Microprocessadores E Microcomputadores
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Microprocessors in the 1970'S
Part II 1970's -- The Altair/Apple Era. 3/1 3/2 Part II 1970’s -- The Altair/Apple era Figure 3.1: A graphical history of personal computers in the 1970’s, the MITS Altair and Apple Computer era. Microprocessors in the 1970’s 3/3 Figure 3.2: Andrew S. Grove, Robert N. Noyce and Gordon E. Moore. Figure 3.3: Marcian E. “Ted” Hoff. Photographs are courtesy of Intel Corporation. 3/4 Part II 1970’s -- The Altair/Apple era Figure 3.4: The Intel MCS-4 (Micro Computer System 4) basic system. Figure 3.5: A photomicrograph of the Intel 4004 microprocessor. Photographs are courtesy of Intel Corporation. Chapter 3 Microprocessors in the 1970's The creation of the transistor in 1947 and the development of the integrated circuit in 1958/59, is the technology that formed the basis for the microprocessor. Initially the technology only enabled a restricted number of components on a single chip. However this changed significantly in the following years. The technology evolved from Small Scale Integration (SSI) in the early 1960's to Medium Scale Integration (MSI) with a few hundred components in the mid 1960's. By the late 1960's LSI (Large Scale Integration) chips with thousands of components had occurred. This rapid increase in the number of components in an integrated circuit led to what became known as Moore’s Law. The concept of this law was described by Gordon Moore in an article entitled “Cramming More Components Onto Integrated Circuits” in the April 1965 issue of Electronics magazine [338]. -
Chapter 1 Microcontrollers
Chapter 1 Microcontrollers: Yesterday, Today, and Tomorrow 1.1 Defining Microcontrollers It is said that from the definition everything true about the con- cept follows. Therefore, at the outset let us take a brief review of how the all-pervasive microcontroller has been defined by various technical sources. A microcontroller (or MCU) is a computer-on-a-chip used to con- trol electronic devices. It is a type of microprocessor emphasizing self-sufficiency and cost-effectiveness, in contrast to a general-purpose microprocessor (the kind used in a PC). A typical microcontroller con- tains all the memory and interfaces needed for a simple application, whereas a general purpose microprocessor requires additional chips to provide these functions. .(Wikipedia [1]) A highly integrated chip that contains all the components compris- ing a controller. Typically this includes a CPU, RAM, some form of ROM, I/O ports, and timers. Unlike a general-purpose computer, which also includes all of these components, a microcontroller is designed for a very specific task – to control a particular system. As a result, the parts can be simplified and reduced, which cuts down on production costs. (Webopedia [2]) A {microprocessor} on a single {integrated circuit} intended to ope- rate as an {embedded} system. As well as a {CPU}, a microcontroller typically includes small amounts of {RAM} and {PROM} and timers and I/O ports. .(Define That [3]) A single chip that contains the processor (the CPU), non-volatile memory for the program (ROM or flash), volatile memory for input and output (RAM), a clock and an I/O control unit. -
Oyo-Buturi International
Oyo-Buturi International Interview few books on to the subject. One was Den- work? shi-Keisanki (obi: “Electronic Computer”) Dr Shima: I did it for about four months. Dr Masatoshi Shima was part of a talent- by Shigeru Takahashi, which outlined the The next development in my career oc- ed group of engineers who in 1971 de- system, architecture, instruction set and curred as a result of my being lucky or as we veloped the world’s first microprocessor, microprogramming of computers; almost say in Japanese unmei (obi: fate or destiny). the 4004. In this interview, Dr Shima everything concerning computers. Another OBI: What do you mean by that? sheds light on some of the critical events book I read was about logic. It was written Dr Shima: Well, although the transistor leading up to the development of the by Professor Udagawa. I read both of these was invented in 1947, it was not commer- technology that revolutionised the elec- books avidly and then began to design the cialised until 1951. The commercial use of tronics industry and society as a whole. circuit boards that go into a calculator. This the transistor then led to a new era, namely, process involves connecting ics with wires the “era of the circuit”. That is to say, if you OBI: You studied chemistry as an under- and designing complicated wiring patterns. could fabricate a circuit by putting together graduate but then joined a com- a transistor, a resistor and a di- pany working on calculating ma- ode, you could construct and de- chines. -
Mikroelektronika | Free Online Book | PIC Microcontrollers | Introduction: World of Microcontrollers
mikroElektronika | Free Online Book | PIC Microcontrollers | Introduction: World of Microcontrollers ● TOC ● Introduction ● Ch. 1 ● Ch. 2 ● Ch. 3 ● Ch. 4 ● Ch. 5 ● Ch. 6 ● Ch. 7 ● Ch. 8 ● Ch. 9 ● App. A ● App. B ● App. C Introduction: World of microcontrollers The situation we find ourselves today in the field of microcontrollers had its beginnings in the development of technology of integrated circuits. This development has enabled us to store hundreds of thousands of transistors into one chip. That was a precondition for the manufacture of microprocessors. The first computers were made by adding external peripherals such as memory, input/output lines, timers and others to it. Further increasing of package density resulted in creating an integrated circuit which contained both processor and peripherals. That is how the first chip containing a microcomputer later known as a microcontroller has developed. This is how it all got started... In the year 1969, a team of Japanese engineers from BUSICOM came to the USA with a request that a few integrated circuits for calculators were to be designed according to their projects. The request was sent to INTEL and Marcian Hoff was in charge of the project there. Having experience working with a computer, the PDP8, he came up with an idea to suggest fundamentally different solutions instead of the suggested design. This solution presumed that the operation of integrated circuit was to be determined by the program stored in the circuit itself. It meant that configuration would be simpler, but it would require far more memory than the project proposed by Japanese engineers. -