miXlu,re to :I gallon of Wller. The calres rai>ed on this milk sub.ltirute are fed on whole milk for 10 days, after which the allow ance of milk is reduced gradually so th .• t when 25 days old, each calf is re.eiving 1 qu~rt of milk daily. When the calf is 35 (bys old, the milk io! .• gain reduced gradually so Ihat by the time the calf is 40 days old, no milk is fe.1. A< the llnonnt of milk i, reduced, the home-mlde calf meal gruel is ~uh 2 p.rt.o cOTnmu! ~ I'~rl blood me.] 4 part. wheat middlin,. 2/10 parI ,round hone meJI 2 p~rl' ou H~"r 2/[0 plrl ,lit I part !in.~..d oil m~~1 4RIZOM tCRICLLfLiRlL E\P£RIME\f ?ri'iro\ 213 ENTOMOLOGY C. T. VoRHIES The projects reported In the Thirt}-Second Annual Report ha\e been continued and no new pro]ects ha\e been initiated. RANGE RODENTS In the previous report, completion of the work on the life history of the kangaroo rat (Dtfodomys sfectabihs) was mentioned. Before the manuscript went to press, however, it wab decided b) the principal co- operating institutions, the Arizona Agricultural E \peiiment Station and the United States Biological Suney, to make faither instigations of the species in another portion of the range. By special anangement and through the couitesy of the Chief of the Surve), Dr. E. W. Nelson, funds were provided by that organization, and the writer earned on the work in the vicinity of Albuquerque, New Mexico, in November, 1921. The results of this investigation necessitated some additions and changes In the completed manuscript, thus further delaying publication. This paper has been delayed in press also, but is now due to appear as Technical Bulletin No. 1 of this Station under the title, "Life History and Habits of the Kangaroo Rat, Difodomy* sfectafohs, sfectabihs Merriam." A direct result of the work done on the above project has been a cam- paign of control of kangaroo rats on the Santa Rita Range Reserve, by the use of poisoned grain. This work was done by the Biological Survey and the Forest Service under the direction of Mr. D. A. Gilchnst, Rodent Pest Inspector of the Biological Survey for Arizona. The formula used for poisoning praire dogs was very successful, without the trouble of pre- baiting with clean gram, and the results were excellent, but a full account is not within the province of this report. During the spring months of 1922, work on the life histories of the two species of jack rabbit of southern Arizona, Lefus all em and Le^w cahfor- mcitsy was actively probecuted. Thib work is a continuation of the Adams fund range rodent project, and it is Intended to proceed with it along lines similar to those used in the investigation of the kangaroo rat. The rate of reproduction of jack rabbits proves to be less than was anticipated, a factor favorable to control work. ARIZONA PINK BOLLWORM This Adams fund project was continued in the late summer and early autumn of 1921. As the insect is dormant in the soil from about October 15 to August 15 of the succeeding year, investigations can proceed actively only during a 2-month period. The study of the life history has been continued, and in addition tests to indicate the probable susceptibility of the insect to irrigation practice in cultivated fields have been inaugurated. 220 rlIl]Rl\'-lHJRD 1\M1L REPORT Results of these tetts cannot be secured until the acthe season of 1922. Cage tests to determine whether the ferrnle moths prefei wild cotton to cultivated cotton for la} Ing their eggs failed in 1921. A NEW INSECT PEST OF GRAPES For the patt 2 01 3 }cai% occasional repoits hive icached lib from various points concerning an in^ct pett of giapes, which pio\es to be new as a ii-int pe'-t. The mijoriu of the^e icports have come through County Agent, C. R. Adams-on, from localities in Cochise County. This insect is •> petitb of frog hoppci, or ab it i^ often called, "spittle inject," fiom the peculiar, fiothj, white, \i^cid mass with which the young hoppers surround and protect thcmsehes. Thib "ubbtance closely resembles a mass of saliva. \s the injects mile their habitations among the benies in the cluster, the fruit is unfit for table use. This is the firbt reported instance of a frog hopper's attacking cultivated fruit of any kind and hence is of considerable interest. No method of control has yet been devised. This species of frog hopper has been determined for us by Mr. W. L. McAtee of the United States Bureau of Biological Survey, to be Clastop- tet-a obtuw Sa>. It occurs commonly on the native wild grape, Vitis anzo- nua> in the mountains, and from this it transfers readily to cultivated grapes when they are grown in proximity to the wild grapes. BEE CULTURE The season of 1921 was a poor one for honey at the University Farm, although the average crop in southern Arizona was fair. General observa- tions of bee-keeping conditions for this season yielded no results of interest for this report. MISCELLANEOUS All Orthoptera (locusts, grasshoppers, crickets, cockroaches, etc.) in the insect collection have been specifically identified and named. This named collection will serve as a basis for completing the collection of these foims and for identification of specimens sent in by county agents and others. A short technical article on an interesting bird of Arizona, the Dipper or Water Ouzel, was published in The Condor, Vol. XXIII, No. 4, July- August, 1921, under the title, "The Water Ouzel in Arizona". HORTICULTURE I. J. CRIDER, A. F. KINNISON, D W. ALBERT Tnvestigational work in horticulture has reached the stage where many o± the important questions relating to fruit and vegetable production in Ari- ARIZONA AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION 221 zona can be answered. The vineyards and orchards at the different branch stations have furnished the first comparative experimental data on the behauor of commercial varieties of grapes and tree fruits. Interest in horticultural crops grown commercially centers around grapefruit, orangey giapes, dates, olives, apricots, plums, lettuce, cantaloupes, and s\veet po- tatoes at the lower elevations; and around apples, pears, peaches, Irish potatoes, cabbage, and lettuce at the higher altitudes. An outline of the progress made in the work on projects during the fiscal year ended June 30, 1922 is given below. CITRUS FRUITS EXPERIMENTAL PLANTINGS The experimental citrus plantings on the Yuma Mesa have been main- tained in accordance with the general plan of work. The orchards were fertilized with stable manure by the deep furrow method, 5 to 6 cubic feet of manure being applied to each tree. A cover crop of common vetch was planted in November and turned under in May. Uniform methods in handling the orchard ha\e been used thus far in order to allow for differences which may exist in the soil, thus furnishing a more sub- stantial basis for fertilizer and pruning tests which will be started next year. The windbreak of evergreen tamarisk (Tamarix articulata) has been extended around the entire citrus planting. It has made a good growth and will be of value in protecting the orchard from sandstorms and cold winds. EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE AND HUMIDITY The experiment to determine the effect of temperature and atmospheric humidity on citius trees, as brought about through intercultural practices, hai> been continued, Present data show comparisons between cover cropped and cleanly cultivated orchard^ as follows: (a) The mean atmospheric temperature in the cover cropped orchard was 2^/2 degrees F. lower during winter and 7 degrees F. lower during summer. (b) The mean soil temperature in the cover cropped orchard was 2J/2 degrees F. higher during winter and 6 degrees F. lower during summer. (c) The mean atmospheric humiditv in the cover cropped orchard was 11 percent greater during summer. (d) The evaporation (secured by the use of Livingstone's Atmometer Cups) in the cover cropped orchard was 40 per cent less during summer. (Readings were taken 2 feet and 6 feet above ground,) The result of this work has stimulated the use of summer cover crops as a control measure for the premature shedding of the Washington Navel 222 THIRTY-THIRD ANNUAL REPORT orange. The use of cover crops during winter is being discontinued on account of the apparent increase in danger from cold injury, particularly to young orchards. BUD SELECTION Record sheets for individual trees to show quantity and quality of fruit have been prepared and placed in the hands of citrus growers; the informa- tion thus gained will be used as a basis for bud selection work. DATE STUDIES The Tempe Date Orchard continued its rapid recovery from the effect of "torching" used to control the scale, Parlatoria blanchardi, and the strongest trees were allowed to produce some fruit this year. A second outbreak of the scale has materially lessened this year's crop at the Yuma orchard. DATE VARIETIES In a comparison of the large number of varieties of dates at the Tempe Date Orchard, the Hayany maintained its past record as the leading soft date for Arizona. It ripens early, withstands moist weather, and is very attractive. Since the fruit will keep in perfect condition 2 to 3 weeks without refrigeration, it may be shipped readily to eastern markets. The Tadala is another early-ripening variety of good quality which is not affected by rain, and which has proved its worth for commercial use. The Deglet Noor and Saidy, later ripening varieties of the semi-dry type, are responding splendidly to methods of processing used for the first time thib year. Therefore, two classes of commercial dates can be produced in Arizona, the early-maturing varieties which are sold as fresh fruit, and the later, long-keeping varieties. Plans have been developed for testing late-maturing varieties, such as the Deglet Noor and Saidy, in the warmer districts of the State. PROPAGATION It is apparent from work conducted so far in the rooting of date off- shoots that good results may1 be expected by inducing the suckers to form roots before they are detached from the mother palm. It was found that roots can be formed in 6 weeks by banking soil which is kept moist around the base of the mother palm during the summer so as to cover the lower portion of the attached offshoot A larger percentage of the offshoots which were set directly in the field and shaded with burlap lived and made more vigorous growth than was true in the case of those which were i,et in a special, cool, propagation house with the lattice top and the sides shaded. ARIZONA AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION 223 THE OLIVE A striking difference in yield has been found in the case of 6-year-old trees when pruned according to different methods. Two general types of pruning were compared; "short" pruning in which the annual terminal growth was shortened approximately one-half, and "long" pruning which consisted of thinning the trees without heading the branches. A similar block of trees was left unpruned. The results of this experiment for the past year are given in Table X. TABLE X.—SHOWING THE EFFECT OF PRUNING ON THE YIELD OF SIX-YEAR-OLD OLIVE TREES Yield per Tree Number Short Long- Variety of trees pruned pruned Unpruned Mission 8 V/2 Ibs. 19 Ibs. 3 8 Ibs Manzanillo 8 1 Ib. 6 Ibs. 18 Ibs. It is remarkable that the different methods of pruning had no effect on the size of the fruit. A bulletin entitled "The Olive in Arizona" was published during the past year. GRAPES NEW PLANTINGS Six acres of grapee were planted in the spring of 1922; 3 acres at the Salt River Valley Station and 3 acres at the Yuma Station. These vine- yards, composed largely of the Sultanina (Thompson Seedless) and Malaga varieties, will serve as a basis for experiments in pruning, training, irriga- tion, and fertilizing. In handling young rooted vines it has been found that they can be trained to a permanent head the first season, which is impossible in some of the older commercial grape districts of the country. GRAPE VARIETIES Valuable data on about one hundred varieties of grapes are being ob- tained from the 4-year-old variety vineyards located at the Salt River Valley and Yuma stations. The Sultanina and Malaga varieties are out- standing in their adaptability for commercial use. However, the Almeria, a very late variety, offers much promise as a market grape. Its heavy bear- ing quality is particularly notable, since it has been found not to produce highly in California. Of the pink grapes, such varieties as the Tokay and Emperor were observed not to color well in the lower valleys, whereas at the higher elevations they color quite satisfactorily. The Cornichon lost its dark color and assumed an attractive pink; however, some of the other dark varieties, particularly the Black Muscat and Black Malvoise, retained 224 THIRTY-THIRD ANNUAL REPORT their color. Recently 2^0 varieties ha\e been added to the experimental plantings, making a total of 350 vancties now under observation. RINGING THE CURRANT GRAPE An experiment to determine the effect of ringing upon the fruiting of the Panarita variety of currant grape was conducted at the Salt River Valley Farm. The operation consisted in removing from the stem near the ground a circle of bark one-eighth of an inch wide. Untreated vines failed to set any fruit, and vines rung just previous to blossoming produced only a few scattering bunches. Hea\y yields were obtained by ringing during the blossoming period. GR4PE ANALYSES The work of testing grapes grown in different parts of the State for their sugar content has been continued. The ripening season of the early varieties was retarded 2 weeks, due to the lateness of the past spring. WATER REQUIREMENT STUDIES The pioi'ect relating to the actual water requirement of peach trees has been continued through two growing seasons. The actual water used by an individual tree the first season after planting was 160J4 gallons, and the second season, 445% gallons. The trees used in this experiment are confined in waterproof cement tanks constructed and handled so that the amount of water used by each tree can be accurately determined. A simi- lar experiment was recently started with grape vines. Field work on this project, started at the Prescott Dry-Farm, has been seriously interrupted this year by injuries to the trees done by rabbits and cattle. However, it has been seen that orchards and vineyards can be started successfully under conditions where the rainfall is from 15 to 18 inches> provided it is possible to water the young trees a few times during the first summer. Two to three bucketfuls of water at the time of plant- ing and a similar application 6 weeks later were found sufficient to keep the trees alive until the summer rains began. The 10-year-old orchard at the Prescott Dry-Farm, maintained exclu- sively under dry-farming conditions, produced a satisfactory crop this year and the fruit was of good size and quality. The orchard is composed of several varieties of apple, pear, peach, prune, and grape. A study of conditions in the northern part of the State during the past summer revealed the fact that a considerable area in Arizona above 5,000 feet elevation will produce good orchards, with the natural rainfall. A notable example of an orchard maintained in excellent condition without irrigation was seen at Pinedale, at an elevation of 6,500 feet. It is owned by Mr. E. Thomas and contains some of the standard varieties of applej peach, cherry, and grape. Other well kept commercial orchards, main- JGRICLL1LRIL EIPERIMEM MVI/7OY 225 uined without irrigation, were observed at Skull Valley at an elevation of appio\Imately 4,500 feet. PRUNING DECIDUOUS FRUIT fills project, consisting largely of a comparison of se^en distinct meth- ods of priming, has been continued thiough the third season and is just beginning to ghe rebu!t>. Present data would indicate that some form of pjunine: in which the tiee is thinned without severe heading gives a higher }ield with }oung ticcs In the ca«e of 3-year-old Royal apricots the average }ield for tic^s \\hen Piimed by the "long" method was 19 pounds, whereas the trees pruned by the "short" method failed to yield any fruit. Dendogiaph lecords of pruned and unpruned 2-year-old peach trees indicated that pruning increased the diameter of the trunk by 20 percent during the growing season; howe\er, onlv two trees were under observa- tion. THE WALNUT AND THE PECAN Work on this project has consisted largely of top-grafting commercial varieties of walnut upon the native stock ( Juglans major). Grafting was done in widely separated sections of the State, including Coconino, Yava- pai, Pima, and Greenlee counties, in order to determine the adaptability of varieties to different locations. It is notable that the top grafts at the Unhersity Farm near Tucson were killed by a sudden cold spell which occurred in November. The grafts were in a succulent condition, owing to continued warm weather up to that time, and hence were not able to withstand the sudden drop in temperature. A collection of standard pecan varieties composed of the Stuart, Success, Schley, Alley, Frotscher, and Money Maker was planted at the Yuma Station. A study of pecan trees grown in different parts of the State indicates that the Success and Stuart varieties are particularly well adapted to southern Arizona. VARIETY TESTS OF ORCHARD FRUITS The stone fruits in the variety orchards at the Salt River Valley and Yuma stations bore good crops this year, indicating the adaptability of the different varieties to Arizona conditions. Of the varieties of plums the Santa Rosa is outstanding in its adaptability for commercial use. It is attractive and highly flavored, it bears heavily, and possesses excellent shipping qualities. The Satsuma proved its worth as a canning plum, though it is not so highly colored on the outside as when grown on the Pacific Coast. The Beauty is a variety that gives much promise of being 226 THIRTY-THIRD ANNUAL REPORT a very earlv fruit for the local market. The fruit is of medium size, deep red in color, and has a fine flavor. Other varieties that did particu- larly v-ell are the Gonzales and Formosa. The Sugar variety of prunes bore a heavy ciop of finely flavored, highly colored fruit. In the case of apricots, the Royal and Blenheim showed the highest lating as commerciil varieties. The Hemiskirke is also of good quality, npening 10 to 12 daj>s after the Royal. The Moorpark variety, though highly fLrvoied and of large size, has very poor shipping qualities. Of the 60 varieties of peaches which are under observation, some of the more important are Matthew Beiuty, Marnie Ross, Susquehanna, Geoigia Belle, Elberta, Tuscan Cling, Selma Cling, Salway, J. H. Hale, Stinson October, and Krummel. It is notable that of the 11 varieties of nectarines only one, the Red Roman, fruited. This variety bore a heavy crop and the fruit was of good size, color, and flavor. PEARS Results obtained the past season from 6-year-old pear trees at the Yuma Station indicate that the KiefFer, LeConte, Cornice, Clarigan, and Winter Nells varieties may prove well adapted to southern Arizona. The pear trees at the Salt River Valley Farm are not yet of bearing age. IRISH POTATOES In a comparative test in which 30 varieties of potatoes were planted at the University Farm, February 18, 1922, the Early Northern, Irish Cob- bler, Peachblow, Triumph, and Peerless were the highest yielding varieties. In cooperation with Mr. C. B. Brown, County Agricultural Agent of Pima County, and three commercial potato growers, these varieties were also tested under field conditions. The Irish Cobbler gave the highest yield of marketable tubers with the Triumph and Peerless ranking second and third, respectively. Of the potatoes planted at the University Farm on July 1 5, August 5, and August 18, respectively, the first planting gave the highest yields and the largest percentage of mature, marketable potatoes. None of the varieties planted on August 18 had time to mature fully. The Peachblow variety produced the largest number of marketable potatoes. A comparison of the results obtained from the use of seed potatoes which were grown locally in spring and fall showed a distinct difference in favor of those grown in the spring. A summary of these results is given In Table XL ARIZONA. AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION 227 TABLE XL—SHOWING RESULTS OBTAINED IN USE OF SEED POTATOES, GROWN LOCALLY IN SPRING AND FALL Spring-grown seed Fall-grown seed Yield in Percentage Yield in Ibs. per marketable Ibs. per marketable Variety acre basis tubers acie basis tubers White Rose 5,082 89 2,843 90 Snowflake 4,235 94 729 23 Early Six Weeks 4,053 90 1,452 97 Early Red Ohio 3,569 93 508 60 Early Nor them 3,448 89 1,149 78 Flagstaff Red 3,327 85 4,114 87 Eaily Ohio 2,964 77 1,210 72 Mammoth Pearl 2,843 60 2,541 77 Peerless 2,662 90 1,210 85 Early White Rose 2,178 89 2,178 67 Green Mountain 2,057 76 605 71 Earlv Dewdrop 1,815 60 1,270 64 Maules Early Th 01 oughb led 1,391 46 M91 80 Cirmin 726 90 381 59 Total 40,350 8057 21,581 7214 In the work with potatoes at the Prescott Dry-Farm remarkably good results were obtained from 12 varieties planted April 29, and grown without irrigation. The varieties giving the highest yields were the Peachblow, Sir Walter Raleigh, and American Wonder. SWEET POTATOES Experiments conducted at the University Farm near Tucson and at the Yuma Station have furnished valuable data as to the effect in the yield of sweet potatoes produced by pruning the vines. A summary of the results is given in Table XII. TABLE XII.—SHOWING THE EFFECT OF VINE-PRUNING ON THE YIELD OF SWEET POTATOES Pei cent- age Percent- Feet Row Acre of loss age of Method of of yield yield due to marketable Variety Station handling row n Ibs. in Ibs. pruning potatoes Porto Rica Unlv Farm Natural 206 283 17,096 95 Porto Rico Univ. Farm Pruned 206 47 2,839 83.41 63.5 Nancy Hall TTniv. Farm Natural 206 500 30,205 94 Nancy Hall Univ. Farm Lifted 206 323 19,512 35.40 93 Porto Rico Yuma Natural 600 695 14,414 Porto Rico Yuma Pruned 600 572 11,863 17.00 Porto Rico Yuma Lifted 600 577 11,966 16.98 22S TH1R1Y-THIRD AM>VAL REPORT An experiment to determine whether sweet potatoes may be left in the ground during the winter without digging indicates that this practice may be followed with success in southern Arizona if the ground is kept dry. Potatoes that were allowed to remain in the ground at the Yuma Station were found to be in perfect condition when dug, March 11, 1922. In an experiment to determine the effect of over-irrigation on sweet potatoes, it was observed that the use of too much water lessened the yield by 16.15 percent. In addition, the potatoes produced on the heavily irri- gated plot were very irregular in shape with a high percentage of culls. Storage tests with sweet potatoes have been continued. A publication is> being prepared which will give the results of this work. TOMATOES Sixty varieties of tomatoes were tested during the past season at the Yuma Station, the University Farm, and the Campus Garden. In each instance the early-maturing varieties gave the highest yields. The Earli- ana, First Early, and Turner's Hybrid were particularly outstanding in this respect. GARDEN PEAS A comparative test with 18 varieties of garden peas was conducted at the Yuma Valley Farm. The planting was made November 4, 1921, following a summer cover crop of cowpeas. The vines showed remarkable power of recuperation from freezes; at one time they were seriousJy injured while in the fruiting stage. The Dwarf Gray Sugar was the only variety not affected by cold. The two varieties giving the highest yield were the Premium Gem and the Strategem. ONIONS In storage tests it was found that onions when cured properly kept in perfect condition through the summer in an adobe, sweet potato storage house. It was also found that onions kept satisfactorily in slatted bins under an open shed. The entire crop from l/% acre was stored in this way during the past summer. A successful experiment in the production of onion seed was conducted at the Yuma Station. One hundred sixty pounds of seed of the White Bermuda variety were pioduced on l/2 acre of ground. FRUIT SURVEYS Fruit surveys have been made of the San Simon Valley, the Upper Verde Valley, and the citrus district of the Salt River Valley. The survey included information on the quality, variety, and amount of fruit pro- duced; and the conditions, such as soil, elevation, and topography, under which the fruit was grown. The work will be continued until the entire State is covered. ARIZONA AGRICUL1URAL EKPERIME\T M dTION 229 OTHER ACTIVITIES Considerable time was required for the general supervision of the work at the Yuma and Tempe stations, as well as for organizing the citrus work on the Yuma Mesa. It was also necessary for members of the horticultural staff to spend considerable time in field activities. In addition to regular project work in extension, a great imny field meetings were attended, and numerous trips were made to different parts of the State to assist in special field problems. One to 2 houis per day were required to handle correspondence and take care of office calls. Instructional work included the teaching of nine courses in horticulture. In the horticultural work most valuable assistance and cooperation were rendered by the county agricultural agents and the foremen of the differ- ent branch stations as the work affected their respective fields. IRRIGATION G. E. P. SMITH, W. E. CODE, H. C. SCHWALEN No change in personnel has occurred in the irrigation work during the fiscal year just ended and no new projects have been taken up. GROUNDWATER STUDIES There was much less pumping in the Casa Grande Valley during 1921 than in 1920. The area irrigated in this manner, including the lands where pumping is used as an auxiliary to gravity water, amounted to about 5,000 acres. The depression of the water table during the summer in the pumping district reached the same level as that of the preceding year, or a lower level. This was due to the fact that there was not a complete recovery during the preceding winter. A water-level recorder was installed March 10, 1922, in a well of the Pima Farms Company, near Tucson, in order to study the effect of con- centrated pumping in a small district. The record shows that the effect of starting or stopping a single well travels at a high rate of speed through the Recent gravels in that vicinity. It is anticipated that a continuous record over a period of at least a year will be obtained and the rate deter- mined. A similar study is being carried on near the the University on wells in Pleistocene deposits. In the San Simon Valley, two test wells have been drilled with drop tools, to determine the geologic and hydraulic conditions. The first well, 405 feet in depth, was drilled on the west edge of the Cienega and a pumping test was made* Below a depth of 49 feet the material was found to be consolidated and quite impervious.. The log of this well showed that, although a moderate supply of surface water is available for 230 THIRTY-THIRD ANNUAL REPORT pumping, the blue clay, which accounts for the artesian pressure in the San Simon artesian district, does not extend so far south as the Cienega. The second well, 100 feet in depth, was drilled in the center of the Cienega, a quarter of a mile south of the old Chenowth ranch. It was thought that an earthen dam for storage purposes could be constructed at this point. The formation to a depth of 85 feet was found to be the Recent valley fill, and a deep cut-off wall is desirable to prevent excessive seepage from a reservoir. A contract has been let to Mr. C. W. Pistor of Tucson to drill a test well to a depth of 2,000 feet within the artesian district in the southeast quarter of Section 16, Township 14 South, Range 31 East, on State land. The main purpose i* to determine the chaiacter and water resources of the \illey fill below 1,000 feet, the depth to which seveial of the present utesian wells of the valley reach. It had been found impossible to put the well down with the original appropriation of $15,000 set aside for this purpose by the State Legislature. This fund was augmented by an additional $10,000 from the State Land Department, and the well is now being drilled in cooperation with that office. A special study of pumping conditions and their effect upon the ground- water table and of groundwater resources was made in the Willcox district, the results of which were embodied in a report made to the Federal Farm Loan Bank of Berkeley. At the mouth of the San Pedro River, near Winkelman, a study has been made of the discharge, both surface and underground, from the San Pedro Valley into the Gila Valley. This discharge has been found sufficient to be of material benefit to the water supply available to the San Carlos project. STREAM FLOW MEASUREMENTS Ten stream-gauging stations have been maintained in the study of the water resources of Cochise County. It has been ascertained that the floods which cause undermining of the river banks and the destruction of the adjacent alluvial land are due, for the most part, to the rapid run-off from the valley itself, and not to the infrequent floods coming out of the mountain canyons. Stream flow records on the Santa Cruz and Rillito rivers up to 1920 have been published in previous reports. An error was found in the rating curve for the Santa Cruz at Maricopa for the year 1919, and Table XIV in the Thirtieth Annual Report should be corrected. The corrected discharges for the months of July and August are 3,580 and 2,020 acre- feet respectively. Table XIII is for the years 1920 and 1921. The Canada del Oro, a tributary of the Santa Cruz entering below the month of the Rillito, was partially rated near its mouth at the Southern Pacific railroad bridge. The estimate of the discharge for the months of ARIZONA AGRICUL1URAL EXPERIMEM bT.iriO\ 231 July and August, 1921, is 8,250 acre-feet. The winter flow* of this stream are usually wholly absorbed by seepage in the river bed. The seepage loss between Tucson and Sasco was approximately 26,850 acre-feet in 1920 and 44,030 acre-feet in 1921. The vitiating factor is the inflow from a tributary a few miles above the station. The seepage loss between Sasco and the Southern Pacific tracks was 8,810 acre-feet in 1920 and 42,398 acre-feet in 1921. THE EFFECT OF THE TRANSPIRATION OF TREES UPON THE GROUNDWATER SUPPLY The investigations begun at Redington, Arizona, in 1921, to determine the losses of ground-water through the transpnation of forests have been continued. These losses are very extensive and gieatly deplete the \vater supplies available for irrigation. In those areas where the groundwatei supply is dissipated largely through the transpiration of forests, the meas- urement of the transpiration losses would provide bases for designing irri- gation projects. Records have been kept for two summers and one winter in a cottonwood forest and in a mesquite forest. The records show correlations between the transpiration losses and climatic factois, including temperature, hu- midity, and cloudiness, foi different btages of leaf growth. The daily fluctuations of the water table, caused by the transpiration of trees and by recharge of the water supply are large, sometimes exceed- ing 5 inches, The reduction of these fluctuations to their equivalent depths of water involves knowledge of the porosity of the soil material and of the feeding habits of the roots. The investigations have revealed a surprising activity of the sap of trees the roots of which penetrate to underground water, and the corresponding lowering of the water table; and also much larger water losses than have been admitted by plant physiologists. The method appears to offer a means of determining the factors of transpiration and the extent of the transpiration of forests and of sacaton and salt grass flats overlying shallow water tables, and also the extent of die ground water supplies available for development. FUEL OILS FOR PUMPING Tests of fuel oils in the laboratory of the Experiment Station have shown that under the new process of cracking the crude oils, now used by some refineries, the volatility of California cracked oil distillates is higher in relation to their specific gravities than with straight run distillates. The cracked oils appear to have the same qualities as straight run oils of 3° Beaume higher gravity. Farmers and dealers in gas oil, therefore, are 232 THIRTY-THIRD ANNUAL REPORT quite safe in contracting for cracLed gas oils of 35° Beaume for use in 4-c\cle electric ignition engines. In all cases of doubt, volatility tests should be made, PUMPING MACHINERY The new campus pumping unit, consisting of a special 3-inch, horizon- tally-split, single-suction pump, direct-connected to a 2 5-horsepower, 3~phase, 220-volt, !,750-R. P. M. motor, was given an efficiency test in February and March. The drawdown proved to be greater than antici- pated from the results of an initial test with a pump of 20 gallons per minute capacity. This preliminary test indicated a well capacity of 40 gallons per minute per foot of drawdown. The final test, however, Chawed a capacity of 19.2 gallons per minute for all discharges between 75 and 360 gallons per minute. The results show that on this particular well the initial test ohould h-ue been made with a larger pump. The relation between yield and drawdown is shown in figure 7. The pump wis guaranteed to deliver 400 gallons per minute against a 130-foot head with an efficiency of 67 percent, if the suction head did not exceed 15 feet. The efficiency and capacity test curves agreed very well with the factory curves to a point where the suction head equalled 21.5 feet, when they abruptly fell away. The maximum suction head attained was 24.4 feet when pumping 360 gallons per minute. The inference to be drawn is that at least with some pumps the efficiency and capacity are very materially affected when a certain suction head is reached. The relation between discharge and hydraulic lift is shown in figure 7. THE COLORADO RIVER AND ITS UTILIZATION Attention has been given to the many proposals and controversies re- lating to the developernnt of the power and irrigation possibilities of the Colorado River, particularly as they affect the State of Arizona. A com- prehensive analysis of the problems involved and of the plans by which Arizona's interests can be served has been published as Bulletin 95, under the title, "The Colorado River and Arizona's Interest in Its Development." Also, a statement concerning Arizona's rights in this inter-state stream and the necessity for a compact between the several states was presented to the Colorado River Commission at its hearing in Phoenix, March 15, 1922. CONCRETE LININGS FOR IRRIGATION DITCHES A study of the use, construction, and economy of concrete-lined ditches has been made, and it is thought that individual farmers with a little ad- vice on the subject can construct this type of ditch lining. A layer of con- crete 2 inches thick has been used with evident success and can be gener- ARIZONA AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION 233 jg- 7—The relation of drawdown to yield, -md the relation of discharge to lift it the East Well pumping plant on the Um\ersity Campus ally recommended. The cost of such a lining, if laid by the rancher, -will be 9 or 10 cents per square foot. One of the features of this study was a series of tests made to determine the seepage through the concrete in existing ditches. Closed sections were formed by earthen dams in the concrete-lined ditch and the drop in the water surface was measured by a hook gauge. Corrections were made for evaporation and the actual volumetric loss obtained, which was then applied to the wetted area. The rate of loss varied between 0.04 cubic feet and 0.55 cubic feet per square foot in 24 hours with 0.29 cubic feet as a mean. The economy of con- crete lining is easily demonstrated on all open soils. Manuscript for a bulletin on this subject has been prepared and sub- mitted for publication. Much of the material was written for use by the average farmer. Sections on design were intended for men with some technical training. 234 THIRTY-THIRD ANNUAL REPORT TABLE XIII.—RUNOFF RECORDS FOR SANTA CRUZ AND RILLITO RIV- ERS, 1920 AND 1921 Riliito Culverts Culverts Santi Cruz near Santi Crm: Culverts near at Month at Tucson Tucson at Sasco near Eloy Lirim Maricopa 1920 Acre-ft. Acre-ft Acre-ft. Acre-ft. Acre-ft. Acre-ft. January 3,790 4,460 1,973 0 0 0 February 240 11,730 2,791 367 0 0 Maich 0 2,300 12 10 0 0 April 0 560 0 0 0 0 May 0 0 0 0 0 0 June 10 0 0 0 0 0 July 460 0 0 0 0 0 August 1,860 2,014 4,214 0 *870 #* September 690 30 197 0 0 0 October 0 0 0 0 0 0 November 0 0 0 0 0 0 December 56 0 0 0 0 0 870 TOTAL 7,106 21,094 9,187 377 — 1921 Jinuaiy 0 0 0 0 0 0 February 0 0 0 0 0 0 March \ 0 Q 0 0 0 *\pril 0 0 0 0 0 0 May 0 0 0 0 0 0 June 0 0 0 0 0 0 Tuty 5,222 26,196 21,798 2,160 24 344 August 23,836 14,736 28,310 3,050 52 3,796 September 3,220 220 1,716 0 0 0 October 0 0 0 0 0 0 November 0 0 0 0 0 0 December 0 0 0 0 0 0 TOTAL 32,278 41,152 51,824 5,210 76 4,140 *Local runoff. **No record PLANT BREEDING W. E. BRYAN, E. H. PRESSLEY ALFALFA Forty-five plant progenies selected from the commercial Hairy Peruvian alfalfa were giown during the past year. Each of these progenies was secured by means of seed taken from individual plants in a manner de- scribed in the Thirty-second Annual Report of the Arizona Agricultural ARIZONA AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION 235 Experiment Station, page 601. Each of the 45 original plants from which these progenies came was selected on the basis of stern3 leaf, and flower characters. The object in growing thebe progenies was to find out to what extent each progeny would come true to the type of plant from which its seed was taken. Each of these 45 first seed generation piogenies shows a very close resemblance to the type of its mother plant. The unifoimity within each progeny is also very striking. These facts seem to throw considerable light on the great diversity which now exists in the commercial fields of Hairy Peruvian alfalfa. Since first seed generation progenies resemble their respective mother plants so closely, it seems safe to conclude that the various types found growing in the same commercial field have originated by mixing seeds of other types of alfalfa with the Hairy Peruvian during the process of threshing and recleaning, and per- haps through other agencies. The uniformity displayed by each progeny seems to indicate that the amount of crossing between adjacent fields of alfalfa by means of Insects is almobt negligible. Therefore, it seems possible to maintain a superior, pure line of alfalfa under field conditions, provided there is no mixture of seed from other strains and varieties. Among the pure lines which have been separated from the commercial Hairy Peruvian alfalfa are some excellent strains which appear to be su- perior to the original stock for hay purposes. There is also some indication that some of the strains are heavy seed producers. It is believed that these strains will constitute a decided improvement over the commercial Hairy Peruvian alfalfa which is now grown in the State. COTTON The cotton breeding plots were located in the Santa Cruz Valley near Tucson in 1921. Twelve upland varieties, including five of long-staple (1J^ inches or longer) and four of the short-staple were planted in 1/10-acre plots. The following lines of work were carried on with these varieties: 1. A comparative study of lint yield in all the varieties grown. 2. A study of the uniformity of such characters as lint length, lint strength, and earliness. 3. The selection of superior mother plants for the purpose of estab- lishing pedigreed strains m those varieties which prove to be the best foundation stocks. The following table gives some of the important results obtained with these varieties. 236 THIRTY-THIRD ANNUAL REPORT TABLE XIV.—YIELD, PERCENTAGE OF LINT, LENGTH, AND STRENGTH OF FIBER OF UPLAND COTTONS Yield per Yield Length Strength acie seed Pei cent lint of of Name of cotton cotton lint per acre fiber fiber Pounds Pounds Inches Long-staple Webber 2,151 30.2 649.6 1-3/8 Medium Webber 49-4 1,620 32.6 S28.1 1-3/8 Strong Deltatypa Webber 1,861 31.3 528.5 1-3/8 Strong Hartsville 2,088 29.6 6180 1-5/16 Medium Express 1,873 30.0 561.9 1-3/16 Strong Short-staple Cleveland 2,075 373 774.0 1-1/32 Strong Cook 1,721 38.8 677.7 7/8 Strong Lone Sta» 1,291 371 479.0 1-1/32 Strong Trice 1,64-5 32.0 5264 1 Strong The yield data of Table XIV show that the yields of seed cotton per acre for the long-staple, upland varieties do not differ materially from those of the short-staple, upland varieties. However, in the percentage of lint produced, all the short-staple varieties, with the exception of Trice, stand higher than the long-staple varieties. The question, therefore, arises as to whether it is better to grow the long-staple, upland varieties with their lower lint yields, or to grow short-staple varieties which usually give a higher lint yield per acre. While the price received for each of these two classes of staple will largely determine which is the more profit- able to grow, the length of the growing season must also be considered. If a given region has a short frost-free season, or if it is necessary to plant late in the season, a short-staples varietey will probably prove more profit- able, owing to the fact that the short-staple varieties mature earlier than do long-staple varieties. In the lower irrigated valleys with a long frost- free season, where it is possible to plant early, it is probable that a long- staple cotton will be the best kind to grow, provided the usual premium is paid for the longer staple. Selection work is being carried on with both long-staple and short-staple cottons in order that a suitable variety of each may be established. WHEAT Sixteen large increase plots and 274 plot rows were grown on the Salt River Valley Experiment Farm during the season of 1921-22. The ARIZONA AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION 237 average size of the increase plots was 0.336 acres each. The average yield per acre on the 16 large plots was 2,346 pounds of threshed grain per acre. The highest yield on my one of these plots was 2,754 pounds of threshed grain per acre. The rows were 297 feet long with a space of 15 inches between the rows. Milling and baking tests have been made on the grain from 35 of the highest yielders of both plots and rows. Each of these selections came originally from a single head, and they are, therefore, pedigreed strains in the strictest sense. One of the striking results of these baking tests is the large difference in baking qualities of the different selections which grew side by side. It has been shown also that hardness of grain alone is a very unreliable guide in making selections which will produce good baking flours. The following table gives the baking results obtained with 10 of these selections. TABLE XV.—BAKING RESULTS OBTAINED WITH FLOURS MILLED FROM PEDIGREED STRAINS OF ARIZONA-GROWN WHEATS, CROP OF 1922 Water Maximum Volume absorp- volume finished Weight Color Texture Number or name tion of dough loaf of loaf score score Grams C.C. c.c H (Early Bwt) 200 2,050 1,850 512 96 94 2,225 (Federation Hard) 202 1,950 1,660 495 94 94 36-51 (Turkey) 205 1,600 1,520 52$ 84 86 103 (Sonora) 197 1,850 1,620 504 93 88 2,196 (Pusa) 210 1,850 1,710 520 96 94 2,214 (South African) 184 2,300 1,700 496 93 91 2,212 (South African 188 2,000 1,660 509 94 91 2,213 (South African) 213 1,700 1,480 521 80 80 2,218 (South African) 208 1,575 1,430 523 80 80 2,211R (Bunyip) 174 2,300 1,820 507 96 96 2,227 (Marquis) 185 2,000 1,480 510 92 87 The formula used in these baking tests is as follows; Yeast 10 grams, flour 340 grams, sugar 15 grams, salt 5 grams, and lard 5 grams. Pedigreed Early Baart wheat gives a larger loaf volume than the Kansas flour which was used as a check. Early Baart wheat has the same water absorption as the check, but ranks slightly lower in color and texture. Federation Hard (2,225) ranks, on the whole, considerably lower than Early Baart, although in absorption and texture they are about the same. 238 THIRTY-THIRD ANNUAL REPORT The unsatisfactory results obtained with both Marquis and Turkey wheats indicate that it is useless to attempt to grow them for the production of baking flours in the irrigated valleys of southern Arizona. Even Sonora, when grown under irrigation, is superior to them, as a glance at the table will show. These results aie in accord with those obtained in previous tests, and show conclusively that it is impossible to obtain good baking flours from the wheats of the humid eastern states grown under south- western irrigation conditions. PLANT PATHOLOGY J. G BROWN, FREDERICK. GIBSON The rapid progress made in plant pathology during the year has been due to the accessibility of apparatus and equipment, additional help, and the cooperation of related divisions in the Experiment Station, With these favorable conditions more plant disease material has been examined for farmeis than was formerly possible, considerable investigation has been undertaken, and some extension work has been accomplished. Inves- tigational actiuties. have resulted not only in an advance toward the solu- tion of special problems, but they have also afforded a vista of important problems not yet undertaken, the solution of which should add materially to the welfare of the farmers of the State. A summary of the various activities of this division during the year follows. COTTON PROJECTS Work on two cotton projects was begun last year and will probably be continued for seveial years. The projects which consist of studies to determine the effect of alkali on the susceptibility of Pima-Egyptian cotton to black-arm and root-iot include work in both field and laboratory. In the field, plots of cotton are grown from infected seed on alkaline soil and on soil free from alkali, and the percentage of infection in the crops noted. The field work is checked with pot cultures grown in a screened garden containing known concentrations of alkali. Funds were not avail- able for the construction of the screened garden until May, 1922, but field plots have been planted for two seasons. The plots of cotton grown during the summer of 1921 were located at Sahuarita, about 20 miles south of Tucson, on alkali-free soil and at Yuma on alkaline soil. The location of these plots was not satisfactory because of the distance from the Experiment Station and the climatic differences between these two plots, but the restrictions placed on growing cotton in the vicinity of Tucson made a more convenient arrangement impossible. In the spring of 1922 the field work was transferred to the Salt River Valley in order to have the two experiments under similar climatic condi- ..IRfXO.\'.i .1r;RfC/.,{.TCRAL FXI'FRf.HEST ST.HION 239 Fi~. ~- -l't"h,~Il_, ! .,." ito a Black-ann lIppeared in tlle S;l.huaritl plolS in July on II very few planu in the rows pllnted with untrellted seed. During September the infection spread upidly. On October 29 an e::umination of 273 plants showed that 226 of the number were infected. All of the plants in the SJ.hultitll plou were succulent owing to the helvy summer rains. Root-rot was l"Cry Jc;truetivc. It begln to kill cotton planu when they were only J few dlY' old and during August, September. lnd October -:; ... plant~ in the two plot~ were killed by this discasc. 240 THIRTY-THIRD JAAT/.4L REPORT THE YUMA PLOTS The two plots at Yuma practically duplicated those at Sahuarita, so far as the seed and method of planting were concerned. The soil was light and contained alkali so strong in spots as almost to inhibit growth, with lower concentration in the remaining parts of the plots. In size the plots approximated a total area of 1 acre. No black-arm appeared in the Yuma plots, although the seed planted was a part of the same lot used in the Sahuarita experiments. SALT RIVER VALLEY FARM PLOTS The Salt River Valle> Farm plots consisting' of a total area of 1 acie were planted with 10 double rows of cotton separated by a barrier of sorghum, and in some row? the seed was treated with the various sterilizing agents previously mentioned, while in check rows it was untreated. As usual, the seed treated with concentrated sulphuric acid gave the best results. Hot water and 10 percent formaldehyde entirely destroyed the germinating power of the seed. In the field of 14- acres which had borne a crop of cotton the previous year and which was planted with seed treated with concentrated sulphuric acid, practically no black-arm or angular leafspot appeared, while another field of 4 acres planted with seed from the same lot and used as a control, showed infection 2 weeks after planting, and eventually became so badly diseased that as many as 238 infected plants were counted in one row approximately 3 5 rods long. During the summer of 1923, the study of alkaline effects will be under- taken again both in the field and also in the new screened garden on the University Campus, COMPARISON OF RESULTS It is interesting to note that although seed from the same lot was used in the plots at both Sahuarita and Yuma, black-arm appeared only in the former location. Laboratory cultures made prior to planting showed that the seed was heavily infected with Bacterium malvcearum. The rainfall is less at Yurna than at Sahuarita, but at least some infection would be expected in young plants, where untreated seed was used. It is possible that succulence and woodiness are factors that are involved, since the plants at Yuma on alkaline soil were less succulent than those at Sahuarita. The sulphuric acid treatment of seed was much more satisfactory than the other treatments tested on the plots when judged from the standpoint of efficiency in sterilizing and the percentage of germination obtained with treated seed. DATE ROT PROJECT During the season of 1921 spraying was begun in the Tempe Date Orchard with the application of 5-5-50 Bordeaux mixture to Hayany, ARIZONA A(;RICULTI.R.'tL EXPERIME.YT STATION 241 242 THIRTY-THIRD ANNUAL REPORT Bidet el Haggi, and Deglet Noor varieties. The palms were sprayed on April 2 and July 29. Fruits of the Hajany variety were too soft at har- vest to stand washing for the removal of the coating of spray, but the other varieties were firm enough to escape injury. Less rot occurred in fruits of the spra\ ed palms, the increase in marketable product amounting to approximately 25 peicent as compared with that of unsprayed palmb. During the summer of 1922, Deglet Noor and Rhars varieties were sprayed vuth s»elf-boiled lime-sulphur and 5-5-50 Boideaux mixture, a tree of each variety with each kind of spray. Results were similar to those obtained the pievious yeai. MISCELLANEOUS STUDIES ALFALFA GIRDLE Field and laboratory studies were made of alfalfa girdle, a disease which seriously damages alfalfa foi forage and hay. The work was begun in this division because it was suspected that a fungus was concerned. Howe\er, laboratory cultuies pro\ed that this was not the case. Girdles similar to those on alfalfa were found by Mr. Gibson on Franseria tenui- folla, Veibesma encehwde^ Tribulw terrestrisy Melilotus officinalis, M* tndicay Cwsta Covesii, Eahia ab^nthljoUa vat. dealbata^ Batleya multira- diata, Qxalis corniculata, Eriocarfum gracile, Psilostrofhe Cooperi, Lef- tilon canadewse, Polygonum httotale, Euphorbia Pre$ln> Pueraria hirsuta, the grape, and several varieties of beans including Lima beans. Also similar girdles have been reported as occurring on pepper and potato plants in the Verde Valley. The cause of the girdling of alfalfa has been shown to be due to a hopper, Stictocefhala sp., previously connected with the disease by Osborn> On Qxalis corniculata, however, the scale insect, Coccus kesferidium, was found to produce a similar injury. SUNBURN AND APHID INJURY OF SOY BEANS AND COWPEAS The importance of cowpeas and soybeans for green manuring and for- age haa led to the cultivation of these crops, and in this connection the selection of vigorous varieties capable of withstanding exposure to strong sunlight and dry winds, and immune to plant diseases is important. Laboratory and field work with Otootan, Biloxi, Virginia, Mandarin, Barchet, Shanghai, Tokio, and Peking soybeans and Blackeye cowpeas showed sunburn and fungal injury on all varieties except the Biloxi soy- bean. Virginia soybeans were especially susceptible and for that reason cannot be recommended for growing in southern Arizona. The fungus attacking the foliage following sunburn and aphid injury was found to be a species of Alternaria which has been provisionally named Alternaria atrans. Injury to Blackeye cowpeas varies with the seasons. *Osborn Herbert. Economic Importance of Stictocephah Touin. Econ. Entomol 4137-140. 1911. .iRIZo.Y.l .H;RICCI.TI'R.U F.,r/'F.RI,lfE\'l' sr.u/Os 2+3 C;OOPF.RA'\'[\'E rOT ..\TO SPRAYING 1'1 U1'~Cr 10 dctcl!1lj'lc thc a,ilisabi!ilv of 'pf.lying potll()<:~, c;';Fcrimc!ll! 1I.·re underw.kcn in coiircratiun with the county agricultural agent of Pima County. Four rIms of potatoes ~itulted at different ahitude; in the .";Lllla Cru'/. and Ri!!llu ,.lllt·.,s w~rc 'Prl."cJ twice with 4-6-50 B,r Jcaux mixture. The \'Hiclje~ of potatoes under observation were Bliss I'riumph, Peerle!', White Rost', lri,h Cobbler, and Peachblow. The .'~. III. -II! ... ' yielth appCJr 10 ,how thlt no bcnctit is dcr;n"l from tWO :l.l-'plic:l.liont of BorJ ... lU ILi;.; -"r,' BRITT :,l;\l\! \J{Y OF i'L\\T DlSF \:-;1' Dl.TFR\II:\\Tl0\S Dj><:",c~ dClc'mil,ed ill the laouratory on pl.mu sent in for ins~clion lnci also thos" 'I":puncJ i", pl.lnt di3(:aiC workcrt nutsidc of the Experiment Station f,;lIow: HHI) CRors AI/al/6. R!)N r~l ("!led b.v j',,,,,,,:,, ... 'r .• f .... !n s" 1)"y.J 'lid C~U G .. nd~. T~ut t~,,\ r<>( u" ... J h ()~?~;U'" n"'~""'","" fr Cotton. Texas root rot caused by Ozonium omniuoiuin, fiom Floicnce, Mesa, Tempe, Phoenix, and other locations, Leaf and boll spot caused by Altefnaria sp., from all cotton districts. Rust caused by Aeadium Gossypn, fiom Rillito Station. Garbanzos. 'lexas root rot caused by Oto-n.um omniiornm3 from Rio Ma}o, Mexico. Red Amber sorghum. Head smut caused by Soiospoihnn icilianum, icpoited fiom St. Johns by D C George. Potatoes. Blackleg caused by Bacillus phytophthorus, from Tucson and St. David. Povvdeiv dry rot caused by Fusarmm tncothccioides, from Piescott. Scab caused hv Oospoia scabies ) fiom Tucson. Siveet Potatoes. Scurf caused by Mondochaetes infuscans, from Tucson and Mesa. Yellows caused by Fttsartuw* bataiis and F. hyperoxysporiu}") from St. Dt\id Black rot caused by Sphaeronema fimbriatum} from Lehi. Texas root rot caused by Q^oti'im omnlvorurti^ fiom Lehi. Watermelon. Fusarium wilt caused by 'Fusatiinn ivveum^ from Nog-ales and Glendale. Root knot caused by Heterodeia radicnola, fiom Elfrida. Antbracnose ciused by C oil etotit chum lagenarnm fiom Sno\\ flake. ORCHARD TREES Almond. Crown gall caused by Bacteimm tnme'fatiensi fiom Miami. Citrus gummosis and psorosis, from Phoe-nix and Yumaj repoited by J. S. Fawsett of Berkeley, California. Seedling attack caused by "Rhhoctonia^ from Phoenix and Mesa; also seedLn^ attack, cause undetermined, from same locations. Texas root rot caused by Ozomnm owniooncm, from Kirkland. Several acies of a productive orchard have been destroyed by this disease. Fire blight caused by Bacillus amylovorus, from Fair-bank, Oracle, Willcox, nid other locations. Fig. Root knot caused by Heterodera radJcicola^ from Phoenix. Navel orange. Fruit rot caused by Alternaria citii, from Phoenix. Peach. Leaf curl, bacterial, from Camp Verde, Tucson, Phoenix, and various othei localities. Bacterial shot hole caused by Bacterium $runi} from Sedona. Crown, gall caused by Bacterium titmcfaciens, from Inspiration, Patagonia, Casa Grande, Tucson, and other locations. Pear. Fire blight caused by Bacillus amylovorus, fiom Snowflake, Inspiration, and S afford. Pecan. Sun scorch of leaves, from Yuma. Plum. Crown gall caused by Bacterium tumejaciens, from Prescott and Inspiration. Mistletoe attack, Phoradendron flavescens, from Aravaipa and Winkelman. .iRIZO.\'.-/ .~(.·RICU.n'R.n EXPERIME.\T STATIOS 145 Fig. ll-R""t r"l of ~lfalh c~".cd by FIIJ..,-illm "I'. 246 IHIRIl miRD AVNUAL REPORT SMALL FRUITS Gta$e. Powdeiy mildew ciused by Urctnula necatory fiom Ray. Ciovm gall caused by bacterium tttmeiacuns flora Eloy and Inspiration S// izvberry Leaf spot cnused by Mvcosphaerella fraganae, fiom Oak Creek Canyon and Inspiration Chlorosis ciused by soil cond tions, from Willcox Stn\\beny loot rot ciused by ilkali in soil, from Camp Verde GARDEN VEGETABLES C Mage Black rot Pea M Idevi ciused bj Perfnospota sp , from Tucson Pe in ut r fejts oot rot ciused bj O^oni im ommiojum} from Rilhto Stition Ptppet c \lici ospoi ose c"iu ed bj JVLacrotpoi tint sp 3 fiom Tucson Rh n ib R >ct Kt, cause unditei nmei, fmi Piec tt Tri to F51>s«;rm end tot, furupl fiom Yumi Ro t knot cnu ed bv Heterodera raiutcola, fiom Clifton and Casa Granae. Wilt cnused M Fusat ttrt hco/»•"«• in fiom Cisa Grinde Fiut rot cnu^d bv Ft tartum sp , fiom Yuim Dodder nttick caused by Cuswta t>p , fiom \itesn ORN \MLMF\LS Lil c Cmku ciused 1} Plotra sp , fiom Flig tiff Rj*e Po\\aeiy milder ciused b^ ^frhaerotn a pannosa, fiom Pitag-onn, Bisbee, and Doug-li*? Umbrella Tree Root rot ciused b} O^on urn o 7 ni onim, from Tucson OTHER 4CTIVITIFS FXl ENSIGN WORK Grape schools and conferences were attended ^it Tempe, November 16, and at Mesa, November 17, 1021, and at Casa Grcnde, May 6 and 29, 1922. Reconnaissance work was carried on in Pmal County, February 21-23, and March 19-21, 1922. SCIENTIFIC MEETINGS Papers on plant diseases were presented by one member of the depart- ment at the meeting of the Pacific Coast Division of the American Associa- tion for the Advancement of Science, Berkeley, California, August 4-6, 1921, and by both members of the department at the meeting of the Southwestern Division of the same society in Tucson, January 26-28, 1922 tlR1ZONA dGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION 247 24S THIR1Y-THIRD AW*UAL REPORT PUBLICATIONS The following publications have been printed during the year: Treatment of Seed Potatoes for Scab and Black Scurf, Timely Hint 136; Cytospora Canker, Timely Hint 138; Some Observation^ on Alfalfa Girdle, Phytopathology \pril, 1922. NEEDED INVESTIGATIONS More time should be devoted to a plant disease survey of the State. Until this is done, work cannot be carried on efficiently in the matter of plant disease control. Special studies of lettuce, grape, orchard, and cereal diseases are needed, and the effect of different sprays and seed treatments should be tested under Arizona conditions. POULTRY HUSBANDRY R. B. THOMPSON, ROBERT PENQUITE This year has been the most important one in the history of poultry husbandry work at the Arizona Agricultural Experiment Station. In April, 1921, the first move was made to purchase a tract of land, a portion of which was to be used for a new poultry plant. A tract of 13% acres was chosen, lying to the northeast of the University Campus, and in March, 1922, a clear title to the land was obtained and possession gained. Immediately following this, the Board of Regents at their meeting on June 9 made an appropriation of $12,500 with which to provide pens, buildings, an incubator cellar, and a water system for poultry work. This construction will be started immediately and the new poultry plant should be ready for occupancy about the middle of October. With the equip- ment available at that time, all the projects already approved for poultry work will be started and other projects added as the needs present them- selves. In the work of establishing satisfactory strains of several varieties of poultry for the Experiment Station, progress has been made in selecting birds for egg production. For the laying year ended in the fall of 1921 only 8.2 percent of the pullets finished the year with a production of 180 eggs or more, the highest production being 192 eggs. For that portion of the present laving JQZT ended July 30, theie are 8.1 percent of the pul- lets that have produced 175 eggs each. This gives promise of having by the end of this laying year a number of hens with records of more than 200 eggs. ARl/.fI,\-.IU.-RII'/ run,n f\'J'FRI.IIF,\l' ,~l:ln(J.\' 2-+9 \1arrh :-<, (he hroo,kr huu",",s were deHH>:'ed by iirc; nothing w~s rhl' 10' illduJd ;lbout (hree hundred fifty chid halched Fd.... run 2(,. ,,,hi lh -hi l.: 1'''' i;!fCe b<~,l "'I rhe pWJert (<) ,leterminc the b.,;,t period [or hatching W.I> it.Hled h" gemng Ute fir>! in~ubJ\()r on Dc{embcr 11, 1921, and Ihe second on De (ember 2'i. J'h""e inrub~lOr,; him'hed (In January 1 and January 14- re~peclil'ely, and following Ihere a h~t(h was. brought off every 14- day. up \0 and including June I tol. Lot 5 hatrhe,\ FebruJry 26 WJ~ destroyed in the brooder house lire on ~brch 8. On i\-h:, 13, two pullet eggs were found in Ute prd of Lot 1. On M:.y 30, one pullet egg was found in Lot 2. There were no houses nor tr:.pnem :'I'aibble at thll time, so th~t the records of daily production of e~ch pullet could nOt be followed. With thh cnndili(lfl "\i'linR ~Ihl with no po<;;ihilitr of prm'iding permJ nen! qu~rtcrs for the pullcti until bte in Ihe ,ummer, together with the F"';' 'ct uf llh)"i!1g 111<' 111l\1~ 1<1 lh~ir IlL'W qUJrler' in th(· fJIl. whi,h would hJI'c "mne df",r upon lhe [Ill.l! rc~ula of the project, it W3S 2greed to discontinue the proje('t until J.lnu~ry I, 1923, ~t which lime there will be ample prm-ision for the project with no further interruption. Mr. Rohert Penquite. J gr:tdu~le of the Oklahoma .-\gricultunl Col!t"gf', I'comt· hl>trunor in "('lllln' Ilml.\n~n. beE!:inning \l.lTch 1,1922. 250 THIRTY-THIRD ANNUAL REPORT POULTRY PLANT WELL In order to secure a water supply for the new poultry plant, a well wab drilled during August, 1922, to a depth of 151 feet and cased with 12- inch double No. 12 stovepipe casing. Water was encountered at a depth of 101 feet. Perforation in the water area consisted of 54 rings of ?}\- holes, each 2]A inches by J4 inch in size. The well is now equipped with a Myers plunger pump geared to a 3-horsepower motor. A test with this equipment showed a drawdown of 0.65 foot while pumping 18 gallons per minute.