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General Methods Will Be Outlined in Chapter 2 The Biodiversity of Abandoned Farmland Tom Fayle Gonville and Caius College April 2005 This dissertation is submitted for the degree of Master of Philosophy Mating Six-spot Burnet moths (Zygaena filipendulae) on the Roughs Declaration This dissertation is the result of my own work and includes nothing which is the outcome of work done in collaboration except where specifically indicated in the text. This dissertation does not exceed the limit of 15000 words in the main text, excluding figures, tables, legends and appendices. i Acknowledgements This work was carried out on the land of Miriam Rothschild, who sadly passed away before its completion. I would like to thank her for allowing me to stay at Ashton Wold during my fieldwork and making me feel welcome there. I would also like to thank the Eranda Foundation for funding this work. Various people have helped with the identification of my material and I am very grateful to them for their time. Brian Eversham was of great help in identifying my carabids and also took time out from his busy schedule to assist me for a day during my time in the field. Ray Symonds dedicated a great deal of time to identifying all the spiders I caught, a feat which would have undoubtedly taken me many weeks! Richard Preece identified all my gastropods, and I am grateful both to him and his student George Speller for passing on the material to him. Roger Morris verified the identification of voucher specimens of all the syrphids I caught, and Oliver Prŷs-Jones did the same for my bumblebees. Ian Goldstone helped to construct my water traps and rising plate meter and Henry Disney gave advice on the construction and use of water traps. A number of people proof read either all or part of this thesis and made helpful comments. For this I would like to thank Maureen and Tony Fayle, William Foster, Rhys Green, Laura Jennings, Hillary Marshall, Helen Scales and Ed Turner. During the course of this year I have been given constructive advice after presenting this work and for this I would like to thank the Conservation Biology Group and the attendees of the Museum talks. The opportunity to work in an environment where one can exchange ideas and bounce ideas off people has been invaluable and I am grateful to Helen Scales, Jörn Scharlemann, Jules Jones, and in particular Ed Turner for providing such an environment. I would also like to thank Helen Scales and Liz Taylor for being very pleasant office mates. Finally, I would like to thank William Foster and Rhys Green for being such approachable and helpful supervisors. ii Abstract With recent increases in the area of farmland being abandoned in Europe, it has become of great importance to know the fate of such areas if they are left unmanaged. Are areas of abandoned farmland important for biodiversity conservation? In this thesis I investigate this question using a case study of an area of 56-year-old abandoned arable farmland in Northamptonshire, UK, known as “The Roughs”. I compare the species present from a wide range of taxonomic groups on the Roughs and on three adjacent habitats with alternative land use trajectories. These consisted of a wheat field, an area of 15-year-old set-aside, and an area of ancient secondary woodland. I also investigate the factors influencing the spatial variation in species richness on the Roughs. The Roughs was more species rich than the other habitats for most taxa, and also provided a habitat for a much greater number of species of conservation importance. The Roughs was also more heterogeneous than the other habitats, both in terms of vegetation structure and in terms of the distributions of species. The composition of species on the Roughs was most similar to that of either the woodland or the set-aside, depending on which taxonomic group was surveyed. This may explain why the Roughs is so species rich, as it supports species with affinities for both woodland and grassland. The factors explaining variation in species richness on the Roughs varied between taxonomic groups, indicating that they have different habitat requirements. The species richness of different taxonomic groups on the Roughs did not correlate with each other, suggesting that no single group is of use as an indicator taxon on abandoned farmland. Comparison of the plant community of this area of abandoned farmland with those of two other areas showed that succession occurs in a broadly similar way on different areas of arable farmland following abandonment. Therefore abandoned farmland, if left unmanaged over long periods of time, can become a habitat of great conservation importance. iii Contents 1 Introduction............................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Background......................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Study site............................................................................................................. 4 1.3 Aims.................................................................................................................... 7 1.4 The structure of this thesis .................................................................................. 7 1.5 Summary............................................................................................................. 8 2 Methods...................................................................................................................... 9 2.1 Introduction......................................................................................................... 9 2.2 Survey design...................................................................................................... 9 2.3 Survey protocols for the taxonomic groups...................................................... 11 2.3.1 Birds.......................................................................................................... 11 2.3.2 Lepidoptera ............................................................................................... 12 2.3.3 Beetles....................................................................................................... 13 2.3.4 Carabids and spiders ................................................................................. 15 2.3.5 Syrphids .................................................................................................... 17 2.3.6 Mammals................................................................................................... 19 2.3.7 Trees.......................................................................................................... 19 2.3.8 Other taxonomic groups............................................................................ 20 2.4 Habitat surveys.................................................................................................. 20 2.4.1 Sward height ............................................................................................. 20 2.4.2 Ground cover ............................................................................................ 21 2.5 Summary........................................................................................................... 22 3 Vegetation and substrates ...................................................................................... 23 3.1 Introduction....................................................................................................... 23 3.2 Methods............................................................................................................. 23 3.2.1 Statistical techniques................................................................................. 23 3.3 Results............................................................................................................... 25 3.3.1 Trees.......................................................................................................... 25 3.3.2 Sward height ............................................................................................. 28 3.3.3 Ground cover ............................................................................................ 30 3.4 Discussion......................................................................................................... 34 3.4.1 Trees.......................................................................................................... 34 3.4.2 Sward height ............................................................................................. 35 3.4.3 Ground cover ............................................................................................ 35 3.4.4 Substrate.................................................................................................... 35 3.5 Summary........................................................................................................... 36 4 Species richness and species diversity................................................................... 37 4.1 Introduction....................................................................................................... 37 4.2 Methods............................................................................................................. 37 4.2.1 Species richness ........................................................................................ 37 4.2.2 Species diversity ....................................................................................... 40 iv 4.2.3 Fits to rank abundance models.................................................................
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