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Les États-Unis Et Le Vatican : Analyse D’Un Rapprochement (1981-1989) Marie Gayte

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Les États-Unis Et Le Vatican : Analyse D’Un Rapprochement (1981-1989) Marie Gayte Les États-Unis et le Vatican : analyse d’un rapprochement (1981-1989) Marie Gayte To cite this version: Marie Gayte. Les États-Unis et le Vatican : analyse d’un rapprochement (1981-1989). Science poli- tique. Université de la Sorbonne nouvelle - Paris III, 2010. Français. NNT : 2010PA030046. tel- 00834752 HAL Id: tel-00834752 https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00834752 Submitted on 17 Jun 2013 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. UNIVERSITE SORBONNE NOUVELLE – PARIS 3 ECOLE DOCTORALE D’ETUDES ANGLOPHONES, GERMANOPHONES ET EUROPEENNES (EDEAGE) Thèse de doctorat Etudes du monde anglophone MARIE GAYTE LES ETATS-UNIS ET LE VATICAN : ANALYSE D’UN RAPPROCHEMENT (1981-1989) Thèse dirigée par Monsieur le Professeur Serge Ricard Le 2 juin 2010 Jury : M. Laurent Cesari, Professeur à l’Université d’Artois M. Edouard Husson, Professeur à l’Université d’Amiens M. Pierre Melandri, Professeur à l’Institut d’études politiques de Paris M. Vincent Michelot, Professeur à l’Institut d’études politiques de Lyon 1 2 Remerciements Ce travail, à première vue éminemment solitaire, n’aurait jamais pu voir le jour sans l’aide indispensable de très nombreuses personnes, au premier titre desquelles notre directeur de thèse, Serge Ricard. Après nous avoir accueillie en DEA avec beaucoup de compréhension dans des circonstances difficiles, il a accepté de nous diriger dans le cadre de cette thèse et a su attirer notre attention sur cette thématique pas encore explorée. Il nous a accompagnée tout au long du processus de recherche avec une infinie bienveillance et une grande compréhension quant aux obstacles qui se sont dressés sur notre route. Son aide au cours des dernières phases de ce travail a été irremplaçable ; ses relectures attentives et ses commentaires constructifs se sont doublés d’une rapidité qui nous a permis de terminer en temps et en heure. Toujours d’une grande disponibilité pour tous ses doctorants, son rôle ne s’est pas limité au seul encadrement de la thèse : il nous a permis d’assister et de participer à des séminaires de doctorants et des conférences internationales qui ont été autant de catalyseurs, en plus d’être des occasions de rencontrer des chercheurs travaillant sur des problématiques semblables aux nôtres. Il n’a pas non plus ménagé sa peine quand il s’agissait de relire articles et communications. Du côté américain, nous tenons à remercier Gerald Fogarty, professeur d’histoire à l’université de Virginie à Charlottesville et spécialiste des rapports entre le gouvernement américain, le Saint-Siège et l’Eglise catholique américaine. Outre son accueil très cordial et le temps qu’il nous a consacré, il a eu l’amabilité de mettre à notre disposition des documents et des témoignages d’une grande valeur. Nous tenons également à remercier les personnes qui, par leur disponibilité, ont rendu notre travail en archives plus efficace : Lisa Jones et Shelley Williams à la bibliothèque présidentielle Ronald Reagan, Julie Satzik et John Treanor au John Cardinal Bernardin Archives and Record Center, ainsi que Lynn Conway et Nicholas Scheetz à la bibliothèque de l’université de Georgetown. Nous souhaitons remercier l’université Paris 3, le service des relations internationales, Mme Martine Azuelos et M. Didier Aubert, pour le séjour de recherche qu’il nous a été permis d’effectuer à l’université du Massachusetts à Amherst au premier semestre 2007, dans le cadre du programme CUPA. Les ressources documentaires innombrables et la qualité de l’environnement de travail ont donné un véritable coup d’accélérateur à nos recherches. Nous 3 tenons également à remercier les responsables de CUPA, et tout particulièrement Mary Ann Letellier à Paris et Mary Cattani à Amherst, ainsi qu’Eric Einhorn qui a été notre enseignant référent au sein du département de science politique de l’université. Nous remercions pour leur accueil Helena et Phil Dooley. Nous souhaitons également témoigner notre reconnaissance aux nombreuses personnes qui ont accepté de donner de leur temps pour répondre à nos questions. Nous tenons tout particulièrement à remercier les diplomates Thomas Melady, Peter Murphy, Donald Planty et Michael Hornblow pour leurs témoignages extrêmement précieux, dont il est fait largement usage dans le cadre de cette étude. Nous avons également eu le privilège de pouvoir nous entretenir avec Mgr Pio Laghi peu de temps avant qu’il ne décède et sommes extrêmement reconnaissant du temps qu’il avait eu l’amabilité de nous consacrer. Enfin, ces remerciements ne seraient complets si nous omettions de mentionner nos proches, dont le soutien a été indispensable. Je tiens à remercier tout particulièrement Gaëtan pour sa présence, ses encouragements constants et ses patientes relectures, ainsi que mes parents, Marie-Hélène et Auguste Gayte, pour tout le temps qu’ils ont eux aussi consacré à cette thèse, sans oublier Catherine Heu-Boidin, qui m’a aidée à maintenir le cap. 4 Table des matières Remerciements ...................................................................................................................... 3 Table des matières................................................................................................................ 5 Table des annexes ................................................................................................................ 9 Liste des abréviations........................................................................................................ 10 Introduction........................................................................................................................... 11 Partie I : Des Etats pontificaux à l’Etat de la cité du Vatican : les relations entre les Etats-Unis et le Saint-Siège de 1783 à 1981 .......................................................... 31 Chapitre 1 : Des relations irrégulières (1783-1939)............................................................. 32 I. Les Etats pontificaux et la jeune république américaine : des relations consulaires aux relations diplomatiques (1797-1867)........................................................................................................................ 32 I. i. Des premiers contacts sous le signe de la cordialité........................................................................ 32 I. ii. L’établissement de relations diplomatiques .................................................................................... 34 I. iii. Des relations sans grande substance ............................................................................................. 37 I. iv. La fin de la représentation américaine........................................................................................... 39 II. Des relations à leur nadir ? (1868-1939)............................................................................................. 41 II. i. Des bouleversements profonds des deux côtés de l’Atlantique ....................................................... 42 II. ii. La mission Taft, une anomalie diplomatique ................................................................................. 45 II. iii. La Première Guerre mondiale, une occasion manquée ?............................................................. 47 II. iv. Les évêques américains, opposants inattendus à un rapprochement avec le Saint-Siège............. 49 Chapitre 2 : Parallel Endeavors for Peace. La reprise de relations directes et continues sous la présidence de Franklin D. Roosevelt ................................................... 52 I. It would give me great satisfaction to send you my personal representative......................................... 53 I. i. Les motivations ayant présidé à l’envoi d’un représentant personnel ............................................. 53 I. ii. Un long processus ........................................................................................................................... 55 I. iii. La concrétisation d’une idée ancienne........................................................................................... 57 II. Le choix de la représentation personnelle : une anomalie diplomatique ?...................................... 58 II. i. Le constat de l’impossibilité des relations diplomatiques............................................................... 58 II. ii. Une stratégie d’évitement .............................................................................................................. 59 II. iii. Le pragmatisme du Saint-Siège..................................................................................................... 60 III. Les réactions à la nomination de Myron Taylor .............................................................................. 61 III. i. La presse protestante sur les barricades ....................................................................................... 61 III. ii. Une communauté religieuse entre retenue et rejet ....................................................................... 62 III. iii. Les motivations de l’opposition..................................................................................................
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