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37? jN 3/d AiO.THOS' A HISTORICAL REVIEW OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF SECONDARY EDUCATION IN EASTERN NIGERIA: 1842-1986 DISSERTATION Presented to the Graduate Council of the North Texas State University in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY By Felix Uno Edoghotu, B.S., M.A, Denton, Texas August, 1987 Edoghotu, Felix Uno, A Historical Review of the Development of Secondary Education in Eastern Nigeria: 1842-1986. Doctor of Philosophy (Secondary Education), August, 1987, 377 pp., 40 tables, 12 appendices, bibliography, 102 titles. The purpose of this study is to describe the historical development of secondary education in Eastern Nigeria, taking into consideration the following periods: (1). before the coming of the British, (2) from 1842 to 1960 when Nigeria received her independence from Britain, and (3) from 1960 to 1986. The period between 1960 and 1986 is further subdivided into (a) 1960 to 1967 when the civil war began, (b) 1967 to 1970 when the civil war ended, and (c) the post-civil war era—1970 to 1986. The study makes references regarding the Eastern Nigerian education system together with the problems facing it. A study of the historical development of education m Nigeria, and Eastern Nigeria in particular, reveals that the forces underlying the Region's education problems are religious, political, tribal, cultural, geographical, and economic and caused by certain public decisions taken during the British rule. The description of the educational developments consists of three separate sections, focusing primarily on issues 1 as they relate to secondary education-the curriculum, finance, examinations, selection for secondary and teacher- training institutions, control and administration, discipline and the relation between the secondary school and the society, The first section identifies the background of the Eastern Nigerian traditional education system prior to the British rule. The curriculum at this time consisted of character-training, hygiene, local history, painting, carving, farming, fishing, hunting for boys and domestic science for girls. The second section describes the various missionary efforts to Christianize and educate the peoples of the region, which marks the beginning of the Western form of education in Nigeria. The third section (1960 through 1986) marks the Federal and regional governments' full participation and subsequent takeover of all secondary and teacher-training institutions from the missions and other voluntary agencies. The study is concluded with recommendations in such areas as the secondary curriculum, teacher-evaluation and training, examinations, school location, control and administration which are aimed at improving the overall secondary education given to the boys and girls of the Eastern Region. DEDICATION Dedicated to my wonderful wife, Angela U. Edoghotu, my children, David (4^) and Felicia (15 months), and my father, Nathaniel, 0. Edoghotu, whose continued inspirations strengthened my determination to accomplish my educational ambition. 11 TABLE OF CONTENTS Page vi LIST OF TABLES LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS X1 CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION 1 Statement of the Planned Study Purposes of the Study Questions to be Investigated Background and Significance of the Study Definition of Terms Limitations of the Study Procedures for Collecting Data Procedures for Interpretation of Data Summary II. TRADITIONAL EDUCATION IN EASTERN NIGERIA PRIOR TO COLONIAL RULE The Ibos Efik-Ibibios The Ijaws Objectives of Traditional Education m Eastern Nigeria _ Parents' Importance in Traditional Education _ Traditional Education Curriculum Traditional Education: Professions, Trades and Crafts The Teachers of Traditional Education Discipline in Traditional Education Summary III THE IMPACT OF BRITISH EDUCATION IN EASTERN NIGERIA (1842-1960) Introduction 111 Page Chapter Early Beginnings of Western Education: the Missionary Activities The United Presbyterian Church of Scotland Mission The Church Missionary Society (C.M.S.) The Roman Catholic Mission ), the Qua Iboe Mission and the Primitive Missionary Society Early Education in Secondary Education Colonial Government and Education in Eastern Nigeria: Background and Legislations Early Legislation for Education Secondary Grammar Schools Technical and Vocational Education (1842-1960) Commercial Schools Comprehensive Secondary Schools Agricultural Education (1842-1960) Teacher Education (1842-1960) Teacher Education Problems The Nigerian Union of Teachers (N.U. .) Financing of Secondary Educain Eastern Nigeria (1842-1960) Summary IV. DEVELOPMENTS IN SECONDARY EDUCATION IN EASTERN NIGERIA DURING THE POST- 192 INDEPENDENCE ERA (1960-1986) Aims and Purposes of Secondary Education (1960-1986) . Political Effects on Education (1960- 1986) . , Rehabilitation, Reconstruction and Development _ Universal Primary Education (U.P.E.) Types of Secondary Schools (1960- 1986) u . Secondary Grammar Schools The Curriculum Examinations (1960-1986) Fourth and Fifth Year Examinations The School Certificate and the Higher School Certificate Examinations IV Page Chapter The General Certificate of Education (G.C.E.) Ordinary and Advanced Levels Examination Criticisms Secondary Commercial and Comprehensive Schools (1960-1986) Technical and Vocational Education (1960-1986) Trade Schools (or Trade Centers) Training for A9riculture Teacher Education, 1960-1986 Financing Secondary Education (1960-1986) Control and Administration of Secondary Schools (1960-1986) The Ministry of Education's Representative Sample of Posts and Duties Control and Administration: The Inspectorate Division Control and Administration: The Local Government Control and Administration: T"e Schools Management Boards Control and Administration: The Teacher s Discipline in Secondary Schools (1960-1986) . The Secondary School and Society (1960-1970) Summary V. SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS. 340 Summary and Conclusion Recommendations ' . 354 APPENDIX. .... 369 BIBLIOGRAPHY. ...... V LIST OF TABLES Page Table I. Assisted and Unassisted Secondary Schools II. List of Approved Voluntary Agencies: 1948 III. Primary School Enrollments (Boys 0nlY^ for Eastern Region (1956-1960) .... J-J-l IV Primary School Enrollment (Boys & Girls) in Eastern Nigeria Compared with Other Regions of Nigeria (1958) .... V. Enrollment Figures at the Federal College of Arts, Science and Technology, Enugu Branch, 1955-1960 VI. Enrollments in Teacher-Training Colleges in Eastern Nigeria, 1959 VII. What the People of Nsukka Division Did to Financially Support Education Unassisted Schools, 1946 VIII. Examples of Financial Support for t]-Je Four Different Groups (A, B, C, & u; of Nsukka Schools and Other Schools in Eastern Nigeria (Unassisted Schools) IX. Examples of How Nnewi School System Worked (Financially) X Nigerian Government's Expenditure on Education: The (1958-1959) Scene in the Eastern Region XI. secondary School Enrollment Figures ^ in Eastern Nigeria, 1952-1960. VI Page Table XII. Secondary School Enrollment Figures in Eastern Nigeria, 1960-1970. ..... 197 XIII Primary School Enrollment and Annual Increases for the Four States (Anambra, Cross River, Imo and Rivers States), 1975/76 to 1977/78 205 XIV. Secondary Grammar Schools in Eastern Nigeria by State, Division, Locality, Year Founded, Sex Served, Control, and Boarding Facility, 1971, 216 East Central State XV. Secondary Grammar Schools in Eastern Nigeria by State, Division, Locality, Year Founded, Sex Served, Control, Boarding Facility, 1971, Rivers 228 State XVI. Secondary Grammar Schools in Eastern^ Nigeria by State, Division, Locality, Year Founded, Sex Served, Control, Boarding Facility, 1971, South 229 Eastern State XVII. Secondary Grammar Schools in Eastern Nigeria by State, Local Government Area, Sex and Highest Class Attained, 1986, Anambra State XVIII Secondary Grammar Schools in Eastern Nigeria by State, Local Government Area, Sex and Highest Class Attained, 1986, Rivers State XIX, Secondary Grammar Schools in Eastern Nigeria by State, Local Gove™ent area, Sex and Highest Class 1985/86, ^ Imo State XX Secondary Commercial Schools in Eastern Nigeria, by State, Division, Locality, Year Founded, Sex Served, Control and Boarding Facility, 1971, East Central State Vll Page Table XXI. Secondary Commercial Schools in Eastern Nigeria by State, Division, Locality, Year Founded, Sex Served, Control and Boarding Facility, 1971, Rivers 254 State. XXII Secondary Commercial Schools in Eastern Nigeria by State, Division, Locality, Year Founded, Sex Served, Control and Boarding Facility, 1971, South 255 Eastern State XXIII, Commercial Secondary Schools in Eastern Nigeria by State, Local Government, Sex and Highest Class Attained, 1985/ 256 86 Imo State XXIV. Comprehensive Secondary Schools in Eastern Nigeria by State, Local Government Area, Sex, and Highest Class Attained, 1985/86, Imo State XXV. The Growth of Technical and Vocational Education in Eastern Nigeria, 267 1959-1966 XXVI Technical and Vocational Institutions in Eastern Nigeria by State, Division, Locality, Year Founded, Sex Served, Control and Boarding Facility, 1971, East Central State XXVII. Technical and Vocational Institutions ^ in Eastern Nigeria by State, Division, Locality, Year Founded, Sex Served, Control and Boarding Facility, 1971, Rivers State XXVIII Technical and Vocational Institutions in Eastern Nigeria by State, Division, Locality, Year Founded, Sex Served, Control, and Boarding Facility, 1971, South Eastern 271 State XXIX. Technical Secondary Schools m as Nigeria by State,
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