(ESMP) for the Amachalla Gully Erosion Site

Home , Aguata, Agulu, Anambra East, Anambra State, Anambra West, Awka

Nigeria Erosion and Watershed Management Project (NEWMAP)

Draft Report

Public Disclosure Authorized Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) for the Amachalla Gully Erosion Site

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Abstract [Draw your reader in with an engaging abstract. It is typically a short summary of the document. When you’re ready to add your content, just click here and start typing.] Public Disclosure Authorized Prepared for the State Project Management Unit (SPMU) Anambra State Nigeria Erosion and Watershed Management Project

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Draft Report for the Amachalla gully erosion site

Nigeria Erosion and Watershed Management Project (NEWMAP)

Draft Report Environmental and Social Management (ESMP) for the Amachalla Gully Erosion Site Awka, Anambra State

Prepared for the State Project Management Unit (SPMU) Anambra State Nigeria Erosion and Watershed Management Project

Draft Report for the Amachalla gully erosion site

Table of Contents LIST OF FIGURES ...... IV LIST OF PHOTOS ...... V LIST OF TABLES ...... V EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ...... VII CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION ...... 1 1.1 OVERVIEW OF THE NIGERIA EROSION AND WATERSHED MANAGEMENT PROJECT (NEWMAP) ...... 1 1.2 PURPOSE OF THE ESMP...... 3 1.3 OBJECTIVES OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT PLAN ...... 4 1.4 TECHNICAL APPROACH AND METHODOLOGY ...... 4 2 CHAPTER TWO DESCRIPTION OF THE STUDY AREA ...... 6 2.1 OVERVIEW OF THE PROJECT STATE ...... 6 2.1.1 Physical Environment of Anambra State ...... 8 2.1.2 Biological Environment of Anambra State ...... 10 2.2 OVERVIEW OF AWKA ...... 12 2.2.1 Physical Environment ...... 12 2.2.2 Biological Environment of Awka ...... 18 2.2.3 Social Environment ...... 19 3 CHAPTER THREE PROJECT DESCRIPTION ...... 29 3.1 INTRODUCTION ...... 29 3.2 AMACHALLA GULLY EROSION ...... 29 3.2.1 Land size ...... 32 3.2.2 Vulnerability ...... 32 3.2.3 Hydrology ...... 32 3.2.4 Geology ...... 32 3.2.5 Physiography and Drainage ...... 33 3.3 DESIGN CONCEPTS ...... 33 3.4 REHABILITATION WORKS/DESIGN SOLUTIONS ...... 33 3.4.1 Construction of the adjoining roads ...... 33 3.4.2 Recovering of Land in gully/Filling of gully erosion ...... 34 3.4.3 Construction of Collector drains channels and chute (sloping glacis) ...... 34 3.4.4 Easing of the sides to stable slopes in sections where space permits ...... 35 3.4.5 Proper grassing and planting of vegetation to provide cover for the eased out slopes and channels...... 35 3.4.6 Control and monitoring of human activity e.g. farming, sand digging, building etc within the recovered areas and eased out side slopes ...... 35 3.5 DESIGN COMPONENTS ...... 36 3.5.1 Concrete stepped channel ...... 36 3.5.2 Chute channel ...... 36 3.5.3 Stilling basing ...... 36 CHAPTER FOUR: SUMMARY OF THE POTENTIAL IMPACTS FOR THE AMACHALLA GULLY EROSION SITE ...... 38 4.1 INTRODUCTION ...... 38 4.2 ASSOCIATED AND POTENTIAL ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS ...... 38 4.3 BROAD POTENTIAL BENEFICIAL IMPACTS OF THE REHABILITATION OF THE AMACHALLA GULLY EROSION SITE .. 40 4.3.1 Potential Beneficial Impacts Associated with the Rehabilitation of the Amachalla gully erosion site ...... 41 4.4 POTENTIAL ADVERSE IMPACTS ASSOCIATED WITH THE REHABILITATION OF THE AMACHALLA GULLY EROSION SITE ...... 42

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4.5IDENTIFIED POTENTIAL IMPACTS (BY PROJECT PHASES) ...... 43 4.6 PROJECT ALTERNATIVES ...... 64 4.6.1 Rock Lined Chute ...... 64 4.6.2 Wood Drop Structure ...... 65 4.6.3 Vegetated Overfall Structure ...... 66 4.6.4 Do Nothing Alternative: ...... 66 4.5 THE PREFERRED ALTERNATIVE ...... 66 4 CHAPTER FIVE ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT PLAN ...... 67 5.1 OVERVIEW ...... 67 5.2 INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENT FOR ESMP AND MONITORING PLAN ...... 67 5.3 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT PLAN BUDGET ...... 68 5.4 MITIGATION MEASURES FOR AMACHALLA GULLIES ...... 89 5.4.1 Selection of Mitigation Measures ...... 89 5.5 ESTIMATION OF CATCHMENT RUNOFF ...... 90 5.6 REASONS FOR FAILURE IN GULLY REHABILITATION ...... 92 5.7 MAINTENANCE AND UTILIZATION OF A REHABILITATED GULLY ...... 92 6 CHAPTER SEVEN STAKEHOLDERS CONSULTATION ...... 94 6.1 INTRODUCTION ...... 94 6.2 SECTION A ...... 94 6.3 SECTION B ...... 98 6.3.1 Major Public Consultation Exercise ...... 98 6.4 STAKEHOLDERS IDENTIFICATION ...... 100 6.5 CONSULTATION METHOD ...... 100 6.5.1 Major Points of the Consultation ...... 100 7 REFERENCES ...... 102 ANNEX ONE ...... 103 GENERAL ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT CONDITIONS FOR CONSTRUCTION CONTRACTS ..... 103 8 ANNEX TWO SOCIO-ECONOMIC DATA GATHERING SHEET FOR THE ESMP FOR AMACHALLA GULLY EROSION SITE ...... 112 9 ANNEX THREE LETTER FROM THE COMMUNITY ...... 117

List of Figures

Figure 2.0 Map of Anambra State showing boundary of the project area ...... 7 Figure 2.1 Soil Map of Anambra State ...... 10 Figure 2.2 Vegetation map of Anambra State ...... 11 Figure 2.3 Regional stratigraphy of south-eastern Nigeria ...... 13 Figure 2.4 Section of Amachalla, Awka Active Erosion site ...... 14 Figure 2.5 Some of the monkeys found in the area ...... 19 Figure 2.6 The Amaenyi Market in Amachalla village ...... 20 Figure 2.7 The Imo Awka Shine ...... 20 Figure 2.8 Gender Distributions of Respondents - Overall Mean ...... 22 Figure 2.9 Age Distribution of Respondents within the Project Area ...... 23 Figure 2.10 Marital Status of Respondents within the Project Area ...... 23 Figure 2.11 Religion of Respondents ...... 24 Figure 2.12 Occupation Distribution ...... 24 Figure 2.13 School and Literacy Level of the Project Area ...... 25

Draft Report for the Amachalla gully erosion site

Figure 2.14 Source of Water for Domestic Use ...... 25 Figure 2.15 Desirability of the Project ...... 26 Figure 3.1 showing the watershed ...... 32 Figure 3.2 Project area road networks ...... 34 Figure 3.3 Structural details of the Chute Block and the End Sill ...... 36 Figure 3.4 The Stilling basin ...... 37 Figure 4.0 Impact Rating Tool ...... 38 Figure 4.1 Example of the use of rock lined chute system ...... 64 Figure 4.2 Schematic diagram of a rock lined chute ...... 65 Figure 4.3 Schematic diagram of a Wood drop structure ...... 66

List of Photos

Photo 1 Main gully head ...... 14 Photo 2 Part of the gully with some buildings located in the area ...... 15 Photo 3 A section of the Gully head ...... 15 Photo 4 Secondary erosion head beside the main gully ...... 16 Photo 5 An identified river, River Offia at the base of gully ...... 16 Photo 6 Agully head at the back of the Amaenyi Girls High School ...... 17 Photo 7 Sideview of the gully showing some residential houses and the Church ...... 17 Photo 8 A member of the consultant team with stakeholders ...... 21 Photo 9 Consultant with some members of the community ...... 96 Photo 10 Some memebers of the communities filling questionnaires on socio-economic assessment ...... 96 Photo 11 Consultation with the Principal, Vice-Principal and Head of Admin., Girls Sec Sch Amachalla ...... 97 Photo 12 A member of the community indicating his concerns ...... 97 Photo 13 Consultaions with some member of the communities ...... 98 Photo 14 The Anambra State PMU Social Officer addresing members of he community on the intervention ...... 99 Photo 15 Consultation with the Environmental Officer Anambra State PMU ...... 99

List of Tables

Table 2.0 Physcial enviroronmen of Anambra State ...... 8 Table 2.1 Biophysical and Socioeconmic description of Awka ...... 12 Table 2.2 Some common plants found within the project community ...... 18 Table 2.3 Distribution of Households by Type of Housing Unit ...... 27 Table 2.4 Distribution of Household by Source of Water Supply for Domestic Use ...... 27 Table 2.5 Distribution of Regular Household by Type of Toilet Facilities ...... 27 Table 2.6 Distribution of Regular Household by Type of Cooking Fuel ...... 28 Table 2.7 Distribution of Regular Household Method Solid Waste Disposal ...... 28 Table 4.0: Likelihood of Occurrence of Impact ...... 39 Table 4.1 Potential Consequences Classification Matrix ...... 39 Table 4.2 Potential Consequences ...... 39 Table 4.3 Degree of Impact Significance ...... 39

Draft Report for the Amachalla gully erosion site

Table 4.4 Impact Assessment Matixes ...... 40 Table 4.5 Identified Potential Impacts and Rating - Pre Construction Phase ...... 54 Table 4.6 Identified Potential Impacts and Rating - Construction Phase ...... 57 Table 4.7 Identified Potential Impacts and their Ratings - Operational Phase ...... 62 Table 5.0 ESMP - PRE-CONSTRUCTION PHASE ...... 69 Table 6.1ESMP - CONSTRUCTION PHASE ...... 75 Table 6.2 ESMP - OPERATIONAL PHASE ...... 85 Table 6.3 Criteria for Selection of Control Measures for a Continuous Gully ...... 89 Table 6.4 Runoff coefficient values for use with the rational formula ...... 91 Table 6.5 Time of concentration for small catchments ...... 91 Table 7.0 Consultations during field surveys...... 94

Draft Report for the Amachalla gully erosion site

Executive Summary

Preamble

This executive summary presents a brief of the main findings for the Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) conducted for the Rehabilitation of the Amachalla Gully Erosion Site, located in Awka South, Anambra State, Nigeria. The objective of the ESMP is to develop procedures and plans to ensure that the mitigation measures for identified impacts will be implemented throughout the phases for the sub-project implementation. It has also been prepared to ensure the effective long-term protection of the area and other biotic and abiotic components of the environment.

This executive summary provides key information on the environmental and social aspects, potentially significant impacts, and mitigation measures, which need to be addressed during the implementation of the rehabilitation of the gully site.

Introduction

The formation of gullies has become one of the greatest environmental disasters facing many towns and villages in south-eastern Nigeria. This region is fast becoming hazardous for human habitation. Hundreds of people are directly affected every year within towns and villages and have to be re-located, and yet the rate of increase in gully erosion has continued unabated with no suitable solution. The economic cost of gully erosion in south-eastern Nigeria is devastating. Gully erosions lead to great losses of land every year. In view of this menace, the Federal Government of Nigeria is implementing the Nigeria Erosion and Watershed Management Project (NEWMAP), which is financed by the World Bank, Global Environment Facility, the Special Climate Change Fund, and the Government of Nigeria. The Project Development Objective (PDO) of the NEWMAP is to improve erosion management and gully rehabilitation; increase incomes for rural households from improved agricultural and forest practices through the use of conservation agriculture, agro forestry, natural regeneration, etc.; and gain efficiency in public administration and public spending through improved knowledge base, analytical tools, multi-sectoral coordination and stakeholder dialogue.

Various documents have been prepared in line with NEWMAP, and they include; Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF), Resettlement Policy Frameworks (RPF), Project Appraisal Document (PAD) prepared for the Nigerian Erosion and Watershed Management Project. This report focuses on the Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) developed for the Rehabilitation of the Amachalla Gully Erosion at Awka, Anamabra State, Nigeria.

The Amachalla gully site is located on the east side of Awka between the Government house road and old Onitsha- Enugu road housing estate beside Nkwo Amaenyi market. The gully in Amachalla at present is very active and uncoordinated community efforts to check its advance have generally been futile. The gully has an average height of 17m high with and consists of a lower and upper watershed within the catchment. The gully head has however exacerbated to

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Draft Report for the Amachalla gully erosion site ravines which started at the discharge ends of existing drains across the roads meeting at the junction were the gully sits, surrounding the communities. The gully further eroded due to faulty drainage from all the roads, which slopes towards the gully.

Objective of the Rehabilitation of the Amachalla Gully Erosion Site Rehabilitation of the gully site in Amachalla community will reduce longer-tern erosion vulnerability in the targeted area.

Aim of the ESMP The aim of the Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) is to provide a plan through which SPMU NEWMAP (Awka) will develop and implement environmental, social, health, and safety management systems, programs, processes and procedures that will establish a foundation for sound mitigation of adverse impacts, enhancement of positive impacts, institutional responsibilities, indicative costs for mitigation and its eventual monitoring.

Description of the study area

The project area is located in Anambra State, South Eastern Nigeria and lies at latitude 6.21oN and longitude 7.07oE. Anambra state shares boundries with Kogi, Enugu, Imo, Abia, Delta, Rivers and Edo States.

The project area, Amachalla lies within the Anambra Basin whose sedimentary rocks consists of Nkporo Shale, the Mamu Formations, the Ajali sandstone and the Nsukka Formation as the main deposit. The study area is underlain by the Nanka Sands; the gullies are at the head streams of the rivers that flow down the cuesta. These head streams carve their valleys deep into the deeply weathered red earth and developing into dendrite patterns of gullies.

Socioeconomic Assessment of Amachalla Communituy The socio-economic assessment studies were aimed at examining the socioeconomic conditions of the people living around the project site in Amachalla, Awka South LGA of Anambra State. This is to ensure that the potential impacts of the proposed rehabilitation of the Amachalla Gully Erosion site project is captured and described while proffering solutions to possible negative impacts to human habitat, health and livelihoods.

The predominate religion of the people of Amachalla is Christianity, however there are people who still practised the African Traditional Religion, owing to the numerous shrines seen in within the community. The major occupations of the people include trading, farming and civil service. Potable water is obtained from privately and commercially owned boreholes. Some underground wells also exist for domestic uses. Household wastes are usually collected by the Anambra State Waste Management Authority (ANSWAMA). Two designated government managed dumpsite are found within the area. However some people in the community resort to either bury or burn their domestic waste.

Most of the roads leading to Amachalla community are tarred through state, LGA and community efforts. However erosion has cut off some of the roads within the community (e.g.

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Draft Report for the Amachalla gully erosion site

Eugene Nwude, Peter Onwuka and Channel Ten Roads). There is GSM telecommunication facilities of various networks available in the area.

Project Description

The proposed rehabilitation works is part of the intervention programme of the NEWMAP project which is aimed at reclaiming of the already degraded part of the area for subsequent utilization for either agricultural purpose or other developmental projects. The rehabilitation interventions will involve the following:  Construction of roads leading to the gully heads which serves as drain channels that leads the storm water to the gully heads serving as drain channels that leads the storm water to the gully head and also adequately design drainages that will channel the water to collector drains at the gully head.  Construction of suitable sized and aligned collector drains at the gully head to lead the storm waters into drop structures to be constructed.  Recovering of land in the gully to safeguard the endangered houses and connect the washed out road between the communities.  Easing of the sides to stable slopes in sections where space permits.  Proper grassing and planting of vegetation to provide cover for the eased out slopes and channels.  Control and monitoring of human activity e.g. farming, sand digging, building etc. within the recovered areas and eased out side slopes.  Construction of other components such as concrete stepped channel, chute channel and stilling basin.

The Rehabilitation Project is rated a Category B (equivalent to Category II in the Nigeria EIA Act) project in accordance with the Environmental Assessment Policy of the Word Bank, which will focus on mitigation and Environmental planning measures. The identified World Bank safeguard policies triggered by the rehabilitation of the gully site include; Environmental Assessment (OP 4.01); Natural Habitats (OP 4. 04); Physical and Cultural Resources (OP 4.11) and Involuntary Resettlement (OP 4.12). Since the Banks’ safeguard policy on Involuntary Resettlement is been triggered as a result of the Rehabilitation works, a Resettlement Action Plan is been prepared for the Amachalla Gully Erosion site. This however is a standalone document.

Summary of potential impacts for the Amachalla gully erosion site

Beneficial Environmental and Socio-economic Impacts

The beneficial Environmental and socio-economic impacts of the rehabilitation works will include the following;  Rehabilitation of the erosion menace in the community  Repair of the watershed gullies  Construction and repairs of 3 adjoining roads that lead to the gully head.  Provision of proper and well-designed road drainage systems

Draft Report for the Amachalla gully erosion site

 Connection and restoration of access to houses already cut off by the erosion  Provision of employment opportunities for both skilled and unskilled workers.  Improved agricultural productivity within the community and Anambra state at large.  Community development programs.  Reintegration of community and diversification of sources of livelihood.  Reduction of mortality rate.  Promotion of afforestation programs (with all its benefits)  Minimization of flooding and control of coastal overflow.  Reduced fear perception of loss of property, inhabitation and ancestral origins of the communities.  Control and Reduction of water body sedimentation rates due to erosion.  Reduction in mortality/morbidity from landslides.  Creation of engineered travel routes and access roads.  Increase in the life span of roads.  Increased opportunities for easy inter-state movement and business development.  Initiation/ kick-off of rapid production systems and agricultural practices.  Increase in social interactions  Improved livelihood enhancing activities  Gender Issues: Construction activities will encourage economic activities, especially for women. Since there would be a large workforce, petty traders and food-spots owners will benefit immensely from the demand on site.  Promotion of goodwill and community appreciation of the NEWMAP intervention in Anambra State and Nigeria at large.

Adverse Environmental and Socio-economic impacts Some adverse impacts that may be associated with the rehabilitation of the gully as highlighted in this report may include the following:  Increase in fugitive dust emission during preconstruction and construction phases of the rehabilitation.  Waste generation especially construction wastes.  Possibility of seepage of fuel from machineries and effluent discharge into the watershed, thus impacting on the water quality.  Site clearing will lead to loss of species diversity and abundance, including soil organisms, fungi, invertebrates, and bacteria.  Noise and vibration from heavy-duty project vehicles and equipment resulting in nuisance.  The frequency and incidence of occupational hazards may rise with during construction activities.  Loss of employment for labourers after the completion of the rehabilitation works Notwithstanding the ESMP will be prepared to ensure that these impacts are reduced to the barest minimum.

Draft Report for the Amachalla gully erosion site

Project Alternatives

Various alternatives to the planned design for the rehabilitation of the Amachalla Gully site were evaluated. These include:

 Use of The Rock lined chute  Wood drop structure  Vegetated overfall structure  Do nothing alternative

Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP)

The ESMP included the various impacts discussed according to the respective phases during project implementation. The impacts have been described as they will impact on the different environmental and social sensitivities. The mitigation measures, mitigation costs and institutional responsibilities were also highlighted in the ESMP matrix table.

The total cost for the implementation of the ESMP for the rehabilitation of the Amachalla gully erosion site is estimated at USD 56,350.00 (Fifty six thousand, three hundred and fifty naira only).

Specific topics concerning the mitigation measures for Amachalla gully, estimation of catchment runoff and procedure for maintenance and utilization of a rehabilitated gully were also examined.

Stakeholders Consultation

Stakeholders consultation is a very important part of the ESMP process, different groups in the community were consulted. Consultations were carried out with the identified Project Affected Persons (PAPs) to gather their concerns regarding the rehabilitation of the gully and how the project may affect them at the long run. A larger group were also consulted on the 31st of January, 2014 for the major Public Consultation.

Some of the issues raised during the Consultation exercises are indicated in the table below

Site Committee members and Elders of the community Date Location Major Concerns 29th January, 2014 Festus Guest House, Amachalla The need for the realization of the rehabilitation exercise was emphasized by the group. Market Groups 27th January, 2014 Nkwo Amaenyi Market, Amachalla Again the stakeholder expressed their concerns with the realizations of the project Staff and Management of the Girls Secondary School, Amachalla 29th January, 2014 Girls Secondary School, Amachalla They voiced concerns about the erosion menace and the need to be tackled soon to avoid the erosion from eating up the school.

Draft Report for the Amachalla gully erosion site

CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION

1.1 Overview of the Nigeria Erosion and Watershed Management Project (NEWMAP)

The Government of Nigeria is implementing the multi-sectoral Nigeria Erosion and Watershed Management Project (NEWMAP), which is financed by the World Bank, Global Environment Facility, the Special Climate Change Fund, and the Government of Nigeria. NEWMAP finances activities implemented by States and activities implemented by the Federal government. The project currently includes 7 states, namely Anambra, Abia, Cross River, Edo, Enugu, Ebonyi, and Imo. The Nigeria Erosion and Watershed Management Project (NEWMAP) aims to reduce vulnerability to soil erosion in targeted sub-catchments.

The Project Development Objective (PDO) of the NEWMAP is to improve erosion management and gully rehabilitation; increase incomes for rural households from improved agricultural and forest practices through the use of conservation agriculture, agroforestry, natural regeneration, etc.; and gain efficiency in public administration and public spending through improved knowledge base, analytical tools, multi-sectoral coordination and stakeholder dialogue.

NEWMAP investments include a strategic combination of civil engineering, vegetative land management and other catchment protection measures, and community-led adaptive livelihood initiatives. The sustainability of these investments will be reinforced by strengthening institutions and information services across sectors and States, including support to improve governance, regulatory compliance, environmental monitoring, impact evaluation, catchment and land use planning, and to strengthen Nigeria’s capacity to promote and implement climate-resilient, low- carbon development.

NEWMAP involves many Federal and State Ministries, Departments and Agencies (MDAs), local governments, communities, and civil society. Effective implementation requires inter- ministerial and inter-state coordination, collaboration, and information sharing. Each component, sub-component and activity will be implemented through relevant Federal and State MDAs. The various MDAs include those responsible for planning, economy and finance, works, agriculture, water resources, forests, transport, power, emergency response, as well as those focused on climate and hydrological information or catchment/ basin regulation. Most of NEWMAP’s investments will be made at the State level, as States have primary responsibility for land management and land allocations.

NEWMAP Components are divided into 4 viz;

Component 1: Erosion and Catchment Management investment Sub-component 1A Gully Rapid Action and Slope Stabilisation Sub-component 1B Integrated Catchment Management Sub-component 1C Adaptive Livelihoods

Draft Report for the Amachalla gully erosion site

Component 2: Erosion and Catchment Management Institutions and Information Services Sub-component 2A Federal MDA Effectiveness and Services Sub-component 2B State MDA Effectiveness and Services Sub-component 2C Local Government Capacity Sub-component 2D Private Sector Capacity

Component 3: Climate Change Agenda Support Sub-component 3A Policy and Institutional Framework Sub-component 3B Low Carbon Development Component 4: Project Management

Currently the intervention is been pioneered in 7 states in Nigeria, viz: Anambra, Abia, Cross River, Edo, Enugu, Ebonyi, and Imo. This document focuses on the Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Rehabilitation of the Amachalla Erosion site, located in Awka South, Anambra State. Various documents have been prepared in line with the NEWMAP Project, which was consulted for the preparation of this document. They include the Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) for NEWMAP, the Resettlement Policy Framework (RPF) for NEWMAP, Engineering Report for the Amachalla gully erosion site, the Project Implementation Manual and Project Appraisal Document for the NEWMAP.

The Amachalla gully site is located on the east side of Awka between the Government house road and old Onitsha- Enugu road housing estate beside Nkwo Amaenyi. The gully is made up of a main gully sitting on the two roads with short fingers in other direction. The gully has an average height of 17m high with and consists of a lower and upper watershed within the catchment. The gully head has however exacerbated to ravines which started at the discharge ends of existing drains across the roads meeting at the junction were the gully sits, surrounding the communities. The gully further eroded due to faulty drainage from all the roads, which slopes towards the gully. The project area is populated; within the area consist of schools, including the Amaenyi Girls High School, a guest house (Festus Guest House), a market (Nkwo Amaenyi Market), the Imo Awka shrine and a Church (Eternal Scared Order, Cherubim and Seraphim).

The NEWMAP intends to rehabilitate the erosion gully site and reduce longer-tern erosion vulnerability in the targeted area. The activities of for this sub-project will involve civil works in specific intervention sites – that is, construction of drainage works and/or rehabilitation of gullies and construction of access road. An engineering report has already been prepared for the Amachalla gully erosion intervention that highlights on the detailed civil works that will be carried out. This ESMP study will therefore, aim to identify potential and significant adverse environment and social impacts and to propose means of mitigation them to acceptable levels. Also during the civil works, there will be need for acquisition of land or displacement of families, business or public infrastructure, thus triggering the World Bank OP/BP 4.12 – Involuntary Resettlement. A standalone Abbreviated Resettlement Action Plan (ARAP)/ Resettlement Action Plan (RAP) (as it applies) will be prepared for the site as well.

Draft Report for the Amachalla gully erosion site

This ESMP is prepared in compliance to the Federal Government of Nigeria (FGN) Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Law, and the Federal Ministry of Environment Guidelines. It is also compliant to the Environmental and Social safeguards Policies of the World Bank. The World Bank has various instruments for addressing the environmental and social impacts of projects. The rehabilitation of the Rehabilitation of the Amachalla Gully Erosion site will trigger some of the World Bank Safeguard Policies including Environmental Assessment (OP 4.01); Natural Habitats (OP 4. 04); Physical and Cultural Resources (OP 4.11); Involuntary Resettlement (OP 4.12).

1.2 Purpose of the ESMP

The ESMP is an instrument that details the measures to be taken during the implementation and operation of a project to eliminate or offset adverse environmental and social impacts or to reduce them to acceptable levels; and the actions needed to implement these measures. The ESMP is an integral part of Category “A” Environmental Assessments (EAs) (irrespective of other instruments used). EAs for Category “B” projects may also result in an ESMP. However, the impacts of the Amachalla gully erosion rehabilitation project are considered to be mainly site specific and will be concentrated within a ≤1km radius. The project will concentrate mainly on the rehabilitation (drainage construction and laying of basement material – asphalt) of 3 streets (Channel 10, Eugene Nwude and Peter Onwuka), which terminate at the head of the gully erosion. Civil works will be concentrated at the areas closest to the erosion site with negligible adverse impacts on livelihood. The adverse impacts will be largely reversible, indirect and short term. Considering the aforementioned, the project falls suitable into the World Bank’s category B, hence the most suitable safeguard instrument to address beneficial and adverse impacts is an Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP).

The Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) provides a framework of procedures through which NEWMAP will develop and implement environmental, social, health, and safety management systems, programs, processes and procedures that will establish a foundation for sound mitigation of adverse impacts, enhancement of positive impacts, institutional responsibilities, indicative costs for mitigation and eventual monitoring of the ESMP. The ESMP outlines Anambra State Project Management Unit’s corporate commitment to managing the project in a responsible, safe and sustainable manner whereby the protection of the environment, safety of people and social concerns take priority above all other business concerns. The ESMP will also ensure compliance with applicable environmental standards all through the life span of the projects. If the recommendations and guidelines in this ESMP document are followed, it is envisaged that the anticipated potential negative environmental and social impacts associated with the sub-project will be markedly minimized, and the positive impacts enhanced. The Bank will disclose the ESMP document publicly, in Nigeria and at the World Bank Info- shop before project appraisal.

Draft Report for the Amachalla gully erosion site

1.3 Objectives of the Environmental and Social Management Plan

The objective of the ESMP is to develop procedures and plans to ensure that the mitigation measures will be implemented throughout the phases for the sub-project i.e. Rehabilitation of the Amachalla gully erosion Site in Awka, Anambra State. It has also been prepared to ensure the effective long-term protection of the area and other biotic and abiotic components of the environment. Specific objectives of this ESMP include the following:

 To examine the project in terms of its major activities and identify the aspects associated with the project construction which generate environmental impacts,  Identify the environmental issues associated with the major activities,  Develop mitigation measures for the aspects identified as having environmental impacts,  Incorporate environmental mitigation measures into activities and develop corrective actions and ensure monitoring.  Define the specific actions required, roles and responsibilities for these actions, and associated costs and,  Define a proposed institutional structure to govern the implementation of the ESMP.

1.4 Technical Approach and Methodology

The methodology used in the conduct of the Environmental and Social Management Plan for the sub-project is based on guidelines as proposed by the following:  Federal Government of Nigeria EIA Law and subsequent Federal Ministry of Environment standard procedure for conducting EIA/ESIA in Nigeria  Guidelines documented under the World Bank Environmental Assessment Operational Policies OP 4.01.

The rehabilitation works will trigger some of the World Bank Safeguard Policies including Environmental Assessment (OP 4.01); Natural Habitats (OP 4. 04); Physical and Cultural Resources (OP 4.11); Involuntary Resettlement (OP 4.12). The guidelines collectively advise that Environmental and Social Management Plan studies are essential to examine the potential environmental and social threats and benefits (impacts) associated with rehabilitation works for the Amachalla Gully Erosion site.

A brief description of activities carried out in preparing the ESMP document is indicated below:

An assessment of the Amachalla gully site was conducted. Stakeholder engagement and consultation being highly critical for the success of the rehabilitation of the Amachalla gully erosion site was also carried out with various stakeholders including the identified Project Affected Persons (PAPs), Anambra SPMU and the Engineering firm that prepared the Feasibility design. Field visit was made to the major gully heads, the catchment area, Channel 10

Draft Report for the Amachalla gully erosion site

Road, Peter Onwuka Road, Amaenyi Girls High School, the Festus Guest House, the local market of Amachalla community (Nkwo Amaenyi Market), the Imo Awka shrine and a Church (Eternal Scared Order, Cherubim and Seraphim). These areas have and are experiencing the menace of the erosion challenge.

Literature review was carried out on the following:

 Engineering Report for the Amachalla gully erosion site, Awka, Anambra state  Environmental and Social Management Framework for the NEWMAP  Resettlement Policy Frameworks for the NEWMAP  Project Appraisal Document (PAD) prepared for the Nigerian Erosion and Watershed Management Project.

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2 CHAPTER TWO DESCRIPTION OF THE STUDY AREA

2.1 Overview of the Project State

Anambra State is located within the south-eastern zone of Nigeria with s landmass of over 4120 sq. km. The state has a population of 4,055,048 (2006 Census). Anambra state is situated on a low elevation on the eastern side of the River Niger and shares boundaries with Kogi, Enugu, Imo, Abia, Delta, Rivers and Edo states. The state has twenty-one (21) Local Government Areas which includes; Aguata, Anambra East, Anambra West, Aniocha, Awka North, Awka South, Ayamelum, Dunukofia, Ekwusigo, Idemili North, Idemili South, Ihiala, Njikoka, Nnewi North, Nnewi South, Ogbaru, Onitsha North, Onitsha South, Orumba North, Orumba South, Oyi.

The project area is situated in Awka, the capital of Anambra State (see figure 2.0) is an urban city located between Latitude 6.21°N and Longitude 7.07°E on the south eastern part of Nigeria with an estimated population of 301,657 as of 2006 Nigerian census.

Draft Report for the Amachalla gully erosion site

Figure 2.0 Map of Anambra State showing boundary of the project area

Draft Report for the Amachalla gully erosion site

2.1.1 Physical Environment of Anambra State Table 2.0 below discusses on the physical environment of Anambra State

Table 2.0 Physcial enviroronmen of Anambra State Geology Anambra State lies in the Anambra Basin and has about 6,000 m of sedimentary rocks. The sedimentary rocks comprise ancient Cretaceous deltas, somewhat similar to the Niger Delta, with the Nkporo Shale, the Mamu Formation, the Ajali sandstone and the Nsukka Formation as the main deposits. On the surface the dominant sedimentary rocks are the Imo Shale a sequence of grey shales, occasional clay ironstones and Sandstone beds.

The Imo Shale underlies the eastern part of the state, particularly in Ayamelum, Awka North, and Oruma North LGAs. Next in the geological sequence, is the Ameke Formation, which includes Nanka Sands, laid down in the Eocene. Its rock types are sandstone, calcareous shale, and limestone in thin bands. Outcrops of the sandstone occur at various places on the higher cuesta, such as at Abagana and Nsugbe, where they are quarried for construction purposes. Nanka sands out crop mainly at Nanka and Oko in Orumba North LGA.

Lignite was deposited in the Oligocene to Miocene; and it alternates with gritty clays in places. Outcrops of lignite occur in Onitsha and Nnewi. The latest of the tour geological formations is the Benin Formation or the coastal plain sands deposited from Miocene to pleistocene. The Benin Formation consists of yellow and white sands. The formation underlies much of lhiala LGA. Thick deposits of alluvium were laid down in the western parts of the state, south and north of Onitsha in the Niger and Anambra river floodplains. Landforms and Anambra State falls into two main landform regions: a highland region of moderate elevation that covers much of the state south of the Anambra Drainage River, and low plains to the west, north, and east of the highlands. The highland region is a low asymmetrical ridge or cuesta in the northern portion of the Awka Orlu Uplands, which trend roughly southeast to North West, in line with the geological formations that underlie it.

It is highest in the southeast, about 410m above mean sea-level, and gradually decreases in height to only 33m in the northwest on the banks of the Anambra River and the Niger.

The lower cuesta, formed by the more resistar sandstone rocks of the Imo Shale, rises to only 150m above mean sealevel at Umuawulu an decreases in height northwestward to only 100m < Achalla. Its escarpment faces the Mamu Rive plain and has a local relief of between 80 and 30n West of it, is the higher cuesta, formed by the sane stones of the Ameke Formation. Its height is abov 400m in the south-east at lgboukwu and lsuofii decreasing northwestward to less than 300m ; Agbana, and to only 100m at Aguleri. Climate The climate is characteristically of the Equatorial type found in South-Eastern Nigeria, essentially warm and humid. This is a resultant effect of its prevailing seasonal wind, nearness to the sea coast and the relatively flat topography of the environment. A humid Tropical Maritime (mT) from across the Atlantic Ocean in the south dominates the region in the longer wet season (April to October). A drier Tropical Continental (cT) air mass blowing from the northeast direction controls the climate and meteorology of the area during the dry season (November to March). Around December, it culminates into a very hungry (i.e. dry) and foggy harmattan wind as it blows right from across the continental region of the West African sub-region. Most of the original Rain forest in the project community has been lost due to clearing for farming and human settlement. A few examples of the original rain forest remains at places like the Imo Awka shrine.

Draft Report for the Amachalla gully erosion site

Temperature Air temperature has seasonal and diurnal variations. On the average, the ambient maximum air temperature in the area varies from 28.00C to 37.50C while the minimum temperature varies from about 220C to 270C. Lowest values are recorded in the month of July through August. This coincides with the peak of the rainy season. The diurnal range is kept at a low 40C. The temperature of the area is influenced primarily by the apparent movement of the sun, wind direction and speed as well as land configuration (NIMET). Rainfall The climate is tropical with two distinct seasons, the rainy season and the dry season. The rainy season begins around the first of May and continues into September while the dry season runs from November to April. Rainfall reaches its highest monthly maximum of 300 – 400mm during the month of June through September and drops to 0.0-1.0mm in December and January. During the rainy season, a marked interruption in the rains occurs during August, resulting in a short dry season often referred to as the “August break”, though for years now this has not been consistent in August due to climate change. The dry season is characterized by the cold dry “Harmattan” from the Sahara Desert. During this period, which begins in November and runs through January a dry and dust laden wind blows from the Sahara Desert. This sometimes makes the hills obscure due to the poor visibility. The sun is also obscured during this period by the prevailing dust haze. Relative humidity Relative humidity is high both day and night. It is greater than 85% at night, above 81% in the mornings and between 60% and 75% in the evenings. Generally the drier months (December to February) have lower values.

Wind Speed Wind speed is generally low and usually less than 3 m/s under calm conditions most of the year. Relatively higher wind speeds may occur mainly in the afternoons inducing convective activities and creating diffusion characteristics. Incidences of these are often associated with thunder and lightning especially during changing seasons. Atmospheric disturbances such as line squalls and disturbance lines often induce the variability that results in speeds higher than 5 m/s. Such increases characterize the beginning of rainy season (March-April) and end of heavy rains (September-October), during which storms are more frequent. The harmattan season (December to February) can give rise to occasional high wind regimes. Wind Direction Wind directions are quite variable over the region. Data shows that about 60% of the winds are south-westerlies and westerlies during the day in the wet season (NIMET). Southerlies, south easterlies and south westerlies prevail more in the night during the period. This implies that directions are usuaore variable in the nights than in the mornings.

The winds are mostly northerlies, north easterlies and north westerlies in the dry season particularly in the mornings. They are more of sourtherlies, south easterlies and/or westevenings, indicating the fairly strong influences of the adjoining maritime oceanic air masses, contrasting land and sea breezes as well as appreciable degree of differential heating of the two surfaces.

Draft Report for the Amachalla gully erosion site

2.1.2 Biological Environment of Anambra State

Vegetation and Soils

Three soil types can be recognised in Anambra State. They are: (i) alluvial soils, (ii) hydromorphic soils, and (iii) ferallitic soils. The soil map for Anambra State is shown in figure 2.1.

Figure 2.1 Soil Map of Anambra State

The alluvial soils are pale brown loamy soils. They are found in the tow plain south of Onitsha in Ogbaru and in the Niger Anambra low plain north of Onitsha. They differ from the hydromorphic soils in being relatively immature, having no well-developed horizons. The alluvial soils sustain continuous cropping even longer than the Hydromorphic and Ferallitc soils (Anyanwu, 2012). The hydromorphic soils are fine loamy soils with lower layers faintly mottled and spotted, containing stiff grey clay. They are developed on the Mamu plain, east of the cuesta, and extending northwards into the eastern part of Anambra River plain where the underlying impervious clayey shales cause water logging of the soils during the rainy season. The soils are good fro planting of yams, cassava and maize and for rice in the more heavily waterlogged areas.

The ferallitic soils are found on the cuesta and other elevated areas, which are underlain, by the sandstones and shales of the Ameke Formation and the Nanka sands. The soils are deep red to reddish brown loamy sands (red earth) and are loose and easily eroded into gullies such as in the cuestas and other elevated areas underlain by sandstones and shales of the Ameke formation and the Nanka Sands. In the Nanka, Oko and Agulu areas which are underlain by the Nanka Sands, the gullies have attained spectacular and alarming proportions, turning the area into “bad lands.”

Draft Report for the Amachalla gully erosion site

The vegetation in Anambra State consists mainly of deciduous forests, which are made up of tall tress with undergrowth. This is influenced due to the high annual rainfall in Ammbra State, which ranges from 1400mm in he north to 2500mm in the south. Figure 2.2 shows the vegetation map of Anambra State. The types of vegetation found in the state include fresh water swamp forest, dominated grass species and lowland rain forest.

FIGURE 3. VEGETATION MAP OF ANAMBRA STATE Figure 2.2 Vegetation map of Anambra State Modified from Ofomata (1975). Due to the high rainfall and short dry season in the Southern part of Anambra state, the natural vegetation is of tropical rainfall type.

Ecological Issue

Some of the major ecological issues encountered in Anambra mostly includes; flooding and erosion. The erosion issues have exacerbated overtime due to the extensive forest clearing, often by bush burning, and continuous cropping with little or no replenishment of soil nutrients. This further resulted in the disruption of the ecological equilibrium of the natural forest ecosystem. Such a situation in a region of loosely consolidated friable soils is prone to erosion, giving rise to extensive gully formation typical to the one experience in Amachalla village and several other communities in Anambra State.

Draft Report for the Amachalla gully erosion site

2.2 Overview of Awka

Amachalla is located in Awka. Awka comprises seven Igbo groups sharing common blood lineage divided into two sections. Ifite Section, the senior section, comprises four groups, Ayom- na-Okpala, Nkwelle, Amachalla, and Ifite-Oka followed by Ezinator Section, which consists of three groups, Amikwo, Ezi-Oka and Agulu. Each of these groups has a number of villages. The project area falls under Amachalla village. Table 2.1 gives a description of the biophysical and socioeconomic status of Awka.

Table 2.1 Biophysical and Socioeconmic description of Awka

Economy - Awka is the administrative headquarters of Anambra State. The major occupation in the city includes civil service, farming and trading. The partly state-owned Orient Petroleum Resources Ltd has the headquarters in Awka. Education - Awka has a large university community, which at times comprises around 15% of the population of the town. It hosts two primary universities of higher/tertiary education - Nnamdi Azikiwe University and Paul University. Cultural Resource – The indigenes of Awka are culture conscious and this plays a vital role in their lives. Within the Amachalla community a traditional exists a shrine know as the Imo Awka shire. A festival is held at the beginning of the farming season in May in honour of a female deity who it is hoped would make the land fertile and yields bountiful crops. The festival starts with Awka people visiting the community of Umuokpu with masquerades and it ends with a visit to the Imo Awka stream on the final day, which is heralded by a heavy rain that falls in the late afternoon. Erosion and Watershed The main ecological hazards in the area are accelerated gully erosion and flooding. Issues: Extensive forest clearing, often by bush burning, and continuous cropping with little or no replenishment of soil nutrients, resulted in the disruption of the ecological equilibrium of the natural forest ecosystem. Such a situation in a region of loosely consolidated and easily eroded soils is prone to serious erosion, giving rise to extensive gully formation.

2.2.1 Physical Environment

Geology and Geomorphology

Amachalla, Awka in Anambra State lies within the Anambra Basin whose sedimentary rocks are made up of Nkporo Shale, the Mamu Formation, the Ajali sanstone and the Nsukka Formation as the main deposits (Figure 2.3). On the surface, the dominant sedimentary rocks are the Imo Shale, which is a sequence of grey shales with occasional clay iron stones and sandstone beds.

The Imo Shale underlies the eastern part of the State, particularly in Ayamelum, Awka North, and Oruma North Local Government Areas. Below the Imo Shale is the Ameke Formation, which includes Nanka Sands (laid down in the Eocene).

Draft Report for the Amachalla gully erosion site

Figure 2.3 Regional stratigraphy of south-eastern Nigeria

Soils

Three soil types can be recognised in Anambra State: They are (i) alluvial soils, (ii) hydromorphic soils, and (iii) ferallitic soils.

The alluvial soils are pale brown loamy soils and are found in the low plain south of Onitsha in Ogbaru and in the Niger Anambra low plain north of Onitsha. These differ from the hydromorphic soils in that they are relatively immature, having no well-developed horizons. However, this soil sustains continuous cropping more than the other two.

Hydromorphic soils are developed on the Mamu plain, east of the cuesta, and extending northwards into the eastern part of Anambra River plain where the underlying impervious clayey shales cause water logging of the soils during the rainy season. The soils are fine loamy, with lower layers faintly mottled, while the subsoil layers are strongly mottled and spotted, containing stiff grey cay.

Draft Report for the Amachalla gully erosion site

In the study area, Amachalla, Awka that is underlain by the Nanka Sands, the gullies are at the head streams of the rivers that flow down the cuesta. These head streams carve their valleys deep into the deeply weathered red earth and developing into a dendritic pattern of gullies.

Figure 2.4 Section of Amachalla, Awka Active Erosion site Photos 1- 9 gives a description of the state of environment of the Amachalla gully site. The main gully head is shown in photo 1.

Photo 1 Main gully head

Draft Report for the Amachalla gully erosion site

Photo 2 below shows a section of the gully, which has cut off the road, and is threatening to destroy some buildings in the area.

Photo 2 Part of the gully with some buildings located in the area A section of the gully head is shown in photo 3.

Photo 3 A section of the Gully head

Draft Report for the Amachalla gully erosion site

A secondary erosion head was identified beside the main gully (photo 4).

Photo 4 Secondary erosion head beside the main gully At the base of the gully (see photo 5) lies a river, River Offia. The presence of the water body at the base of the gully leads further to the wearing away of the soil.

Photo 5 An identified river, River Offia at the base of gully

Draft Report for the Amachalla gully erosion site

Another gully head was identified at Amaenyi Secondary School (even though this gully head is not part of the intervention).

Photo 6 Agully head at the back of the Amaenyi Girls High School Other affected areas include churches and residential house within the Amachalla gully erosion area. Some of the houses have been abandoned due to erosion.

Photo 7 Sideview of the gully showing some residential houses and the Church

Draft Report for the Amachalla gully erosion site

2.2.2 Biological Environment of Awka Flora

The vegetation types encountered within the Study Area (see table 2.2) are as follows: - Areas of fallow bush of varying ages - Fields used for rotational subsistence farming - Degraded secondary rainforest as well as statutory and communal forests

All flora habitats surveyed were found to comprise shrubs, grasses, sedges and a mixture of mature trees and re-growing juvenile trees.

Table 2.2 Some common plants found within the project community S/NO COMMON NAME BOTANICAL NAME

1. Maize /corn Zea mays

2. Cassava Manihot esculenta

3. Banana Musa sapientum

4. Water leaf Talinum triangulare

5. Okro Abelmoschus esculentus

6. Pineapple Ananas comosus

7. Guava Psidium guajava

8. Cocoyam Colocasia esculenta

9. Pumpkin Cocurbita pepo

10. Melon Citrullus vulgaris

11. Pepper (small) Capsicum annuum

12. Mango Magnifera indica

13. Pawpaw Carica papaya

14. Bitter leaf Vernonia amygdalina

Fauna

The Cercopithecus mona as indicated in figure 2.5 also known as Mona Monkeys is one of the wildlife mammal seen within the project area. This animal is seen as sacred in the area so much so that a ceremony is performed annually in its honour. Other wildlife found in the project area includes grass cutters, porcupines, etc. Furthermore, cattle, goat, sheep, poultry and pig were some of the livestock sited within the project area.

Draft Report for the Amachalla gully erosion site

Figure 2.5 Some of the monkeys found in the area 2.2.3 Social Environment

Demographics

The study intends to identify and document the demographic data of the project communities such as population, literacy level, occupation, dependency level, housing and social amenities. These data will be useful not only in establishing the importance of the rehabilitation of the Amachalla Erosion site but equally in quantifying the environmental and social impacts of the planned works which will help determine the management plans for the said project. More importantly, the baseline data will be useful for monitoring and evaluating the post implementation condition of the community and by implication the success of the project. Awka, the Anambra state capital is a fast growing area, which is mostly urban with some rural communities. It has an estimated population of 301,657(2006 census).

Awka is divided into seven Igbo groups namely;  Ayom-na-Okpala (Umuayom, Umunnoke, Umuoramma and Umuokpu.),  Nkwelle (Achallaoji, Umunamoke, Agbana, Umudiaba),  Amachalla (Amachalla, Amudo, Umuzocha),  Ifite-Oka (Enu-Ifite, Ezinato-Ifite, Agbana-Ifite),  Amikwo (Umudiana, Okperi, Igweogige, Isiagu, Obunagu,)  Ezi-Oka (Omuko, Umueri, Umuogwal, Umuogbunu 1, Umuogbunu 2, Umudioka, Umukwa), and;  Agulu (Umuogbu, Umubele, Umuanaga, Umuike, Umujagwo, Umuenechi, Umuoruka).

Several factors have contributed to an accelerated growth rate and development in Awka and environs. These factors include the economic development via industrialization (eg Juhel Pharmaceuticals), proximity to Onitsha (the commercial centre of the State) and Education.

Awka hosts a number of tertiary institutions (Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Anambra State University Igbariam campus, and some privately owned institutions). This to a large extent determines population distribution in the area. Amachalla, the immediate project community, is one of the 33 villages that make up Awka as a whole.

Draft Report for the Amachalla gully erosion site

Local Economy

The primary engagement of the Amachalla people is agriculture, and trading as seen in figure 2.6 depicting a picture taken from the Amaenyo market, a market in Amachalla village. The diverse vegetation and soil types in the project state encourage the practice of a variety of agricultural activities like crop farming, forestry, fishery and animal husbandry. Some of the crops include

Figure 2.6 The Amaenyi Market in Amachalla village

maize, cassava, yam, palm produce and vegetables. Some few others are into palm wine tapping, cottage industries and Artisanship. Commercial activities varying from petty trading to distribution businesses in commodities and agricultural produce can be found in all nooks and cranny in the project area.

Land Use/Tenure

 While majority of the land use is for agricultural purposes others are for residential settlement, market places and public reserve for future development uses.  A combination of traditional land ownership system and government ownership of land is observed in the area. However, the Amachalla community practices the traditional land ownership system.

Historic and Cultural Resources

The survey has so far identified two historic and/or cultural resources in the area. This includes the Imo Awka shrine and the mmili monki named after the mona monkeys that inhabit the forests within this area (see figure 2.7).

Figure 2.7 The Imo Awka Shine

Draft Report for the Amachalla gully erosion site

2.2.3.1 Socioeconomic Assessment of Amachalla Communituy The socio-economic assessment studies were aimed at examining the socioeconomic conditions of the people living around the project site in Amachalla, Awka South LGA of Anambra State. This is to ensure that the potential impacts of the proposed rehabilitation of the Amachalla Gully Erosion site project is captured and described while proffering solutions to possible negative impacts to human habitat, health and livelihoods.

Photo 8 A member of the consultant team with stakeholders The specific objectives of the study include:  To elicit information about the existing socioeconomic and demographic characteristics of the inhabitants living within the community  To document the distributional characteristics of the socioeconomic components in the project area  To analyse the patterns of the relationships of the socioeconomic components  To discuss and deduce the effect of the patterns on the environment of the proposed Project through the perceptions of the respondents  To provide a baseline data for the assessment of the socioeconomic impacts of the proposed project  Suggest mitigation measures and environmental management plan for the proposed project.

2.2.3.1.1 Methodology The general methodology used for the socio-economic impact assessment employed the collection of primary and secondary source data. The primary sources data gathering comprised of questionnaire administration, group interviews Ground trotting/Reconnaissance survey for identification and Disclosure (awareness creation), discussions and direct observations. Secondary data was obtained from the National Population Commission and desktop literature review. Structured questionnaires were administered to people in residential areas, administrative offices, commercial establishments, schools, families, youth leaders etc. Data collected was

Draft Report for the Amachalla gully erosion site analysed using Microsoft Excel 2007. A random sampling survey was carried out within the Amachalla community. Questionnaires were administered (sample of the questionnaire used is found in Annex 2) to a total of 215 respondents.

2.2.3.1.2 Socio-Economic Data Analysis 2.2.3.1.2.1 Population and Gender Distribution

The survey on the population and gender distribution as indicated in Figure 2.8 depicts that 57% of the respondents were males while 43% were females. Secondary demographic data presents similar data.

Female 43%

Male 57%

Figure 2.8 Gender Distributions of Respondents - Overall Mean 2.2.3.1.2.2 Age Distribution of Respondents The overall mean result shows that about 5% of the respondents are 15yrs old and 21% fall between 20 and 29 years old, while 12% are between 30 and 39 years old; those between 50 and 59 years old are 28% while those that are 60 years and above are 10% as shown in figure 2.9. This shows a good representation of all age brackets in field survey and also a greater representation of old (50-59years) and youths (16-29years). The younger population is predominant around the residential areas while the more elderly are visible in the around the village square and Market.

Draft Report for the Amachalla gully erosion site

10 Percentages(%)

0 Below 15 16-19years 20-29years 30-39years 40-49years 50-59years 60years and above Figure 2.9 Age Distribution of Respondents within the Project Area

2.2.3.1.2.3 Marital Status of Respondents The survey result as seen in figure 2.10, shows that the married persons are predominant among the respondents in the project areas (79%), followed by single persons (19%). Divorced persons were 2% of the respondents. No widow/ widower was among the respondents. This goes to shows that more matured people were more eager to respond than the younger ones, as they seem to have more patience.

79 80 70 60

50 40

19 percentages(%) 20

10 2 0 0 Single Married Widowed Divorced Figure 2.10 Marital Status of Respondents within the Project Area

Draft Report for the Amachalla gully erosion site

2.2.3.1.2.4 Religion of Respondents The overall mean result as seen in figure 2.11, indicates that Christianity is the predominant religion in the area with a representation of about 80%. However, African traditional religion account for 19% of the respondents. The later explains the numerous shrines seen within the community.

African Islam, 2% Traditional Religion, 19%

Christianity, 79%

Figure 2.11 Religion of Respondents

2.2.3.1.2.5 Occupation Distribution The result of the survey in occupation (see figure 2.12) shows that majority of the sampled population depend on Trading (30%) as their primary occupation, and farming as the secondary. While 15% of the respondents are unemployed, 19% work with privately owned companies.

Private Companies Unemployed Farming 15% 19% 6% Hunting 2%

Civil Service 28% Trading 30%

Figure 2.12 Occupation Distribution

2.2.3.1.2.6 School and Literacy level In general, the survey shows that there is a reasonably high literacy level within the project area (see figure 2.13). About 6.7% of the population does not have any formal education and this is mostly elderly people, 25.2% have only primary school education, 19% are secondary school

Draft Report for the Amachalla gully erosion site leavers while the rest are graduates at various tertiary institutions and mostly among the younger generation.

35 30.3 30 25.2 25 19 20 17 15

Percentage (%) 10 6.7 5 1.8 0 0

Figure 2.13 School and Literacy Level of the Project Area

2.2.3.1.2.7 Sources of Water for Domestic Use As indicated in figure 2.14, 28% of respondents get domestic water from privately owned boreholes while 49% make use of water from commercial boreholes while 23% of respondents use water from wells.

Well 23% Borehole(private ) 28%

Borehole(com mercial) 49%

Figure 2.14 Source of Water for Domestic Use

2.2.3.1.2.8 Household Waste Disposal About 89.9% of the people in the area dispose their household waste through an organized (street-to-street) collection medium provided by Anambra State Waste Management Authority (ANSWAMA) which is dumped at any of the two designated government managed dumpsite within the area. 10.1% either bury or burn their domestic waste.

Draft Report for the Amachalla gully erosion site

2.2.3.1.2.9 Infrastructural Development Most of the roads leading to Amachalla community are tarred through state, LGA and community efforts. However erosion has cut off some of the roads within the community (e.g. Eugene Nwude, Peter Onwuka and Channel Ten Roads). There is GSM telecommunication facilities of various networks available in the area.

Desirability of the Project Figure 2.15 indicates that 98% of the respondents stated the affirmative on the rehabilitation of the Amachalla Gully Erosion site. Whereas 2% where indifferent about the project.

98% 100% 90% 80% 70%

60%

50% (%)

40% Percentage 30% 20%

10% 0% 2% 0% Yes No Indifferent

Figure 2.15 Desirability of the Project

2.2.3.1.2.10 Health Status Survey From the physical survey, the people appear to enjoy health of mind and body. Field observation showed that there are a good number of available healthcare centers (Primary, Secondary and Tertiary) within Awka. Visit to some of these healthcare facilities and interviews were conducted during the scoping exercise. Observation showed that Malaria is the prevalent disease in the project area.

2.2.3.2 Secondary Data Collection

Tables below show Secondary data obtained from the National Population Commission (NPC), Abuja. Table 2.3 discusses on the distribution of households by type of housing units in Awka South and Anambra based on secondary data. In Comparison to primary data provided above majority of the households as seen during field observation revealed that the respondents either live in Flats or Room/Let in Houses.

Draft Report for the Amachalla gully erosion site

Table 2.3 Distribution of Households by Type of Housing Unit Categories Awka South Anambra State House on a separate stand/Yard 22,399 51,9502 Traditional/hut structure made of Traditional 214 33,946 Material Flat in Block of Flats 7,087 11,7952 Semi Detached House 1,527 58,446 Rooms/Let in House 6,272 94,500 Informal/Impoverished Building 100 6,205 Other 947 52,324 TOTAL 38,546 88,2875 Source: National Population Commission (2006)

Access to the distribution of household by sources of water supply for domestic use was evaluated as seen in table 2.4, for Awka South and Anamabra State. None of the respondents in the project area have access to pipe-borne water. This is because a functional water supply network does not exist and most people make use of private and commercial boreholes.

Table 2.4 Distribution of Household by Source of Water Supply for Domestic Use Categories Awka South Anambra State Pipe borne inside dwelling 1,868 31,494 Pipe borne outside dwelling 4,961 53,485 Tanker supply water vendor 3,772 76,925 Well 4,116 95,351 Borehole 12,475 171,422 Rain Water 913 91,687 River/Stream 8,083 247,533 Dugout/Pond/Lake/Dam 172 31,119 Other 2,186 83,854 TOTAL 38,546 882,875 Source: National Population Commission (2006)

When compared to primary data, information for use of water closet, pit latrine and public toilets corresponded to that provided from Secondary data. Table 2.5 shows the distribution of regular household by type of toilet facilities.

Table 2.5 Distribution of Regular Household by Type of Toilet Facilities CATEGORIES Awka South Anambra State Water Closet 15,554 210,226 Pit Latrine 16,775 38,3040 Bucket/Pan 2,522 8,2784 Toilet Facility in another (different) dwelling 256 3,3517 Public Toilet 2,618 10,6745 Nearby Bush//beach/field 764 64,782 Other 57 1,781 TOTAL 38,546 883,875 Source: National Population Commission (2006)

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The distribution of regular household by type of cooking fuel based on secondary data was also evaluated (see table 2.6). A greater percentage relies on the use of firewood in cooking.

Table 2.6 Distribution of Regular Household by Type of Cooking Fuel Categories Awka South Anambra State Electricity 3,498 149,071 Gas 19,94 39,098 Kerosene 21,945 301,744 Firewood 10,706 356,144 Coal 211 29,651 Animal dung/Saw dust 107 3,641 Solar 16 1,752 Other 69 1,774 TOTAL 38,546 882,875 Source: National Population Commission (2006)

Information provided from secondary data on solid waste disposal (see table 2.7), corresponds to primary data with respect to the use of organized collection, public approved dumpsites and unapproved dumpsites in the disposal of solid waste.

Table 2.7 Distribution of Regular Household Method Solid Waste Disposal Categories Awka South Anambra State Organized Collection 5,388 167,434 Buried by Household 3,811 122,650 Public Approved Dump site 14,363 173,678 Unapproved Dump site 7,131 167,918 Burnt by Household 7,014 211,842 Other 839 39,353 TOTAL 38,546 882,875 Source: National Population Commission (2006)

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3 CHAPTER THREE PROJECT DESCRIPTION

3.1 Introduction

This chapter presents a description of the project area and proposed development based on the feasibility reports and engineering designs for the planned rehabilitation of the Amachalla gully erosion site. The proposed rehabilitation works is part of the intervention programme of the World Bank (NEWMAP sub-project), which is aimed at reclaiming of the already degraded part of the region for subsequent utilization for either agricultural purposes or other developmental projects. Considering the economic viability, cost benefit analysis, culture of the people, the rehabilitation works that will be done is provided in section 3.4 will be done as follows:

 Construction of roads leading to the gully heads which serves as drain channels that leads the storm water to the gully heads serving as drain channels that leads the storm water to the gully head and also adequately design drainages that will channel the water to collector drains at the gully head.  Construction of suitable sized and aligned collector drains at the gully head to lead the storm waters into drop structures to be constructed.  Recovering of land in the gully to safeguard the endangered houses and connect the washed out road between the communities.  Easing of the sides to stable slopes in sections where space permits.  Proper grassing and planting of vegetation to provide cover for the eased out slopes and channels.  Control and monitoring of human activity e.g. farming, sand digging, building etc. within the recovered areas and eased out side slopes.  Construction of other components such as concrete stepped channel, chute channel and stilling basin.

3.2 Amachalla gully erosion

Amachalla lies between Latitude N60 13’17.63” and Longitude E70 5’19.88” of Awka the capital of Anambra State. The Village is in Awka South Local Government Area with high development density. Mud houses with thatch roofs of the nineteen-century have given way to sand crater block wall buildings with corrugated iron sheet or asbestos cement roofing. Unpaved town roads and inter-village footpaths have developed; some of them now carry vehicular traffic. The overall result is that, Amachalla community has grown into a densely populated and congested semi urban area, though without the benefits of modern town planning concepts, the absence of which is seen to play a significant part in the gully erosion problem. The soil at Amachalla is generally sandy with little or no cementing materials; hence, individual particles are easily detached and carried away by flows of surface runoff. The soil therefore is prone to erosion and surface degradation. The gully at present is very active (see figure 3.0 for the map of the Amachalla gully erosion site) and uncoordinated community efforts to check its advance have generally been futile.

Draft Report for the Amachalla gully erosion site

Amachalla village is accessed from Aroma junction in Awka branching off at Ameanyi junction linking Amaenyi Girls road (Most times referred to Bisi Anagbogu Street).

Draft Report for the Amachalla gully erosion site

Figure 3.0 The Amachalla Gully erosion area

Draft Report for the Amachalla gully erosion site

3.2.1 Land size The gully is about 172.27m long, 22m deep and 36.4m wide with an elevation between 122m to 153m above sea level.

3.2.2 Vulnerability According to the feasibility studies report, various surveys were carried-out to ascertain the level of damage (both on the surface, sub-surface and underground) to the region and remedies to reclaim some lands for subsequent environmental developments.

3.2.3 Hydrology The catchment area of the site will be delineated (7.7 hectare) and time of concentration obtained as 35 and 15minutes, respectively for the two catchment areas contributing to the gully heads (see figure 3.1). Time of concentration for areas 1 and 2 will be T1 = 35 minutes and T2 = 15 minutes, and from the 25-year rainfall intensity-duration curve the following intensities should be obtained: I1= 160mm and I2=250mm. From the generated rainfall intensity-duration curve, the time of concentrations will be obtained. Using the rational formula and appropriate values of coefficient of runoff due to land use, topography and surface conditions, the volume of discharge (Q) will also be obtained.

Figure 3.1 showing the watershed 3.2.4 Geology The major geological formation covering about 98% of the Anambra state is the Bende-Ameke formation. A narrow strip of Ajali formation exists in the northern area, while another narrow

Draft Report for the Amachalla gully erosion site strip of Imo shale exists in some parts of Awka and western Anambra towns swinging to the northern part through Nise village near Awka. Bende-Ameki formation is seen overlying the Imo shale to east of the Anambra River. It extends far south to areas just west of Okigwe town, hence to Abia and Cross river states. The Ameki formation is the geological formation covering most of Anambra state and parts of Delta state, especially around Asaba. The formation is made up of sandstones interbedded with shale and thin limestone. The sandstones of Ameki formation are generally very friable and permeable, giving rise to frequent soil erosion when the vegetative cover is removed or when the soil is cut.

3.2.5 Physiography and Drainage Generally, the country around Anambra state rises from south to north and from west to East, if considered in three dimensions. The northern lip of the basin rises from Udi – Okigwe escarpment, while the mid-eastern hip rises from the high grounds around Ekwulobia-Ichida axis where the elevation is up to 305 meters above sea level. The highest point in the area is Obeagu, which is about 9.6 kilometres north of Onitsha. This however is an isolated hill whose height is 442m above sea level. The major drainage basin is the river Niger. Within this regional basin lie two minor basins, the Anambra river basin and the Ulashi river basin. The Anambra basin drains areas to the north and west, while the Urashi basin drains the areas to the south of the area.

3.3 Design Concepts

The erosion at Amachalla can be classified under permanent incised gully erosion. They occur on both natural and disturbed lands. The gullies are typically wide and deep relative to the flow in them. The channel bottom drops abruptly in elevation at the head cut and the channels widens abruptly from the upstream concentrated flow area to the downstream gully. The gullies typically have a very steep side walls. The sidewalls have also retreated laterally to produce a wide channel with steep side wall and shallow flow. The Amachalla gully problem emanated from the uncontrolled storm water discharged down the steep sandy slopes of interconnecting village roads. The adjoining land or properties by the sides of the roads are higher than the road levels, with the effects that the roads form the natural channels for conveying the storm water to the gully heads. This has been exacerbated by increased, unplanned heavy development of the town, which had tremendously increased the impermeable surfaces, thus increasing the quantity of run-off from each rainfall. The erosion was first noticed on June 12, 2011, after the construction of Zik Avenue, Awka, which resulted in further increase in storm water, discharged to the channel 10 roads that lead to the gully head.

3.4 Rehabilitation works/design solutions

3.4.1 Construction of the adjoining roads The major cause of the erosion as stated earlier is the uncontrolled discharge from these adjoining roads as shown in figure 3.2, which act as storm water channel to the gully head. To proffer a permanent solution to the erosion problem, the cause has to be properly addressed.

Draft Report for the Amachalla gully erosion site

Once this storm water is properly channelled and controlled, its destructive effect on eroding the soil will be taken care of hence the need to construct the road and the side drain along the road. If the erosion is addressed without the roads it will amount to waste of resources as whatever solution proffered will be eroded and carried away by the storm water.

Figure 3.2 Project area road networks 3.4.2 Recovering of Land in gully/Filling of gully erosion Filling of the gully is considered very important for economic and social reasons. Without filling the gully and the eroded areas reclaimed, the owners of the properties within the eroded area will not be able to use or access their properties and houses. The owners of property close to the erosion site will feel insecure and their properties will lose value, while others will consider it as having lost their ancestral home with the attendant traumatic effect on them and their children. Hence the community might consider the investment on the project of no value. The backfilling will be compacted as specified.

3.4.3 Construction of Collector drains channels and chute (sloping glacis) The collector drain at each point where the road drains meet will be made in concrete before the water enters the main channel. This channel will take the water to the sloping glacis (chute) which is also made of concrete and there to stilling basin where the water will be stilled and taken to the natural stabilized valley through the gabion mattress. The side slopes of the channels, stilling basin and the chutes will be treated with structured vegetation which will include sand bags, erosion resistance trees, plants and grasses in other to make the area environmental friendly.

Draft Report for the Amachalla gully erosion site

3.4.4 Easing of the sides to stable slopes in sections where space permits Focus will be on the use of vegetation to stabilize soil on slopes prone to mass movements. Before a plant can be chosen for a particular function, its physical and hydrological properties will be determined, thus the root architecture of grasses, shrubs and trees described and the soil hydrological and mechanical factors which influence vegetation will also be discussed.

3.4.5 Proper grassing and planting of vegetation to provide cover for the eased out slopes and channels Riparian vegetation/grasses will be planted to slow down the rate of storm water runoff that arises during or after heavy downpour or as a result of discharge from a particular source. This will be done considering the gradient of the gully. When establishing a vegetation cover the following will be considered:  Areas that are already important from wildlife or landscape perspective (eg wetland, species-rich grassland, reedbed, tall herb communities) will not be planted in.  Other options for vegetation establishment that might result in more valuable habitats (eg tall herbs) will be considered.  Only species that are native to the locality and are appropriate to the site will be planted.  Planting will be on, rather than away from, the bank in treeless gullies so that eventually the tree roots will create physical structures that can act as barrier to wind erosion.  New planting will be made flexible to allow for planting around existing vegetation features and to leave open areas to create glades.  Planting will be carried out from October to the end of March when the ground is free from frost and waterlogging.

3.4.6 Control and monitoring of human activity e.g. farming, sand digging, building etc within the recovered areas and eased out side slopes Strict monitoring and control practices will be adopted to check the following human activities within the project area which will subsequently assist in controlling erosion.

 Building houses via land reclamation or within sand dune areas can lead to erosion at the end of the structures. This can occur in the short term (less than five years) or the long term (more than five years). Removal of dune vegetation and mangroves will expose low energy shorelines to increased energy and reduced sediment stability, causing erosion within five to ten years  Activities within river catchments/watersheds: Dam construction and river diversion will cause reduction of sediment supply to the coast that contributes to erosion.  Sand and coral mining may affect coastal processes in various ways such as contributing to sediment deficit in the coastal system and modifying water depth that leads to altered wave refraction and longshore drift. The impact of these activities will be obvious within a short period of time (one to ten years).

Draft Report for the Amachalla gully erosion site

More so, the current farming system of the area will be ascertained and better systems encourage for example Shifting cultivation and crop rotation can be adopted to ensure that stable land is regained.

3.5 Design components

3.5.1 Concrete stepped channel The concrete channel will have a total length of 75 meters (75m) which will be divided into three steps of twenty five meters (25meach and with a width of 1.5m, while the height of the step is two meters (2m) each. To facilitate the construction of the step and ensure stability due to earth pressure on the steps, gabions will be introduced at the rear of each step. The stepping of this channel should be considered very necessary in order to reduce energy and the velocity of the flow between the beginning of the channel and the sloping glacis. If the channel is not stepped, the slope would be higher with the consequent effect of higher velocity and a larger basin.

3.5.2 Chute channel The chute channel as shown in figure 3.3, will have a total length of thirty six meters (36m), 1.5 width, 1.5m height of side wall of 250mm and 180 sloe, to check sliding of the chute channel, a chute block will be subdivided into ten meters section and then construction joints introduced. These construction joints will be treated with water stop, bituminous sealant material, and detailed in such a way that, if there is any leakage through the joints it will not create hydrostatic pressure on the floor of the chute but instead will flow down. The thickness of the concrete floor for the chute is 450mm while the wall thickness is 250mm reinforced concrete.

Figure 3.3 Structural details of the Chute Block and the End Sill 3.5.3 Stilling basing The stilling basin as shown in figure 3.4, will have the following parameters; height of hydraulic jump 2.30m, length of hydraulic jump 10m, the critical depth of water is 670mm and hence the basin will be embedded into the ground by 1900mm, the downstream will be protected with

Draft Report for the Amachalla gully erosion site gabion mattress until the water enters the naturally stabilized valley. The length of the gabion mattress is fourteen meters.

Figure 3.4 The Stilling basin

Draft Report for the Amachalla gully erosion site

CHAPTER FOUR: SUMMARY OF THE POTENTIAL IMPACTS FOR THE AMACHALLA GULLY EROSION SITE

4.1 Introduction

The proposed Rehabilitation of the Amachalla gully erosion will lead to several changes in the environment and socio-economic aspect of the project area. A good number of these changes will be beneficial, especially the impacts of rehabilitating degraded land and reducing longer-term erosion vulnerability in Amachalla community.

4.2 Associated and Potential Environmental Impacts

For the identification and rating of key issues and impacts that are likely to occur during the phases of this rehabilitation project and the significance of the associated impacts, a “5-Step Tool” was used. Rating of Impacts Five steps were followed sequentially in order to rate the impacts of the various activities of the projects as shown below:

Step 1: Impacts identification Interactions b/w project activities and environmnetal and social sensitivities

Step 2: Qualification of Impacts Step 5: Impact Table Positive/Negative, List impact source and ratings Direct/Indirect, Short/Long term, Reversible/Irreversible

Step 4: Degree of Impact Significance Step 3: Rating of Impacts Major, Moderate, Moderatly Likelihood High, Moderately Low

Figure 4.0 Impact Rating Tool

Draft Report for the Amachalla gully erosion site

Step 1: Identification of Potential Impacts Expected impacts were determined based on anticipated interactions between project activities and major environmental and social sensitivities.

Step 2 and 3: Qualification of Impacts Qualification of impacts was based two assessment characteristics: Step 2: Likelihood of occurrence – This is an assessment of the probability of the effect occurring. Step 3: Potential consequence – This is the actual result and scale that an effect might have. The application of each of the two characteristics is described below.

Table 4.0: Likelihood of Occurrence of Impact Impact Probability Likelihood Frequency High probability (80-100%) A very likely impact Very frequent impacts Medium high probability (60-80%) A likely impact Frequent impacts Medium probability (40-60%) A possible impact Occasional impacts Medium low probability (20-40%) An unlikely impact Few impacts Low probability (0-20%) A very unlikely impact Rare impacts

The magnitude of the potential changes to the physical and social environment caused by the impact of an activity or hazard, and the level of sensitivity of the receiving environment determine the potential impact of the activity. This is shown below:

Table 4.1 Potential Consequences Classification Matrix Magnitude of Effect Receptor Sensitivity Low change Medium change High change Low receptor sensitivity Trivial effect Slight effect Substantial effect

Medium receptor sensitivity Slight effect Substantial effect Big effect

High receptor sensitivity Substantial effect Big effect Massive effect

The rating of the potential consequences of an impact and its effects are shown below:

Table 4.2 Potential Consequences Potential Consequence Effect Extreme consequence A massive effect Great consequence A big effect Considerable consequence A substantial effect Little consequence A slight effect Hardly any consequence A trivial effect

Step 4: Degree of Significance The table below shows the impact significance with associated impact ratings.

Table 4.3 Degree of Impact Significance Impact Significance Impact Ratings Major significance Major Impact Moderate Significance Moderate Impact Minor Significance Minor Impact Negligible Significance Negligible Impact

Draft Report for the Amachalla gully erosion site

Step 5: Impact Assessment Matrix Table 4.4 Impact Assessment Matixes

Potential consequences

Likelihood Positive Negative

Hardly any Little Considerable Great Extreme High Moderate Moderate Major Major Major Medium Minor Moderate Moderate Major Major high Medium Minor Minor Moderate Moderate Major

Medium low Negligible Minor Minor Moderate Moderate

Low Negligible Negligible Minor Minor Moderate After the rating of each impact, the determination of mitigation measures followed (refer to section on ESMP). Only moderate and major impacts were considered for impact mitigation. Continuous improvement practices will address low impacts. The positive impacts shall be monitored and enhanced when expedient.

Associated and Potential Impacts Determination The results of the evaluation of the interactions between the proposed activities and their impacts on environmental and social sensitivities are shown in subsequent pages of this chapter. The identified negative impacts were rated as minor, moderate and major. Beneficial impacts arising from the project were rated as positive. Hence, no further classifications were made on the beneficial impacts.

Methodology for Assessing and Analyzing the Social Impacts The socio-economic impacts were identified through: 1) technical identification of the scope and nature of project activities required, 2) previous experience on similar jobs, 3) concerns raised by stakeholders during focused group discussions and public and stakeholder consultations, 4) interactions with professionals and experts in the field by the ESMP team,

The impacts and discussions on them are presented in this section with regard to the various project phases:

4.3 Broad Potential Beneficial Impacts of the Rehabilitation of the Amachalla Gully Erosion Site

The implementation of the Rehabilitation of the Amachalla Gully Erosion Site is envisaged to largely impact positively to the people of the community and stakeholders at large. The potential

Draft Report for the Amachalla gully erosion site positive impacts will depend on the proper implementation of the project components and sub- components. The beneficial environmental and social impacts will include:

4.3.1 Potential Beneficial Impacts Associated with the Rehabilitation of the Amachalla gully erosion site The project is envisaged to have a range of positive environmental and social impacts. Some of these are a function of the objectives of the project, while others are a function of the way in which the project is designed to meet its objectives.

Some of the potential beneficial impacts associated with the project include:

 Rehabilitation of the erosion menace in the community  Repair of the watershed gullies  Construction and repairs of 3 adjoining roads (‘Peter Onwuka Street’, ‘Channel 10’ street and ‘Eugene Nwude’ streets) that lead to the gully head.  Provision of proper and well-designed road drainage systems  Connection and restoration of access to houses already cut off by the erosion  Provision of employment opportunities for both skilled and unskilled workers.  Improved agricultural productivity within the community and Anambra state at large.  Community development programs.  Reintegration of community and diversification of sources of livelihood.  Reduction of mortality rate.  Promotion of afforestation programs (with all its benefits)  Minimization of flooding and control of coastal overflow.  Reduced fear perception of loss of property, inhabitation and ancestral origins of the communities.  Control and Reduction of water body sedimentation rates due to erosion.  Reduction in mortality/morbidity from landslides.  Creation of engineered travel routes and access roads.  Increase in the life span of roads.  Increased opportunities for easy inter-state movement and business development.  Initiation/ kick-off of rapid production systems and agricultural practices.  Increase in social interactions  Improved livelihood enhancing activities  Gender Issues: Construction activities will encourage economic activities, especially for women. Since there would be a large workforce, petty traders and food-spots owners will benefit immensely from the demand on site.  Promotion of goodwill and community appreciation of the NEWMAP intervention in Anambra State and Nigeria at large.

Draft Report for the Amachalla gully erosion site

4.4 Potential Adverse Impacts associated with the Rehabilitation of the Amachalla gully erosion site

Some adverse impacts that may be associated with the rehabilitation of the gully erosion site are highlighted in this subsection. Notwithstanding the ESMP will be prepared to ensure that these impacts are reduced to the barest minimum.

 Soil Compaction: Construction machinery moving around the area can create soil compaction, which may harm the soil’s future potential as farmland, impair drainage and increase the risk of flooding.  Waste Generation: Construction crews may generate solid and liquid wastes (sewages). Uncontrolled and untreated, these wastes are major sources of pollution, disrupting the ecosystem and contributing to local (and sometimes much broader) health problems.  Restricted Access to Business owners: During the rehabilitation works there are bound to be restriction in movement, which will affect transport of goods and services.  Water use: Pressure on the Available Water for Domestic purpose and other Uses  Possible of disconnection of the community from the national power grid: Site reconnaissance visit identified some electric poles which will need to be relocated during the commencement of civil works.  Noise and Vibration Nuisance: The project area is a built-up area with residential houses, schools, market and a hotel. The civil works will generate noise and vibrations on site and surrounding environment. Most activities associated with road project starting from the pre-construction phase to the decommissioning phase would generate relatively high levels of noise and would be mainly from heavy equipment. The noise levels generated by construction equipment would vary significantly, depending on such factors as type, model, size, and condition of the equipment, operation schedule, and condition of the area being worked. Accordingly, potential impacts of site monitoring and testing activities on ambient noise level would be expected to be temporary and intermittent in nature.  Emission of Green House Gases, Dust and Particulates: Emissions from exhaust fumes will originate from mobile sources including vehicles, trucks and heavy equipment during mobilization.  Attack by Poisonous Insects, Reptiles/snakes and other Dangerous Wild Animals: Field workers engaged in site clearing, geotechnical investigations and construction could be exposed to attack by animals. These attacks could result in injuries, poisoning or even death.  Interference with Land Transport: The equipment and personnel will be transported by road. Additional traffic during transport of equipment and personnel for the proposed project will likely create a traffic jam on the road. There is high likelihood that when moving these equipment and personnel along these roads, the transport activities of the community could be disrupted and this could have impact on the socio-economic activities of the community.

Draft Report for the Amachalla gully erosion site

 Alteration of Habitat and Biodiversity: Disturbance on the natural habitat due to human activity can result to likelihood that some amount of flora and fauna would be destroyed. Site clearing will lead to loss of species diversity and abundance, including soil organisms, fungi, invertebrates, and bacteria. It will also lead to loss of food sources, fauna habitat, breeding grounds and nesting sites, even the loss of protection of endangered species.  Work Site Accidents: The frequency and incidence of occupational hazards rise with increasing activities. Site clearing is typically done using both heavy and light equipment such as graders, and bulldozers. In the process of clearing there could be injuries and possibly fatalities among the workforce.  Loss of Jobs: At the end of the project lifetime the project workforce will be demobilized. This will bring about loss of jobs for the project workers. This will translate to loss in income and business opportunities. Most of the small scale businesses that provided goods and services to the road crew members will either windup or experience significant reduction in the volume of business with the demobilization of the project and this too will translate to loss of income.

4.5Identified Potential Impacts (by Project Phases)

Pre-Construction Phase A. Environmental Impacts Positive  Prior to the commencement of rehabilitation works, a feasibility study and environmental assessment are required to describe the proposed project needs, aid project design, and ensure environmental and socio-economic sustainability of the project and the project community.

 The project will undertake a stakeholders/public consultation exercise to sensitize the stakeholders in the project command area and beyond on the environmental safeguards components of the project. The public consultation process is seen to be a positive impact, as it will form a basis for project design and implementation decisions-making. Negative a. Air Quality

 The pre-construction phase will give rise to fugitive dusts and frequent exhaust emissions into the atmosphere as equipment is delivered to the Amachalla Gully Erosion Site and along access roads where the proposed rehabilitation works will take place. b. Soil

 Leakages may occur from stacked equipment containing oil such as engine oil. This could result in the seeping-through of oil into the soil, thereby leading to possible contamination of soil, surface water and ground water.

 Soil compaction and soil structure changes may occur due to influx and stationary positioning of heavy duty equipment and vehicles.

Draft Report for the Amachalla gully erosion site

c. Noise and Vibration

 During the pre-construction activities the WHO/FMEnv permissible noise level (90dB) may be exceeded due to mobilization of heavy machinery to the rehabilitation site. B. Social Impacts Positive  The project will undertake a stakeholders/public consultation exercise to sensitize stakeholders in the project command area and beyond on the social safeguards to ensure project sustainability. The public consultation process is seen to be a positive impact, as it will form a basis for project concept decision-making and implementation. Negative a. Land Acquisition

 Possible unresolved issues during land acquisition process from members of the community which may result in conflict between contractors and land owners.

 Hostile and unfriendly community attitudes during land acquisition process.

 Decrease in accruable income from land

b. Noise

 Noise from heavy-duty project vehicles and equipment may exceed the WHO/FMEnv acceptable noise level limits, resulting in nuisance.

c. Others

 Possible disruptions of movement of residents within the project area to places of work, and businesses, as a result of movement of equipment and materials along access roads, resulting in loss of man-hours and negative perception of the project amongst road users and residents.

 Properties particularly farmlands may be accidentally damaged or destroyed during the movement of heavy duty vehicles and equipment.

 Accidents involving vehicles or pedestrians may occur during vehicle and equipment movement to site. C. Occupational Health and Safety

Positive  During the pre-construction phase, Occupational Health and Safety (OHS) awareness programs will be conducted. Awareness programs and interactive sessions will benefit primarily the contractors’ personnel, schools, residents and businesses. Guidelines on safe practices and safe behaviours will be made available to these

Draft Report for the Amachalla gully erosion site

groups in order to minimize the occurrence of occupational incidents or accidents in the course of implementing project activities. Negative  During the pre-construction phase air pollution from exhaust fumes of vehicles and release of fugitive dust as a result of equipment moving to the work area may occur. This will pose an occupational health risk (respiratory infections and diseases), especially for people residing in and carrying out activities around the project rehabilitation area and also, contractor personnel, and personnel conveying equipment.

 Exposure to noise pollution, injuries and accidents during movement of equipment to the work areas. Construction Phase

A. Environmental Impacts

Positive  Rehabilitation works will commence in the Amachalla gully erosion site.

 Construction and repairs of 3 adjoining roads (‘Peter Onwuka Street’, ‘Channel 10’ street and ‘Eugene Nwude’ streets) that lead to the gully head. Access roads surrounding the gully head will be constructed/re-constructed thereby improving access. This will include connecting washed out roads between the communities.

 The construction of adjoining roads will make provisions for drainage thereby conveying water to the gully head.

 Channelization of flood waters: Drainage channels will be constructed, to channel storm water to collector drains at the gully head.

 Construction of suitable sized and aligned collector drains at the gully head to collect and lead the storm water/runoff from the roads into drop structures.

 A chute will be constructed to channel water into the stilling basin. This will enable the controlled flow of water from the collector drain to the stilling basin.

 The phase will allow for recovery works for land located within the gully, so as to safeguard residential properties at risk of erosion.

 Re-vegetation activities will be carried out, to provide cover for the eased out slopes, channels, chute and the stilling basin. The structured vegetation to be applied include sand bags, erosion resistance trees, plants and grasses in other to make the area environmental friendly and to improve the aesthetic of the project area.

 Stabilization (even out/ uniformity) of the slopes, where feasible to prevent further collapse of the slopes. Negative a. Climate Change

Draft Report for the Amachalla gully erosion site

 Climate change impacts need to be assessed from two perspectives. Firstly, the impact of the project on climate change and secondly the impact of climatic change on the project scheme and its infrastructure.

 Green House Gas (GHG) emissions from vehicular and construction equipment would be generated during the pre-construction, construction and subsequently, operational phases of the project. These emissions would be the primary impact of the project on climate change. GHG emissions are considered based on three “scopes” – Scope 1 (direct emissions), Scope 2 (indirect emissions) from the consumption of purchased energy [Purified Motor Spirit {PMS}, diesel] and Scope 3 (other indirect emissions) b. Air Quality

 Emission of Green House Gases, Dust and Particulates: Emissions from exhaust fumes will originate from mobile sources including vehicles, trucks and heavy equipment during construction works.

 Excavation, grading, compaction, filling and other civil works will lead to the increase in fugitive dust.

 Civil works will cause changes in the air and atmospheric conditions of the project area and surrounding environment. Fugitive dusts, machinery exhaust fumes [nitrogen oxides (NOX), carbon monoxide (CO), sulphur oxides (SOx), hydrocarbons and suspended particulates], and dusts from rehabilitation/construction activities will impact negatively on air quality. Air pollution from machineries will be short term, moderate and localized. c. Soil

 Construction machinery stationed and moving around the area can create soil compaction, which may harm the soil’s future potential as farmland, impair drainage and increase the risk of flooding.

 Excavation and compaction activities through construction works will alter the soil properties including loss of valuable top soils.

 Increased sedimentation and runoff during the construction activities such as grading, levelling and filling of the roads etc.

 Accidental spillage of chemicals and fuels from the operation and maintenance of construction vehicles and equipment will pose negative impacts to surface and future groundwater quality. d. Water Quality and Hydrology

 Increased pressure on water resources during construction works

 During construction works, seepage of fuel from machineries and effluent discharge into the watershed may occur, thus impacting on the water quality

Draft Report for the Amachalla gully erosion site

 During the rehabilitation works, there may be potential for sediment/contaminant laden water runoff to impact on water quality. The contaminants in water runoff may have the potential to enter existing drainage channels and into local watercourses, affecting downstream users and aquatic life.

 Flood draining activities may introduce chemicals into water bodies leading to possible changes in water colour and pH levels, pollution and eutrophication in surface water. e. Noise and Vibration

 The project area is a built-up area with residential houses, schools, market and a hotel. The civil works will generate noise and vibrations on site and surrounding environment. Most activities associated with road project starting from the pre- construction phase to the construction phase would generate relatively high levels of noise and would be mainly from heavy equipment. The noise levels generated by construction equipment would vary significantly, depending on such factors as type, model, size, and condition of the equipment, operation schedule, and condition of the area being worked. Accordingly, potential impacts of site monitoring and testing activities on ambient noise level would be expected to be temporary and intermittent in nature.

 Vibrations resulting from construction equipment may cause further soil destabilization and consequent erosion. f. Waste

 Construction activities will lead to the production of solid wastes - soil excavated debris, metal scraps, plastics, wood, waste concrete, papers and cartons, etc.

 Increased generation of liquid waste – concrete washings, canal watering, etc.

 Construction crews may generate solid and liquid wastes (sewages). Uncontrolled and untreated, these wastes are major sources of pollution, disrupting the ecosystem and contributing to local (and sometimes much broader) health problems. g. Flora and Fauna

 Alteration of habitat and biodiversity may occur, due to human activities and disturbance on the natural habitat. Site clearing will lead to loss of species diversity and abundance, including soil organisms, fungi, invertebrates, and bacteria. It will also lead to loss of food sources, fauna habitat, breeding grounds and nesting sites for the avifauna.

 Reduction in the number of native wildlife

 During mobilization of equipment, construction activities such as grading, dredging, filling, excavation etc., Weed invasion/proliferation of opportunist species (weeds & pests) may occur.

Draft Report for the Amachalla gully erosion site

h. Topography

 Scarification of natural landscape of the project site. B. Social Impacts Positive a. Employment

 Employment of skilled and unskilled labour will be promoted. Artisans and professionals from the project area will be provided contractual employment during this phase. This will help promote community goodwill. b. Economic Benefits

 This phase will encourage economic activities within and around work areas. Petty traders, food vendors and other small businesses will benefit from the demands at the work site. c. Waste Management

 The construction phase will see to the implementation of a viable waste management plan for project activities. d. Occupational, Health and Safety

 Occupational health and safety efforts will be intensified during the construction phase as signage, warning and hazard signs will be put up to inform residents and others, about the on-going rehabilitation works in sensitive areas.

 The phase will encourage the conduct of Occupational Health Risk Assessment (OHRA), Job Hazard Analysis (JHA), Hazard Communication Program (HAZCOM), OHS trainings and other proactive safety strategies (fulfilling the social and fiscal imperatives) which will help reduce the occurrence of on-site incidents/accidents and the resultant burden of direct or indirect compensation costs. Negative a. Impact on Livelihood/Community Activities/Social Stress

 During the rehabilitation works there are bound to be restriction in movement, which will affect residents and business owners in the project area.

 Road rehabilitation activities may disrupt use of access roads by other users including travellers. There may be occurrences of traffic congestion on access roads as a result of intermittent movement of equipment and materials into and from the rehabilitation work area. There is high likelihood that when moving these equipment and personnel along these roads, the transport activities of the community could be disrupted and this could have impact on the socio-economic activities of the community.

Draft Report for the Amachalla gully erosion site

 Flooding in other areas may occur during construction activities (construction of drainage), which can lead to destruction of lands, and properties.

 Human Displacement: Civil, re-vegetative, and watershed management may require the relocation of surrounding residents and their sources of livelihood. b. Social Vices

 The project will attract a significant workforce. Associations between workers and local residents may lead to casual sexual relationships, thereby increasing the risks of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and HIV

 Vices such as theft, drug use, casual sex (with minors, prostitutes, etc.), small scale gambling, rape, etc., may arise due to the influx of project workforce into the area. c. Health and Safety

 Incidences of respiratory conditions and respiratory diseases (silicosis, asthma, bronchitis, upper respiratory infections may occur due to air contamination by exhaust fumes and dust resulting from civil works.

 Possible spread of water borne diseases (e.g. Cholera, Dysentery, Amoebiasis, Salmonellosis etc) may occur during flood draining activities

 Possible outbreak of HIV/AIDS and other STDs.

 During construction activity through creation of pools of stagnant water there may be an increase in malaria cases

 Exposure of workforce to attack by poisonous insects, reptiles and other dangerous wild animals. These attacks could result in injuries, poisoning or even death.

 The frequency and incidence of occupational hazards may rise with during construction activities.

 Accidents may occur during the construction phase as a result of increased vehicular movements d. Noise and Vibrations

 This phase will cause noise and vibration nuisance e. Waste

 The construction phase will give rise to increased generation of waste from construction activities f. Archaeological and Cultural Loss

 Construction works may impact on sensitive sites such as the Imo Oka Shrine. g. Conflict

 Conflict may arise between community members and contractor. This may hinder or slow down project implementation activities.

Draft Report for the Amachalla gully erosion site

h. Traffic

 Existing travel patterns will be negatively impacted during the construction phase of the project. C. Occupational Health and Safety Negative  In the course of rehabilitation works, there would be a moderate to severe likelihood of the occurrence of workplace hazards. Activities using heavy and light equipment such as graders and bulldozers could predispose personnel to hazards. “Unsafe behaviours” and “unsafe conditions” will pose serious occupational health and safety risks.

 Contact with natural hazards such as animals, insects, poisonous plants. Operational Phase A. Environmental Impacts Positive  Repair of watershed gullies and rehabilitation of erosion menace. Proper erosion and watershed management as flood waters and run-off will be efficiently controlled.  Provision of proper and well-designed road drainage systems  Improved access road for between communities. This will immensely benefit community residents and other road users.  Stabilization of the Amachalla gully erosion site, this preventing further erosion from occurring.  Aesthetic modifications will promote good ambience within the Amachalla gully erosion site.  Availability of water (in the stilling basin) for agricultural use.  Control and reduction of water body sedimentation rates due to erosion.  Promotion of afforestation programs

Negative a. Air Quality

 Vehicular emissions and particulate matter generated during the operational phase are expected to increase due to an increase in road users. This will affect ambient air quality levels. b. Noise

 The increase in road users will cause noise nuisance to local residents

c. Water Quality

 Roadway runoff, wastes (municipal solid wastes, agricultural wastes, effluent, hazardous wastes e.t.c) may cause turbidity, changes in water colour and in pH levels.

Draft Report for the Amachalla gully erosion site

d. Odour

 Release of foul smell from the collector drains, chute and stilling basin as a result of runoff/storm water containing decaying matter. e. Blocked Drains

 There may be sediment laden run-off/storm water which may block the collector drains whereby affecting water flow. B. Social Impacts Positive a. Livelihood

 Proper erosion and watershed management as flood waters and run-off will be controlled.

 With the rehabilitation of the Amachalla gully erosion site, the risk of land and properties being carried away will be significantly reduced. Reduced fear perception of loss of property, inhabitation and ancestral origins of the communities.

 Increase in project area development and business opportunities

 Improved access between communities and inter-state movement thus increasing social interactions. Reintegration of community and diversification of sources of livelihood.

 Improved agricultural productivity within the community and Anambra state at large.

 Initiation/ kick-off of rapid production systems and agricultural practices.

 Reduction in mortality/morbidity from landslides. b. Infrastructure

 Creation of engineered travel routes and access roads

 Provision of proper and well-designed road drainage systems c. Education

 The rehabilitation in the Amachalla gully site area will lead to educational and social tourism to the project (for example university students studying the various fields of erosion and watershed management and engineering), and Industrial Training and those requiring hands-on experience.

 Increase in community development programs d. Traffic

 Increase in traffic within the roads and access roads of the project e. Control

 Control and monitoring of human activity e.g. farming, sand digging, building etc within the recovered areas and eased out side slopes

Draft Report for the Amachalla gully erosion site

Negative a. Loss of Employment

 At the end of the project lifetime the project workforce will be demobilized. This will bring about loss of jobs for the project workers. This will translate to loss in income and business opportunities. Most of the small scale businesses that provided goods and services to the road crew members will either windup or experience significant reduction in the volume of business with the demobilization of the project and this too will translate to loss of income b. Air Quality

 Increase vehicular emissions from road users c. Waste

 Indiscriminate dumping of waste may lead to blocking of drainage channels and sanitation issues.

d. Conflict

 There may be land use conflict in managing the erosion site e.g. ecological, grazing and farming e. Noise

 Noise nuisance from vehicles on access roads is very likely. f. Health and Safety

 The stilling basin could become a breeding site for disease vectors e.g. flies and mosquitoes. Possible spread of water borne diseases (e.g. Cholera, Dysentery, Amoebiasis, Salmonellosis etc) may occur.

 Increase in respiratory problems amongst local residents as a result of increase in road users.

 Increase in vehicular accidents along constructed/rehabilitated access roads.

C. Occupational Health and Safety Positive  Implementation of site-specific occupational health and safety management plans (OHSMPs)

 Monitoring for occupational health and safety risk assessment (OHSRA) report data.

 Continuous job hazard analysis and process hazard analysis (JHA and PHA)

 Implementation of a hazard communication program (HazCom)

 Reduced direct and indirect costs as a result of pro-active safety strategies.

Draft Report for the Amachalla gully erosion site

 OHS Training

 PPE availability

Negative  There may be flood risk associated with the stilling basin. This is likely to occur when the impoundment level of the stilling basin exceeds the safety level. Injury of workers and the public during the operation and maintenance activities. Tables 4.5 – 4.7 indicated the identified potential impact and rating for the pre-construction, construction and operational phases of the rehabilitation of the Amachalla gully erosion site.

Draft Report for the Amachalla gully erosion site

Table 4.5 Identified Potential Impacts and Rating - Pre Construction Phase

Project Phase Component Sub- Potential Impact Description Likelihood Consequence Rating component Air Fugitive dust and exhaust fumes from Direct Medium Considerable Moderate vehicles Negative Short-term/long-term Local/widespread Reversible Soil Soil compaction and soil structure Direct Medium Considerable Moderate changes due to influx and stationary Negative Low positioning of heavy duty equipment Short-term and vehicles Local Reversible

Leakages from stacked equipment and Direct Moderate subsequent seeping through of Negative Medium Considerable contaminated oils and chemicals Short-term Local Reversible Pre- Noise Increase above permissible noise level, Direct Medium Considerable Moderate construction Environment (90dB) due to movement of vehicles, Negative Phase equipment and machines to the gully Short-term erosion site Local/widespread Reversible Vegetation De-vegetation – Loss of flora and fauna Direct Medium Little Minor Negative Short-term Local/widespread Reversible/Irreversible

Draft Report for the Amachalla gully erosion site

Project Phase Component Sub- Potential Impact Description Likelihood Consequence Rating component Land Conflict between contractor and land Direct Medium Considerable Moderate Acquisition owners, due to unresolved issues during Negative land acquisition process Short-term Local Reversible Decrease in accruable income due to Direct Medium Considerable Moderate sale of land Negative Short-term/Long-term Local Reversible Traffic Traffic congestion/travel delay Direct Medium Considerable Moderate Negative Short-term Local/widespread Reversible Noise Nuisance to surrounding residents/ Direct Medium Considerable Moderate communities Negative Pre- Short-term construction Local Social Phase Reversible Others Accidental destruction of property such Direct Medium low Little Minor as farmlands Negative Short-term Local Reversible Grievances Direct/Indirect Low Little Minor Negative Short-term Local Reversible Accidents involving vehicles or Direct/Indirect Medium Considerable Minor pedestrians Negative Low Short-term Local Reversible

Draft Report for the Amachalla gully erosion site

Project Phase Component Sub- Potential Impact Description Likelihood Consequence Rating component Others Blocked access route to places of work, Direct/Indirect Medium Considerable Minor Pre- residence and business Negative Low construction Short-term Social Phase Local Reversible Pre- Air Exposure to respiratory disease risks Direct Medium Considerable Moderate Construction from dusts, exhaust fumes of Negative equipment and vehicles Short-term /long-term Local/wide spread Occupational Reversible Health and Safety Health and Exposure to injuries and accidents Direct Medium Great Major Safety during movement of equipment Negative Short-term /long-term Local/wide spread Reversible

Draft Report for the Amachalla gully erosion site

Table 4.6 Identified Potential Impacts and Rating - Construction Phase

Project Phase Component Sub-component Potential Impact Description Likelihood Consequence Rating

GHG Emissions Direct /indirect Medium low Considerable Minor Negative Climate Change short-term/Long-term Local/widespread Irreversible Cement dust, fugitive Direct Moderate Considerable Moderate dust, welding fumes, Negative Air exhaust fumes, short-term/Long-term hazardous gases (NOx, Local/widespread CO, SOx, PM 2.5, PM 10) Irreversible Destabilization of soil Direct Medium Considerable Moderate structure/ Increase of Negative

erosion site short-term

Local Construction Reversible Phase Compaction of top soil Direct Medium-high Considerable Moderate

due to movement of Negative

Soil heavy vehicles and short-term Environment equipment Local

Reversible Contamination of soil Direct Medium-low Considerable Minor by oil spills, fuel, etc. Negative short-term Local Reversible Direct/Indirect Medium Considerable Moderate Discharge of sediment Negative Water laden run-off into water Short-term/Long-term quality/hydrology bodies Local/Widespread Reversible

Draft Report for the Amachalla gully erosion site

Project Phase Component Sub-component Potential Impact Description Likelihood Consequence Rating

Contamination from Direct/indirect Medium Considerable Moderate (oils, fuel, chemical Negative substances etc) short-term/long-term Local/widespread Reversible

Contamination by Direct/indirect Medium Considerable Moderate human faecal wastes Negative Water short-term/long-term quality/hydrology Local/widespread Reversible

Noise pollution and Direct Medium-high Considerable Moderate vibration nuisance as a Negative result of on-going short-term rehabilitation works. Local Reversible Noise and Vibration Soil destabilization due Direct Medium low Considerable Minor to vibrations from Negative Construction construction equipment short-term Environment Phase use Local Reversible

Waste Increased generation of Direct Medium Considerable Moderate solid and liquid wastes Negative short-term Local Reversible

Biodiversity Loss of flora and fauna Direct Medium High Considerable Moderate Negative short-term /Long term Local Reversible/irreversible

Draft Report for the Amachalla gully erosion site

Project Phase Component Sub-component Potential Impact Description Likelihood Consequence Rating

Socio-economic Disruptions to resident Direct Medium Considerable Moderate activities activities within the Negative project area short-term Local Construction Reversible Social Phase Blocked access Direct Medium Considerable Moderate route/Restricted access Negative short-term Local Reversible Public Negative perception Direct Medium Little Minor among residents and Negative commercial short-term establishments etc about Local the project. Reversible Possible human Indirect Medium Great Moderate displacement Negative short-term Local Reversible Construction Social Phase Traffic Delay in travel time Direct Medium low Little Minor Negative short-term Local Reversible

Education Noise disturbances to Direct Medium Considerable Moderate the serene learning Negative environments. short-term (name of school) Local Reversible

Draft Report for the Amachalla gully erosion site

Project Phase Component Sub-component Potential Impact Description Likelihood Consequence Rating

Health and Safety Increase in sexual Indirect Medium high Great Major activities leading to Negative possible spread of STIs short-term Local/widespread Reversible Incidence of respiratory Direct Medium Considerable Moderate diseases due to air Negative contamination by short-term fugitive dusts and Local exhaust fumes Reversible Residents and Direct Medium Great Moderate workforce exposed to Negative accidents and injuries short-term Local Reversible Incidence of water Direct Medium Considerable Moderate borne diseases Negative (e.g.dysentery, cholera) short-term Local Reversible Behaviour Occurrence of social Indirect Medium Considerable Moderate vices (e.g. theft, drug Negative use etc) short-term Local Reversible Noise Nuisance due to Direct Medium Little Minor increase in noise levels Negative short-term Construction Social Local Phase Reversible Project Performance Conflict between Direct Medium Considerable Moderate community members Negative and contractor short-term Local Reversible Grievance and Direct/Indirect Medium Considerable Moderate resistance from Negative

Draft Report for the Amachalla gully erosion site

Project Phase Component Sub-component Potential Impact Description Likelihood Consequence Rating

communities Short-term/long-term Local Reversible Construction Occupational Personnel safety Injuries, falls, accidents, Direct/Indirect Medium high Considerable Moderate Phase Health and explosions, fires, Negative Safety leakages, accidents etc. Short-term/Long-term Local/widespread Reversible

Table 4.7 Identified Potential Impacts and their Ratings - Operational Phase Project Phase Component Sub-component Potential Impact Description Likelihood Consequence Rating

Air Exhaust fumes Indirect Medium Considerable Moderate from road users Negative Short-term/long-term Local/widespread Irreversible Noise Nuisance due to Indirect Medium Considerable Moderate increase in noise Negative levels Short-term/long-term Local Reversible Environment Water quality and Contaminated (with Indirect Medium Considerable Moderate hydrology human waste) water Negative run-off into surface Short-term/long-term water etc. Local/widespread Reversible Water flow Blocked drains Indirect Medium Considerable Moderate (with sediment) Negative Operational impeding water flow Short-term Phase Local Reversible Employment Loss of Indirect High Little Moderate employment Negative (engaged contract short-term staff on the project) Local Reversible

Health and Safety Increase in water Indirect Medium Considerable Moderate borne diseases Negative Social (malaria, typhoid, short-term cholera) Local Reversible Increase in vehicular Indirect Medium Considerable Moderate related accidents Negative short-term Local Reversible

Increase in Indirect Medium Considerable Moderate respiratory Negative problems amongst short-term local residents due Local to increase of road Reversible users Occupational Personnel safety Injury of workers Direct Low Considerable Minor Health and during operation Negative Safety and maintenance short-term/Long- activities term Local/widespread Reversible

4.6 Project Alternatives

Various alternatives to the planned rehabilitation works have been assessed in this section and they are indicated as follows

4.6.1 Rock Lined Chute The rock lined chute is used to lower surface water into the open channel where a gully has developed. The chute is sized according to drainage area and site factors. Proper sizing of the rock to withstand the expected velocity of water in the chute is the key factor. For the installation of this structure a good source of rock must be available in the area. Rock chutes are an essential item in the stabilization of gullies, as illustrated in the figure 4.1 below. Wherever practical erosion problems should be stabilized synthetic material should only be used in circumstances where natural based solutions fail to achieve the required stability.

Figure 4.1 Example of the use of rock lined chute system Most rock chute failure occur from either  Poor construction practices  Water passing around or the use of inadequately sized rock (as a result of either a design or construction problems).

The critical components of the rock chute design are:  Control of flow entry into the chute;  Determination of an appropriate rock size; and  The design of energy dissipation measures at the base of the chute to prevent undermining of the chute and damage to the gully banks.

The upper surface of the rock chute must blend with the surrounding land to allow water to freely enter the chute without being diverted along the edge of the rock lining. The rock size must be based on the flow conditions down the chute, the slope of the chute, the shape of the rocks (i.e. round or angular), and the degree of variability in rock size. The recommended mean rock size for long, straight chutes may be determined. Figure 4.2 illustrates a schematic diagram of a rock lined chute system for gully rehabilitation.

Constraints

 The non-availability of rocks in the area could be step back in the use of this alternative

Figure 4.2 Schematic diagram of a rock lined chute 4.6.2 Wood Drop Structure Wood has been used in various ways to control soil erosion. Over the past few years, the wood drop structure has been used with much success. Figure 4.3 illustrates a wood drop structure. The wood must be adequately treated to withstand contact with the soil in a wet condition and adequate drainage around this structure required. Constraints

 As the gully is deep and very wide its encroachment would be continuous with the use of this alternative. Since trapping of sand would be a dependent factor.

Figure 4.3 Schematic diagram of a Wood drop structure 4.6.3 Vegetated Overfall Structure The most economical way to solve gully erosion problems is with plants or grass, planting of grass such as the vetiver and Bamboo. A "Bio-Structural" approach to erosion and slope stability problems; i.e., incorporating planned vegetation elements in engineering designs, can be less expensive, more effective, and more adaptable than purely structural solutions. Vegetation should be used in conjunction with geo- textiles and engineered structures whenever appropriate and practical. Vegetation selected for "Bio-structural" design elements should be native whenever possible. Plants chosen should also be appropriate to the site, have wide adapt-ability, favorable spread and reproductive capability, superior control value, roots of high tensile strength, and is available commercially.

4.6.4 Do Nothing Alternative: The “do-nothing” option would involve maintaining the status quo. This would mean that no further rehabilitation of the erosion site will be done. This would actually lead to degradation of un- eroded areas thereby causing more harm than good to the immediate environment.

4.5 The Preferred Alternative

The preferred alternative would be to implement the current project proposal, however with a combination of suitable alternatives to enable the project achieves its objectives.

4 CHAPTER FIVE ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT PLAN

5.1 Overview

The range of environmental, social and occupational health and safety issues associated with the rehabilitation works for the Amachalla Gully Erosion Site Project will be described in a matrix table format (see table 5.0-5.3) for the environmental and social management plan (ESMP). The matirx table also includes a column for Monitoring Indicators and Monitoring Frequencies, as well as the a column for implementation and monitoring of mitigation measures.

It outlines the corresponding mitigation measures for potential environmental and social impacts; and occupational health and safety risks that are envisaged to occur during activities. Since the project consists of civil rehabilitation works basically, majority of the environmental and social impacts and occupational hazards will be expected to arise during the construction phase of the project. The ESMP also covers potential impacts as perceived during the pre- construction and operation phases.

5.2 Institutional Arrangement for ESMP and Monitoring Plan

It is planned that the potential environmental and social impacts and their designed enhancement and mitigation measures shall be monitored during implementation of the construction/rehabilitation works and operation phases. The roles and responsibilities for monitoring the environmental and social impacts and the implementation of the ESMP are as follows:

Overall sub-project coordination will be housed in Project Management Unit (PMU), of Anambra State NEWMAP Office. They will oversee the day-day project management and ensure that environmental and socio-economic concerns and management as elucidated in the ESMP are integrated into all aspects of project implementation. The Anambra State Ministry of Environment (ANSMOE); herein referred to as State Ministry of Environment (SME); National Environmental Standards Regulatory Enforcement Agency (NESREA), and Anambra State Environmental Protection Agency (ANSEPA) will monitor, evaluate and audit the implementation of the ESMP to ensure that the rehabilitation works and project operations meet “best environmental practices”. The Federal Road Safety Corps (FRSC) is a government agency responsible for road safety administration in Nigeria. The ensure safety in road in all states in Nigeria. There will be need to liaise with the Public Health department in Awka South LGA to ensure the provisions of healthcare needs and enlightenment on Sexually Transmitted Infections (STI).

Awareness creation exercises on HIV/AIDS, environmental protection and personal hygiene and sanitation shall also be undertaken for contactors personnel and all stakeholders involved in project implementation.

The ESMP shall be included in the contract documents for successful project implementation contractors. Awareness creation exercises on HIV/AIDS, environmental protection and personal hygiene and sanitation shall also be undertaken for contactors personnel and all stakeholders involved in project implementation.

5.3 Environmental and Social Management Plan Budget

The total cost for the ESMP for the Amachalla Gully Erosion Site Rehabilitation Works is Fifty six thousand three hundred and fifty dollars only ($ 56,350.00)

Table 5.0 ESMP - PRE-CONSTRUCTION PHASE Component Sub- Activities Potential Mitigation Measures Monitoring Monitoring Institutional Responsibility Costs component Impact Indicators Frequency (USD) Execution Monitoring of measures of executing measures Environmen Air Mobilization Increase in Sprinkling of water via Air quality Twice monthly Contractors NESREA 3,000 t of workers, amounts of spraying devices to limit parameters are (state), SME, equipment fugitive dusts dusts. within PMU, and other and exhaust permissible materials into fumes from Limits Amachalla movement of Ensure that vehicles are Ensure that Every two Gully Erosion heavy-duty serviced; undergo vehicle vehicles are months Site vehicles and emission testing (VET) serviced; equipment into and vehicle exhaust undergo vehicle work areas. screening (VES) as laid emission testing down in the NESREA (VET) and guidelines. vehicle exhaust screening (VES) as laid down in the NESREA guidelines. Soil Mobilization Loss of top soil Limit zone of vehicle and Visible Weekly PMU and SME, 5,500 of workers, and soil equipment weight impacts demarcation of Contractors ANSEPA, equipment compaction due (designate an area for vehicles and PMU and other to movement of parking and stacking equipment limit materials into vehicles to site equipment) zone Amachalla and stacking of Warning signs, Gully Erosion heavy-duty flags will be Site equipment utilized to alert users, so as to reduce risks associated with the rehabilitation of the project Leakages from Ensure fastening of loose Installation of Weekly stacked parts (bolts, nuts); Install impermeable equipment and impermeable surface at platform at limit

Component Sub- Activities Potential Mitigation Measures Monitoring Monitoring Institutional Responsibility Costs component Impact Indicators Frequency (USD) Execution Monitoring of measures of executing measures subsequent the limit zone to contain zone. intrusion of oil potential leakages and chemical substances into soil. Environmen Noise Mobilization Increase above The effective control of Options for Weekly PMU, SME, 500 t of workers, permissible noise noise from vehicles and noise impact Contractors ANSEPA equipment level, (90dB) equipment during this mitigation are and other during phase may be achieved by being materials into movement of considering the following implemented Amachalla vehicles, techniques: Gully Erosion equipment and  Alternative design Site machines (site- options; specific and  Mitigation at the source; widespread)  Mitigation along the path; and  Mitigation at the receiver For minimal disturbance it will be advised that equipment is transported when it will cause least disturbance Vegetation Vegetation Displacement of Contractors should limit Vegetation Monthly Contractors PMU 1,200 clearing soil fauna and vegetation clearing to clearing is damage to flora. minimum areas required limited to precise particularly areas with areas indigenous vegetation Predisposing of Cleared areas should be Re-vegetation is Monthly soils to erosion re- vegetated with on-going where beneficial local species appropriate. known to mitigate against erosion SUB-TOTAL - 10,200

Component Sub- Activities Potential Mitigation Measures Monitoring Monitoring Institutional Responsibility Costs component Impact Indicators Frequency (USD) Execution Monitoring of measures of executing measures Social Traffic Mobilization Traffic Apply lane configuration Lane Daily Contractors, FRSC 1,100 of workers, congestion/travel changes to affected roads configuration FRSC equipment delay along some and streets. changes are (Federal and other major roads being made Road Safety materials into where applicable. Corps) Amachalla Gully Erosion Site Noise Mobilization Nuisance to Retrofit with suitable cost Retrofitting with Daily Contractors SME, 1,200 of workers, nearby residential effective vehicle sound vehicle sound ANSEPA equipment areas proofing materials/ proof materials and other technologies. is being materials into performed Amachalla Gully Erosion Site Social Air Mobilization Exposure to Provision of facemasks to Provision of Weekly SME, PMU, ANSEPA 1,050 of workers, health risks from residents and project facemasks and Public equipment fugitive dusts and personnel. appropriate Health depts. and other exhausts fumes. PPEs are being Of Awka materials into provided. South LGA Amachalla Restrict access of non- Restriction Gully Erosion project personnel to work barrier are being Site areas where dusts and installed. emissions exist/persist from project works. Land Land Conflict owing to The PMU will carry out Documented Monthly for PMU PMU 1,000 Acquisition unresolved land an extensive evidence of 6months acquisition and enlightenment program enlightenment before and involuntary to inform farmers and carried out during showing method, displacement communities on the aim, construction/r coverage and dates during the scope and nature of the of programs ehabilitation construction work phase

Component Sub- Activities Potential Mitigation Measures Monitoring Monitoring Institutional Responsibility Costs component Impact Indicators Frequency (USD) Execution Monitoring of measures of executing measures Constructio Transportatio Public Safety and Transportation of heavy Evidence of Weekly during Contractor FRSC - n camping n and Traffic equipment will be carried warning signal pre- movement of congestion out during off pick hours construction PMU heavy when it will not disturb Log record of phase equipment public movement time of lorry arrival/discharge Where movement cannot of equipment be avoided during work hour, the contractor must attach a warning signal Others Mobilization Disruption of Adequate and timely Adequate and Monthly Independent PMU 500 of workers, vehicle and sensitization of PAPs; timely Consultant, equipment pedestrian access Lane configuration sensitization Contractor and other to where program is being materials into rehabilitation conducted Amachalla works will be Lane Gully Erosion conducted configuration Site change have . been made Sensitization PMU, PMU Grievances and Adequate and timely exercise are Independent 1,500 negative sensitization of PAPs conducted Consultant, community Contractors perception about the project. SUB-TOTAL – 6,350

Component Sub- Activities Potential Impact Mitigation Measures Monitoring Monitoring Institutional Costs component Indicators Frequency Responsibility (USD)

Execution of Monitoring measures of Executing measures Air Mobilization Institute workers Institution of Weekly Independent ANSEPA, 2,750 of workers, Respiratory disease respiratory protection WRPP Consultant, PMU equipment risks from exposure program (WRPP) Contractors and other to exhaust fumes of materials equipment and into gully vehicles site Noise Mobilization Institute noise control plan Institution of Weekly Independent ANSEPA, 750 of workers, noise control plan Consultant, PMU equipment Contractor and other Noise pollution materials into gully site Education and training of Education and One-off PMU, PMU 500 Occupational PAPs about the project training has been Contractor, Health and and accident occurrence conducted Independent Safety Consultant

Contractor(s) education Training has been One-off PMU FRSC 150 Mobilization Accidents involving and training on pedestrian conducted of workers, pedestrians safety equipment

Accidents and other

materials Install safety signage Safety signage Weekly PMU, PMU 500 into gully have been Contractor site installed

Collapse ofheavy Conduct haulage safety Training has been One-off Contractor PMU 250 equipment etc. being training conducted conveyed to rehabilitation work

area Enhanced fastening of Contractor(s) Weekly Contractor FRSC 500 equipment to carriage Compliance section of vehicles. Attack from Conduct safety and first Training has been One-off Contractor PMU 300 Personnel dangerous animals aid training conducted Safety during de-vegetation activities SUB-TOTAL – 5,700 PRE-CONSTRUCTION PHASE TOTAL – 22,250

Table 6.1ESMP - CONSTRUCTION PHASE Component Sub- Activities Potential Mitigation Measures Monitoring Monitoring Institutional Responsibility Costs component Impact Indicators Frequency Execution of Monitoring (USD) measures of Executing measures Fuel switching- Fuel switching PMU, ANSEPA, 1,000 from high- to low-carbon Contractors PMU content fuels (where available) can be a relatively cost effective means to mitigate GHG emissions during this phase. Transition to renewable energy sources i.e. solar energy (where applicable)

Operation of Energy efficiency- Machines Compliance to equipment used GHG e.g. generator plants could be proffered Climate Environment during the Emissions turned off when not in use, in mitigation Weekly Change construction order to reduce carbon measures. phase emissions.

Multiple trips reduction: In order to reduce vehicular movement and subsequent increased carbon emissions.

Hire vehicles, plants and equipment that are in good condition (current models) generally less than 3 yrs. old.

Component Sub- Activities Potential Impact Mitigation Measures Monitoring Monitoring Institutional Responsibility Costs component Indicators Frequency (USD) Execution Monitoring of measures of executing measures Costs may not Operation of Fugitive and cement apply as equipment used Contractors Daily PMU, dusts Routine watering of the Contractors water is during the Compliance Contractors rehabilitation sites available construction in the phase project area Costs may not apply as Rehabilitation Routine watering of the Contractors Daily PMU, Fugitive and cement Contractors water is works rehabilitation sites Compliance Contractors dusts available

in the project Environme Air area nt Wet Right-of-Way to QC and QA Monthly PMU, PMU, 400 reduce dust production are in Contractors Contractors practice

Test Procedures – Contractors Monthly PMU, PMU, 1,250 Heavy Routine measuring of Compliance Contractors Contractors Exhaust fumes, equipment HC and CO hazardous gases operations concentrations during (NOx, CO, SOx, during rehabilitation works SPM ), Oxides from construction , should be employed for welding activities. PMS powered vehicles. Diesel (AGO) vehicles should be tested for exhaust opacity during unloaded engine free acceleration periods.

Component Sub- Activities Potential Impact Mitigation Measures Monitoring Monitoring Institutional Responsibility Costs component Indicators Frequency (USD) Execution Monitoring of measures of executing measures Quality Control – Contractors Monthly Contractors PMU 500 Routine equipment Compliance efficiency audits Quality Assurance – Continuous training of contractor(s) personnel on air quality management All rehabilitation Contamination of Attempts to dispose of Contractors Daily Contractors SME, 750 works surface water sediment-laden run-off Compliance ANSEPA (discharge of into surface water sediment laden run- should be discouraged off into drainages, and prevented. Water waterways etc.) Implement site-specific quality/Hyd waste management rology plans Defecation near Generation of Liaise with the PMU Monthly PMU SME, 700 gully erosion site sewage overtime municipal sewage Compliance ANSEPA (from use of collection authorities for temporary mobile collection and treatment Environme toilets by personnel of waste with ANSEPA nt involved in civil works) Creation of limit zones PMU, and Monthly PMU, ANSEPA 200 Minimize compaction Contractor’s Contractors during stockpiling by Compliance Movement of working the soil in the heavy dry state. Soil/geolog Surface soil vehicles/Stationa Rip compacted areas to y compaction ry vehicles and reduce runoff and re- equipment vegetate where necessary All topsoil and other soil profiles must be

All oil and lubricants Contractor Periodically Contractor PMU 600 should be sited on an Compliance impervious base and Contamination should have drip pans by oil spills, Pollution of soil and The storage area should lubricants and groundwater be far from water other chemicals course All containers should be clearly labelled Excavations for Loss of top soil ; Ensure excavation is PMU Monthly Contractors PMU 1,200 constructing possible minor to limited to desired areas Compliance stilling basin moderate soil instability Excavated to be minimized and filled to ground level Erosion Erosion The contractor must Contractor Weekly Contractor PMU 2,000 management management implement appropriate Compliance erosion control measures to avoid further erosion in this watershed. Construct soil conservation measures at appropriate locations

Execution of major works that would impact on soil structure should be carried out during the dry season. If done during the wet season, temporal drain should precede the

Component Sub- Activities Potential Impact Mitigation Measures Monitoring Monitoring Institutional Responsibility Costs component Indicators Frequency (USD) Execution Monitoring of measures of executing measures permanent drain so that run-off from rain can be managed properly. Construction of Mitigation at source drainage (for all activities) Extensive noise site- structures, A noise barrier or specific pollution as PMU, collection drains, acoustic shield will a result of on-going Contractors Contractors SME, Noise chute and stilling reduce noise by Weekly 2,250 construction works. Compliance ANSEPA basin interrupting the

Rehabilitation/C propagation of sound

onstruction of waves. Environme road networks nt All Increase in waste Implement site-specific Contractors Weekly Contractor SME, 600 rehabilitation/co generated waste management plan Compliance ANSEPA nstruction works Waste Liaise with ANSEPA for effective waste management Increased human Increased human Provision of on-site Contractors One-off Contractor SME, 400 Sanitary faecal waste faecal waste sanitary facilities Compliance ANSEPA Concerns

Design All Interference with The design shall in no Contractors During Contractor SME, No Rehabilitation the physical setting way propose to Compliance Design ANSEPA additional Works implement costs to developments that will BOQ hinder drainage, change the topography or introduce physical changes that are not in harmony with the physical setting of the Project area. The structures to be developed should be

Component Sub- Activities Potential Impact Mitigation Measures Monitoring Monitoring Institutional Responsibility Costs component Indicators Frequency (USD) Execution Monitoring of measures of executing measures aesthetically acceptable to blend in with the surrounding. These structures should not form or end up being used by the resident population as access or bridges. No residential facilities shall be erected on site and the proponent shall as much as possible complete the works in such a way that natural aesthetics shall be retained at the locations. Restoration shall be undertaken to ensure that the original setting is as much as possible retained.

SUB-TOTAL – 11,850 Disruptions to Conduct survey to Independent One-off PMU, SME, PMU ,250 residents activities – identify best alternatives Consultants Independent Rehabilitation/ (e.g. blocked access to prevent disruptions Compliance Consultant Construction of to residents) to livelihood within on Social Livelihood Road and & off-site work areas drainage network before commencement of rehabilitation works.

Loss of travel time Lane configuration Contractors Weekly FRSC PMU, due to heavy changes Compliance Mobilization of concentration of Social Traffic equipment and 300 construction/project other materials vehicles on and off the project site

Component Sub- Activities Potential Impact Mitigation Measures Monitoring Monitoring Institutional Responsibility Costs component Indicators Frequency (USD) Execution Monitoring of measures of executing measures Grievances and PMU Monthly PMU SME Involve PAPs at certain negative perception Compliance levels of decision among residents and making and commercial implementation of establishments about activities the project Extensive civil Noise disturbances Mitigation at source Compliance Monthly PMU, Awka South 400 work/rehabilitati to the serene Inform residents prior Contractors LGA Education on activities environments for to commencement of the Amaenyi Girls works High School Increase in sexual Awareness campaign on Conduct of Quarterly MWR, Public SMH 550 activities leading to sexual diseases, and awareness Health dept. possible spread of distribution of male and campaigns of the Awka STIs female condoms. South LGA. Continuous civil Incidence of Distribute facemasks to Facemasks Monthly Public SMH 1,050 work activities respiratory diseases residents as a means to are being Health dept. and steady influx due to air reduce allergic reactions distributed of the Awka of workforce contamination by and respiratory disease South LGA, 1,000 Health fugitive dusts and occurrence. Contractors exhaust fumes Regular sprinkling of water in during Social construction works. Possible spread of Creation of temporary Compliance Monthly Contractors SME 2,000 Blocked drainage water borne diseases channels to collect flood channel water

Waste Increase in waste Ensure that all Contractors Weekly Contractors SME, 3,000 management generated from construction wastes are Compliance ANSEPA, Environmen construction works gathered on-site and FMW tal hygiene disposed off according and through the available aesthetics waste disposal operation in the project area.

Component Sub- Activities Potential Impact Mitigation Measures Monitoring Monitoring Institutional Responsibility Costs component Indicators Frequency (USD) Execution Monitoring of measures of executing measures Behaviour Implementation Occurrence of on- Enforce and ensure Compliance Monthly Contractors SME, 1,000 of civil works site/off-site social proper orientation on ANSEPA, and Rest periods vices (Fights, rape, acceptable behaviours FMW harassments, theft, for construction vandalization, drug personnel on/off-site. use etc. Conflicts between Good work Contractors SME, 100 Implementation contractors, enforcement program ANSEPA, Project of all communities etc. Conflict resolution Compliance Monthly FMW performance construction may disrupt 500 phase activities Regular stakeholders completion of tasks. meetings Noise Massive use of Hearing impairment Operators of heavy duty Evidence of Daily Contractor 300 heavy machinery for machinery machines must wear ear procurement for land clearing, operators muffs of ear muffs levelling and Evidence of excavation of They must not exceed 8 use of the soil working hours per day PPE Record of signing out time Noise nuisance for Mitigation at source Compliance Monthly PMU, Awka South 400 Amaenyi Girls High Inform residents prior Contractors LGA Social School, Festus to commencement of Guest House), Imo works Awka shrine, and Eternal Scared Order, Cherubim and Seraphim church. Loss of Land Acquisition Disincentive to land The pastoralist must be Minutes of monthly Contractor PMU - occupation owners carried along all through meetings with land owners SUB-TOTAL – 10,850

Component Sub- Activities Potential Impact Mitigation Measures Monitoring Monitoring Institutional Responsibility Costs component Indicators Frequency (USD) Execution Monitoring of measures of executing measures Develop and implement Monthly Independent PMU 2,000 on-site occupational Consultant, health and safety Contractors management plan; Routine OHS training and education; Conduct routine JHA/PHA; Use of PPE; Establish Fugitive dust and electrical safety fumes from program; Establish fall grinding, welding, protection program; cutting, or brazing Establish fleet safety surfaces coated with management program; Occupation lead-based paint; Establish and al Health Silica dust from implement HazCom; and Safety cutting concrete; Independent Conduct hazard All construction solvent vapours Consultants/ Personnel identification, control activities from adhesives, Contractors safety and analysis; Establish paints, strippers, Compliance fire prevention program; cleaning solvents, Use material safety data and spray coatings; sheets (MSDS); Employ and isocyanate hierarchy of controls vapours from spray procedure; Conduct foam insulation and OHSRA, Cost Benefit certain spray paints Analysis(CBA), Return or coatings. on

Investment(ROI)/pay- back period analysis Contractors should Monthly Contractors Monitoring: prepare and implement PMU Occupation a Community Affairs, al Health Safety, Health, and Safety Environment and Security (CASHES)

Component Sub- Activities Potential Impact Mitigation Measures Monitoring Monitoring Institutional Responsibility Costs component Indicators Frequency (USD) Execution Monitoring of measures of executing measures manual, to coordinate OHS issues during the construction phase. SUB-TOTAL - 2,000 CONSTRUCTION PHASE TOTAL - 24,700

Table 6.2 ESMP - OPERATIONAL PHASE Component Sub- Activities Potential Mitigation Measures Monitoring Monitoring Institutional Costs component Impact Indicators Frequency Responsibility (USD) Execution Monitoring of measures of executing measures Air Increased Increase of Air sampling and Compliance e Monthly - Vehicle road users on monitoring movement Eugene PMU, Nwude, SME Contractor Channel 10 and Peter Onwuka street Change of Change in soil 2,000 topography profile SME, Increase in soil Training on Sustainable PMU, SME, Trainings are NESREA Soil salinity Land Management (SLM) Monthly SMA conducted (state), practices Change in land ANSEPA use Noise Increase of Noise nuisance Air sampling and - One-off PMU, SME, 500 Environment road users on to local monitoring Contractor NESREA

Eugene residents (state), Nwude, ANSEPA Channel 10 and Peter Onwuka street Roadway Potential Water sampling and Compliance Bi-Annual PMU, SME, 1,000 Water runoff surface water monitoring Contractor NESREA Quality pollution (state), ANSEPA Social and health Dispose waste streams concerns arising through the municipal SME, Waste due to poor waste management system Proper waste PMU, Waste waste Monthly ANSEPA, 700 generation in the project area. management Contractor management ANSWMB practices

Blocked Flooding on roads drainage due to poor waste disposal

Others Negligence of Negligence of PMU Compliance Monthly PMU 700 rehabilitated rehabilitated Regular maintenance and Environment Amachalla Amachalla dredging of sediments in Weekly gully erosion gully erosion drainage channels and site site chute Monthly SUB-TOTAL – 4,900

Component Sub- Activities Potential Mitigation Measures Monitoring Monitoring Institutional Costs component Impact Indicators Frequency Responsibility (USD) Execution Monitoring of measures of executing measures Social Employment Closure of civil Loss of Inform personnel that Proper engagement One-off Contractors PMU 200 works employment employment is short-term of service prior to their engagement. documentation Health Operation of Breeding Regular Maintenance and Compliance Independent ANSEPA, - rehabilitated site for Monitoring consultant, PMU gully site disease PMU vectors

Possible spread of water borne diseases (Cholera, dysentery)

Increase in Increase in Regular sampling and Regular monitoring FRSC, PMU - number of respiratory monitoring NESREA, vehicles using problems SMH roads amongst local residents Land use Land use Land use Control land use conflicts Inspections are Contractors PMU 300 conflicts conflicts conflict through Land use planning conducted that should be participatory to designate areas for ecological, grazing and farming Public safety Rise in water Over Regular monitoring and Compliance Daily FRSC - above safe limit flooding maintenance PMU, and risk to Independent life and Consultant property

Safety Increase in Increase in - number of vehicular road users accidents SUB-TOTAL – 500 Implement on-site Monthly SME, PMU PMU 4,000 occupational health and safety management plan; Independent Routine OHS training and Consultants, education; Conduct routine Contractors JHA/PHA; Use of PPE; Compliance. Establish electrical safety program; Implement fall protection program; fleet safety management Occupational Injuries, program; Implement Personnel Tasks Health and accidents, HazCom; Conduct hazard safety implementation Safety deaths identification, control and analysis; Implement fire prevention program; Use material safety data sheets (MSDS); Implement hierarchy of controls procedure; Conduct OHSRA, Cost Benefit Analysis(CBA), Return on Investment (ROI)/pay- back period analysis SUB-TOTAL – 4,000

OPERATIONAL PHASE TOTAL 9,400 Grand total: 56,350.00

Total Cost of Implementing the ESMP is Fifty six thousand three hundred and fifty thousand dollars only ($ 56,350.00)

5.4 Mitigation Measures for Amachalla Gullies

Amachalla, Awka is a torrent catchment that comprises several gully systems that are destroying forest and rangelands, hillside farming areas, and urban areas. Therefore, in order to mitigate the torrent and avoid upstream floods, it is essential to stabilize all the gullies throughout the entire catchment area. Gully control is one of the most important restoration methods used in watershed management, and timing is an essential element. The fieldwork in all structural and vegetative control measures selected should be completed during the dry and early rainy season. Otherwise, the incomplete structural work can easily be destroyed during the first rainy season. In addition, vegetative measures such as the planting of tree seedlings and shrub and grass cuttings cannot begin until structural work is complete. Each continuous gully in the gully system should be regarded as a basic treatment unit, and all the control measures in that unit should be finished before the rainy season. This is important because any continuous gully head that is left behind is capable of affecting the watershed again.

5.4.1 Selection of Mitigation Measures The main criteria for selecting structural control measures should be based on: (a) the size of the gully catchment area, (b) the gradient and the length of the gully channel. The various portions of the main gully channel and branch gullies should be stabilized either by brush fills; earth plugs and brushwood, log, and loose-stone check dams. The lower parts are treated with loose-stone or boulder check dams. At a stable point in the lowest section of the main gully channel, for example, on a rock outcrop, gabions check dam or cement masonry check dam should be constructed. If there is no stable point, a counter-dam (gabion or cement masonry) must be constructed in front of the first check dam. The points where the other check dams will be constructed are determined according to the compensation gradient of the gully channel and the effective height of the check dams. General standards for selecting control measures for each portion of a continuous gully are given in the table 6.3.

Table 6.3 Criteria for Selection of Control Measures for a Continuous Gully Length of main Gradient of main Catchment area of Required structural measures for each gully channel gully channel gully portions (ha) portion of main gully channel portions (m) portions (%) - - 2 or less Above gully heads: Diversion ditches or channels 100 or less (from Various 2 or less Maximum 100m from gully head: Brush fills, gully head) earth plugs, woven-wire, brushwood, log and loose stone check dams. These measures can also be constructed in branch gullies. 900 70 or less 2 - 20 Between 100m – 1000m: Boulder check dams, retaining walls between check dams if necessary, one gabion or cement-masonry check dam is usually constructed as a first check dam instead of a boulder one. Note: All structural measures must be accompanied with vegetative measures (planting of tree seedlings, shrub and grass cuttings, and sowing of tree, shrub and grass seeds).

5.5 Estimation of Catchment Runoff

In order to design appropriate conservation structures such as check-dams; diversion ditches or waterways, it is important to be able to make an estimate of runoff. Runoff expressed in terms of depth is not convenient to determine the capacity of disposal structures. When planning to design a channel or a spillway to discharge a given amount of runoff, it will be proper to know how much of the runoff could be accommodated by that channel. Therefore, the knowledge of the quantity of water to be conveyed and at what rate is necessary. That is the reason why it is compulsory to determine the peak runoff rate in this catchment.

In natural catchments, any rainfall is either intercepted by vegetation, infiltrates into the soil, starts moving over the surface as runoff or is lost through evaporation. For a rainfall of a given duration and intensity, the proportion which becomes runoff depends mainly on the cover of vegetation or crop residues, the soil infiltration rate, water content and storage capacity, and the slope of the land.

The reason why the peak runoff rate is used to determine the capacity of channels is to avoid risk of designing low or high capacity channels, rupture and overtopping of dams, overflow of bunds, channels and rainfall multiplier systems. For instance, low capacity channel would not be required since it allows overtopping and high capacity channel is not required either, because it entails unnecessary costs. There are two simple methods used for estimating runoff rate: known as the Rational formula (Q = CIA/360) and Cook’s method (Q = TRF) They are both useful and as they will not give exactly the same result they can both be used and the results compared to check on the reliability of the estimate. A. Rational formula for estimating runoff rate

The rational formula is expressed as follows: Q = CIA/360 Where: Q = runoff rate (m3/s) C = Runoff coefficient (between 0 and 1) I = Rainfall intensity (mm/hr) = Rainfall amount over time taken. A = Area of the catchment (ha)

While using the above formula, the following points should be noted:  Runoff coefficient is the proportion of total rainfall that is expected to become runoff during the design storm. Runoff = Rainfall – Infiltration. It can be determined easily as shown in table 6.4 below.

Table 6.4 Runoff coefficient values for use with the rational formula Land use and topography Soil type Sandy loam Clay and silt loam Tight clay Cultivated land . Flat land (0 -5 %) 0.30 0.50 0.60 . Rolling land (5 – 10 %) 0.40 0.60 0.70 . Hilly land (10 -30 %) 0.52 0.72 0.82 Pasture land . Flat 0.10 0.30 0.40 . Rolling 0.16 0.36 0.55 . Hilly 0.22 0.42 0.60 Forest land . Flat 0.1 0.30 0.40 . Rolling 0.25 0.35 0.50 . Hilly 0.30 0.50 0.60 Developed areas (villages) . Flat 0.40 0.55 0.65 . Rolling 0.50 0.65 0.80 Source: Hudson, N. 1995.  Rainfall intensity value in millimeter per hour for use in rational formula is the highest that can be expected in a 10 year return period for a time equal to the time of concentration of runoff at the outlet of the catchment. This is known as the design storm. The time of concentration is an important concept and assumed that the peak runoff will occur when the storm period lasts just as long as it takes for water from the furthest part of the catchment to reach the outlet. In this way all parts of the catchment are contributing to the runoff at the outlet simultaneously. Time of concentration can be calculated using the following formula: Tc = 0.0195 L 0.77 Sg-0.385 Where: Tc = Time of concentration (min) L = Maximum length of flow (m) S = Average gradient (m/m) Once the time of concentration is found, rainfall intensity can be selected from a typical rainfall intensity duration curve for a 10 years frequency (for SWC structures) possibly developed for that particular area. Time of concentration for small catchments can also be determined using the table 6.5.

Table 6.5 Time of concentration for small catchments Area (ha) Time of concentration (minutes) 0.4 1.4 2.0 3.5 4.0 4.0 40 17 200 41 400 75 (Source: Thomas, 1997)

 Area of a catchment under question which is often called runoff area can be measured either from a map or surveyed directly on the field, or usually estimated.

5.6 Reasons for Failure in Gully Rehabilitation

Gully control can be tedious where executed measures do not seem to work. Failure in control brings losses of material, time, money and sometimes makes the gully erosion even worse. Actually, failure can be avoided if appropriate measures are taken and proper techniques are applied. From experience, the following problems can be taken as the major reasons for the failure of most of the gully rehabilitation schemes which must be avoided in this project.  Poor consideration for upper catchment treatment  Poor installation of check-dams which is related to lack of keying the check-dam to the floor and sidewalls of the gully.  Lack of apron. If there is no apron, water falling from the check-dam spillway erodes the area below and undermines the structure. If the apron is not keyed or secured into the gully, it will be washed away.  Lack of spillway. The check-dam tends to impede the flow of water. This leads to the water exerting pressure on the dam which can weaken it. A spillway will discharge the runoff thus protecting the check-dam.  Poor maintenance. The life and effectiveness of control measures is extended by regular maintenance. Any shortcomings in the control structures should be corrected before they develop into serious problems. Any grass, shrub/bush and tree planted which dies should be replaced.  Improper spacing of check-dams. Proper spacing is crucial if the check-dams are to serve their purpose. Inappropriate and irregular spacing of the check-dams may lead to their being washed away.  Failure to complete the work. In some instances the gully rehabilitation schemes may not be completed because of various reasons. Half measures do not offer the required protection and are a waste of time and resources.  Structures are sometimes made too high and the water which ponds causes instability of the soil and piping underneath or around the structure.  Poor integration between physical and biological measures.

5.7 Maintenance and Utilization of a Rehabilitated Gully

Maintenance of gully control structures is a very important point worth to be emphasized. Treated gullies should be checked regularly and the healing process monitored closely. Structures built in the gully for stabilization purpose should be observed for damage especially during rainy seasons and after heavy storms. Damaged check-dams should be repaired immediately to avoid further damage and the eventual collapse.

The use of gully will depend on whether it has been established for a protected waterway or the water has been diverted and the gully stabilized for other uses. Under the condition when the water is discharged through the gully after the necessary stabilization activities have been

undertaken, the side of the gully can be used for growing of grass or fodder. But in conditions when the gully is not used as a waterway, it can be used for growing horticultural crops or plants such as banana or other fruit trees. Wide gullies can have tree planted on the side slopes provided they are not too steep.

The other important issue for sustainable gully rehabilitation scheme is the identification of users and development of a use concept or management plan. In most cases, gullies are crossing different land uses owned by many land users. Therefore, before treatment of gullies, the users should be identified and the boundaries should be clearly demarcated, the gully rehabilitation process should be objective oriented and responsibilities of owners in managing, maintaining and utilizing the gully and its produces should be elaborated and agreed upon.

Experiences have shown that most of the gully rehabilitation efforts are made accidentally without having clear purposes. As a result, it is common to see gullies with a huge biomass, mostly of one species (Sesbania sesban or Elephant grass) but not harvested and after all owners are not known. This has forced the community members into conflict and hence destruction of the whole endeavour. In view of this fact, the identification of gully owners and demarcation of their boundary, development of a management plan and formulating user’s agreement (on maintenance and proper utilization of the gully) should come before any treatment effort. It is always crucial to remember that before deciding to undertake gully control measures one has to plan first for what purpose the gully is intended to be used after treatment and then try to take measures relevant to the future strategy.

6 CHAPTER SEVEN STAKEHOLDERS CONSULTATION

6.1 Introduction

This chapter is presented in 2 sections. Section A provides a matrix table summary of various consultations held during the field survey for data gathering (as recorded in chapter 2). Section B provides a summary of the major stakeholder consultation held at the Amachalla Village Square on 31st of January 2014. Table 7 indicates the concerns raised by the stakeholders and recommendation given to them.

6.2 Section A

Table 7.0 Consultations during field surveys Date 29st January Name of Stakeholder Site Committee/Elders: W. I Nnatu, Emmanuel Muogo, Florence Anagbogu, John Okafor, Chukwudi dilibe, Christopher Nnake, John nwojo, Anayo Anochie, Anthony Ngene, Onuoha Chukwujekwu,

Language of Communication English and Igbo Introduction A brief introduction on the project was made, stating the project objectives and its area of coverage. Stakeholders were provided information on the efforts and plan by the government and World Bank in solving the erosion problems within the state. Response of Stakeholders The stakeholders appreciated and welcomed the initiative and informed that about the project the project will help in creating better access road for the community. They were interested in knowing how soon this project will be implemented. Concerns/ Complaints The stakeholders stated that the Government should ensure that the project is realized and not just end in paper work and hear say. Feedback to the Stakeholders The stakeholders were assured that their concerns and recommendations will be imputed in the ESMP and in project planning. Remarks/Recommendation Generally stakeholders appreciate the development. The NEWMAP PCU will need to implement continuous social awareness programs prior to, during and after project implementation.

Date 27th January, 2014 Name of Stakeholder Residents: Ogbuke Chigozie, Njideka Diribe, Osita Eze, Chinyere Chukwujiekwu, Chinweze Nnajiofor, Adimora Okafor, Anagbogu Sam

Concerns/ Complaints The stakeholders stated that the Government should ensure that the project is realized and not just end in paper work and hear say. Feedback to the Stakeholders The stakeholders were assured that their concerns and recommendations will be imputed in the ESMP and in project planning. Remarks/Recommendation Generally stakeholders appreciate the development. The NEWMAP PCU will need to implement continuous social awareness programs prior to, during and after project implementation.

Date 27th January, 2014 Name of Stakeholder Market Men/Women: Eunice Okoye, Onyinyechi Ikechukwu, Kene Nwaka, Amarachi Christopher, Angela Nmuogo, Juliana Okafor, Bridget Dilibe, Mara Okoye, Ngozi Anadumaka Language of Communication English and Igbo Introduction A brief introduction on the project was made, stating the project objectives and its area of coverage. Stakeholders were provided information on the efforts and plan by the government and World Bank in solving the erosion problems within the state. Response of Stakeholders The stakeholders appreciated and welcomed the initiative and informed that about the project the project will help in creating better access road for the community. They were interested in knowing how soon this project will be implemented. Also stated that it will stop the drowning of their children by flood. Concerns/ Complaints The stakeholders stated that the Government should ensure that the project is realized and not just end in paper work and hear say. Feedback to the Stakeholders The stakeholders were assured that their concerns and recommendations will be imputed in the ESMP and in project planning. Remarks/Recommendation Generally stakeholders appreciate the development. The NEWMAP PCU will need to implement continuous social awareness programs prior to, during and after project implementation.

Date 29th January, 2014 Name of Stakeholder Girls Sec Sch Amachalla: Principal, Vice-Principal Admin, Head of DRRC

Language of Communication English Introduction A brief introduction on the project was made, stating the project objectives and its area of coverage. Stakeholders were provided information on the efforts and plan by the government and World Bank in solving the erosion problems within the state. Response of Stakeholders The stakeholders appreciated and welcomed the initiative and informed that about the project the project will help in creating better access road for the community. They also informed the consultant about their private effort towards erosion control within and around the school. They were interested in knowing how soon this project will be implemented. Concerns/ Complaints The stakeholders need the menace to be tackle as soon as possible to prevent it from eating deep into the school. Feedback to the Stakeholders The stakeholders were assured that their concerns and recommendations will be imputed in the ESMP and in project planning. Remarks/Recommendation Generally stakeholders appreciate the development. The NEWMAP PCU will need to implement continuous social awareness programs prior to, during and after project implementation.

Photo 9 – 12 indicates some of the consultations that were undertaken during field visits.

Photo 9 Consultant with some members of the community

Photo 10 Some memebers of the communities filling questionnaires on socio-economic assessment

Photo 11 Consultation with the Principal, Vice-Principal and Head of Admin., Girls Sec Sch Amachalla

Photo 12 A member of the community indicating his concerns

6.3 Section B

6.3.1 Major Public Consultation Exercise

6.3.1.1 Background and Objectives The public consultation for the Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) for the Rehabilitation of Amachalla Gully Erosion site was conducted on the 31st of January, 2014, following notification passed on to the Site Committee members, Community Liaison Officer, Amachalla Township Secretary and other stakeholders through the Anambra State NEWMAP Social safeguards officer. The community members also wrote a letter addressed to the NEWMAP Office (See Annex 3). The list of the people that participated in the consultation is document and include in annex 4 of this report. Photo 13 - 15 indicates some pictures from the public consultations.

The public consultation meeting was held at the Amachalla Village Square. The consultation was conducted to ensure the effective participation and awareness of the Project Affected Person’s (PAPs) and to document comments, suggestions and concerns raised with regards to the project and its sub-activities. The following were taken into full account:

1) The project will have foreseeable environmental and social impacts, especially on both the people and structures around the gully and on the “Right of Way” of the road. 2) The project aims at impacting more positively to the environment and social conditions, and will devise suitable, practicable mitigation measures through an ESMP to reduce or eliminate negative impacts. 3) That positive impact of sub-project activities will be enhanced. 4) The priority concerns raised by Project Affected Persons (PAPs) and other relevant stakeholders will be put into account and incorporated in project planning.

Photo 13 Consultaions with some member of the communities

Photo 14 The Anambra State PMU Social Officer addresing members of he community on the intervention

Photo 15 Consultation with the Environmental Officer Anambra State PMU

6.3.1.2 Objectives of the Public Consultation  To create general public awareness and understanding of the project, and ensure its acceptance;

 To develop and maintain avenues of communication between the project proponent, stakeholders and PAPs in order to ensure that their views and concerns are incorporated into project design and implementation with the objectives of reducing, mitigating or offsetting negative impacts and enhancing benefits from the project;

 To inform and discuss about the nature and scale of adverse impacts and to identify and prioritize the mitigation measures for the impacts in a more transparent and direct manner;

 To document the concerns raised by stakeholders and PAPs so that their views and proposals are mainstreamed to formulate mitigation and benefit enhancement measures; and

 To sensitize other MDAs, local authorities, Non-governmental Organizations (NGOs) and Community Based Organizations (CBOs) about the project and solicit their views and discuss their share of responsibility for the smooth functioning of the overall project operations.

6.4 Stakeholders Identification

The Client and Consultant worked together to identify the key stakeholders that should be consulted at various stages of project implementation. This process was completed with the identification of project-affected areas, residents and relevant governmental stakeholders. The identified stakeholders for consultations were selected as follows: 1. Federal and State Government Organizations: This level of stakeholders constituted staff and representatives from the NEWMAP, , MDAs, LGAs, agencies, Nigerian Police Force, Nigeria Security and Civil Defence Corps (NSCDC) management boards etc. 2. Civil Groups/Non-governmental Organizations: This level comprised NGOs, community development commissions (CDCs), civil society groups etc. 3. Private Organizations: This cadre comprised of private establishments (e.g. Limited Liability Companies, corporations etc.). 4. Communities, Residents and Businesses: This cadre comprised mainly of local residents, small and medium business owners likely to be directly impacted especially during civil works (such as reclaiming the ROW).

6.5 Consultation Method

A combination of various consultation methods were used to assess knowledge, perception and attitude of the groups consulted concerning the project, and its potential environmental and social impacts.

6.5.1 Major Points of the Consultation Key agenda points included: 1. Introduction of Stakeholders 2. Opening Remarks by NEWMAP

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3. Overview of The ESMP and Public Consultation by Consultant 4. Questions, Comments and Remarks by other stakeholders 5. Closing Remarks

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7 References

 Anyanwu, J.C. (2012) Impact of deforestation on soil conditions and biodiversity in Anambra State of Nigeria  Belayneh Adugna. (2010) A Field Guide on: Gully Rehabilitation Measures and Management  Betru Nedassa (1996). Biological Soil and Water Conservation Manual. Eth/2488/III, Guideline  Doglas, M. et.,al. (1994). Farming System Development and Soil Conservation. FAO, Rome.  FAO (Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations). (1991). A Study for the Reasons for Success or Failure of Soil Conservation Projects  Herweg, K. (1999). Field Manual for Assessment for Current Erosion Damage.  Norman H. (1995). Soil Conservation. 3rd Edition. Batsford, UK.  Practices  World Bank (1991), Environmental Assessment sourcebook volume I: Policies, procedures and cross-sectoral issues. World Bank, Washington.

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ANNEX ONE GENERAL ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT CONDITIONS FOR CONSTRUCTION CONTRACTS

1. In addition to these general conditions, the Contractor shall comply with any specific Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) for the works he is responsible for. The Contractor shall inform himself about such an ESMP, and prepare his work strategy and plan to fully take into account relevant provisions of that ESMP. If the Contractor fails to implement the approved ESMP after written instruction by the Supervising Engineer (SE) to fulfil his obligation within the requested time, the Owner reserves the right to arrange through the SE for execution of the missing action by a third party on account of the Contractor. 2. Notwithstanding the Contractor’s obligation under the above clause, the Contractor shall implement all measures necessary to avoid undesirable adverse environmental and social impacts wherever possible, restore work sites to acceptable standards, and abide by any environmental performance requirements specified in an ESMP. In general these measures shall include but not be limited to: a) Minimize the effect of dust on the surrounding environment resulting from earth mixing sites, asphalt mixing sites, dispersing coal ashes, vibrating equipment, temporary access roads, etc. to ensure safety, health and the protection of workers and communities living in the vicinity of dust producing activities. b) Ensure that noise levels emanating from machinery, vehicles and noisy construction activities (e.g. excavation, blasting) are kept at a minimum for the safety, health and protection of workers within the vicinity of high noise levels and nearby communities. c) Ensure that existing water flow regimes in rivers, streams and other natural or irrigation channels is maintained and/or re-established where they are disrupted due to works being carried out. d) Prevent bitumen, oils, lubricants and waste water used or produced during the execution of works from entering into rivers, streams, irrigation channels and other natural water bodies/reservoirs, and also ensure that stagnant water in uncovered borrow pits is treated in the best way to avoid creating possible breeding grounds for mosquitoes. e) Prevent and minimize the impacts of quarrying, earth borrowing, piling and building of temporary construction camps and access roads on the biophysical environment including protected areas and arable lands; local communities and their settlements. In as much as possible restore/rehabilitate all sites to acceptable standards. f) Upon discovery of ancient heritage, relics or anything that might or believed to be of archaeological or historical importance during the execution of works, immediately report such findings to the SE so that the appropriate authorities may be expeditiously contacted

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for fulfilment of the measures aimed at protecting such historical or archaeological resources. g) Discourage construction workers from engaging in the exploitation of natural resources such as hunting, fishing, and collection of forest products or any other activity that might have a negative impact on the social and economic welfare of the local communities. h) Implement soil erosion control measures in order to avoid surface run off and prevents siltation, etc. i) Ensure that garbage, sanitation and drinking water facilities are provided in construction worker scamps. j) Ensure that, in as much as possible, local materials are used to avoid importation of foreign material and long distance transportation. k) Ensure public safety, and meet traffic safety requirements for the operation of work to avoid accidents. 3. The Contractor shall indicate the period within which he/she shall maintain status on site after completion of civil works to ensure that significant adverse impacts arising from such works have been appropriately addressed. 4. The Contractor shall adhere to the proposed activity implementation schedule and the monitoring plan / strategy to ensure effective feedback of monitoring information to project management so that impact management can be implemented properly, and if necessary, adapt to changing and unforeseen conditions. 5. Besides the regular inspection of the sites by the Supervising Engineer for adherence to the contract conditions and specifications, the Owner may appoint an Inspector to oversee the compliance with these environmental conditions and any proposed mitigation measures. State environmental authorities may carry out similar inspection duties. In all cases, as directed by the SE, the Contractor shall comply with directives from such inspectors to implement measures required to ensure the adequacy rehabilitation measures carried out on the bio-physical environment and compensation for socio-economic disruption resulting from implementation of any works. 6. All vessels (drums, containers, bags, etc.) containing oil/fuel/surfacing materials and other hazardous chemicals shall be bonded in order to contain spillage. All waste containers, litter and any other waste generated during the construction shall be collected and disposed off at designated disposal sites in line with applicable government waste management regulations. 7. All drainage and effluent from storage areas, workshops and camp sites shall be captured and treated before being discharged into the drainage system in line with applicable government water pollution control regulations. 8. Used oil from maintenance shall be collected and disposed off appropriately at designated sites or be reused or sold for re-use locally.

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9. Entry of runoff to the site shall be restricted by constructing diversion channels or holding structures such as banks, drains, dams, etc. to reduce the potential of soil erosion and water pollution. 10. Construction waste shall not be left in stockpiles along the road, but removed and reused or disposed of on a daily basis. 11. If disposal sites for clean spoil are necessary, they shall be located in areas, approved by the SE, of low land use value and where they will not result in material being easily washed into drainage channels. Whenever possible, spoil materials should be placed in low-lying areas and should be compacted and planted with species indigenous to the locality. 12. The Contractor shall obtain appropriate licenses/permits from relevant authorities to operate quarries or borrow areas. 13. The location of quarries and borrow areas shall be subject to approval by relevant local and national authorities, including traditional authorities if the land on which the quarry or borrow areas fall in traditional land. 14. New extraction sites: a) Shall not be located in the vicinity of settlement areas, cultural sites, wetlands or any other valued ecosystem component, or on high or steep ground or in areas of high scenic value, and shall not be located less than 1km from such areas. b) Shall not be located adjacent to stream channels wherever possible to avoid siltation of river channels. c) Where they are located near water sources, borrow pits and perimeter drains shall surround quarry sites. d) Shall not be located in archaeological areas. Excavations in the vicinity of such areas shall proceed with great care and shall be done in the presence of government authorities having a mandate for their protection. e) Shall not be located in forest reserves. However, where there are no other alternatives, permission shall be obtained from the appropriate authorities and an environmental impact study shall be conducted. f) Shall be easily rehabilitated. Areas with minimal vegetation cover such as flat and bare ground, or areas covered with grass only or covered with shrubs less than 1.5m in height, are preferred. g) Shall have clearly demarcated and marked boundaries to minimize vegetation clearing. 15. Vegetation clearing shall be restricted to the area required for safe operation of construction work. Vegetation clearing shall not be done more than two months in advance of operations.

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16. Stockpile areas shall be located in areas where trees can act as buffers to prevent dust pollution. Perimeter drains shall be built around stockpile areas. Sediment and other pollutant traps shall be located at drainage exits from workings. 17. The Contractor shall deposit any excess material in accordance with the principles of these general conditions, and any applicable ESMP, in areas approved by local authorities and/or the SE. 18. Areas for depositing hazardous materials such as contaminated liquid and solid materials shall be approved by the SE and appropriate local and/or national authorities before the commencement of work. Use of existing, approved sites shall be preferred over the establishment of new sites. 19. To the extent practicable, the Contractor shall rehabilitate the site progressively so that the rate of rehabilitation is similar to the rate of construction. 20. Always remove and retain topsoil for subsequent rehabilitation. Soils shall not be stripped when they are wet as this can lead to soil compaction and loss of structure. 21. Topsoil shall not be stored in large heaps. Low mounds of no more than 1 to 2m high are recommended. 22. Re-vegetate stockpiles to protect the soil from erosion, discourage weeds and maintain an active population of beneficial soil microbes. 23. Locate stockpiles where they will not be disturbed by future construction activities. 24. To the extent practicable, reinstate natural drainage patterns where they have been altered or impaired. 25. Remove toxic materials and dispose of them in designated sites. Backfill excavated areas with soils or overburden that is free of foreign material that could pollute groundwater and soil. 26. Identify potentially toxic overburden and screen with suitable material to prevent mobilization of toxins. 27. Ensure reshaped land is formed so as to be inherently stable, adequately drained and suitable for the desired long-term land use, and allow natural regeneration of vegetation. 28. Minimize the long-term visual impact by creating landforms that are compatible with the adjacent landscape. 29. Minimize erosion by wind and water both during and after the process of reinstatement. 30. Compacted surfaces shall be deep ripped to relieve compaction unless subsurface conditions dictate otherwise. 31. Re-vegetate with plant species that will control erosion, provide vegetative diversity and, through succession, contribute to a resilient ecosystem. The choice of plant species for rehabilitation shall be done in consultation with local research institutions, forest department and the local people. 106

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Water Resources Management 32. The Contractor shall at all costs avoid conflicting with water demands of local communities. 33. Abstraction of both surface and underground water shall only be done with the consultation of the local community and after obtaining a permit from the relevant Water Authority. 34. Abstraction of water from wetlands shall be avoided. Where necessary, authority has to be obtained from relevant authorities. 35. Temporary damming of streams and rivers shall be done in such a way avoids disrupting water supplies to communities downstream, and maintains the ecological balance of the river system. 36. No construction water containing spoils or site effluent, especially cement and oil, shall be allowed to flow into natural water drainage courses. 37. Wash water from washing out of equipment shall not be discharged into water courses or road drains. 38. Site spoils and temporary stockpiles shall be located away from the drainage system, and surface run off shall be directed away from stockpiles to prevent erosion. 39. Location of access roads/detours shall be done in consultation with the local community especially in important or sensitive environments. Access roads shall not traverse wetland areas. 40. Upon the completion of civil works, all access roads shall be ripped and rehabilitated. 41. Access roads shall be sprinkled with water at least five times a day in settled areas, and three times in unsettled areas, to suppress dust emissions. 42. Blasting activities shall not take place less than 2km from settlement areas, cultural sites, or wetlands without the permission of the SE. 43. Blasting activities shall be done during working hours, and local communities shall be consulted on the proposed blasting times. 44. Noise levels reaching the communities from blasting activities shall not exceed 90 decibels. 45. Unusable materials and construction elements such as electro-mechanical equipment, pipes, accessories and demolished structures will be disposed of in a manner approved by the SE. The Contractor has to agree with the SE which elements are to be surrendered to the Client’s premises, which will be recycled or reused, and which will be disposed of at approved landfill sites. 46. As far as possible, abandoned pipelines shall remain in place. Where for any reason no alternative alignment for the new pipeline is possible, the old pipes shall be safely removed and stored at a safe place to be agreed upon with the SE and the local authorities concerned. 47. AC-pipes as well as broken parts thereof have to be treated as hazardous material and disposed of as specified above.

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48. Unsuitable and demolished elements shall be dismantled to a size fitting on ordinary trucks for transport. 49. In advance of the construction work, the Contractor shall mount an awareness and hygiene campaign. Workers and local residents shall be sensitized on health risks particularly of AIDS. 50. Adequate road signs to warn pedestrians and motorists of construction activities, diversions, etc. shall be provided at appropriate points. 51. Construction vehicles shall not exceed maximum speed limit of 40km per hour. 52. Should the Contractor, deliberately or accidentally, damage private property, he shall repair the property to the owner’s satisfaction and at his own cost. For each repair, the Contractor shall obtain from the owner a certificate that the damage has been made good satisfactorily in order to indemnify the Client from subsequent claims. 53. In cases where compensation for inconveniences, damage of crops etc. are claimed by the owner, the Client has to be informed by the Contractor through the SE. This compensation is in general settled under the responsibility of the Client before signing the Contract. In unforeseeable cases, the respective administrative entities of the Client will take care of compensation. 54. Within 6 weeks of signing the Contract, the Contractor shall prepare an EHS-MP to ensure the adequate management of the health, safety, environmental and social aspects of the works, including implementation of the requirements of these general conditions and any specific requirements of an EMP for the works. The Contractor’s EHS-MP will serve two main purposes: • For the Contractor, for internal purposes, to ensure that all measures are in place for adequate HSE management, and as an operational manual for his staff. • For the Client, supported where necessary by a SE, to ensure that the Contractor is fully prepared for the adequate management of the HSE aspects of the project, and as a basis for monitoring of the Contractor’s HSE performance. 55. The Contractor’s EHS-MP shall provide at least: • A description of procedures and methods for complying with these general environmental management conditions, and any specific conditions specified in an EMP; • A description of specific mitigation measures that will be implemented in order to minimize adverse impacts; • A description of all planned monitoring activities (e.g. sediment discharges from borrow areas) and the reporting thereof; and • The internal organizational, management and reporting mechanisms put in place for such.

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56. The Contractor’s EHS-MP will be reviewed and approved by the Client before start of the works. This review should demonstrate if the Contractor’s EHS-MP covers all of the identified impacts, and has defined appropriate measures to counteract any potential impacts. 57. The Contractor shall prepare bi-weekly progress reports to the SE on compliance with these general conditions, the project EMP if any, and his own EHS-MP. An example format for a Contractor HSE report is given below. It is expected that the Contractor’s reports will include information on: • HSE management actions/measures taken, including approvals sought from local or national authorities; • Problems encountered in relation to HSE aspects (incidents, including delays, cost consequences, etc. as a result thereof); • Lack of compliance with contract requirements on the part of the Contractor; • Changes of assumptions, conditions, measures, designs and actual works in relation to HSE aspects; and • Observations, concerns raised and/or decisions taken with regard to HSE management during site meetings. 58. It is advisable that reporting of significant HSE incidents be done “as soon as practicable”. Such incident reporting shall therefore be done individually. Also, it is advisable that the Contractor keeps his own records on health, safety and welfare of persons, and damage to property. It is advisable to include such records, as well as copies of incident reports, as appendices to the bi-weekly reports. Example formats for an incident notification and detailed report are given below. Details of HSE performance will be reported to the Client through the SE’s reports to the Client 59. The Contractor shall provide sufficient training to his own personnel to ensure that they are all aware of the relevant aspects of these general conditions, any project EMP, and his own EHS-MP, and are able to fulfill their expected roles and functions. Specific training should be provided to those employees that have particular responsibilities associated with the implementation of the EHS-MP. General topics should be: • Occupational Health and Safety Basics • Occupational Health and Safety in water supply pipeline installation • Safety Practices in Borehole installation and Aquifer Abstraction • Electrical Safety Basics • Hazard Identification and Control • Hazard Communication Program

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• Accident Investigation • Asbestos Management • Safe work Procedures • Fall Protection • Noise Management Program • Workers Respiratory Program • Work place Violence Management • Fire Safety • Emergency Management; and • Social and cultural awareness 60. It is expected that compliance with these conditions is already part of standard good workmanship and state of the art as generally required under this Contract. The item “Compliance with Environmental Management Conditions” in the Bill of Quantities covers these costs. No other payments will be made to the Contractor for compliance with any request to avoid and/or mitigate an avoidable HSE impact. Example Format: HSE Report Contract: Period of reporting: HSE management actions/measures: Summarize HSE management actions/measures taken during period of reporting, including planning and management activities (e.g. risk and impact assessments), HSE training, specific design and work measures taken, etc. HSE incidents: Report on any problems encountered in relation to HSE aspects, including its consequences (delays, costs) and corrective measures taken. Include relevant incident reports. HSE compliance: Report on compliance with Contract HSE conditions, including any cases of non-compliance. Changes: Report on any changes of assumptions, conditions, measures, designs and actual works in relation to HSE aspects. Concerns and observations:

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Report on any observations, concerns raised and/or decisions taken with regard to HSE management during site meetings and visits. Signature (Name, Title Date): Contractor’s Representative Example Format: HSE Incident Notification Provide within 24 hrs. to the Supervising Engineer Originators Reference No: Date of Incident: Time: Location of incident: Name of Person(s) involved: Employing Company: Type of Incident: Description of Incident: Where, when, what, how, who, operation in progress at the time (only factual) Immediate Action: Immediate remedial action and actions taken to prevent reoccurrence or escalation Signature (Name, Title, Date): Contractor’s Representative

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8 ANNEX TWO SOCIO-ECONOMIC DATA GATHERING SHEET FOR THE ESMP FOR AMACHALLA GULLY EROSION SITE QUESTIONNIARE

IDENTIFICATION

 Serial Number......  Questionnaire administration from point of entry (a) Left side……. (b) Right side………  Landmark(s) at point of entry …………………………………………………………..  Location of Interview: …………………………………………………………..  Name and Signature of Interviewer: …………………………………………………….  Date: ……………………………………………………………………………………  Time Interview Started: ………………………… Time Ended: ………………………..

SOCIOECONOMIC ATTRIBUTES

Households

 Name of Household Head (HH) ……………………………………………………  Name of Respondent ………………………………………………………….  Relationship of Respondent to Household Head (Please Tick One) (a)Wife of HH (b) Son of HH (c) Daughter of HH (d) Father of HH (e) Mother of HH (f) Brother of HH (g) Sister of HH (h) Others Specify……………..  House Address ……………………………………………………….  Sex (M)…… (F)…….  Age ………  Religion (Christian)…… (Islam)…… (Traditional)…… (Others)….. (Please Tick One)  Marital Status (Single)…. (Married)…. (Divorced)…. (Widow/Widower)…. (Please Tick One)  Number of wives …….  How long have you lived in this community ……………  How many persons live in your Household (i.e. Eat from the same pot)…………  How many persons in your house hold fall into the following age categories?

CARTEGORIES MALE FEMALE TOTAL

0-4yrs

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CARTEGORIES MALE FEMALE TOTAL

5-9yrs

10-14yrs

15-19yrs

20-24yrs

25-29yrs

30-34yrs

35-39yrs

40-44yrs

50-54yrs

45-49yrs

50-54yrs

55-59yrs

60-64yrs

65-above

TOTAL

 What is your highest educational qualification? o (i)FSLC … (ii)WASC/SSCE … (iii)TCII/OND …. (iv)HND/Degree … (v)MSc/PhD … (vii) Islamic studies….. (vii)None...... (Please Tick One)

 How many members of your household/Business fall under the following educational categories?

CARTEGORIES MALE FEMALE TOTAL

Primary School (attempted/still attending)

Primary School-Completed (Living Certificate)

Secondary School (attempted/still attending)

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Secondary School-Completed (O’Levels)

Tertiary Institution (attempted/ still attending)

Tertiary Institution (Completed)

Islamic Studies

TOTAL

 What is your Occupation (indicate the category you belong to and the level/profession):

Categories Public Sector Private Sector Self Employed Student Employee Employee

Senior Mgt Staff

Middle level Staff

Junior Staff

Professional

Artisan

Businessman

Part time

Others

 How many employed members of your household/Business/School are engaged in occupation listed below?

CATEGORIES MALE FEMALE TOTAL

Farming

Fishing

Mining

Hunting

Crafting

Trading

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Civil Service

Company Employment

Self-Employment

House Wife

Others(Specify)

TOTAL

 What is your Annual Income? (i)N0 –50,000…… (ii)N51, 000- 100,000……. (iii)N100,101- 500,000…… (iv)N500,000 and above…… If Not Known, what is your Monthly income……………….OR Daily income…………….

 Estimate the monthly/annual income of other members of your Household/Business/School (i) N0 – 50,000…… (ii)N51, 000- 100,000…… (iii)N100,101- 500,000… (iv)N500,000 and above…….

AVAILABILITY OF AMENITIES

 How would you describe the condition of the following amenities in town you live/community?

Amenities Excellent Very Good Good Fair Poor

Roads to the community

Roads within the community

Schools in the community

Public Health Institutions

Potable Water

Public Electricity

Communication facilities

(Postal Service, Telephone)

Public recreation facilities

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 What is the major source of water available to your household? (Please Tick One) (i)River...... (ii)Borehole (commercial)…….. (iii)Borehole (private)…… (iv)Public pipe- borne water …… (v)Pond …… (vi)Water Vendor…… (vii)Well water……

 If a public pipe borne water, how regular does the tap flow in a week? (Please Tick One) (i)Regularly ------(ii) Occasionally ….... (iii) Rarely ……

 How long does it take you in minutes/hours to get to your water source ……………

 What is the primary source of electricity/ light to your community? (Please Tick One) (i)Hurricane Lamp ……… (ii) Private Generators……….. (iii)Community Generators……… (iv)State Government Utilities Board……… (v)Company Operating in your community……. (vi) PHCN (National Grid)……

 What is the secondary source of electricity? (Please Tick One) (i)Hurricane Lamp …… (ii) Private Generators…. (iii)Community Generators…… (iv)Company Operating in your community………

 What is the main fuel you use for cooking? (Please Tick One) (i)Firewood …… (ii)Charcoal……… (iii)Kerosene/ Oil …… (iv)Gas…… (v)Electricity ……… (vi)Crop residue/ Saw dust…… (vii) Animal Wastes … (viii)Others......

 What type of toilet facility do you use? (Please Tick One) (i)Pit……………… (ii) Bush………… (iii)Prier Head………iv) Bucket………… (v) Water Closet…… (vi)Others (Specify)……

 How do you dispose of your household refuse? (Please Tick one) (i)Private Open Dump...... (ii) Public Open Dump...... (iii) Organized Collection...... (iv)Burning...... (v) Bush...... (vi)Burying......

HEALTH

 Which of the following diseases/condition is most common in your area (Please Tick one)

(i)Malaria...... (ii)Typhoid...... (iii)Diarrhoea...... (iv)Cough……………….. (v) Respiratory Disturbance…………(vi)Others......

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9 ANNEX THREE LETTER FROM THE COMMUNITY

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ANNEX FOUR ATTENDANCE LIST FROM CONSULTATION EXERCISE

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