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United States Department of Agriculture Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service Plant Protection and Quarantine United States Department of Agriculture Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service Plant Protection and Quarantine Risk Management Document Importation of Fresh Mango Fruit, Mangifera indica L., from Vietnam into the Continental United States August 8, 2015 Plant Health Programs (PHP) Imports, Regulations, and Manuals (IRM) Contact Person: Juan Roman 1 Introduction: Entry of mangoes from Vietnam into the continental United States is not currently authorized. The importation of fruits and vegetables for consumption into the United States is regulated under Title 7 of the Code of Federal Regulations, Part 319.56 (7 CFR §319.56). A request was made by the government of Vietnam’s Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development (PQDC, 2010) to change the Federal Regulation to allow entry of mangoes. To evaluate the risks associated with the importation of commercially produced fresh fruit of mango (Mangifera indica L.) for consumption from Vietnam into the continental United States a pest risk assessment was completed (USDA, 2012). The pest risk analysis (PRA) of mangoes from Vietnam determined the following pests as following the pathway and could be of concern before mitigations are enforced. The arthropod pests are: Bactrocera carambolae Drew &Hancock (DIPTERA: Tephritidae) Bactrocera correcta (Bezzi) (DIPTERA: Tephritidae) Bactrocera cucurbitae Coquillett (DIPTERA: Tephritidae) Bactrocera dorsalis Hendel (DIPTERA: Tephritidae) Bactrocera tau Walker (DIPTERA: Tephritidae) Bactrocera zonata (Saunders) (DIPTERA: Tephritidae) Conogethes punctiferalis (Guenée) (LEPIDOPTERA: Pyralidae) Deanolis albizonalis (Hampson) (LEPIDOPTERA: Pyralidae) Helicoverpa armígera (Hubner) (LEPIDOPTERA: Noctuidae) Maconellicoccus hirsutus (Green) (HEMIPTERA: Pseudococcidae) Nipaecoccus viridus (Newstead) (HEMIPTERA: Pseudococcidae) Planococcus lilacinus Cock (HEMIPTERA: Pseudococcidae) Pseudococcus cryptus Hempel (HEMIPTERA: Pseudococcidae) Rastrococcus invadens Williams (HEMIPTERA: Pseudococcidae) Scirtothrips dorsalis Hood (THYSANOPTERA: Thripidae) Sternochetus frigidus (Fabricius) (COLEOPTERA: Curculionidae) The plant pathogens are: Macrophoma mangiferae Hing. & Sharma (ASCOMYCETES: Dothidales) Xanthomonas campestris pv. mangiferaeindicae (Patel et al.) Robbs et al. (PROTEOBACTERIA: Xanthomonadales) The proposed importation of mango fruit from Vietnam, if approved, would be regulated by an amendment to the existing fruits and vegetables regulations [7 CFR § 319.56]. This document outlines the phytosanitary measures that APHIS will require if the proposed importation of mango from Vietnam is approved and documents the evidence used by 2 APHIS to conclude that these measures will effectively prevent the introduction of quarantine pests. Proposed Risk Mitigation Measures for Mangoes: APHIS proposes that mango fruit from Vietnam may be imported into the continental United States only under the following conditions: (a) The fruit must be commercially produced and part of a commercial consignment that meets all requirements as defined in 7 CFR 319.56-2. (b) The fruit must be treated by irradiation by receiving a minimum absorbed dose of 400 Gy and meet all other relevant requirements in 7 CFR 305.9 including monitoring of the treatment by APHIS inspectors. (c) Either the fruit must be 1) treated with a post-harvest fungicidal dip, or 2) the orchard is inspected prior to harvest and found free of Macrophoma mangiferae or 3) fruit must originate from an orchard that was treated with a broad-spectrum fungicide during growing season. (d) A Phytosanitary Certificate (PC) issued by the NPPO of Vietnam must accompany each consignment. The PC must also include an additional declarations (AD) that state: "the consignment was inspected and found free of Macrophoma mangiferae and Xanthomonas campestris pv. mangiferaeindicae." (e) Fruits imported into the United States would also be subject to inspection at the port of entry. Historical Performance of Importing Irradiated Fruits: Current regulations (7CFR 305.9) allow the use of irradiation to treat fruit for importation into the United States. Beginning April 2007, India has shipped mangoes to the United States irradiated with a minimum absorbed dose of 400 Gy for insect pests and with a systems approach for fungal pathogens (USDA, 20016a). To date, over 130 irradiated mango consignments have been received from India and no pests have been reported. Also, from over 150 consignments of dragonfruits, longans, mangoes, mangosteens, and rambutans irradiated with 400 Gy as the minimum absorbed dose from Thailand and Vietnam have been imported into the United States between 2009 and 2015, no pests of quarantine significance have been reported (USDA, 2015). APHIS regulations (7CFR318.13-4) allow interstate movement of fifteen different fruits and vegetables from Hawaii treated with irradiation at a minimum absorbed dose of 150 Gy to 400 Gy for fruit flies and other quarantine insect pests. No live insect pests of quarantine significance have been intercepted in irradiated Hawaiian fruits or vegetables shipped to the mainland United States (Uyeda, 2005). In addition, consignments of Australian mangoes 3 irradiated with 150 Gy dose and allowed into New Zealand since 2004 have also resulted in no pests of concern being intercepted (Edwards, 2005). Evidence for the Effective Removal of Pests of Concern from the Pathway The following paragraph summarizes key mitigation measures for mango fruit from Vietnam and provides a general discussion of their efficacy. The evidence APHIS uses to determine that the measures described effectively remove pests of concern from the pathway are also discussed. The FAO (2002) defines “pathway” as “any means that allows the entry or spread of a pest.” Insect: Sixteen of the eighteen pests likely to follow pathway are insect pests. Records since 2000 of interstate movement of mangoes from HI to the U.S. after treatment with 300 Gy irradiation show no interceptions of quarantine pests (Uyeda, 2005). Additionally, reports of twelve shipments of mangoes irradiated with 150 Gy imported from Australia into New Zealand since 2004, provide no record of quarantine pest interceptions from the irradiated mangoes (Edwards, 2005). Although the pest complex in Hawaii or Australia may be different from that described for Vietnam mangoes, the 400 Gy minimum absorbed dose which Vietnam mangoes will be treated with has been determined to be effective against all insect pests except adults and pupae of the order Lepidoptera (USDA, 2006b). As part of the U.S. requirements (7CFR 305.9) governing the use of irradiation as a phytosanitary treatment, APHIS and the NPPO of Vietnam will jointly develop an operational work plan (OWP). The OWP shall incorporate details of treatment and preclearance activities including inspection of articles that APHIS may perform before or after the treatment. Inspection of the mango fruit for the presence of pests not targeted by irradiation during preclearance activities will further ensure that the pests of concern are removed from the pathway. Risk Mitigation Options: A minimum absorbed dose of 400 Gy is required by U.S. regulations 7CFR305.9 and has been determined by APHIS to be adequate to neutralize or mitigate risks of all insect pests excluding adults and pupae in the order Lepidoptera. Three of the sixteen insect pests identified as likely to follow the pathway belong to the order Lepidoptera. The absorbed dose of 400 Gy has been shown to be adequate to sterilize and prevent insects from reproducing. Radiation quarantine treatments are unique in that insects are not killed immediately but rendered sterile or incapable of completing development (Hallman, 2000). Therefore the generic irradiation treatment is a valid treatment for all of these insect pests, including those of order Coleoptera, Diptera, and Hemiptera. Pathogens: 4 The PRA determined that the fungus Macrophoma mangiferae and the bacterium Xanthomonas campestris pv. mangiferaeindicae, have a low pest risk potential. Macrophoma mangiferae causes a leaf and stem blight and postharvest rot of mango (Hingorani et al., 1960). In nature the host for this pathogen is mango. Macrophoma mangiferae has been found to weakly infect additional hosts but only when artificially inoculated. In a study by Hingorani et al, 1960, Ficus carica, Eryobotrya japonica, Eugenia jambolina and Vitis vinifera leaves were inoculated after injury and became weakly infected. Infected discarded fruit or unused portions of fruit or peel are the only plausible pathway for this pathogen to become established in the United States. The spores must be dispersed from infected discarded fruit into mango orchards at a time when susceptible tissue is available and in a stressed condition (Johnson et al., 1993; Johnson et al., 1989; Kishun & Chand, 1989). Disease spread can only occur if temperature and moisture conditions are favorable for spore germination. The probability that infected discarded fruit would be in close proximity with a cultivated mango in favorable environmental conditions for spore germination is low. Additionally, applications of fungicides during the growing season and culling of the fruit by hand in the field and during the processing of the commercial mango fruit will effectively remove any blemished or suspicious fruit from the pathway. In the field, Macrophoma mangiferae also causes a spot on the leaves although symptoms begin as small yellowish pin-head like spots. These spots gradually enlarge and become irregularly shaped and
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