DOCSLIB.ORG

Phylogeny, Character Evolution and Species Diversity in Crambinae, Heliothelinae and Scopariinae

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Phylogeny, Character Evolution and Species Diversity in Crambinae, Heliothelinae and Scopariinae Phylogeny, character evolution and species diversity in Crambinae, Heliothelinae and Scopariinae DISSERTATION zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades DOCTOR RERUM NATURALIUM (Dr. rer. nat.) vorgelegt dem Bereich Mathematik und Naturwissenschaften der Technischen Universit¨at Dresden von M. Sc. Th´eo Antonin Baptiste L´eger geboren am 02.01.1989 in Lausanne, Schweiz eingereicht am 10. Januar 2020 Die Dissertation wurde in der Zeit von 09/2014 bis 12/2019 an den Senckenberg Naturhistorischen Sammlungen Dresden angefertigt. ii Charles Darwin, letter to T. H. Huxley, 26 September 1857 Darwin Correspondence Project, “Letter no. 2143”, https://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/letter/DCP-LETT-2143.xml 1. Gutachter 2. Gutachter Prof. Dr. Christoph Neinhuis Prof. Dr. Niklas Wahlberg Lehrstuhl f¨ur Botanik, Systematic Biology Group Fakult¨at Mathematik und Faculty of Science Naturwissenschaften Lund University Technische Universit¨at Dresden S¨olvegatan 37, Lund Dresden, Deutschland Schweden Declaration Erkl¨arung gem¨aß § 5.1.5 der Promotionsordnung Hiermit versichere ich, dass ich die vorliegende Arbeit ohne unzul¨assigeHilfe Dritter und ohne Benutzung anderer als der angegebenen Hilfsmittel angefertigt habe; die aus fremden Quellen direkt oder indirektubernommenen ¨ Gedanken sind als solche kenntlich gemacht. Die Arbeit wurde bisher weder im Inland noch im Ausland in gleicher oder ¨ahnlicher Form einer anderen Pr¨ufungsbeh¨orde vorgelegt. Berlin, 14. Januar 2020 Th´eo L´eger iii iv Acknowledgements This work would not have been possible without the help and support from various people. I want to express my sincere gratitude to Matthias Nuss and Bernard Landry for introducing me to the fabulous group that represent Pyraloidea and to the thrilling field of research that is systematics. Matthias Nuss supervised me for five years and suggested most of the projects presented here. I appreciated the liberty I was given in the realisation of my projects and enjoyed our discussions that sharpened my scientific reasoning. Huge thanks goes to Bernard Landry from the Mus´eum d’histoire naturelle de Gen`eve (MHNG) for suggesting and co-supervising my phylogenetic work on the Crambinae and Scopariinae. I am very thankful to my thesis director Christoph Neinhuis for accepting to supervise my work and guide me through the administrative standards of the Technische Universit¨atDresden (TUD). The supportive and entertaining atmosphere at the Senckenberg Museum f¨ur Tierkunde (SMTD) greatly contributed to the accomplishment of my work. As my closest colleague, I am thankful to Richard Mally who co-authors two of the papers presented here and set up the protocols in the lab for the Lepidoptera section during his time at the SMTD. Also, having him alongside when collecting, setting moths and escaping earthquakes during our fieldtrip to Mount Kinabalu was a much appreciated and memorable experience. Special thanks are given to Manuela Bartel and Christian Kehlmaier who provided great help with lab work. Furthermore, I am indebted to Christian Schmidt, Francesca Vegliante, Franziska Bauer and Klaus Dieter-Klass for our en- tomological discussions and to Loreen Kn¨obel and Melita Vamberger for our entertaining lunch breaks. For their help concerning field expeditions, I am grateful to Dr. Stephen Sutton, Prof. Charles Vairappan (Institute for Tropical Biology and Conservation), Ching Y. Chung (Sabah Biodiver- sity Centre), the staff of the Sabah Parks and Peter Achleiner (Borneo, Malaysia); Clemente, InocˆencioJos´e, Miguel Bungo (Universidade Kimpa Vita, Ndalatando), Jos´e Lau (Universidade Kimpa Vita, U´ıge),Christoph Neinhuis, Thea Lautenschl¨ager,Christin Heinze (TUD) (Angola); Ashley Field, Daren Crayn, David Rentz and the staff of the Australian Tropical Herbarium (James Cook University, Cairns), Christoph Neinhuis and Sarah Wagner (TUD) (Queensland, Australia). David Lees and Geoff Martin from the Natural History Museum (London, UK), as well as my friends Claire Monari and Jonty Forrester are thanked for the help and entertainment graciously offered during my tight-budget stay in London. Moreover, I am really indebted to all the people who provided material for molecular investigations. I am thankful to the Senckenberg Gesellschaft f¨urNaturforschung, the Mus´eumd’histoire na- turelle de Gen`eve and the Museum f¨urNaturkunde Berlin for providing funds, as well as all other temporary employers that helped bridging the gaps. Also, I want to thank Patrick Schmitz who, on a night of May 2010, gave a presentation on endemic aquatic moths of Hawaii at “la Datcha”, the student local at the University of Geneva. That talk left me bewildered and with one thing on my mind: “That’s what I want to do!”. I also thank my friends from Dresden, Geneva and elsewhere for the leisure time beside PhD work, v vi eventhough my interest for tiny dull moths remain obscure for most of them up until now. Last but not least, I thank my parents and my sister for always being supportive of my passions and endeavours. Abbreviations Institutions BMNH: British Museum of Natural History, London BORN: Borneensis, Institute for Tropical Biology and Conservation, Kota Kinabalu, Malaysia ITBC: Institute for Tropical Biology and Conservation, Kota Kinabalu, Malaysia MHNG: Mus´eum d’histoire naturelle de Gen`eve, Switzerland SMTD: Senckenberg Museum f¨ur Tierkunde Dresden TUD: Technische Universit¨at Dresden Scientific terms BI: Bayesian Inference bp: base pair BS: Bootstrap support ESS: Effective Sample Size GTR: General Time Reversible MCMC: Markov Chain Monte Carlo ML: Maximum likelihood pp: posterior probability Phylogenetic groups CAMMSS clade: clade comprising the Crambinae, Acentropinae, Midilinae, Musotiminae, Schoenobinae and Scopariinae, as of Regier et al. (2012) OG clade: clade comprising the Odontiinae and Glaphyriinae, as of Regier et al. (2012). PS clade: clade comprising the Pyraustinae and Spilomelinae, as of Regier et al. (2012). non-PS clade: clade comprising the Odontiinae, Glaphyriinae, Crambinae, Acentropinae, Midili- nae, Musotiminae, Schoenobinae and Scopariinae as of Regier et al. (2012). Genes CAD: carbamoyl-phosphate synthetase 2, aspartate transcarbamylase, and dihydroorotase COI: cytochrome oxydase subunit I DDC: dopa decarboxylase EF-1a: Elongation Factor I alpha GAPDH: glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase IDH: isocitrate dehydrogenase MDH: cytosolic malate dehydrogenase rps5: ribosomal protein S5 vii viii Abstract Pyraloidea is one of the largest superfamilies of Lepidoptera comprising 15 955 described species. The monophyly of the group was suggested by the presence of a tympanal organ in the first ab- dominal segment; it has been confirmed later by molecular data. This group is divided into Pyralidae (5750 species in 5 subfamilies) and Crambidae (10 205 species in 14 subfamilies). The work presented here provides new insights on the phylogeny and evolution of morphological and ecological characters of the Crambinae and Scopariinae, as well as the first phylogenetic place- ment, host plant record, and taxonomic work on the Heliothelinae. Crambinae (2,047 species) and Scopariinae (577 species) were previously recovered as sister groups in a molecular phylogenetic analysis of three and two species respectively, while Heliothe- linae (50 species) have never been investigated in a phylogenetic framework. The morphology- based classification divided Scopariinae into 24 genera and Crambinae into 9 tribes and 176 genera, while Heliothelinae comprised the two tribes Heliothelini and Hoploscopini. Analyses of a six-gene dataset including 110 taxa with Maximum Likelihood and Bayesian Inference confirm the monophyly of Crambinae as well as Scopariinae, while no support was found for the posi- tion of Heliothelinae. Phylogenetic results demonstrate that Scopariinae were oversplit at the generic level by traditional classification, with five genera found nested within, and consequently synonymized with the two species-rich genera Eudonia and Scoparia. Anarpia, recovered as the basal-most lineage of Scopariinae, occurs in the Mediterranean region, in contrast to the remain- ing Scopariinae found in temperate regions and wet tropical montane forests. In Crambinae, our revision of the tribal classification leads to two synonymizations, one reinstatement as well as the description of a new tribe. Furthermore, several genera are confidently assigned to a tribe for the first time and two are synonymized with Microcrambus. Ancestral character reconstructions for 27 morphological characters provide new apomorphies for several clades and reveal several mod- ifications of the female oviscapt associated with the behavior of laying adhesive or non-adhesive eggs, the latter being associated with the use of Pooidae as host plants. Inclusion of a greater number of taxa and genes comprising all subfamilies of Crambidae sup- ports the polyphyly of Heliothelinae. Heliothelinae s. str. are sister to Scopariinae, while Hoploscopinae are sister to (Heliothelinae+Scopariinae)+Crambinae. Heliothelinae s. str. occur in xerothermic habitats and larvae of Heliothela wulfeniana are recorded as miners in Violaceae. In contrast, Hoploscopinae occur in montane rainforests of the Oriental and Austral-Asian re- gions. Field observations on Mount Kinabalu and subsequent studies of the material collected provided the first host plant record for Hoploscopa and highlighted a high proportion of unde- scribed species in this genus. Following an iterative approach combining morphology and DNA barcoding from museum
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Topic Paper Chilterns Beechwoods
    . O O o . 0 O . 0 . O Shoping growth in Docorum Appendices for Topic Paper for the Chilterns Beechwoods SAC A summary/overview of available evidence BOROUGH Dacorum Local Plan (2020-2038) Emerging Strategy for Growth COUNCIL November 2020 Appendices Natural England reports 5 Chilterns Beechwoods Special Area of Conservation 6 Appendix 1: Citation for Chilterns Beechwoods Special Area of Conservation (SAC) 7 Appendix 2: Chilterns Beechwoods SAC Features Matrix 9 Appendix 3: European Site Conservation Objectives for Chilterns Beechwoods Special Area of Conservation Site Code: UK0012724 11 Appendix 4: Site Improvement Plan for Chilterns Beechwoods SAC, 2015 13 Ashridge Commons and Woods SSSI 27 Appendix 5: Ashridge Commons and Woods SSSI citation 28 Appendix 6: Condition summary from Natural England’s website for Ashridge Commons and Woods SSSI 31 Appendix 7: Condition Assessment from Natural England’s website for Ashridge Commons and Woods SSSI 33 Appendix 8: Operations likely to damage the special interest features at Ashridge Commons and Woods, SSSI, Hertfordshire/Buckinghamshire 38 Appendix 9: Views About Management: A statement of English Nature’s views about the management of Ashridge Commons and Woods Site of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI), 2003 40 Tring Woodlands SSSI 44 Appendix 10: Tring Woodlands SSSI citation 45 Appendix 11: Condition summary from Natural England’s website for Tring Woodlands SSSI 48 Appendix 12: Condition Assessment from Natural England’s website for Tring Woodlands SSSI 51 Appendix 13: Operations likely to damage the special interest features at Tring Woodlands SSSI 53 Appendix 14: Views About Management: A statement of English Nature’s views about the management of Tring Woodlands Site of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI), 2003.
    [Show full text]
  • Beiträge Zur Insekteufauna Der DDR: Lepidoptera — Crambidae
    j Beitr. Ent. • Bd. 23 • 1973 • H. 1 -4 • S. 4 -5 5 - Berlin Institut für Pflaiizenscliutzforschung (BZA) der Akademie der Landwirtschaftswissenschaften der D D R zu Berlin Zweigstelle Eberswalde Abteilung Taxonomie der Insekten (ehem. DEI) Ebersw alde Gü n t h e r Pe te r se n , Gerrit F r ie se & Gü n th er R in n h o eer Beiträge zur Insekteufauna der DDR: Lepidoptera — Crambidae Mit 42 Figuren und 51 Farbabbildungen1 Inhalt E in le itu n g ......................................................................................................................... 5 Artenbestand ................................................................................................................... 5 Zoogeograpbische A n alyse ......................................................................... ............ 7 Ökologie ............................................................................................................................. s8 Bestimnumgstabelle ................................................................................................. 11 Systeuiatiseh-fannistiscbes Verzeichnis der Gattungen und Arten 2 0 Verzeichnis (Checklist) der Crambxden der D D R .................................. 50 L it e r a t u r .......................................................................................................................... 53 In d ex ................................................................................................................................... 5 4 Einleitung Im Gegensatz zu den meisten anderen
    [Show full text]
  • A Molecular Phylogeny for the Pyraloid Moths (Lepidoptera: Pyraloidea) and Its Implications for Higher-Level Classification
    Systematic Entomology (2012), 37, 635–656 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3113.2012.00641.x A molecular phylogeny for the pyraloid moths (Lepidoptera: Pyraloidea) and its implications for higher-level classification JEROME C. REGIER1,2, CHARLES MITTER1,M.ALMASOLIS3, JAMES E. HAYDEN4, BERNARD LANDRY5, MATTHIAS NUSS6, THOMAS J. SIMONSEN7, SHEN-HORN YEN8, ANDREAS ZWICK9 andMICHAEL P. CUMMINGS10 1Department of Entomology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, U.S.A., 2Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, College Park, MD, U.S.A., 3Systematic Entomology Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD, U.S.A., 4Florida State Collection of Arthropods, Gainesville, FL, U.S.A., 5Museum´ d’Histoire Naturelle, Geneva, Switzerland, 6Senckenberg Naturhistorische Sammlungen Dresden, Museum fur¨ Tierkunde, Konigsbr¨ ucker¨ Landstr., Dresden, Germany, 7Department of Entomology, The Natural History Museum, London, U.K., 8Department of Biological Sciences, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, 9Department of Entomology, State Museum of Natural History Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany and 10Laboratory of Molecular Evolution, Center for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, U.S.A. Abstract. Pyraloidea, one of the largest superfamilies of Lepidoptera, comprise more than 15 684 described species worldwide, including important pests, biological control agents and experimental models. Understanding of pyraloid phylogeny, the basis for a predictive classification, is currently provisional. We present the most detailed molecular estimate of relationships to date across the subfamilies of Pyraloidea, and assess its concordance with previous morphology-based hypotheses. We sequenced up to five nuclear genes, totalling 6633 bp, in each of 42 pyraloids spanning both families and 18 of the 21 subfamilies, plus up to 14 additional genes, for a total of 14 826 bp, in 21 of those pyraloids plus all 24 outgroups.
    [Show full text]
  • Review of the Diet and Micro-Habitat Values for Wildlife and the Agronomic Potential of Selected Grassland Plant Species
    Report Number 697 Review of the diet and micro-habitat values for wildlifeand the agronomic potential of selected grassland plant species English Nature Research Reports working today for nature tomorrow English Nature Research Reports Number 697 Review of the diet and micro-habitat values for wildlife and the agronomic potential of selected grassland plant species S.R. Mortimer, R. Kessock-Philip, S.G. Potts, A.J. Ramsay, S.P.M. Roberts & B.A. Woodcock Centre for Agri-Environmental Research University of Reading, PO Box 237, Earley Gate, Reading RG6 6AR A. Hopkins, A. Gundrey, R. Dunn & J. Tallowin Institute for Grassland and Environmental Research North Wyke Research Station, Okehampton, Devon EX20 2SB J. Vickery & S. Gough British Trust for Ornithology The Nunnery, Thetford, Norfolk IP24 2PU You may reproduce as many additional copies of this report as you like for non-commercial purposes, provided such copies stipulate that copyright remains with English Nature, Northminster House, Peterborough PE1 1UA. However, if you wish to use all or part of this report for commercial purposes, including publishing, you will need to apply for a licence by contacting the Enquiry Service at the above address. Please note this report may also contain third party copyright material. ISSN 0967-876X © Copyright English Nature 2006 Project officer Heather Robertson, Terrestrial Wildlife Team [email protected] Contractor(s) (where appropriate) S.R. Mortimer, R. Kessock-Philip, S.G. Potts, A.J. Ramsay, S.P.M. Roberts & B.A. Woodcock Centre for Agri-Environmental Research, University of Reading, PO Box 237, Earley Gate, Reading RG6 6AR A.
    [Show full text]
  • Biological Surveys at Hunsbury Hill Country Park 2018
    FRIENDS OF WEST HUNSBURY PARKS BIOLOGICAL SURVEYS AT HUNSBURY HILL COUNTRY PARK 2018 Ryan Clark Northamptonshire Biodiversity Records Centre April 2019 Northamptonshire Biodiversity Records Centre Introduction Biological records tell us which species are present on sites and are essential in informing the conservation and management of wildlife. In 2018, the Northamptonshire Biodiversity Records Centre ran a number of events to encourage biological recording at Hunsbury Hill Fort as part of the Friends of West Hunsbury Park’s project, which is supported by the National Lottery Heritage Fund. Hunsbury Hill Country Park is designated as a Local Wildlife Site (LWS). There are approximately 700 Local Wildlife Sites in Northamptonshire. Local Wildlife Sites create a network of areas, which are important as refuges for wildlife or wildlife corridors. Hunsbury Hill Country Park was designated as a LWS in 1992 for its woodland flora and the variety of habitats that the site possesses. The site also has a Local Geological Site (LGS) which highlights the importance of this site for its geology as well as biodiversity. This will be surveyed by the local geological group in due course. Hunsbury Hill Country Park Local Wildlife Site Boundary 1 Northamptonshire Biodiversity Records Centre (NBRC) supports the recording, curation and sharing of quality verified environmental information for sound decision-making. We hold nearly a million biological records covering a variety of different species groups. Before the start of this project, we looked to see which species had been recorded at the site. We were surprised to find that the only records we have for the site have come from Local Wildlife Site Surveys, which assess the quality of the site and focus on vascular plants, with some casual observations of other species noted too.
    [Show full text]
  • Heathland 700 the Park & Poor's Allotment Species List
    The Park & Poor's Allotment Bioblitz 25th - 26th July 2015 Common Name Scientific Name [if known] Site recorded Fungus Xylaria polymorpha Dead Man's Fingers Both Amanita excelsa var. excelsa Grey Spotted Amanita Poor's Allotment Panaeolus sp. Poor's Allotment Phallus impudicus var. impudicus Stinkhorn The Park Mosses Sphagnum denticulatum Cow-horn Bog-moss Both Sphagnum fimbriatum Fringed Bog-moss The Park Sphagnum papillosum Papillose Bog-moss The Park Sphagnum squarrosum Spiky Bog-moss The Park Sphagnum palustre Blunt-leaved Bog-moss Poor's Allotment Atrichum undulatum Common Smoothcap Both Polytrichum commune Common Haircap The Park Polytrichum formosum Bank Haircap Both Polytrichum juniperinum Juniper Haircap The Park Tetraphis pellucida Pellucid Four-tooth Moss The Park Schistidium crassipilum Thickpoint Grimmia Poor's Allotment Fissidens taxifolius Common Pocket-moss The Park Ceratodon purpureus Redshank The Park Dicranoweisia cirrata Common Pincushion Both Dicranella heteromalla Silky Forklet-moss Both Dicranella varia Variable Forklet-moss The Park Dicranum scoparium Broom Fork-moss Both Campylopus flexuosus Rusty Swan-neck Moss Poor's Allotment Campylopus introflexus Heath Star Moss Both Campylopus pyriformis Dwarf Swan-neck Moss The Park Bryoerythrophyllum Red Beard-moss Poor's Allotment Barbula convoluta Lesser Bird's-claw Beard-moss The Park Didymodon fallax Fallacious Beard-moss The Park Didymodon insulanus Cylindric Beard-moss Poor's Allotment Zygodon conoideus Lesser Yoke-moss The Park Zygodon viridissimus Green Yoke-moss
    [Show full text]
  • (Amsel, 1954) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae, Phycitinae) – a New Species for the Croatian Pyraloid Moth Fauna, with an Updated Checklist
    NAT. CROAT. VOL. 30 No 1 37–52 ZAGREB July 31, 2021 original scientific paper / izvorni znanstveni rad DOI 10.20302/NC.2021.30.4 PSOROSA MEDITERRANELLA (AMSEL, 1954) (LEPIDOPTERA: PYRALIDAE, PHYCITINAE) – A NEW SPECIES FOR THE CROATIAN PYRALOID MOTH FAUNA, WITH AN UPDATED CHECKLIST DANIJELA GUMHALTER Azuritweg 2, 70619 Stuttgart, Germany (e-mail: [email protected]) Gumhalter, D.: Psorosa mediterranella (Amsel, 1954) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae, Phycitinae) – a new species for the Croatian pyraloid moth fauna, with an updated checklist. Nat. Croat., Vol. 30, No. 1, 37–52, 2021, Zagreb. From 2016 to 2020 numerous surveys were undertaken to improve the knowledge of the pyraloid moth fauna of Biokovo Nature Park. On August 27th, 2020 one specimen of Psorosa mediterranella (Amsel, 1954) from the family Pyralidae was collected on a small meadow (985 m a.s.l.) on Mt Biok- ovo. In this paper, the first data about the occurrence of this species in Croatia are presented. The previ- ous mention in the literature for Croatia was considered to be a misidentification of the past and has thus not been included in the checklist of Croatian pyraloid moth species. P. mediterranella was recorded for the first time in Croatia in recent investigations and, after other additions to the checklist have been counted, is the 396th species in the Croatian pyraloid moth fauna. An overview of the overall pyraloid moth fauna of Croatia is given in the updated species list. Keywords: Psorosa mediterranella, Pyraloidea, Pyralidae, fauna, Biokovo, Croatia Gumhalter, D.: Psorosa mediterranella (Amsel, 1954) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae, Phycitinae) – nova vrsta u hrvatskoj fauni Pyraloidea, s nadopunjenim popisom vrsta.
    [Show full text]
  • General Methods Will Be Outlined in Chapter 2
    The Biodiversity of Abandoned Farmland Tom Fayle Gonville and Caius College April 2005 This dissertation is submitted for the degree of Master of Philosophy Mating Six-spot Burnet moths (Zygaena filipendulae) on the Roughs Declaration This dissertation is the result of my own work and includes nothing which is the outcome of work done in collaboration except where specifically indicated in the text. This dissertation does not exceed the limit of 15000 words in the main text, excluding figures, tables, legends and appendices. i Acknowledgements This work was carried out on the land of Miriam Rothschild, who sadly passed away before its completion. I would like to thank her for allowing me to stay at Ashton Wold during my fieldwork and making me feel welcome there. I would also like to thank the Eranda Foundation for funding this work. Various people have helped with the identification of my material and I am very grateful to them for their time. Brian Eversham was of great help in identifying my carabids and also took time out from his busy schedule to assist me for a day during my time in the field. Ray Symonds dedicated a great deal of time to identifying all the spiders I caught, a feat which would have undoubtedly taken me many weeks! Richard Preece identified all my gastropods, and I am grateful both to him and his student George Speller for passing on the material to him. Roger Morris verified the identification of voucher specimens of all the syrphids I caught, and Oliver Prŷs-Jones did the same for my bumblebees.
    [Show full text]
  • Journal of the Lepidopterists' Society
    JOURNAL OF THE LEPIDOPTERISTS' SOCIETY Volume 38 1984 Number 3 Joumal of the Lepidopterists' Society 38(3). 1984. 149-164 SOD WEBWORM MOTHS (PYRALIDAE: CRAMBINAE) IN SOUTH DAKOTA B. McDANIEL,l G. FAUSKEl AND R. D. GUSTIN 2 ABSTRACT. Twenty-seven species of the subfamily Crambinae known as sod web­ worm moths were collected from South Dakota. A key to species has been included as well as their distribution patterns in South Dakota. This study began after damage to rangeland in several South Dakota counties in the years 1974 and 1975. Damage was reported from Cor­ son, Dewey, Harding, Haakon, Meade, Perkins, Stanley and Ziebach counties. An effort was made to determine the species of Crambinae present in South Dakota and their distribution. Included are a key for species identification and a list of species with their flight periods and collection sites. MATERIALS AND METHODS Black light traps using the General Electric Fluorescent F ls T8 B1 15 watt bulb were set up in Brookings, Jackson, Lawrence, Minnehaha, Pennington and Spink counties. In Minnehaha County collecting was carried out with a General Electric 200 watt soft-glow bulb. Daytime collecting was used in several localities. Material in the South Dakota State University Collection was also utilized. For each species a map is included showing collection localities by county. On the maps the following symbols are used: • = collected by sweepnet. Q = collected by light trap. Key to South Dakota Cram binae 1a. Rs stalked .__ ... ___ .. __ ......................... _..... _ ................................. _._............................................. 2 lb. Rs arising directly from discal cell ................................................................. _............ _............
    [Show full text]
  • Arethusana Arethusa (Denis & Schiffermüller, 1775)
    Famille Nymphalidae Sous-famille Arethusana arethusa (Denis & Schiffermüller, 1775) Satyrinae le Mercure Statut Ce papillon, à la répartition discontinue dans la moitié sud de la France, subit une phase de régression très marquée dans nos régions. Son maintien est compromis en Franche-Comté où ses populations sont en plein effondrement. RE et son prolongement sur le plateau ni- CR Franche-Comté OINOT vernais, enfi n sur les côtes de calcaire crétacé du Sénonais. Une unique et sur- Claude V prenante micro-population survit sur une EN pâture maigre cristalline entre Autun et Le Creusot. VU Phénologie NT Bourgogne C’est une espèce univoltine de brève période d’apparition centrée sur la seconde quinzaine d’août. LC Dates extrêmes : (24 juillet 2011) 3 août – 19 septembre. DD Atteintes et menaces NA La fermeture des milieux par l’em- broussaillement (le plus souvent par NE le Buis, mais aussi par le Pin noir et le Prunellier) entraîne la réduction des Europe – LC surfaces de pelouses sèches auxquelles France – LC l’espèce est inféodée (Festuco-brome- tum) et permettant sa survie. Dans l’Yonne, des places de vol enchâssées Mâle (Saône-et-Loire, 2008). en zones de culture hébergeant l’espèce dans les années 1980 sont désormais désertées (Pays d’Othe). Écologie et biologie Distribution L’intensifi cation agricole détruit par Le Mercure (ou Petit Agreste) est A. arethusa est une espèce holo- ailleurs de nombreux habitats du Mer- un hôte préférentiel des côtes calcaires, méditerranéenne de répartition très mor- cure (destruction de placettes-relais, des pelouses sèches et maigres, de pré- celée en Europe et en France.
    [Show full text]
  • Phylogeny of the Aphnaeinae: Myrmecophilous African Butterflies
    Systematic Entomology (2015), 40, 169–182 DOI: 10.1111/syen.12098 Phylogeny of the Aphnaeinae: myrmecophilous African butterflies with carnivorous and herbivorous life histories JOHN H. BOYLE1,2, ZOFIA A. KALISZEWSKA1,2, MARIANNE ESPELAND1,2,3, TAMARA R. SUDERMAN1,2, JAKE FLEMING2,4, ALAN HEATH5 andNAOMI E. PIERCE1,2 1Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, U.S.A., 2Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, U.S.A., 3Museum of Natural History and Archaeology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway, 4Department of Geography, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, U.S.A. and 5Iziko South African Museum, Cape Town, South Africa Abstract. The Aphnaeinae (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae) are a largely African subfamily of 278 described species that exhibit extraordinary life-history variation. The larvae of these butterflies typically form mutualistic associations with ants, and feed on awide variety of plants, including 23 families in 19 orders. However, at least one species in each of 9 of the 17 genera is aphytophagous, parasitically feeding on the eggs, brood or regurgitations of ants. This diversity in diet and type of symbiotic association makes the phylogenetic relations of the Aphnaeinae of particular interest. A phylogenetic hypothesis for the Aphnaeinae was inferred from 4.4 kb covering the mitochondrial marker COI and five nuclear markers (wg, H3, CAD, GAPDH and EF1) for each of 79 ingroup taxa representing 15 of the 17 currently recognized genera, as well as three outgroup taxa. Maximum Parsimony, Maximum Likelihood and Bayesian Inference analyses all support Heath’s systematic revision of the clade based on morphological characters.
    [Show full text]
  • Morphological Characters of the Immature Stages of Henotesia Narcissus
    224 Nachr. entomol. Ver. Apollo, N. F. 23 (4): 225–236 (2003) 225 Morphological characters of the immature stages of Henotesia narcissus (Fabricius, 1798): description and phylogenetic significance (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae, Satyrinae, Satyrini, Mycalesina)1 Peter H. Roos Dr. Peter H. Roos, Goethestrasse 1a, D-45549 Sprockhövel, Germany; e-mail: [email protected] Abstract: Development and morphological characters of mathematisch adäquat durch eine Exponentialfunktion the immature stages of Henotesia narcissus (Fabricius, 1798) beschrieben werden. Ähnliche Funktionen können zur from Madagascar were studied. The aims were to find phy- Charakterisierung des Längenwachstums des Körpers sowie logenetically relevant characters to analyze the systematic der Zunahme der Stemmatadurchmesser benutzt werden. relationships of the subtribe Mycalesina within the Satyrini Durch einfache Kalkulationen können einzelne Larvalsta- and to find criteria for distinction of the larval stages. Clear dien identifiziert werden, wodurch die Vorausetzung für synapomorphies have been found for Mycalesina and the vergleichende morphologische Studien geschaffen ist. subtribe Ypthimina in the larval stages such as clubbed setae and thoracic dorsal trichome fields in the last instar larvae. Thus, the close relationship between the Mycalesina and Introduction the Lethina/Elymniina as proposed by Miller (1968) is not The order Lepidoptera includes an estimated number confirmed by our results. Our conclusion is supported by fur- of about 1.4 million species (Gaston 1991, Simon 1996). ther common characters of the Mycalesina and Ypthimina which, however, cannot be easily interpreted in phylogenetic For many, if not most of the known species often nothing terms. Such characters which are not shared by the Lethina more than some characters of the wing pattern have and Elymniina are for example the shape of the scoli present been published which may allow the identification of on the head capsule in all larval instars, the enlargement the species in the mature stage.
    [Show full text]