The National Plant Biosecurity Status Report

2011 © Plant Health Australia 2012 Disclaimer: This publication is published by Plant Health Australia for information purposes only. Information in the document is drawn from a variety of sources outside This work is copyright. Apart from any use as Plant Health Australia. Although reasonable care was taken in its preparation, Plant Health permitted under the Copyright Act 1968, no part Australia does not warrant the accuracy, reliability, completeness or currency of the may be reproduced by any process without prior information, or its usefulness in achieving any purpose. permission from Plant Health Australia. Given that there are continuous changes in trade patterns, pest distributions, control Requests and enquiries concerning reproduction measures and agricultural practices, this report can only provide a snapshot in time. and rights should be addressed to: Therefore, all information contained in this report has been collected for the 12 month period from 1 January 2011 to 31 December 2011, and should be validated and Communications Manager confirmed with the relevant organisations/authorities before being used. A list of Plant Health Australia contact details (including websites) is provided in the Appendices. 1/1 Phipps Close DEAKIN ACT 2600 To the fullest extent permitted by law, Plant Health Australia will not be liable for any loss, damage, cost or expense incurred in or arising by reason of any person relying on the ISSN 1838-8116 information in this publication. Readers should make and rely on their own assessment An electronic version of this report is available for and enquiries to verify the accuracy of the information provided. download from the Plant Health Australia website. Print copies can be ordered by contacting Plant Health Australia.

In referencing this document, the preferred citation is: National Plant Biosecurity Status Report (2011). Plant Health Australia, Canberra, ACT. Contents

OVERVIEW 7 The importance of plant biosecurity 8 CHAPTER 1 ORGANISATION OF PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEMS IN AUSTRALIA 11 1.1 Policy framework and legislation 12 Biosecurity reform 12 Intergovernmental Agreement on Biosecurity 13 National Plant Biosecurity Strategy 14 Biosecurity legislation 14 1.2 National committees 16 Primary industries committees 16 Plant Health Committee 16 1.3 Australian Government plant health services 18 DAFF Biosecurity 18 Trade and Market Access Division 20 Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade 20 Other government organisations 20 1.4 State and territory plant biosecurity services 21 1.5 Industry and private sector plant biosecurity services 27 Industry representative bodies 27 Growers and landholders 27 Private consultants and reseller agronomists 27 Professional associations 27 1.6 Australia’s plant production industries 28 Crop production summary 28 1.7 Plant Health Australia 76 Plant Health Australia and Australia’s plant biosecurity system 76 CHAPTER 2 AUSTRALIA’S PLANT PEST STATUS 79 2.1 Australia’s High Priority Pests 81 2.2 Australia’s regionalised pests 88 2.3 Responses to Emergency Plant Pests 91 2.4 Management of weeds in Australia 95

Image courtesy of AUSVEG CHAPTER 3 MAINTAINING AUSTRALIA’S PLANT BIOSECURITY STATUS 101 3.1 Offshore activities 104 International trade 105 Imports 105 Exports 108 3.2 At the border activities 110 Post-entry plant quarantine 110 Northern Australia Quarantine Strategy 110 Information systems 111 3.3 Onshore activities 112 Domestic quarantine 112 Industry biosecurity planning 113 Pre-emptive breeding 114 Surveillance 114 Diagnostics 124 On farm biosecurity 136 Communication and awareness 138 Information technology tools and networks supporting the plant biosecurity system 140 CHAPTER 4 MANAGING PLANT BIOSECURITY EMERGENCIES 143 4.1 The Emergency Plant Pest Response Deed 144 National Management Group 145 Consultative Committee on Emergency Plant Pests 145 Emergency Plant Pest Categorisation Group 145 4.2 PLANTPLAN 148 Contingency planning 148 Training 152 Biosecurity Surveillance Incident Response and Tracing 153 CHAPTER 5 INNOVATION, RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT 155 5.1 Research and development in association with the Australian Government 156 Australian Government statutory authorities and agencies involved in research and development 158 Cooperative Research Centres 159 Research and Development Corporations 161 5.2 State and territory governments research and development 164 5.3 Universities and private research institutions 164 5.4 Overview of plant biosecurity related research and development in 2011 166 APPENDICES 187 Appendix 1: Organisational and initiative contact details 188 Appendix 2: Glossary 192 Appendix 3: Acronyms and abbreviations 194 INDEX 196 Tables and figures Case studies

TABLES Table 1. Plant biosecurity related legislation 15 Chapter 1 Ensuring Tasmania’s biosecurity future 25 Tables 2-37. Industry specific High Priority Pest lists 30 Focus on forestry biosecurity 45 Table 38. Plant Health Australia’s Members 77 Table 39. High Priority Pests of Australia’s plant production industries 82 Chapter 2 Engaging communities during a biosecurity incursion 94 Table 40. Australia’s regionalised pests 89 Management of Branched broomrape 98 Table 41. Emergency responses to EPPs and pests of national significance 92 Chapter 3 Keeping Australia (not) green… 109 Table 42. Pest detections notified under EPPRD arrangements that did not Boosting biosecurity in the nursery and garden industry 113 result in an emergency response 93 New diagnostic facilities 124 Table 43. Australia’s Weeds of National Significance 96 Collaboration to improve diagnostic capability for fruit flies 130 Table 44. Australian Government, and state and territory government National Plant Biosecurity Diagnostic Network 133 responsibilities in weed management 97 Grains Farm Biosecurity Program 137 Table 45. DAFF Biosecurity’s finalised policy advice, draft regulated import Fight to destroy a weed menace 138 risk analysis reports and draft policy reviews 107 Champions of on farm biosecurity 139 Table 46. Post-entry plant quarantine facilities in Australia 110 Table 47. Industry Biosecurity Plans 113 Chapter 4 Transition to management programs 146 Table 48. Australia’s plant biosecurity surveillance programs 116 Chapter 5 Success for plant biosecurity research 160 Table 49. Australia’s diagnostic services and laboratories 125 Innovation in biosecurity 163 Table 50. National Diagnostic Protocols 134 Table 51. Contingency plans available for priority plant pests in Australia 149 Table 52. Plant biosecurity related research projects 168 FIGURES Figure 1. National governmental consultative committees 17 Figure 2. DAFF Biosecurity regional boundaries 19 Figure 3. Gross value of Australia’s plant production industries 28 Figures 4-67. Industry production data 30 Figure 68. Key components of Australia’s plant biosecurity system 103 Figure 69. DAFF Biosecurity import risk analysis flowchart 106 Figure 70. NAQS plant and animal biosecurity surveillance area 111 Figure 71. NAQS areas of operation in the Torres Strait 111 Figure 72. Surveillance programs by target host 115 Figure 73. Surveillance programs by target pest 115 Figure 74. Approval process of National Diagnostic Protocols 132 Figure 75. Relationships between organisations involved in plant biosecurity research and development 157 Figures 76-80. Research and development project summaries 166

Foreword

Plant biosecurity in Australia operates as a partnership between governments and plant The National Plant Biosecurity Status Report couldn’t be compiled without contributions, industries. Through this innovative partnership, responsibilities for maintaining the integrity input and advice from Australia’s key plant biosecurity stakeholders. Plant Health Australia and performance of the plant biosecurity system are shared, as are the benefits of better is grateful for the cooperation it receives every year in putting together this volume. It is an biosecurity outcomes. All Australians benefit from improved productivity of our plant example of the plant biosecurity partnership in action. production industries, high quality produce, increased trade, business profitability and sustainability, and environmental preservation. I am proud to recommend this publication to you.

The National Plant Biosecurity Status Report is a vital reference source for anyone interested in Australia’s plant biosecurity system and how it functions to maintain Australia’s plant pest status, which is envied around the world. It provides farmers, domestic producers and retailers with confidence in the security and viability of Australia’s food industries. Educators, those involved in providing support and commercial services to the plant industries, and policy makers across government and industry will also benefit from the comprehensive overview of Australia’s plant biosecurity system. Dr Tony Gregson AM, FTSE Chairman This fourth edition of the National Plant Biosecurity Status Report provides a synopsis of Australia’s plant biosecurity system for the calendar year of 2011. Readers are presented with comprehensive information on the status of Australia’s plant production industries and the elaborate systems that protect them.

Issues covered include: • The organisations and processes involved in managing the pest status of Australia’s agricultural, horticultural and forestry industries offshore, onshore and at the border • National biosecurity agreements and reforms to current arrangements • Plant pests of significant concern to Australian plant production industries • Response measures being undertaken for pests present in Australia • General information about the industries behind Australia’s $27.5 billion annual earnings from agriculture, horticulture and forestry production • The more than 650 plant biosecurity research and development projects active in Australia 6 Overview The importance of plant biosecurity

Australia’s plant production industries1 are in the One of the major challenges for the national biosecurity system is protecting the vast range enviable position of being free from most of the of plant based industries present in Australia. These range from pineapples and sugarcane serious pests that impact on industries overseas. in the tropical north to cherries and onions in the southern temperate zones, with each

OVERVIEW commodity providing its own biosecurity challenges. Freedom from these pests is primarily due to a combination of Australia’s geographic isolation and One of the key reasons that Australia prioritises biosecurity is because the agricultural a strong history of effective quarantine measures. production industry it protects is an important element of the economy, with the gross value of production in the year to 30 June 2011 reaching $40.1 billion3. More than half of this produce was exported, which indicates the strong reliance Australia’s plant To maintain this favourable situation, Australia places production industries have on access to international markets to remain viable. a high priority on plant biosecurity, which in turn, has driven the development of an internationally recognised Even with a strong biosecurity system in place, pests pose a significant threat to Australia’s plant production industries. They can reduce crop yields, lower the quality of food and fibre plant biosecurity system. The strength of the Australian commodities, increase production costs, and in some cases, restrict access to international biosecurity system lies in its cooperative approach, which markets for Australia’s produce. In some situations, pests can completely prevent the is characterised by industry–government partnerships. commercial cultivation of commodities.

To minimise potential impacts from established and exotic pests, Australia’s comprehensive biosecurity system extends along the ‘biosecurity continuum’, mitigating and managing The definition of a pest2 used in this report covers all insects, mites, snails, nematodes, threats offshore, onshore and at the border. Governments and plant production industries pathogens (diseases) and weeds that are injurious to plants, plant products or bees. share responsibility for the biosecurity system, covering funding and decision making. Exotic pests are those not currently present in Australia. Established or endemic As well as focusing on preventing the establishment and spread of exotic pests, the pests are those present within Australia. system encompasses domestic biosecurity arrangements which limit the spread of regionalised pests within Australia.

A strong biosecurity system not only protects Australia’s plant production industries, but protects Australia’s unique and highly valued natural ecosystems. Many native species are threatened by competition and predation from invasive exotic pests and the presence of these species can significantly alter the natural ecosystem4. Similarly, the social value of public amenities, such as parklands and private non-commercial plantings (eg. fruit trees and gardens), can be reduced through the impacts of invasive pests.

1 In this document, the term ‘plant production industries’ is used to cover all plant industries in the agricultural, horticultural and forestry sectors. 2 International Standards for Phytosanitary Measures (ISPM) No. 5 (Glossary of Phytosanitary Terms) describes a pest in the context of plant health as ‘Any species, strain or biotype of plant, animal or pathogenic agent injurious to plants or plant products’. ISPMs can be found at http://archives.eppo.org/WORLDWIDE/ispm.htm. 3 Australian Bureau of Statistics (2011) Value of principal agricultural commodities produced, Australia 2010-11, cat. no. 7501.0. ABS, Canberra. 4 Pimentel, D., McNair, S., Janecka, J., et. al. (2001) Economic and environmental threats of alien plant, animal, and microbe invasions. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, 84: 1-20. 8 In Australia, it is estimated that previously introduced invertebrates cost over $4.7 billion in agricultural production losses, while the total cost of weeds on agriculture is a further $4.5 billion. In addition, $750 million and $1.7 billion are spent in agriculture on control 5 and mitigation activities for invertebrate pests and weeds, respectively . In this context, OVERVIEW the successful eradication of Papaya fruit fly from the Northern Territory (after it was detected in 1995) has been estimated to provide ongoing benefits of approximately $74 million per year6.

Consequently, Australia remains committed to maintaining a world class plant biosecurity system in an environment where pest population levels and distribution are influenced by climate variability and increasing levels of trade and tourism, and where export markets are taking a more stringent view of plant pest status.

5 Bureau of Rural Sciences (2007) Australia – Our Natural Resources at a Glance. Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry. 6 Australian Bureau of Agricultural Resource Economics (1995) Papaya fruit fly: Cost-benefit analysis of the proposed eradication program. ABARE consultancy report to Australian Quarantine and Inspection Service, Canberra.

Image courtesy of Sacron Innovations 9 10 Chapter 1 Organisation of plant biosecurity systems in Australia

Image courtesy of the Department of Employment, Economic Development and Innovation, Queensland 1.1 Policy framework and legislation

Australia’s unique and internationally recognised plant BIOSECURITY REFORM biosecurity system is underpinned by a cooperative The Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry (DAFF) continues to progress partnership between plant industries and all levels of reforms to Australia’s biosecurity system with an aim of delivering a modern biosecurity government. This allows the delivery of effective system that is responsive and targeted. The reforms will focus efforts across the biosecurity measures, preventing pests from ‘biosecurity continuum’ (offshore, border and onshore) on activities that are based entering and establishing in the country. on risk management, robust science and an effective regulatory framework. The reforms are substantial and will be completed in stages over a number of years. This ensures continued protection of plant production Reform activities will deliver a range of benefits including more efficient management industries and the natural environment against new pests of biosecurity risks, continued protection of Australia’s production industries, facilitation and provides a range of significant benefits for growers, of international trade and protection of Australia’s unique environment. industries and the wider public, including the sustainability The reforms being implemented are consistent with the themes outlined in the 2008 of production and continued access to domestic and independent review of Australia’s quarantine and biosecurity arrangements (the Beale international markets for traded commodities. Review7), including: • A risk-based approach to biosecurity operations in which resources are focused In Australia, the traditional role of governments in on the things that matter most managing plant biosecurity is complemented by a close • A biosecurity system that operates across the biosecurity continuum more effectively, association with plant production industries. National plant rather than focusing on the border biosecurity priorities are determined in consultation with a • A partnership approach with industry, states, territories and trading partners wide range of industry stakeholders, who participate in • A biosecurity system that is evidence based and intelligence led policy development, support targeted activities and • A biosecurity system that is underpinned by modern legislation and technological ability ORGANISATION OF PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEMS IN AUSTRALIA CHAPTER 1: ORGANISATION contribute to emergency responses. In 2011, key achievements that improved Australia’s biosecurity system included: This chapter provides an outline of the organisations • The successful negotiation of Intergovernmental Agreement on Biosecurity (IGAB) and individuals that are responsible for maintaining and the National Environmental Biosecurity Response Agreement (NEBRA) Australia’s plant biosecurity system, demonstrating • Implementation of the Export Certification Reform Package how the complex system fits together to provide • Detailed scoping work to underpin significant upgrades of information and world-class biosecurity services. communication technology systems and future post-entry quarantine arrangements • Amendments to legislation for imported food, enabling DAFF to enter into compliance agreements with importers • Risk-based intervention trials at the border for passengers, cargo and mail

7 Beale, R., Fairbrother, J., Inglis, A., and Trebeck, D. (2008) One Biosecurity: A Working Partnership. Commonwealth of Australia, Canberra, www.quarantinebiosecurityreview.gov.au. 12 Other significant activities underway include: • Finalising new biosecurity legislation to replace the Quarantine Act 1908 • Redeveloping the import conditions database to improve its usability and the quality and consistency of its information • Improving risk-based profiling and inspection processes at airports, mail centres and seaports to support more targeted inspections that focus on the highest biosecurity risks • Strategic partnering with the Australian Customs and Border Protection Service • Implementing improved export certification arrangements • Enhancing offshore risk mitigation measures through activities such as developing the Australian Fumigation Accreditation Scheme and other capacity building activities

INTERGOVERNMENTAL AGREEMENT ON BIOSECURITY As part of its response to the Beale Review, the Australian Government, with the support of a working group of primary industry officials from each state and territory, has developed the IGAB8. The agreement aims to strengthen the working partnership between governments, broadly identifies their roles and responsibilities, and outlines the priority areas for collaborative effort to improve the national biosecurity system.

IGAB covers specific recommendations in the Beale Review and provides a mechanism to progress them. It includes the development of a national priority pest list and increased Australian Government involvement in onshore monitoring and surveillance. Key aspects of the national biosecurity system addressed in IGAB include: ORGANISATION OF PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEMS IN AUSTRALIA CHAPTER 1: ORGANISATION • Decision making and investment frameworks • Information sharing • Monitoring, surveillance and diagnostics • Arrangements for established pests • Communication and engagement • Preparedness and response arrangements • Research and development

NEBRA is the first deliverable of IGAB, and it sets out emergency response arrangements, including cost-sharing, for biosecurity incidents that primarily impact the environment and social amenity.

8 The IGAB can be found at www.coag.gov.au/intergov_agreements.

Image courtesy of DAFF Biosecurity 13 NATIONAL PLANT BIOSECURITY STRATEGY The National Plant Biosecurity Strategy (NPBS) provides ten strategies that will strengthen Australia’s plant biosecurity system throughout the next decade. To develop these strategies, the views of stakeholders across Australia’s plant biosecurity system were drawn together, in a process facilitated by PHA.

The Beale Review recommendations (and subsequent actions), and the IGAB and its principles, have been taken into account in developing the NPBS. As such, adoption of the NPBS will give effect to many of the recommendations contained within the Beale Review.

With endorsement from PHA Members, the NPBS was finalised in December 2010, and the process of implementing the recommendations began in 2011. Responsibility for guiding the implementation process has been divided among organisations and committees, based on their expertise. For example, the diagnostic aspects are being guided by the Subcommittee on Plant Health Diagnostic Standards (SPHDS), the surveillance aspects are being guided by the Subcommittee on National Plant Health Surveillance (SNPHS).

Through its implementation, the NPBS will build on the strength of the current plant biosecurity system and ensure that Australian plant production industries remain protected from plant pests.

For more information, visit www.planthealthaustralia.com.au/NPBS.

BIOSECURITY LEGISLATION The plant biosecurity system works under the controls of Commonwealth and state legislation. This legislation is administered through a range of agricultural and environmental

ORGANISATION OF PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEMS IN AUSTRALIA CHAPTER 1: ORGANISATION departments in the respective jurisdictions (Table 1).

The scope of the legislation covers the movement of plants and plant products into and around the country, through to many of the day to day activities of quarantine inspectors. The authority to deal with biosecurity emergencies and reporting requirements are also contained within this legislation.

14 Table 1. Plant biosecurity related legislation

Jurisdiction Administering authority Legislation Commonwealth Department of Agriculture, Quarantine Act 1908 Fisheries and Forestry Export Control Act 1982 Export Control (Plant and Plant Products) Orders 2005 Commonwealth Department of Sustainability, Environment Protection and Environment, Water, Population Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 and Communities ACT Environment ACT Plant Disease Act 2002 Pest Plants and Animals Act 2005 NSW Department of Primary Industries Plant Diseases Act 1924 Plant Diseases Regulation 2003 Noxious Weeds Act 1993 Noxious Weeds Regulation 2003 NT Department of Resources Plant Health Act 2008 Plant Health Regulations 2011 Qld Biosecurity Queensland, part of the Plant Protection Act 1989 Department of Employment, Plant Protection Regulation 2002 Economic Development and Innovation SA Primary Industries and Regions Plant Health Act 2009 Plant Health Regulations 2009 Tas Department of Primary Industries, Plant Quarantine Act 1997 Parks, Water and Environment Weed Management Act 1999 ORGANISATION OF PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEMS IN AUSTRALIA CHAPTER 1: ORGANISATION Vic Department of Primary Industries Plant Health and Plant Products Act 1995 Plant Health and Plant Products Regulations 2006 WA Department of Agriculture and Plant Diseases Act 1914 Food Plant Diseases Regulations 1989 Bee Keepers Act 1963 Biosecurity and Agricultural Management Act 2007 9

9 Will replace Plant Diseases Act 1914 and Plant Diseases Regulations 1989. Implementation soon to be underway.

Image courtesy of NT DoR 15 1.2 National committees

The Australian Government holds primary responsibility for offshore and border biosecurity matters, including international phytosanitary obligations, export certification, trade negotiation and quarantine. The government also coordinates and formulates national policy and, under some circumstances, provides financial assistance for national plant pest programs. Australian state and territory governments, in conjunction with plant industries, take a more direct role in onshore biosecurity.

Much of this work is progressed through national and international committees, which ensure consultation and cooperation are facilitated effectively. Key areas overseen by national committees include pest risk mitigation, control and eradication activities and a forum for negotiation of domestic quarantine arrangements (rules that govern domestic trade).

The national committee structure (Figure 1) provides the framework for Australian governments to work together in serving the country’s overall plant biosecurity interests. The committees guide and coordinate the various institutions responsible for delivering plant biosecurity outcomes. Additional linkages to other organisations involved in plant biosecurity are provided by PHA (Section 1.7, page 76).

PRIMARY INDUSTRIES COMMITTEES The Standing Council on Primary Industries (SCoPI), formerly the Primary Industries Ministerial Council (PIMC), is the peak government forum for consulting, coordinating and integrating government action on national primary industry issues. The membership of SCoPI includes ministers from the Australian Government, Australian state and territory governments, and the New Zealand Government, who are responsible for agriculture, food, fibre, forestry, fisheries and aquaculture industries, and rural adjustment policy.

SCoPI is supported by the Primary Industries Standing Committee (PISC), which comprises the heads of the Australian national, state and territory and New Zealand government departments concerned with agriculture, as well as representatives of the Bureau of Meteorology and the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO). ORGANISATION OF PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEMS IN AUSTRALIA CHAPTER 1: ORGANISATION PISC is in turn supported by the National Biosecurity Committee (NBC). NBC is responsible for managing a national strategic approach to emerging and ongoing biosecurity policy issues across jurisdictions and sectors (primary production and the environment). It also monitors the development and implementation of IGAB. The committee provides leadership to a range of supporting committees, including the Plant Health Committee (PHC).

PLANT HEALTH COMMITTEE PHC supports NBC by providing strategic policy, technical and regulatory advice on plant biosecurity matters. It also guides a range of organisations through the establishment of national standards, and facilitates a consistent national approach to legislative outcomes and standards within the plant biosecurity sector.

PHC is primarily concerned with improving biosecurity for Australia’s plant production industries and contributing to safe domestic and international trade. PHC’s membership comprises representatives from the Australian Government, state and territory governments, PHA, CSIRO, and the Research Priority Coordination Committee. The Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry Biosecurity New Zealand, the Cooperative Research Centre for National Plant Biosecurity (CRCNPB), and the Australian Plague Locust Commission have observer status.

16 Figure 1. National governmental consultative committees (as at 31 December 2011)10

KEY SCoPI BEPWG BGG BWG IWG Environment focus

Primary industries focus

Plant biosecurity focus PISC NBIGG NBRDEWG NDM&IWG NECWG Emergency response (EPPRD)

Emergency response (outside EPPRD)

NBC Working Groups NBC

Reporting lines

AHC AWC MPSC PHC VPC NBMGs NBMCCs (Outside EPPRD)

NMG (EPPRD) CCEPP SAP DQMAWG SPHDS SNPHS NCCs TACC ORGANISATION OF PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEMS IN AUSTRALIA CHAPTER 1: ORGANISATION Abbreviations Abbreviations Abbreviations AHC Animal Health Committee NBC National Biosecurity Committee NMG National Management Group AWC Australian Weeds Committee NBIGG National Biosecurity Information Governance PHC Plant Health Committee Group BEPWG Biosecurity Emergency Preparedness PISC Primary Industries Standing Committee Working Group NBMCCs National Biosecurity Management Consultative Committees SAP Scientific Advisory Panel BGG BioSIRT Governance Group NBMGs National Biosecurity Management Groups SCoPI Standing Council on Primary Industries BWG Benchmarks Working Group NBRDEWG National Biosecurity Research, Development SNPHS Subcommittee on National Plant Health CCEPP Consultative Committee on Emergency Plant and Extension Working Group Surveillance Pests NCCs National Consultative Committees SPHDS Subcommittee on Plant Health Diagnostic DQMAWG Domestic Quarantine and Market Access Standards Working Group NDM&IWG National Decision Making and Investment Working Group TACC Tramp Ant Consultative Committee IWG Implementation Working Group NECWG National Engagement and Communication VPC Vertebrate Pest Committee MPSC Marine Pest Sectoral Committee Working Group

10 Only working groups specific to plant biosecurity are shown. 17 1.3 Australian Government plant health services

In 2011, the Australian Government confirmed that biosecurity functions will continue to be delivered through DAFF, with responsibility for delivering and coordinating the Australian Government’s role in managing Australia’s plant biosecurity. Within DAFF, ’DAFF Biosecurity’ replaces the former departmental areas of Biosecurity Australia (BA), the Australian Quarantine and Inspection Service (AQIS), and parts of the Product Integrity, Animal and Plant Health Division. In addition, the Trade and Market Access Division (TMAD) of DAFF, supports DAFF Biosecurity in the area of technical market access negotiations.

DAFF BIOSECURITY The Commonwealth is shifting the focus from border protection and the use of quarantine to an integrated approach involving offshore, at the border and onshore activities. DAFF Biosecurity’s roles and responsibilities include: • Offshore: conducting risk analyses, including import risk analyses and developing recommendations for biosecurity policy, together with providing quarantine policy advice to the Director of Animal and Plant Quarantine. These responsibilities are undertaken by DAFF Biosecurity’s Animal and Plant Divisions. • At the border: developing operational procedures, quarantine decisions under the Quarantine Act 1908 (including import permit decisions under delegation from the Director of Animal and Plant Quarantine) and delivering biosecurity services such as import clearance, inspection and export certification. DAFF Biosecurity’s Quarantine Operations and Food Divisions deliver these activities. To minimise quarantine and market access risks, new regional boundaries were put in place with five consolidated regions providing biosecurity services in 2009 (Figure 2).

ORGANISATION OF PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEMS IN AUSTRALIA ORGANISATION • Onshore: coordinating pest preparedness, emergency responses and liaison on inter- and intra-state quarantine arrangements for the Australian Government, in conjunction with Australia’s state and territory governments. This role is undertaken by DAFF’s Biosecurity Policy Division. CHAPTER 1:

18 Figure 2. DAFF Biosecurity regional boundaries (effective 1 July 2009) ORGANISATION OF PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEMS IN AUSTRALIA CHAPTER 1: ORGANISATION

Northern Includes Torres Strait and south to Cardwell, Northern Territory, west to Broome and the Indian Ocean territories South West From south of Broome, includes South Australia (including Broken Hill – excluding Riverland) South East Includes Tasmania, Riverland and extends north to Riverina and east coast NSW to Eden Central East Includes NSW with the exception of Eden and areas south, Riverina and far north coast North East Extends from Cardwell to far north coast NSW, south to Grafton 19 TRADE AND MARKET ACCESS DIVISION The Trade and Market Access Division (TMAD), within DAFF, is responsible for providing policy and strategic support for the department’s international activities. The division’s objective is to make Australia’s agriculture, fisheries, food and forestry industries more competitive by: • Working to maintain and improve market opportunities • Reducing distortions to global trade • Improving international trade cooperation • Reducing external risks to Australia’s favourable status relating to plant and animal health • Contributing to the development of international standards for agrifood products

TMAD is supported in its work by a network of agricultural counsellors located in China, Europe, India, Indonesia, Japan, Korea, the Middle East, Thailand and the United States of America.

DEPARTMENT OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS AND TRADE The Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade (DFAT) has a role in advancing Australia’s national interest by making the most of opportunities in Australia’s regional and global environment. This involves providing foreign and trade policy advice to the Australian

ORGANISATION OF PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEMS IN AUSTRALIA ORGANISATION Government, government agencies and stakeholders. In relation to plant biosecurity, DFAT provides policy and strategic advice on market access and trade issues across the various bilateral and multilateral trade agreements that Australia has with its international trading partners. CHAPTER 1: OTHER GOVERNMENT ORGANISATIONS The Australian Bureau of Agriculture and Resource Economics and Sciences (ABARES), within DAFF, also supports the plant biosecurity system through collaboration with other government agencies, to ensure that decision makers receive up-to-date scientific and economic advice.

Other organisations linked to the Australian Government that contribute to maintaining Australia’s plant biosecurity system include CSIRO, the CRCNPB, the Office of the Gene Technology Regulator (OGTR), various research and development organisations (Chapter 5), the Australian Pesticides and Veterinary Medicines Authority (APVMA), the Australian Customs and Border Protection Service and a number of Australian Government departments including the Department of Sustainability, Environment, Water, Population and Communities (SEWPaC).

20 Image courtesy of Jennifer Wilkinson 1.4 State and territory plant biosecurity services

Under the Australian Constitution, state and territory governments are responsible for plant biosecurity services within their respective borders. Delivery of these services is primarily provided through their respective agriculture or primary industry departments. A national approach to the management of plant biosecurity in Australia is maintained through the national committees framework (Section 1.2, page 16) and PHA membership.

Each state and territory has a different approach to delivering plant biosecurity operations, arising from the range of climatic conditions across Australia and differing legislative frameworks. Nonetheless, a number of common basic services are provided by all state and territory governments, including: • Science based risk analysis to identify pest threats and inform plant biosecurity policy and operations • State quarantine services for the clearance of passengers, cargo, mail, plants and plant products moving interstate • Export and market access support, including plant health certification services, the accreditation and auditing of export compliance arrangements, and surveys and inspections to support area freedom • Emergency response services, involving activities to prepare for, and respond to, a plant pest incursion. Where applicable, these activities draw on the arrangements in place under the Emergency Plant Pest Response Deed (EPPRD) (Section 4.1, page 144) • Surveillance and monitoring for the early detection of pest incursions, maintaining area freedom from pests and delimiting the extent of pests already present, in partnership with industry surveillance • Development and administration of plant biosecurity legislation and policies • Communication programs to raise awareness of biosecurity • The development and maintenance of information systems to support routine and emergency plant biosecurity management • Diagnostic services to identify plant pests (both endemic and exotic) found on a broad range of crops • Research and development to support the continued improvement of pest management and protection OF PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEMS IN AUSTRALIA CHAPTER 1: ORGANISATION capabilities

Image courtesy of the Department of Employment, Economic Development and Innovation, Queensland 21 ORGANISATION OF PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEMS IN AUSTRALIA CHAPTER 1: ORGANISATION

22 Image courtesy of NT DoR AUSTRALIAN CAPITAL TERRITORY NORTHERN TERRITORY Lead agency: Department of Territory and Municipal Services (TAMS) Lead agency: Department of Resources (DoR) www.tams.act.gov.au www.nt.gov.au/d

ACT Government manages plant biosecurity through TAMS, together with the Plant biosecurity in the NT is managed by Plant Biosecurity Branch, within DoR’s Department of the Environment, Climate Change, Energy and Water. Although the Biosecurity and Product Integrity Group. The Plant Biosecurity Branch is responsible ACT does not have many plant production industries, the government is represented for the development and implementation of plant biosecurity policies, programs and on national committees during plant pest emergency responses and participates in procedures aimed at maintaining NT’s freedom from plant pests that could adversely the development of associated national frameworks and strategies. impact on trade, market access, public health and the environment.

Plant biosecurity activities in the ACT are underpinned by the Plant Diseases Act 2002, The objectives of the Plant Biosecurity Branch include: the Pest Plants and Animals Act 2005 and the Magistrates Court (Plant Diseases • Maintaining and improving the plant health status of the plant and plant product Infringement Notices) Regulation 2005. industries of NT • Ensuring that plant and plant products that enter NT comply with the Plant Health NEW SOUTH WALES Act 2008 and Plant Health Regulation 2011 Lead agency: Department of Primary Industries (NSW DPI) • Minimise the risk of exotic pests entering NT through compliance and surveillance www.dpi.nsw.gov.au • Ensuring preparedness for effective emergency response mechanisms in the event of an EPP incursion NSW DPI is the principal agency responsible for plant biosecurity in NSW, ensuring policies, procedures and management are in place to minimise the impact of existing, invasive and The Plant Biosecurity Branch: emergency pests. NSW DPI maintains rapid response mechanisms for pest incursions in • Facilitates interstate trade of plant and plant products through certification, inspection order to protect trade and market access, agricultural resources, regional economies and and the Interstate Certification Assurance program the environment. The NSW Biosecurity Strategy defines how NSW DPI, in partnership with • Conducts active and passive pest surveillance to support market access nationally other government agencies, industry and the public, manages biosecurity risks to NSW. and within NT Within NSW DPI, the Plant Biosecurity Branch develops plant pest policy directions and • Conducts active surveillance for the early detection of a range of EPPs has oversight of operational responses to Emergency Plant Pests (EPPs; Section 4.1, • Prepares for effective emergency response mechanisms in the event of an EPP page 144) in NSW. The group provides advice to, and participates actively in, national incursion OF PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEMS IN AUSTRALIA CHAPTER 1: ORGANISATION decision making forums for plant pests of national significance. Within NSW investigations, • Develops, implements and reviews NT’s plant health policy and legislation diagnosis, surveillance and operational activities are implemented by the Plant Health Diagnostic Service at Elizabeth Macarthur Agricultural Institute, the Australian Scientific The Plant Biosecurity program is underpinned by the Plant Health Act 2008 and the Plant Collections Unit at Orange Agricultural Institute, the state wide network of compliance Health Regulations 2011. The Act and Regulations aims to minimise the risk of plant pests officers and the emergency management First Response Team. Close collaboration is entering and establishing in NT through movement and importation controls on plants and established with entomology and plant pathology researchers and with the statewide plant products. They also provide the powers to ensure appropriate action can be taken networks of district horticulturists and agronomists. for the control of pests if an incursion were to occur. Current legislation underpinning the NSW Government’s plant biosecurity activities are the Plant Diseases Act 1924 No.38, the Plant Diseases Regulation 2003, the Noxious Weeds Act 1993 No.11 and the Noxious Weeds Regulation 2003, all of which are administered by NSW DPI.

23 QUEENSLAND TASMANIA Lead agency: Department of Employment, Economic Development and Lead agency: Department of Primary Industries, Parks, Water and Innovation (DEEDI) Environment (DPIPWE) www.deedi.qld.gov.au www.dpipwe.tas.gov.au

Biosecurity Queensland, a division of DEEDI, develops policy, standards, delivery systems The DPIPWE Biosecurity and Product Integrity Division manages biosecurity policy and and services that aim to reduce the threat of invasive plant pests, and to preserve and programs for plant pests. Branches within this division are responsible for the development expand market access for Queensland’s plant industries. Within Biosecurity Queensland, and implementation of policies on barrier control, surveillance and monitoring, risk analysis, the Plant Biosecurity and Product Integrity program has the responsibility for plant EPP response and incursion management, and plant biosecurity communications. biosecurity, implementing programs for the prevention of spread, detection and control of certain plant pests. Central to biosecurity emergency preparedness in Tasmania is the Biosecurity Emergency Preparedness program. This program features an all-hazard approach, and all Biosecurity Agri-Science Queensland, a division of DEEDI, undertakes research, development Emergency Response Team (BERT) members receive the same training regardless of and extension on a wide range of plant pests in the cropping, horticultural and forestry whether they are from animal, plant, fisheries or other natural resources areas. At present industries. The group provides diagnostic capability, undertakes surveillance and develops BERT consists of 120 registered volunteers and delivery of the training continuum is integrated management packages to limit the impacts of pests within farming systems. ongoing.

Plant biosecurity management in Queensland is underpinned by the Plant Protection The Tasmanian Government’s Biosecurity Policy and the Tasmanian Biosecurity Strategy Act 1989, which is specifically focused on preventing, controlling and removing pest provide the state framework for all government biosecurity actions and decision making infestations of plants, and related purposes. This legislation is also complemented by processes, including EPP responses. a number of other Acts, including the Agricultural Standards Act 1994, the Agricultural and Veterinary Chemicals Act 1994 and the Biological Control Act 1987. Activities are Plant biosecurity in Tasmania is underpinned by the Plant Quarantine Act 1997. When driven by the Queensland Biosecurity Strategy 2009 -14. needed, this is complemented by the Emergency Service Act 1976. This legislation has been shown to provide an appropriate range of specific and general legislative functions and powers to deal with prevention, monitoring, control and eradication of plant pests. In SOUTH AUSTRALIA addition the various Tasmanian Government agency responsibilities are detailed in the Lead agency: Department of Primary Industries and Regions (PIRSA) Tasmanian Emergency Management Plan that includes details of biosecurity emergency www.pir.sa.gov.au response arrangements. ORGANISATION OF PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEMS IN AUSTRALIA CHAPTER 1: ORGANISATION Biosecurity SA, a division within PIRSA, is responsible for the development and implementation of plant biosecurity policies, programs and procedures aimed at maintaining South Australia’s freedom from pests that could adversely impact on trade, market access, public health and food safety, the rural economy and the environment.

Given South Australia’s freedom from fruit flies of economic significance, PIRSA has a strong focus on operations aimed at preventing their entry and establishment. These activities include a dedicated state wide fruit fly trapping grid, targeted awareness and education campaigns, and specific measures to effectively respond to, and eradicate, any fruit flies detected.

Plant biosecurity programs in SA are underpinned by the Plant Health Act 2009 and Plant Health Regulations 2009. In addition, the Plant Quarantine Standard South Australia has been established under the Act to identify the relevant conditions of entry for fruit, vegetables, plants, plant products, machinery or equipment of biosecurity concern. Image courtesy of AUSVEG

24 Case study: Ensuring Tasmania’s biosecurity future Tasmania’s environmental values and quality produce benefit heavily upon its relative freedom from plant pests, and as a result plant biosecurity remains a high priority. A clear and documented state biosecurity policy was first published in 2006 and has served as the platform for implementing a strategic plan of action designed to build and maintain a biosecurity system that is relevant and informs activities important to the biosecurity future.

The past 18 months has been an important time for plant biosecurity in Tasmania, with key activities and achievements including: • Significant input into biosecurity activites at the national level, from national committees through to policy development and emergency responses • Development, application, and publication of an Import Risk Analysis framework that provides detail to stakeholders about how biosecurity decisions are made in Tasmania • Completion of a comprehensive review of declared pests under the Plant Quarantine Act 1997 and a revised plant pest list has been compiled to ensure the regulation of all declared pests are based solely on the risk they pose to Tasmania • Completion of significant reform and implementation of plant and plant product import requirements associated with fruit fly host produce, European house borer, nursery stock (including Myrtle rust host material) and agricultural equipment • Revision and update of the Plant Quarantine Manual Tasmania (PQMTas) providing stakeholders clear advice about the rules and regulations associated with importing plants and plant products into Tasmania and clear links to OF PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEMS IN AUSTRALIA CHAPTER 1: ORGANISATION recognised Interstate Certification Assurance arrangements • Further development of the Tasmanian Biosecurity Emergency Preparedness Program to include an ongoing training program • DPIPWE’s biosecurity stakeholder service has continued to expand with an excess of 700 registered biosecurity stakeholders. The advisory service is the primary means by which plant biosecurity stakeholders are kept informed of import requirement reviews, regulatory changes, pest threats and a range of other biosecurity information • Social media has been adopted as an additional means of communication with the public. A Facebook page titled ‘Biosecurity Tasmania’ has been established to allow members of the community to stay informed of current activities

As with all biosecurity systems there is always room for improvement and Tasmania is committed to continuing to improve and develop its biosecurity system to ensure the state’s clean and green image is maintained.

Image courtesy of CRC for Forestry 25 VICTORIA WESTERN AUSTRALIA Lead agency: Department of Primary Industries (DPI Vic) Lead agency: Department of Agriculture and Food (DAFWA) www.dpi.vic.gov.au www.agric.wa.gov.au

The Biosecurity Victoria (BV) division of DPI Vic delivers biosecurity and product integrity DAFWA manages investment in agricultural biosecurity services which contribute to market programs across the terrestrial and aquatic plant and animal sectors. Activities are guided competitiveness, profitability and sustainability in WA. Biosecurity services are delivered by the state’s Biosecurity Strategy. The aim is to minimise the impact of emergency pest through a network of dedicated and skilled staff throughout the state. incidents on the environment and production systems, maintain access to local and overseas markets, and ensure food safety and public health. Plant biosecurity in WA is governed mainly by the Plant Diseases Act 1914, the Agriculture and Related Resources Protection Act 1976 and the Beekeepers Act 1963. These are due The Plant Biosecurity and Product Integrity Branch of BV is responsible for the development, to be replaced by the Biosecurity and Agriculture Management Act 2007 in time. This new review and monitoring of policies, protocols and procedures in accordance with national Act seeks to establish a modern biosecurity regulatory system to prevent serious animal and international obligations. Branch staff work closely with PHA and national agencies and plant pests from entering the state and becoming established, and to minimise the to ensure Victoria fulfils its obligations as a signatory to the EPPRD across a range of spread and impact of any that are already present. functions.

The Animal, Plant and Chemical Operations Branch of BV delivers operational functions from a number of regional centres according to legislative and technical standards and protocols, which are underpinned by the state Plant Health and Plant Products Act 1995. Opportunities are provided under the legislation for producers and marketers to adopt quality assurance arrangements, which are subject to regular audit and improvement.

Scientific and diagnostic support is provided by the Biosciences and Research Division of DPI Vic.

Recently, BV staff have focused prevention and preparedness activities on developing response capability and plans to minimise impacts of Myrtle rust and Green snail. Training on disease prevention and mitigation has been delivered to DPI Vic, other government agency staff as well as foresters, local council and nursery staff. BV officers have continued ORGANISATION OF PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEMS IN AUSTRALIA CHAPTER 1: ORGANISATION with farm biosecurity awareness programs for the grains, chestnut and viticultural industries. Restructuring of BV operations groups has enhanced capacity to deliver emergency responses, which included fruit fly, Chestnut blight, Green snail and Myrtle rust over the past year.

Image courtesy of NT DoR

26 1.5 Industry and private sector plant biosecurity services

In addition to activities performed by the Australian and state and territory governments, PRIVATE CONSULTANTS AND RESELLER AGRONOMISTS industry and the private sector contribute significantly to plant biosecurity services through Private consultants and advisers in Australia provide a wide range of professional services a range of mechanisms, as described below. to plant production industries and their growers. Across a range of crop types, and in most key production areas, consultants provide extensive plant biosecurity extension INDUSTRY REPRESENTATIVE BODIES advice. Dissemination of this information at the farm level provides an effective mechanism for uptake. Many of Australia’s plant production industries have representative bodies, many of which are listed in Section 1.6 (page 28). These bodies act on behalf of the members of In addition to private consultants, commercial agronomists work across a wide range of the industry on a range of activities, including biosecurity. Industry representative bodies Australian plant production industries, providing local services through the major distribution may provide funding at regional, state or national levels for specific plant biosecurity chains. They are backed by national technical networks which provide a comprehensive activities, such as research and development, management initiatives and emergency suite of services to agricultural industries. This group of professional agriculturalists supply responses. Through these bodies, industries can also set biosecurity priorities that deliver a variety of free and consultative (fee based) services across the spectrum of crops grown outcomes specific to their needs. in Australia including specialty services for plant biosecurity issues.

Industry representative bodies also perform the critical role of providing a voice for Many consultants and agronomists are members of professional organisations. The entry growers at forums and on committees that determine the direction of plant biosecurity criteria for these organisations ensures consultants and advisers are professionals who within Australia. In addition, industry representative bodies can negotiate and work with provide a high standard of advice and abide by a code of ethics. government departments on biosecurity issues ranging from international market access negotiations through to pest surveillance activities. Personnel from these bodies also represent their industries in emergency plant pest response activities. PROFESSIONAL ASSOCIATIONS Australia has a number of societies and associations whose membership includes GROWERS AND LANDHOLDERS scientific professionals linked with plant biosecurity. These organisations contribute to the development and international recognition of Australia’s plant biosecurity system Landowners, managers and farm employees play a vital role in Australia’s plant biosecurity through a range of activities including:

system. Growers have a responsibility to maintain good biosecurity practices on their farms OF PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEMS IN AUSTRALIA CHAPTER 1: ORGANISATION to protect their crops, livelihood and industry from both endemic and exotic pests. • Peer review and publication of research findings Individual growers and businesses also contribute through: • Provision of pest, disease and weed notes • The treatment of produce to ensure compliance with necessary quarantine regulations • Scientific reviews (eg. interstate certification assurance and export protocols) • Convening of forums for the communication of plant biosecurity research • On farm management practices aimed at reducing pest prevalence and produce • Independent comment and input into the development and implementation of plant damage biosecurity policy and the development of international phytosanitary standards • Pest surveillance, which contributes to the early detection of exotic pests and • Encouraging professionalism amongst plant scientists and technicians significantly increases the likelihood of eradication Key associations include the Australasian Plant Pathology Society, the Australian Society for Microbiology, the Australian Entomological Society and the Council of Australian Weed Societies.

27 1.6 Australia’s plant production industries

Plant production industries are an important aspect of Australia’s economy, with a gross CROP PRODUCTION SUMMARY value of over $27.5 billion11,12. Whilst fundamentally based on broadacre production, there is increasing diversification into horticultural and forestry activities. There continues to be Australian agriculture, of which plant production industries make up about half, strong growth in the plant production sector, with the last decade seeing an increase of remains an integral part the nation’s economy, averaging about 2.5% of gross domestic product over the last five years, and it also utilises over half of Australia’s land area13. over $8 billion12. Furthermore, for the majority of the past 15 years, the value of primary plant production has been above that of livestock production in Australia. Plant production industries contributed over $27 billion in 2009–10, just over half of which was through broadacre agricultural production, including grains, cotton, pasture Crops are produced in every state and territory in Australia, and with the wide variety of and hay, and sugarcane (Figure 3). soils, geography and climate, this has resulted in some of the most diverse production in the world. This diversity is demonstrated in the crop production summaries presented in The 2009–10 period saw some significant changes in production values for a number the follow pages. of key plant production industries. For instance, rice production almost tripled over the previous year to reach a value of $90 million. This period also saw a substantial increase Farms in Australia have traditionally been family businesses that have been passed on from in the production of almonds, with the value of production doubling to over $180 million. generation to generation. However, since the 1950s, international economic factors and Citrus, cotton, banana, macadamia, sugarcane and vegetable production also registered changes in farming methods have led to an increase in farm size, both in terms of physical noteworthy increases in production and value. area and the value of operations. Despite the number of farms in Australia decreasing by Cotton Forestry Fruit and nutsGrains Grapes Honey bees Nursery Pasture and haySugarcane Vegetables about a quarter since the 1980s, agriculture is still dominated by farms of less than 500 Conversely, the value of chestnut production decreased in 2009–10 to $4 million from hectares. $11 million in 2008–09, due to the destruction of a large proportion of chestnut orchards as part of the Chestnut blight eradication program. The value of wine grapes also decreased Over the past decade, agricultural industries have faced a range of pressures, including from $927 million to $759 million. shifts in consumer demand, changes in government policies, a decline in the sector’s terms of trade, environmental concerns and an ever changing climate. Thankfully, in 2011 most of Australia’s plant production areas saw an end to one of the worst droughts in living Figure 3. Gross value of Australia’s plant production industries (2009–10) memory. Faced with these challenges, farmers have responded by changing the size and output mix of their farms, as well as the management and marketing strategies they employ. ORGANISATION OF PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEMS IN AUSTRALIA CHAPTER 1: ORGANISATION This section provides an overview of plant production industries in Australia (PHA industry 3% Cotton Members only), showing trends in production value and current distribution of these 6% Forestry industries between the states and territories. 14% Fruit and nuts Production value data has been sourced from the Australian Bureau of Statistics or 39% Grains appropriate peak industry body. The Industry Biosecurity Plans (IBPs), Farm and Orchard 5% Grapes Biosecurity Manuals and regional Biosecurity Manuals listed in this section can be found at www.planthealthaustralia.com.au/biosecurity. <1% Honey bees 6% Nursery 7% Pasture and hay

11 Australian Bureau of Agricultural and Resource Economics and Sciences (2011) Australian forest and wood product 6% Sugarcane statistics, March and June quarters 2011. ABARES, Canberra. 12 Australian Bureau of Agricultural and Resource Economics and Sciences (2011) Agricultural commodity statistics 2011. 14% Vegetables ABARES, Canberra. 13 Australian Bureau of Statistics (2010) Year Book Australia, 2009–10, cat no. 1301.0, ABS, Canberra.

28 Industry profiles

CROP PAGE Broadacre crops Cotton 42 Grains and pulses 48 Rice 64 Sugarcane 68 Forestry 44 Horticulture Almonds 30 Apple and pears 31 Avocados 32 Bananas 34 Berries (raspberries and blackberries) 36 Canned fruits 37 Cherries 38 Chestnuts 39 Citrus 40 Lychees 52 Macadamias 53 Mangoes 54 Nuts 57 Olives 58 Onions 59 Passionfruit 60 Pineapples 61 OF PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEMS IN AUSTRALIA CHAPTER 1: ORGANISATION Pistachio 62 Processing tomatoes 63 Stone fruit 66 Strawberries 67 Vegetables 72 Walnuts 74 Honey bees 50 Nursery and garden 56 Viticulture Dried fruit 43 Table grapes 70 Wine grapes 75

Image courtesy of Cotton Australia 29 ALMONDS Represented by the Almond Board of Australia Figure 4. Annual value of almond production, 2005–10 (Local value of production www.australianalmonds.com.au (LVP))

The Australian almond industry is concentrated in NSW, SA and Victoria and, more recently, 180 limited cultivation has been undertaken in WA. In 2011, a total of 29,500 hectares were cultivated with almond trees. Starting off small, the Australian almond industry has 150 dramatically expanded over the past four decades. Production has grown over this time 120 from 790 tonnes in 1960 to approximately 40,000 tonnes in 2011, and based on current plantings, yield projections of more than 86,500 tonnes are predicted by 2017. Dominant 90

varieties include Nonpareil (56% of plantings), Carmel (30%) and Price (8%). $ (MILLIONS) 60 In 2011, the industry had an estimated current farm gate value of more than $250 million and exports totaled $100 million. Approximately 65% of Australian almonds are exported 30 each year to over 40 countries. India is the largest export market by value, accounting for 0 37% of Australian export value. 05/06 06/07 07/08 08/09 09/10

FINANCIAL YEAR The almond industry is covered by the Nuts IBP Version 2.0, which includes the High Priority Pests (HPPs) of the industry (see Table 2), and the Orchard Biosecurity Manual for the Almond Industry Version 1.0. ACT NSW NT QLD SA TAS VIC WA

Table 2. High Priority Pests of the almond industry Figure 5. Distribution of almond production by state and territory, 2009–10 (based on LVP) Scientific name Common name Amyelois transitella Navel orangeworm Xylella fastidiosa Almond leaf scorch

ORGANISATION OF PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEMS IN AUSTRALIA CHAPTER 1: ORGANISATION 0% Australian Capital Territory 7% New South Wales 0% Northern Territory <1% Queensland 56% South Australia

Navel orangeworm. Image courtesy of Jack Kelly Clark, UC Almond leaf scorch. Image courtesy of J. K. Uyemoto, UC 0% Tasmania Statewide IPM Program Statewide IPM Program 37% Victoria 0% Western Australia

30 APPLES AND PEARS Represented by Apple and Pear Australia Figure 6. Annual value of apple and pear production, 2005–10 (LVP) www.apal.org.au

600 The major production area for the Australian apple and pear industry is in Victoria, primarily in the Goulburn Valley and southern Victoria. This area produces 43% and 500 86% of Australia’s apples and pears respectively. Significant areas in other states include Stanthorpe in Queensland, Batlow and Orange on NSW, the Huon and Tamar Valleys in 400 Tasmania, the Adelaide Hills in SA, and Donnybrook, Manjimup and the Perth Hills in WA. 300

The most popular varieties of apple are Cripps Pink (Pink LadyTM), Gala and Granny Smith, $ (MILLIONS) 200 whilst for pears, Packham and WBC dominate. Depending upon the variety, apples are harvested from February through to May, but because of their excellent storage capabilities, 100 are available throughout a large part of the year. Pears are picked from late January through 0 to late March. 05/06 06/07 07/08 08/09 09/10 The majority of apple production is consumed locally, with less than 5% exported to the FINANCIAL YEAR premium markets of the United Kingdom and Europe and the bulk markets of South East Asia.

In order to increase biosecurity awareness within the industry, orchard and pack-house ACT NSW NT QLD SA TAS VIC WA posters detailing Fire blight, European canker and Apple leaf-curling midge have been distributed to growers. In addition to on farm biosecurity awareness, Apple and Pear Australia growers and staff members have undertaken EPPRD awareness training to Figure 7. Distribution of apple and pear production by state and territory, 2009–10 ensure roles and responsibilities during a pest incursion are well understood. (based on LVP) The apple and pear industry is covered by the Apple and Pear IBP Version 2.01, which identifies the HPPs of the industry (see Table 3), and the Orchard Biosecurity Manual for the Apple and Pear Industry Version 2.0.

0% Australian Capital Territory OF PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEMS IN AUSTRALIA CHAPTER 1: ORGANISATION Table 3. High Priority Pests of the apple and pear industry 12% New South Wales 0% Northern Territory Scientific name Common name Apple proliferation phytoplasma Apple proliferation 6% Queensland Bactrocera dorsalis Oriental fruit fly 11% South Australia Conotrachelus nenuphar Plum curculio 6% Tasmania Drosophila suzukii Spotted winged drosophila 56% Victoria Dysaphis plantaginea Rosy apple aphid 9% Western Australia Erwinia amylovora Fire blight Gymnosporangium juniperi-virginianae Cedar apple rust Lymantria dispar Asian gypsy moth Nectria galligena European canker Rhagoletis pomonella Apple maggot

31 AVOCADOS Represented by Avocados Australia www.avocado.org.au

Queensland dominates Australia’s avocado production, with the north, central and south east areas of the state producing over half of the fruit in 2011. Other avocado producing states include NSW, SA, Victoria and WA. The Hass variety is the most predominant and accounts for approximately 80% of production, but Reed, Sharwil, Shepard and Wurtz are also favoured varieties. Australia produced 52,728 tonnes of avocados in 2011 with a farm gate value of $205 million.

Avocado exports have been steadily increasing over the past five years, with exports worth more than $8.2 million in 2011. Key international markets include Singapore, Hong Kong and Thailand.

The avocado industry is covered by the Avocado IBP Version 2.0, which identifies the HPPs of the industry (see Table 4), and the Orchard Biosecurity Manual for the Avocado Industry Version 1.0.

ACT NSW NT QLD SA TAS VIC WA

Figure 8. Distribution of avocado production by state and territory, 2009–10 (based on LVP) ORGANISATION OF PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEMS IN AUSTRALIA CHAPTER 1: ORGANISATION 0% Australian Capital Territory 18% New South Wales 0% Northern Territory 52% Queensland 5% South Australia 0% Tasmania 4% Victoria 21% Western Australia

32 Image courtesy of DAFF Figure 9. Annual value of avocado production, 2005–10 (LVP) Table 4. High Priority Pests of the avocado industry

Scientific name Common name 150 Avocado sunblotch viroid Avocado sunblotch 125 (asymptomatic strains) Avocado sunblotch viroid (symtomatic strains) Avocado sunblotch 100 Bactrocera carambolae Carambola fruit fly 75 Bactrocera cucurbitae Melon fruit fly $ (MILLIONS) 50 Bactrocera dorsalis Oriental fruit fly Tropical fruit fly 25 Bactrocera facialis Bactrocera kandiensis Fruit fly 0 05/06 06/07 07/08 08/09 09/10 Bactrocera kirki Fijian fruit fly FINANCIAL YEAR Bactrocera melanotus Fruit fly Bactrocera papayae Papaya fruit fly Bactrocera passiflorae Fijian fruit fly Bactrocera philippinensis Philippine fruit fly Bactrocera xanthodes Pacific fruit fly Conotrachelus aguacatae Small avocado seed weevil Conotrachelus perseae Small seed weevil Erwinia herbicola Avocado blast complex Heilipus lauri Large seed weevil Oligonychus perseae Persea mite ORGANISATION OF PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEMS IN AUSTRALIA CHAPTER 1: ORGANISATION Phytophthora kernoviae Phytophthora mengei Bark canker Phytophthora ramorum Sudden oak death Pseudomonas syringae Blister spot of apples Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae Avocado blast complex Raffaelea lauricola Laurel wilt Scirtothrips perseae Avocado thrips Sphaceloma perseae Avocado scab Stenoma catenifer Avocado seed moth Xanthomonas campestris (avocado strain) Bacterial canker complex

Avocado seed moth. Image courtesy of Mark S. Hoddle, University of California

33 BANANAS Represented by the Australian Banana Growers’ Council Figure 10. Annual value of banana production, 2005–10 (LVP) www.abgc.org.au

900 The majority of banana production in Australia is grown in far north Queensland, from Cardwell through to Tully, Innisfail through to Babinda and on the Atherton Tablelands, 750 making up some 75% of national production. Banana production also occurs in some coastal areas, from Tweed Heads to Coffs Harbour in NSW, Carnarvon and Kununurra 600 in WA and around Darwin in NT. 450

Cavendish bananas account for 95% of commercial production, with Lady Fingers and $ (MILLIONS) 300 other varieties making up the remainder. Almost all bananas produced in Australia are consumed domestically. 150

The banana industry is covered by the Banana IBP Version 2.0, which identifies the HPPs 0 05/06 06/07 07/08 08/09 09/10 of the industry (see Table 5) and the Farm Biosecurity Manual for the Banana Industry Version 1.0. FINANCIAL YEAR

Table 5. High Priority Pests of the banana industry ACT NSW NT QLD SA TAS VIC WA

Scientific name Common name Banana bract mosaic disease Banana bract mosaic virus (Potyvirus) Figure 11. Distribution of banana production by state and territory, 2009–10 Banana bunchy top virus (Nanovirus) Banana bunchy top virus (based on LVP) Blood disease bacterium Blood disease Erionota thrax Banana skipper butterfly Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense Panama disease, tropical Race 4

ORGANISATION OF PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEMS IN AUSTRALIA CHAPTER 1: ORGANISATION 0% Australian Capital Territory Guignardia musae Freckle disease Mycosphaerella eumusae Eumusae leaf spot 4% New South Wales Mycosphaerella fijiensis Black Sigatoka 3% Northern Territory Ralstonia solanacearum Race 2 Moko 91% Queensland Tetranychus piercei Spider mite 0% South Australia 0% Tasmania 0% Victoria 3% Western Australia

Moko. Image courtesy of Dr Richard I. Davis, PaDIL Black Sigatoka. Image courtesy of Jeff Daniells

34 ORGANISATION OF PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEMS IN AUSTRALIA CHAPTER 1: ORGANISATION

Image courtesy of the Australian Banana Growers’ Council 35 BERRIES (RASPBERRIES & BLACKBERRIES) Represented by the Australian Rubus Growers Association Figure 12. Annual value of berry production, 2005–10 (LVP) www.arga.com.au

60 The major growing regions for rubus crops are NSW (40%),Victoria (30%), Queensland (20%) and SA (5%). Small quantities of fruit are grown in SA and WA. In the last three 50 years, there have been substantial increases in production in northern NSW and south east Queensland for winter production. 40

The major varieties of rubus grown in Australia are Floricane and Primocane raspberries 30

and hybrid blackberries. The peak production period continues to be the traditional $ (MILLIONS) 20 summer to autumn seasons, but Australian fresh raspberries are now available year-round. 10 There is currently between 150 and 180 hectares of land under cultivation with rubus varieties and approximately 700 tonnes of fresh fruit were produced in the 2010–11 0 05/06 06/07 07/08 08/09 09/10 period. Production increased in 2010–11 from that in 2009–10 and production is expected to double by 2014. FINANCIAL YEAR

The industry is currently worth $25 million in Australia. All fresh rubus fruit produced in Australia is consumed locally with no export of fresh fruit. ACT NSW NT QLD SA TAS VIC WA An IBP that identifies the HPPs has not yet been developed for this industry.

Figure 13. Distribution of berry production by state and territory, 2009–10 (based on LVP)

ORGANISATION OF PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEMS IN AUSTRALIA CHAPTER 1: ORGANISATION 0% Australian Capital Territory 40% New South Wales 0% Northern Territory 20% Queensland 5% South Australia 3% Tasmania 30% Victoria 2% Western Australia

Image courtesy of the Australian Rubus Growers Association 36 CANNED FRUITS Represented by the Canned Fruits Industry Council of Australia Figure 14. Annual value of canned fruit production, 2005–10 (LVP)

The canned fruits industry, which is based in the Goulburn–Murray Valleys region of 60 Victoria, primarily processes apricots, peaches, pears and plums. 50 In 2011, there was a total of 245 growers supplying the canned fruits industry with an annual farm gate value of production of $39 million. Approximately 5% of the canned fruits 40 produced in 2011 were exported. The export market is valued at $1.95 million annually at the farm gate. 30 $ (MILLIONS) An IBP which includes HPPs has not yet been developed for this industry. 20

10

0 05/06 06/07 07/08 08/09 09/10

FINANCIAL YEAR

ACT NSW NT QLD SA TAS VIC WA

Figure 15. Distribution of canned fruit production by state and territory, 2009–10 (based on LVP)

0% Australian Capital Territory OF PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEMS IN AUSTRALIA CHAPTER 1: ORGANISATION 0% New South Wales 0% Northern Territory 0% Queensland 0% South Australia 0% Tasmania 100% Victoria 0% Western Australia

Image courtesy of Summerfruit Australia 37 CHERRIES Represented by Cherry Growers of Australia Figure 16. Annual value of cherry production, 2005–10 (LVP) www.cherrygrowers.org.au

150 The Australian cherry industry is concentrated in NSW, SA, Tasmania, Victoria and WA. Orange and Young in NSW, and Victoria are the major producing regions. In 2010 –11 125 the value of the Australian cherry industry was approximately $100 million. 100 The industry focuses predominantly on the domestic market, with only 20% of the national crop currently exported. This export market currently contains 30 countries, with Hong 75

Kong, Taiwan, Thailand and Singapore accounting for 75% of the total exports. There is $ (MILLIONS) 50 significant potential for growth in all export markets. 25 The cherry industry is covered by the Cherry IBP Version 2.0, which includes HPPs of the industry (see Table 6), and the Orchard Biosecurity Manual for the Cherry Industry 0 05/06 06/07 07/08 08/09 09/10 Version 1.0. FINANCIAL YEAR

Table 6. High Priority Pests of the cherry industry ACT NSW NT QLD SA TAS VIC WA Scientific name Common name Cherry leaf roll virus (Nepovirus) Blackline Choristoneura rosaceana Oblique banded leafroller Figure 17. Distribution of cherry production by state and territory, 2009–10 Conotrachelus nenuphar Plum curculio (based on LVP) Ctenopseustis obliquana Brown headed leafroller Drosophila suzukii Spotted winged drosophila European stone fruit yellows phytoplasma European stone fruit yellows

ORGANISATION OF PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEMS IN AUSTRALIA CHAPTER 1: ORGANISATION 0% Australian Capital Territory Little cherry virus 1 Little cherry virus 1 29% New South Wales Little cherry virus 2 Little cherry virus 2 0% Northern Territory Monilinia fructigena Brown rot Neonectria ditissima European canker <1% Queensland Pandemis cerasana Cherry brown tortrix 15% South Australia Phymatotrichum omnivorum Texas root rot 19% Tasmania Planotortrix octo Green headed leafroller 36% Victoria Plum pox virus (Potyvirus) Plum pox virus <1% Western Australia Podosphaera clandestina var. clandestina Powdery mildew of cherry (exotic strains) Rhagoletis fausta Black cherry fruit fly Rhagoletis indifferens Western cherry fruit fly Rhagoletis pomonella Apple maggot X disease phytoplasma Peach X disease Xylella fastidiosa Pierce’s disease 38 CHESTNUTS Represented by Chestnuts Australia Figure 18. Annual value of chestnut production, 2005–10 (LVP) www.chestnutsaustralia.com.au

30 The Australian chestnut industry operates principally in the southern states of Australia, including NSW, Tasmania and Victoria, plus southern areas of SA and the south western 25 area of WA. Approximately 70% of the national crop is grown in north east Victoria. The main varieties grown are Red Spanish, Buffalo Queen, Purtons Pride and De Coppi 20 Marone. Chestnuts flower during November and December and are harvested from 15 March through to May. $ (MILLIONS) 10 In June 2011 there were around 1000 hectares containing approximately 200,000 trees. Annual production is estimated to be 2000 tonnes. The 2011 crop was an increase in 5 production from 2010, which was mostly due to favourable growing conditions. Further 0 increases will occur in coming years due to increased plantings. The current production 05/06 06/07 07/08 08/09 09/10 is worth $4 million. The industry is primarily focused on the domestic market with FINANCIAL YEAR approximately 2% exported mainly to Asian markets.

The chestnut industry has always been fully aware of the possible biosecurity issues it faced, the main threats being Chestnut blight, Chestnut weevil and Chestnut gall wasp. ACT NSW NT QLD SA TAS VIC WA The depth of knowledge and preparedness was made very evident in 2010 when there was an outbreak of Chestnut blight. This outbreak was reported swiftly due to grower knowledge and training with regards to biosecurity issues. Chestnuts Australia Inc. in Figure 19. Distribution of chestnut production by state and territory, 2009–10 conjunction with the DPI Vic, were able to inform all growers of the immediate measures (based on LVP) that were needed to heighten the level of biosecurity. The industry is now in the process of obtaining funding for an Industry Development Officer to help with regards to further and increased biosecurity vigilance.

The chestnut industry is covered by the Nut IBP Version 2.0, which identifies the HPPs 0% Australian Capital Territory OF PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEMS IN AUSTRALIA CHAPTER 1: ORGANISATION of the industry (see Table 7). 13% New South Wales 0% Northern Territory Table 7. High Priority Pests of the chestnut industry 0% Queensland Scientific name Common name 5% South Australia Cryphonectria parasitica Chestnut blight 0% Tasmania Cydia latiferreana Filbertworm 78% Victoria 4% Western Australia

39 CITRUS Represented by Citrus Australia www.citrusaustralia.com.au

Citrus (oranges, mandarins, lemons, limes and grapefruit) is grown throughout Australia, with the exception of Tasmania and ACT. Major growing areas include the Riverina (NSW), Central Burnett and Emerald (Queensland), Riverland (SA) and Murray Valley (Victoria/ NSW). Production also occurs in WA and there are a small number of plantings in NT. Currently, there are about 28,000 hectares of citrus plantings nationally.

In 2010–11, production of citrus was in excess of 450,000 tonnes. The Australian citrus industry was valued at approximately $540 million in 2010–11.

The Australian citrus industry is the largest fresh fruit exporting industry in Australia. In 2011, 145,000 tonnes of citrus, valued at $149 million, was exported. Major export markets include Japan, Hong Kong, Malaysia, USA, Middle East and Singapore.

The citrus industry is covered by the Citrus IBP Version 2.0, which includes the HPPs of the industry (see Table 8), and the Orchard Biosecurity Manual for the Citrus Industry Version 2.0. ACT NSW NT QLD SA TAS VIC WA

Figure 20. Distribution of citrus production by state and territory, 2009–10 (based on LVP) ORGANISATION OF PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEMS IN AUSTRALIA CHAPTER 1: ORGANISATION 0% Australian Capital Territory 30% New South Wales <1% Northern Territory 23% Queensland 29% South Australia 0% Tasmania 14% Victoria 3% Western Australia

40 Figure 21. Annual value of citrus production, 2005–10 (LVP) Table 8. High Priority Pests of the citrus industry

Scientific name Common name 600 Bactrocera dorsalis Oriental fruit fly 500 Bactrocera invadens Fruit fly 400 Bactrocera minax Chinese citrus fly Bactrocera occipitalis Fruit fly 300

$ (MILLIONS) Bactrocera papayae Papaya fruit fly 200 Bactrocera philippinensis Philippine fruit fly 100 Bactrocera trivialis New Guinea fruit fly Japanese orange fly 0 Bactrocera tsuneonis 05/06 06/07 07/08 08/09 09/10 Candidatus Liberibacter africanus Huanglongbing (African strain) FINANCIAL YEAR Candidatus Liberibacter americanus Huanglongbing (American strain) Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus Huanglongbing (Asiatic strain) Citripestis sagittiferella Citrus fruit borer Citrus leprosis virus (Unassigned) Citrus leprosis disease Citrus tristeza closterovirus Mandarin stem-pitting (mandarin stem-pitting strain) Colletotrichum acutatum, SGO strain Post bloom fruit drop Dialeurodes citri Citrus whitefly Diaphorina citri Asian citrus psyllid Homalodisca vitripennis Glassy winged sharpshooter ORGANISATION OF PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEMS IN AUSTRALIA CHAPTER 1: ORGANISATION Odium citri Powdery mildew Odium tingitanium Powdery mildew Scirtothrips aurantii South African citrus thrips Spiroplasma citri (Mycoplasma-like organism) Stubborn Xanthomonas alfalfae subsp. citrumelonis Bacterial spot Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri Citrus canker Xylella fastidiosa Citrus variegated chlorosis

Asian citrus psyllid. Image courtesy of P. Barkley

41 COTTON Represented by Cotton Australia Figure 22. Annual value of cotton production, 2005–10 (LVP) www.cottonaustralia.com.au

1200 Cotton is grown in most of the major inland river valleys of eastern Australia, in a belt stretching from central Queensland in the north, to the Murrumbidgee Irrigation Area and 1000 Menindee Lakes in south west NSW. Cotton is generally grown as an irrigated crop in fertile alluvial floodplain soils, although in some seasons rain grown cotton can represent up to 800 30% of the planted area. 600

On average, Australia accounts for 3% of world lint production, although it has a much $ (MILLIONS) 400 larger influence in the world cotton market, accounting for 10% of export trade. Due to a wet year and plentiful supplies of water in the 2011 season (September 2010 to March 200 2011), a record cotton crop was harvested with a value of $2.7 billion. The vast majority 0 of the Australian cotton crop (approximately 99%) is exported, primarily to spinning mills 05/06 06/07 07/08 08/09 09/10 in South East Asia. FINANCIAL YEAR The cotton industry, through Cotton Australia, is working with PHA to develop a comprehensive national approach to managing biosecurity risks in the cotton industry. Valuable assistance is received from researchers and staff from CSIRO, NSW DPI, DEEDI, ACT NSW NT QLD SA TAS VIC WA Cotton Research and Development Corporation, Cotton Cooperative Research Centre, Cotton Seed Distributors and DAFF. Figure 23. Distribution of cotton production by state and territory, 2009–10 The cotton industry is covered by the Cotton IBP Version 2.01, which identifies the HPPs (based on LVP) of the industry (see Table 9) and the Farm Biosecurity Manual for the Cotton Industry Version 1.0.

Table 9. High Priority Pests of the cotton industry ORGANISATION OF PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEMS IN AUSTRALIA CHAPTER 1: ORGANISATION 0% Australian Capital Territory

Scientific name Common name 60% New South Wales Bemisia tabaci Silverleaf whitefly (exotic strains) 0% Northern Territory Cotton leaf curl virus (Begomovirus) Cotton leaf curl disease 40% Queensland Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. vasinfectum Fusarium wilt (exotic races) 0% South Australia Luteovirus (suspected) Blue disease 0% Tasmania Lygus lineolaris Tarnished plant bug 0% Victoria Phymatotrichum omnivorum Texas root rot 0% Western Australia Tetranychus turkestani Strawberry spider mite Verticillium dahliae Verticillium wilt (defoliating strain) Xanthomonas citri subsp. malvacearum Angular leaf spot

42 DRIED FRUIT Represented by Dried Fruits Australia Figure 24. Annual value of dried fruit production, 2005–10 (LVP) www.adfa.asn.au

120 In Australia, grapes are grown for the dried fruit industry in the Sunraysia regions which span north west Victoria and south west NSW around the Murray River, and to a lesser 100 extent, in the SA Riverland. 80 The industry covers the production of sultanas, currants, raisins and sunmuscats. The production of grapes for drying in recent years decreased to less than 50,000 (wet) tonnes 60 in 2010–11 due to the very difficult seasonal conditions that year. Production is expected $ (MILLIONS) 40 to rise again, with more suitable conditions being experienced in 2011–12. When product is available, the main export markets for dried fruit are dominated by Germany (40%), the 20 United Kingdom (25%) and New Zealand (11%). 0 05/06 06/07 07/08 08/09 09/10 The dried fruit industry regularly distributes biosecurity information and guidelines to its members via a quarterly publication, The Vine. The industry has also recently undertaken FINANCIAL YEAR EPPRD training in order to understand their roles and responsibilities in the event of a pest incursion. ACT NSW NT QLD SA TAS VIC WA The dried fruit industry is covered by the Viticulture IBP Version 2.0, which identifies the HPPs of the industry (see Table 10). This IBP also covers the wine and table grape industries. Figure 25. Distribution of dried fruit production by state and territory, 2009–10 (based on LVP) Table 10. High Priority Pests of the dried fruit industry

Scientific name Common name Daktulosphaira vitifoliae (exotic strains) Grapevine phylloxera (exotic strains)

0% Australian Capital Territory OF PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEMS IN AUSTRALIA CHAPTER 1: ORGANISATION Eotetranychus carpini Yellow vine mite 10% New South Wales Grapevine flavescence dorée phytoplasma Flavescence dorée Guignardia bidwellii Black rot 0% Northern Territory Homalodisca vitripennis Glassy winged sharpshooter 0% Queensland Phakopsora euvitis Grapevine leaf rust 2% South Australia Planococcus ficus Vine mealybug 0% Tasmania Platynota stultana Omnivorous leafroller 88% Victoria Pseudococcus maritimus Grape mealybug 0% Western Australia Pseudopezicula tetraspora Angular leaf scorch Pseudopezicula tracheiphila Rotbrenner Xanthomonas ampelina Bacterial blight Xylella fastidiosa Pierce’s disease

43 FORESTRY Represented by Australian Forest Products Association Figure 26. Annual value of forestry production, 2005–10 (LVP) www.ausfpa.com.au

1800 Australian timber plantations and associated manufacturing facilities are located in all states and territories. Plantations are generally found in regional areas receiving greater 1500 than 700 mm mean annual rainfall. 1200 The total volume of plantation logs (both hardwood and softwood plantations) harvested in 2009–10 was 19.0 million cubic metres, which represents a 5.2% increase compared 900

to 2008–09. These plantation logs are processed into various products including sawn $ (MILLIONS) 600 timber, wood-based panels, engineered wood products, paper and paperboard products. 300 In 2010, the plantation resource consisted of over 1 million hectares of softwoods (mostly Pinus species) and 973,000 hectares of hardwoods (mostly Eucalyptus species). Australia’s 0 05/06 06/07 07/08 08/09 09/10 plantation area contracted slightly in 2011, with 24,000 new hectares (mostly hardwood plantations) established, but this was more than offset by a decrease in existing plantations FINANCIAL YEAR being re-established.

The forestry industry is covered by the Plantation Timber IBP Version 1.0, which identifies ACT NSW NT QLD SA TAS VIC WA the HPPs of the industry (see Table 11).

Table 11. High Priority Pests of the forestry industry Figure 27. Distribution of forestry production by state and territory, 2009–10 (based on LVP) Scientific name Common name Bursaphelenchus spp. including B. xylophilus Pinewood nematode species complex Coptotermes spp. Subterranean termites

ORGANISATION OF PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEMS IN AUSTRALIA CHAPTER 1: ORGANISATION <1% Australian Capital Territory Endocronartium harknessii Western gall rust 21% New South Wales Fusarium circinatum Pitch canker Lyctus africanus Powder post beetle 0% Northern Territory Lymantria dispar Asian gypsy moth 12% Queensland Monochamus spp. Longhorn beetles 14% South Australia Phytophthora ramorum Sudden oak death 10% Tasmania Puccinia psidii sensu lato Guava rust 22% Victoria Stromatium barbatum Drywood longicorn beetle 21% Western Australia

44 Case study: Focus on forestry biosecurity The management of endemic pests and the implementation of risk mitigation practices Queensland to reduce the threat of introducing exotic pests are integral to Australia’s forestry industry. Myrtle rust was first detected in Queensland in December 2010. As of October 2011, the Minimising these risks, and the associated impacts, is important to ensure a viable disease had spread west to Toowoomba and north to Bundaberg. There are approximately industry is maintained. 100 susceptible host species present in Queensland. The disease has not as yet been identified in hardwood plantations. However, glasshouse screening trials have suggested This case study presents the key threats identified across the Australian forestry industry that the some key Queensland hardwood species could be affected. during the 2010 –11 period, together with the response actions implemented. This material has been taken from the Annual Pest, Disease and Quarantine Status Report for Australia Teak (Tectona grandis) and African mahogany (Khaya senegalensis) plantations in northern and New Zealand. The report was produced by Research Working Group 7: Forest Health Queensland have been affected by Pink disease (Erythricium salmonicolor), which causes for submission to the PISC and the Forestry and Forest Products Committee. A summary stem cankers to develop. of the information is included in the report below presented for each state. The Sirex wood wasp was first detected in Queensland in 2009 and its population in pine New South Wales plantations in southeast Queensland continues to increase. Myrtle rust (Puccinia psidii sensu lato) is now considered to be established along the NSW coast from south of Sydney to central Queensland. Government and industry bodies are South Australia now in the process of working towards a transition to management phase. There were no widespread pests or disease issues in Eucalyptus plantations in SA, although Autumn gum moth (Mnesampela privata) and Eucalyptus weevil (Gonipterus An emerging canker disease in Spotted gum (Corymbia maculata) plantations has recently scutellatus) caused significant localised damage in some young plantations on the Victorian been detected, with significant damage (including tree death) being reported in several side of the Green Triangle area, although most plantations in SA are now old enough to plantations. The extent of this disease is currently under investigation. not be severely affected by these pests.

Sirex wood wasp (Sirex noctillio) continues to cause tree mortality (5-10%) in some Softwood plantations in SA were, in general, very healthy in 2010–11. No major damage compartments in the Hume and Macquarie Regions. Thinning operations and biological by Pine looper (Chlenias sp.) was recorded in 2011. Sirex wood wasp remained at a control of the wasp with a nematode (Beddingia siricidicola) has helped reduce the Sirex low level in all areas of the SA softwood estate. Trapping and biological control using wood wasp population. Monterey pine aphid (Essigella californica) has caused widespread nematodes continued in order to keep the wasp population at a low level. Monterey pine and severe damage in NSW in most years since it was first detected in Australia in 1998. aphid (E. californica) numbers were also low in 2010/11. Even so releases of the biological In 2010, damage from Monterey pine aphid was significantly lower in all regions, likely due control agent, D. essigellae, have continued and aphid “mummies” have been found at 2 OF PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEMS IN AUSTRALIA CHAPTER 1: ORGANISATION to unfavourable climatic conditions during the year. Biological control using the parasitoid sites. Five spined bark beetle (Ips grandicollis) was found to be present in the Mount Lofty Diaeretus essigellae is being trialled in some regions. To date only low levels of Ranges and mid-north pine plantations. Over the last year, increased thinning, together with establishment have been reported. changes in the management of harvest residue, has improved the health of pine plantations in regards to this pest. Dothistroma needle blight (Dothistroma septospora) caused significant and widespread damage to forests in the northern region, as well as isolated regions of the Hume and Monaro regions. Chemical control of Dothistroma needle blight has been applied to the affected areas.

Myrtle rust infection on flower spike of Melaleuca leucadendron. Image courtesy of the Department of Employment, Economic Development and Innovation, Queensland 45 Case study: Focus on forestry biosecurity continued Tasmania Victoria The chrysomelid Paropsisterna selmani has been observed on Eucalypt plantations in The warm, wet conditions in the Gippsland, south west Victoria and Otways districts increasing numbers in the north of the state. For the first time, the P. selmani population caused the levels of Mycosphaerella leaf disease to increase significantly and it is now was recorded to be high enough to potentially cause economic loss and a control program identified as widespread across Eucalypt plantations in Victoria. was implemented. No significant Gonipterus, Tortricids or psyllid damage was detected during the 2010–11 period. Kirramyces eucalpti caused significant discolouration and defoliation ofEucalyptus nitens plantations in the Otways and Gippsland Regions. This is the first time the pathogen has Wet summer and autumn conditions across the north of Tasmania provided ideal been identified as a significant threat to plantations in Victoria. Both juvenile and adult conditions for fungal leaf pathogens, which caused significant damage to Shining gum foliage was affected and if environmental conditions remain warm and wet, the (E. nitens) plantations. The main pathogens were Kirramyces eucalypti and Teratosphaeria development of the pathogen will continue and may spread to natural strands. sp. (syn. Mycosphaerella sp.) which together caused significant defoliation. The incidence of Sirex wood wasp over the 2010–11 summer remained at low levels Damage, through bark stripping, by browsing mammals was the most widespread problem across Victoria, however some areas in north east Victoria showed increased levels by area across Tasmanian pine plantations. However the area affected by mammal bark of damage. Thinning and biological controls (such as nematode inoculation and the stripping was less than the previous two years. introduction of the parasitoid wasp Ibalia sp.) continued to provide useful control options for Sirex wood wasp. Monterey pine aphid populations in 2010–11 decreased across the Aerial and roadside monitoring of softwood plantations in the north of the state detected state for the first time since surveys began in 2001. The biological control agent,Diaretus Sirex wood wasp activity and related tree mortality. Ongoing Sirex control operations are essigellae, is continuing to be released across Victoria and its efficacy in controlling aphid underway in this area. Monterey pine aphid caused limited damage in the north of the populations is being assessed. state and no damage was observed in the south. Monitoring for Ips grandicollis, using static traps, has continued in pine plantations. Tasmania remains free of this pest. The above average summer and autumn rains have caused fungal problems in Victoria’s softwood plantation. Phytophthora cinnamomi was reported in new plantings of Radiata Cyclaneusma needle cast remains the most significant disease of Radiata pine in Tasmania. pine in the north east and central districts of Victoria during early 2010–11 and the The disease is managed by the use of resistant genotypes and appropriate silvicultural incidence of Dothistroma needle blight disease of Radiata pine increased to levels not regimes. The above average temperatures and rainfall created ideal conditions for fungal seen since the early 1990’s. Damage from Diplodia dieback (Diplodia pinea) of Radiata diseases, as a result Dothistroma needle blight (Dothistroma septosporum) was more pine in 2010–11 was generally confined to the north east and south west of the state in prevalent and severe this year than in previous years. unthinned stands and compared to previous years, the damage caused by this disease ORGANISATION OF PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEMS IN AUSTRALIA CHAPTER 1: ORGANISATION was minor.

Skeletonising damage on teak in far north Queensland. Late instar larva of the teak skeletoniser, Paliga damastesalis. Image courtesy of the Department of Employment, Image courtesy of the Department of Employment, Economic Economic Development and Innovation, Queensland Development and Innovation, Queensland

Dothistroma needle blight in Pinus radiata on the NSW northern tablelands. Image courtesy of the Department of Employment, Economic Development and Innovation, Queensland 46 Western Australia Eucalyptus plantations in WA were generally healthy during 2010–11, with no new diseases or pests being reported. However, droughts have resulted in some problems. For example, droughts have affected the availability of food for Port Lincoln parrots which have moved into Eucalypt plantations and are damaging trees, with snapped crown-tops and bark stripping being commonly observed as the parrots fed on the tree sap.

Various invertebrate pests such as Liparetrus beetles, Paropsisterna m-fuscum and wingless grasshoppers caused damage to seedlings and young plantings. Heteronyx beetles, Eucalypt weevils (Gonipterus spp.) and chrysomelids (Paropsisterna variicolis) continue to be the most frequently reported insect pests in older Eucalypt plantations. Also an outbreak of Gumleaf skeletonizer (Uraba lugens) has caused the defoliation of large areas of hardwood forest.

Pinus radiata and P. pinaster plantations in WA were generally healthy during 2010–11. Sirex sp. was monitored for in WA pine plantations using static (panel) traps, which are effective in detecting low numbers of wasps. No Sirex wood wasps were detected in any of the traps during the surveillance period. Five spined bark beetle (I. grandicollis) was found in all pine plantation areas over the length of the trapping season. Monterey pine aphid was present in WA but not considered a significant problem. However, there have been four releases of D. essigellae to biologically control the aphid. Follow up monitoring is yet to be conducted to determine if the parasitoid has become established. Golden haired bark beetle (Hylurgus ligniperda) populations were low and not causing significant problems in WA pine plantations. European house borer (Hylotrupes bajulus) was confirmed at 178 sites, including 11 plantations in the Perth area and one in Albany. Eradication activities will undergo a transition to ongoing management in 2011–12.

Hail damage from summer thunderstorms in P. radiata and P. pinaster plantations allowed OF PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEMS IN AUSTRALIA CHAPTER 1: ORGANISATION for significant areas of these forests to become infected with the fungus, Sphaeropsis sapinea, which resulted in large numbers of tree deaths.

Image courtesy of A3P 47 GRAINS AND PULSES Represented by Grain Producers Australia Figure 28. Annual value of grains production, 2005–10 (LVP) www.grainproducers.com.au

12000 The grains industry produces a diverse range of crops. The majority of production is located in Australia’s wheat belt from central Queensland through NSW, Victoria, 10000 Tasmania, SA and southern WA. 8000 The primary grain crops grown in Australia are wheat, barley, sorghum, oats, canola and lupins. Wheat is the largest crop, accounting for more than half the value of grain 6000

production. Grain producing enterprises commonly incorporate livestock (cattle in the $ (MILLIONS) 4000 north and sheep in the south) as part of a mixed enterprise. 2000 In 2010–11, over 50 million tonnes of grain were produced in Australia with a gross value of approximately $11 billion. Most of the grain produced in Australia is exported, 0 05/06 06/07 07/08 08/09 09/10 predominantly to Asian markets, including China, Indonesia, India, Japan and Korea. In 2010–11, grain exports were valued at $8.5 billion. FINANCIAL YEAR

GPA funds the Grains Farm Biosecurity Program which includes the deployment of five Grains Biosecurity Officers in embedded in state departments in NSW, Queensland, ACT NSW NT QLD SA TAS VIC WA SA, Victoria and WA. The program conducts a range of extension, monitoring and preparedness activities. Specifically these activities target raising awareness of the importance of biosecurity through the supply chain, collation of surveillance data for early Figure 29. Distribution of grains production by state and territory, 2009–10 detection and evidence of absence, and assisting producers with identification and (based on LVP) implementation of biosecurity best practice for grain farms.

The grains industry is covered by the Grains IBP Version 2.03, which includes the HPPs of the industry (see Table 12), and the Farm Biosecurity Manual for the Grains Industry Version 3.0. ORGANISATION OF PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEMS IN AUSTRALIA CHAPTER 1: ORGANISATION <1% Australian Capital Territory 23% New South Wales <1% Northern Territory 8% Queensland 17% South Australia <1% Tasmania 15% Victoria 37% Western Australia

Grain loading. Image courtesy of DAFF 48 Table 12. High Priority Pests of the grains industry

Scientific name Common name Scientific name Common name Atherigona soccata Sorghum shoot fly Puccinia reconditia Brown wheat rust Bean common mosaic virus (Potyvirus), Bean common mosaic virus, peanut stripe Puccinia striiformis f. sp. hordei Barley stripe rust (exotic strains) peanut stripe strain strain Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici Wheat stripe rust Cephus pygmeus European wheat stem sawfly Puccinia triticina Brown wheat rust Ceutorhynchus assimilis Cabbage seedpod weevil Red clover vein mosaic virus (Carlavirus) Red clover vein mosaic virus Chilo partellus Spotted stalk borer Sitobion avenae Wheat aphid Chromatomyia horticola Leafminer Tilletia indica Karnal bunt Colletotrichum truncatum (lentil strain) Lentil anthracnose Trogoderma granarium Khapra beetle Diuraphis noxia Russian wheat aphid Uromyces viciae-fabae (lentil strain) Lentil rust Drechslera tetramera Leaf spot Verticillium longisporum Canola verticillium wilt Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. ciceris Fusarium wilt of chickpea Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. conglutinans Fusarium wilt of canola Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lentis Fusarium wilt of lentil Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lupini Fusarium wilt of lupin Heterodera avenae (exotic strains) Cereal cyst nematode Heterodera filipjevi (exotic strains) Cereal cyst nematode

Heterodera glycines Soybean cyst nematode Russian wheat aphid. Image courtesy of Frank Peairs, Hessian fly. Image courtesy of Scott Bauer, USDA Agricultural Colorada State University, Bugwood.org Research Service, Bugwood.org Heterodera latipons (exotic strains) Cereal cyst nematode Homoeosoma electellum Sunflower moth ORGANISATION OF PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEMS IN AUSTRALIA CHAPTER 1: ORGANISATION Liriomyza trifolii American serpentine leafminer Maize dwarf mosaic virus (Potyvirus) Maize dwarf mosaic virus Mayetiola destructor Hessian fly Mayetiola hordei Barley stem gall midge

Meromyza saltatrix Wheat stem maggot Barley stripe rust. Image courtesy of PaDIL Khapra beetle. Image courtesy of Ministry of Agriculture and regional Development Archive, Bugwood.org Peronosclerospora philippinensis Philippine downy mildew of maize Peronosclerospora sorghi Sorghum downy mildew Phomopsis helianthi Sunflower stem canker Plasmopara halstedii Sunflower downy mildew Puccinia coronata f. sp. hordei Barley crown rust (exotic strains) Puccinia graminis f. sp. hordei Barley stem rust (exotic strains) Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici Wheat stem rust

49 HONEY BEES Represented by Australian Honey Bee Industry Council Figure 30. Annual value of honey and beeswax production, 2005–10 (LVP) www.honeybee.org.au

120 Managed honey bees are found Australia wide, most often in conjunction with crop production. There are approximately 673,000 registered hives in Australia. 100

On average, 30,000 tonnes of honey is produced each year in Australia, with the gross 80 value of production (GVP) over all sectors of the industry estimated at $85-95 million per annum, of which $50-60 million comprises honey production. In addition, pollination 60

benefits are estimated to have a total paid and unpaid value of around $1.2 billion per year. $ (MILLIONS) 40

The honey bee industry is currently a member of PHA and Animal Health Australia (AHA), 20 but the potential for honey bees to act as a vector for plant pests, as well as the benefits provided by bees to pollination-dependent plant industries, mean that pest emergency 0 05/06 06/07 07/08 08/09 09/10 responses relating to honey bees are now covered under the EPPRD. FINANCIAL YEAR An IBP which identifies the HPPs of the honey bee industry is currently being developed.

ACT NSW NT QLD SA TAS VIC WA

Figure 31. Distribution of honey and beeswax production by state and territory, 2009–10 (based on LVP)

ORGANISATION OF PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEMS IN AUSTRALIA CHAPTER 1: ORGANISATION 0% Australian Capital Territory 45% New South Wales 0% Northern Territory 12% Queensland 12% South Australia 4% Tasmania 19% Victoria 8% Western Australia

50 ORGANISATION OF PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEMS IN AUSTRALIA CHAPTER 1: ORGANISATION

51 LYCHEES Represented by Australian Lychee Growers Association Figure 32. Annual value of lychee production, 2005–10 (LVP) www.australianlychee.com.au

30 The lychee industry predominately operates in Queensland, in particular the northern tablelands, central and south east. In addition, a very small proportion (1%) 25 of lychee trees are grown in northern NSW. 20 In 2011, there were 800 hectares of land under cultivation by lychee trees. The main varieties are Souey Tung, Kaimana, Tai So, Fay Zee Zui, B3, Salathiel and Wai Chee. 15

The production season in Australia extends from October to March. $ (MILLIONS) 10

In 2011, approximately 4000 tonnes of fresh lychees were harvested, 90% of which 5 were consumed domestically. Production has remained static over the past few years, although production is expected to increase in the near future. The industry is currently 0 05/06 06/07 07/08 08/09 09/10 worth $25 million with a small export market worth $2.5 million existing in Singapore, Hong Kong and New Zealand. The lychee industry is currently developing biosecurity FINANCIAL YEAR strategies and will begin implementing these in 2012.

The lychee industry is covered by the Lychee IBP Version 1.0, which identifies the HPPs ACT NSW NT QLD SA TAS VIC WA of the industry (Table 13).

Table 13. High Priority Pests of the lychee industry Figure 33. Distribution of lychee production by state and territory, 2009–10 (based on LVP) Scientific name Common name Aristobia tetsudo Lychee longicorn beetle Bactrocera dorsalis Oriental fruit fly

ORGANISATION OF PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEMS IN AUSTRALIA CHAPTER 1: ORGANISATION 0% Australian Capital Territory Conopomorpha sinensis Lychee fruit borer 1% New South Wales Unknown (suspected phytoplasma) Longan and lychee witches’ broom disease Paradasynus longirostris 0% Northern Territory Peronophythora litchii Brown blight 99% Queensland Pseudotheraptus wayi Coconut bug 0% South Australia 0% Tasmania 0% Victoria 0% Western Australia

Oriental fruit fly. Image courtesy of Merle Shepard, Gerald Lychee fruit borer. Image courtesy of Ian Groves R.Carner, and P.A.C Ooi, Bugwood.org

52 MACADAMIAS Represented by the Australian Macadamia Society Figure 34. Annual value of macadamia production, 2005–10 (LVP) www.macadamias.org

150 Australian macadamia production stretches from Coffs Harbour on the NSW north coast to Mackay on the north Queensland coast. There are around 18,000 hectares under 125 cultivation comprising approximately 5.5 million trees. Annual production is approximately 35-40,000 tonnes of nut in shell or 12,000 tonnes of kernel. The farm gate value in 2011 100 was around $120 million. 75

The northern rivers district of NSW is the largest production area comprising about 60% of $ (MILLIONS) 50 production, however the majority of macadamia plantings are in northern NSW and south east Queensland. The fastest growth in production is occurring in the Bundaberg area. 25

Approximately 70% of production is exported, principally to the United States, Japan and 0 05/06 06/07 07/08 08/09 09/10 Europe, although China is an increasingly important market. Australia is currently the world’s largest producer and exporter of macadamia nuts, followed by South Africa and Hawaii. FINANCIAL YEAR

Almost all (98%) of trees are the commercially preferred varieties of the Macadamia integrifolia species. Of these about 80% are Hawaiian selections with the remainder being ACT NSW NT QLD SA TAS VIC WA Australian varieties, including some relatively new releases. Harvest commences in late February and runs through to August.

In order to encourage biosecurity awareness within the industry, approximately 70% of Figure 35. Distribution of macadamia production by state and territory, 2009–10 (based on LVP) orchards employ professional pest scouts and the Australian Macadamia Society convenes an annual forum where any new pest and disease sightings are reviewed.

The macadamia industry is covered by the Nuts IBP Version 2.0, which identifies the HPPs of the industry (see Table 14).

0% Australian Capital Territory OF PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEMS IN AUSTRALIA CHAPTER 1: ORGANISATION 58% New South Wales Table 14. High Priority Pests of the macadamia industry 0% Northern Territory

Scientific name Common name 42% Queensland Hypothenemus obscurus Tropical nut borer 0% South Australia Xylella fastidiosa Almond leaf scorch 0% Tasmania 0% Victoria <1% Western Australia

Almond leaf scorch. Image courtesy of J. K. Uyemoto, UC Almond leaf scorch. Image courtesy of. Image courtesy of Statewide IPM Program John Hartman, University of Kentucky, Bugwood.org

53 MANGOES Represented by the Australian Mango Industry Association www.industry.mangoes.net.au

In Australia, the majority of mangoes are grown in Queensland and the NT, with smaller but significant production in regions throughout WA and other states.

Mangoes in Australia are grown for both the fresh and processing markets. On average, 80% of total fruit produced is consumed fresh and 20% of fruit is processed. The proportion processed is influenced by crop production and fresh market price. The most abundant variety, Kensington Pride (KP), accounts for approximately 60% of Australian production. Other varieties include B74 (Calypso™), Brooks, Honey Gold, Keitt, Palmer, Pearl and R2E2, as well as green eating varieties, Keo Savoy and Nam Doc Mai. There are a range of other varieties that are also produced in smaller volumes.

In 2010–11 the mango industry was valued at approximately $140 million. The industry supplies the Australian market with the majority of production occurring from September to March each year. Each year approximately 8% of Australian mangoes are exported to countries such as Hong Kong, New Zealand, China, Singapore, the Middle East, Japan and Canada.

The mango industry is covered by the Mango IBP Version 1.0, which includes the HPPs of the industry (see Table 15). ACT NSW NT QLD SA TAS VIC WA

Figure 36. Distribution of mango production by state and territory, 2009–10 (based on LVP) ORGANISATION OF PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEMS IN AUSTRALIA CHAPTER 1: ORGANISATION

0% Australian Capital Territory 1% New South Wales 30% Northern Territory 61% Queensland 0% South Australia 0% Tasmania 0% Victoria 8% Western Australia

54 Figure 37. Annual value of mango production, 2005–10 (LVP) Table 15. High Priority Pests of the mango industry

Scientific name Common name 150 Amblypelta cocophaga Coconut bug 125 Bactrocera albistrigata Fruit fly

100 Bactrocera caryae Fruit fly Bactrocera correcta Guava fruit fly 75

$ (MILLIONS) Bactrocera curvipennis Banana fruit fly 50 Bactrocera facialis Tropical fruit fly 25 Bactrocera kandiensis Fruit fly Fijian fruit fly 0 Bactrocera kirki 05/06 06/07 07/08 08/09 09/10 Bactrocera melanotus Fruit fly FINANCIAL YEAR Bactrocera occipitalis Fruit fly Bactrocera papayae Papaya fruit fly Bactrocera passiflorae Fijian fruit fly Bactrocera philippinensis Philippine fruit fly Bactrocera psidii South sea guava fruit fly Bactrocera trilineola Fruit fly Bactrocera trivialis New Guinea fruit fly Bactrocera xanthodes Pacific fruit fly Ceratitis capitata Mediterranean fruit fly

Ceratitis rosa Natal fruit fly OF PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEMS IN AUSTRALIA CHAPTER 1: ORGANISATION Chlumetia transversa Mango shoot borer Fusarium mangiferae Mango malformation Helopeltis spp. Mirids Parasa lepida Blue striped nettle grub Procontorinia matteiana Mango leaf gall midge Sternochetus frigidus Mango pulp weevil Xylosandrus compactus Black twig borer

Mango leaf gall midge. Image courtesy of the Department of Employment, Economic Development and Innovation, Queensland

55 NURSERY AND GARDEN Represented by the Nursery and Garden Industry Australia Figure 38. Annual value of nursery and garden production, as represented by www.ngia.com.au NGIA, 2005–10 (LVP)

The nursery and garden industry operates in all states and territories of Australia. It is the 900 most diverse plant industry and one of the largest, covering propagation stock, bedding plants, bulbs and seeds, indoor plants, trees and shrubs. 750

The industry has an annual gross production value of around $800 million (production 600 nurseries only) and also supports a number of other plant production sectors in Australia, 450 including revegetation, cut flower production and forestry. Although the industry has $ (MILLIONS) traditionally had a small export focus of around $20 million annually, the richness of 300 Australian flora offers ample opportunity for export growth. 150 The industry recently launched a Policy Position on Quarantine and Biosecurity which 0 details six key priorities for industry to address in the near future. Resources include the 05/06 06/07 07/08 08/09 09/10 Biosecurity Manual for the Nursery Production Industry Version 1.0, the industry on farm FINANCIAL YEAR biosecurity program referred to as BioSecure HACCP and the Australian Nursery and Garden Myrtle Rust Management Plan. A new project titled – Nursery Production, Plant Health and Biosecurity Project – has also commenced offering discounted diagnostics, training workshops and awareness resources for growers (refer to case study, page 113).

Due to the large number of commodities covered by the nursery and garden industry, Figure 39. Distribution of production nurseries by state and territory, 2009–10 ACT NSW NT QLD SA TAS VIC WA no HPP list has been developed. However, exotic plant pest threats to the industry are (based on LVP) presented in the threat summary table contained in the Nursery and Garden IBP Version 2.0. This table acts as the primary source of reference for exotic pest threats to the industry. As the industry is affected by most pests that have been intercepted, it participates actively in the biosecurity space.

ORGANISATION OF PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEMS IN AUSTRALIA CHAPTER 1: ORGANISATION 0% Australian Capital Territory 26% New South Wales 2% Northern Territory 26% Queensland 4% South Australia 0% Tasmania 28% Victoria 14% Western Australia

Image courtesy of PHA 56 NUTS Represented by the Australian Nut Industry Council www.nutindustry.org.au

The Australian Nut Industry Council is the federation of the Australian nut-producing industries and is comprised of representatives from the almond, chestnut, hazelnut, macadamia, pecan, pistachio and walnut industries. The diversity of nuts grown in Australia has resulted in many areas of commercial production, including Queensland, NSW, Victoria, SA, Tasmania and WA.

Australian nut production continues to expand at over 5% per annum and is currently the largest producer of macadamias and the second largest almond producer in the world. All crops have young trees in the ground yet to reach bearing age and new plantations are being planted to meet world demand for nuts.

Total Australian nut production is expected to be valued at $725 million in 2012, which represents a 50% increase in production over the last five years. Exports of Australian nuts in 2008–09 were valued at approximately $220 million and by 2014 this is expected to reach approximately $630 million. The nut industry is close to Australia’s single largest horticultural exporter.

The nut industry is covered by the Nuts IBP Version 2.0, which identifies the HPPs of the nut industry (see Table 16) and covers the seven nut industries represented by the Australian Nut Industry Council.

Table 16. High Priority Pests of the nut industry

Scientific name Common name ORGANISATION OF PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEMS IN AUSTRALIA CHAPTER 1: ORGANISATION Amyelois transitella Navel orangeworm Anisogramma anomala Hazelnut blight Cladosporium caryigenum Pecan scab Cryphonectria parasitica Chestnut blight Cydia latiferreana Filbertworm Hypothenemus obscurus Tropical nut borer Rhagoletis completa Walnut husk fly Xylella fastidiosa Pierce’s disease

57 OLIVES Represented by the Australian Olive Association Figure 40. Annual value of olive production, 2005–10 (LVP) www.australianolives.com.au

120 The renaissance of the Australian olive industry, which began in the mid 1990’s, triggered a period of rapid growth which saw the industry expand from a cottage industry entering its 100 start-up phase, to what is now an emerging commercial industry, with domestic and export retail sales of over $185 million in 2011. Australians consume on average 2-3 litres of 80 olive oil per capita annually. The olive industry in Australia (including imports) is valued 60 at $380 million annually. $ (MILLIONS) 40 Current industry estimates predict there are around 10 million olive trees growing over more than 33,000 hectares. There are over 100 known varieties of olives grown in Australia with 20 the most common being the oil varieties Barnea, Picual, Coratina Arbequina and Frantoio. 0 The most commonly planted table olive varieties are Hardy’s Mammoth, Kalamata, 05/06 06/07 07/08 08/09 09/10 Manzanillo, Mission and Verdale. FINANCIAL YEAR Production in 2011 was around 16 million litres of oil and expectations are that the oil volume will be slightly higher in 2012. However, the high dollar and difficult market conditions have seen growers undertake heavy pruning and growers are also removing ACT NSW NT QLD SA TAS VIC WA unviable areas of their orchards. Interest in super high density orchards is increasing. Australia exported $33 million of olive oil (bulk and packaged) in 2011, but it is expected that due to the high Australian dollar that the volume of oil exported will decline in 2012. Figure 41. Distribution of olive production by state and territory, 2009–10 (based on LVP) The olive industry is covered by the Olive IBP Version 1.0, which identifies the HPPs of the industry (see Table 17).

ORGANISATION OF PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEMS IN AUSTRALIA CHAPTER 1: ORGANISATION Table 17. High Priority Pests of the olive industry 0% Australian Capital Territory 3% New South Wales Scientific name Common name Bactrocera oleae Olive fly 0% Northern Territory Liothrips oleae Olive thrips 2% Queensland Prays oleae Olive moth 12% South Australia Verticillium dahliae Verticillium wilt (defoliating strain) <1% Tasmania 63% Victoria 20% Western Australia

Olive fly. Image courtesy of Lorraine Graney, Bartlett Tree Olive fly. Image courtesy of Natasha Wright, Florida Experts, Bugwood.org Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services, Bugwood.org 58 ONIONS Represented by Onions Australia Figure 42. Annual value of onion production, 2005–10 (LVP) www.onionsaustralia.org.au

300 Significant onion production regions exist in all states of Australia, primarily in SA and Tasmania. The main onion seed crops are grown in Narromine, Swan Hill and southern 250 Tasmania. Several types of onions are grown in Australia, including brown, white, red and mild onions. Onions are available all year round, but the main harvest period commences 200 in August in Queensland and extends through to April in the southern states. 150

Production levels of 250,000 tonnes were achieved in 2011, with a gross value of $ (MILLIONS) 100 $180 million. The Australian onion industry supplies both the domestic market and export markets in Germany, the Netherlands and the United Kingdom. 50

European markets are the main destination for Australian onion exports. In 2010–11, 0 05/06 06/07 07/08 08/09 09/10 Australia exported approximately 33% of the onions produced. FINANCIAL YEAR The onion industry is covered by the Onion IBP Version 1.0, which includes the HPPs of the industry (see Table 18). ACT NSW NT QLD SA TAS VIC WA Table 18. High Priority Pests of the onion industry

Scientific name Common name Figure 43. Distribution of onion production by state and territory, 2009–10 (based on LVP) Botryotinia squamosa Leaf blight Delia antiqua Onion fly Delia florilega Bean seed maggot Eumerus strigatus Lesser bulb fly 0% Australian Capital Territory OF PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEMS IN AUSTRALIA CHAPTER 1: ORGANISATION Liriomyza sativae American leafminer 5% New South Wales Phytomyza gymnostoma Allium leaf miner <1% Northern Territory Puccinia allii Rust of allium 11% Queensland Puccinia allii-cepulae Rust of allium 46% South Australia Puccinia alliorum 20% Tasmania Puccinia cylodontis Puccinia mixta Rust of allium 8% Victoria Puccinia permixta 10% Western Australia Puccinia porri Puccinia schisma Puccinia sessali Rhizoglyphus callae Bulb mite Rhizoglyphus setosus Bulb mite Urocystis cepulae Onion smut 59 PASSIONFRUIT Represented by Passionfruit Australia Figure 44. Annual value of passionfruit production, 2005–10 (LVP) www.passionfruitaustralia.org.au

30 The majority of passionfruit is grown in Queensland (67% of production) with small amounts grown in NSW (27%) and NT and Victoria (6% combined). 25

Passionfruit is grown year round but main supply times to market are December to 20 February and May to August. The main purple passionfruit varieties grown in Australia are Misty Gem and Sweetheart and the major Panama passionfruit varieties grown are 15

Pandora and McGuffie’s Red. $ (MILLIONS) 10

There are currently 300 hectares under cultivation with approximately 300,000 passionfruit 5 vines. In 2011, a total of 3,793 tonnes of passionfruit were produced. The industry is currently worth approximately $10 million. 0 05/06 06/07 07/08 08/09 09/10

At present, all passionfruit produced in Australia is consumed on the domestic market. FINANCIAL YEAR There is currently no export market and there is unlikely to be in the near future.

During 2011, the passionfruit industry implemented pest control measures to ensure ACT NSW NT QLD SA TAS VIC WA vineyards stay free from major pests.

An IBP which identifies the HPPs of the passionfruit industry is currently being developed and should be released in 2012. Figure 45. Distribution of passionfruit production by state and territory, 2009–10 (based on LVP)

ORGANISATION OF PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEMS IN AUSTRALIA CHAPTER 1: ORGANISATION 0% Australian Capital Territory 27% New South Wales 0% Northern Territory 67% Queensland 0% South Australia 0% Tasmania <1% Victoria 5% Western Australia

Image courtesy of Passionfruit Australia

60 PINEAPPLES Represented by Growcom Figure 46. Annual value of pineapple production, 2005–10 (LVP) www.growcom.com.au

150 Australian pineapples are available year round, with approximately 44,000 tonnes of fresh fruit and 41,000 tonnes of processed fruit marketed in 2010–11. It is currently estimated 125 that there are 85 commercial pineapple enterprises in Queensland, with key growing districts in Beerwah, Cawarral, Elimbah, Glasshouse Mountains, Hervey Bay, Maryborough, 100 Mary Valley, Nambour, north Queensland, Wamuran and Yeppoon. 75

Australia contributes 0.5% to the world’s fresh pineapple production, mainly to the $ (MILLIONS) 50 Australian domestic market, with more than 70% of fresh pineapples being packed and marketed through four primary pack houses. The primary pineapple processor, Golden 25 Circle, has recently been acquired by Heinz Australia. Approximately 60% of pineapple plantings are Smooth Cayenne and Queen (Rough leaf) varieties, with 40% of plantings 0 05/06 06/07 07/08 08/09 09/10 being new hybrid varieties which appeal more to the fresh market. FINANCIAL YEAR The pineapple industry is covered by the Pineapple IBP Version 1.0, which identifies the HPPs of the industry (see Table 19). ACT NSW NT QLD SA TAS VIC WA

Table 19. High Priority Pests of the pineapple industry

Scientific name Common name Figure 47. Distribution of pineapple production by state and territory, 2009–10 (based on LVP) Cryptophlebia leucotreta False codling moth Dysmicoccus neobrevipes Grey pineapple mealybug Erwinia chrysanthemi (distinct pathovar) Bacterial fruit collapse

Fusarium guttiforme Fusariosis 0% Australian Capital Territory OF PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEMS IN AUSTRALIA CHAPTER 1: ORGANISATION Strymon megarus Pineapple fruit borer 0% New South Wales 0% Northern Territory 100% Queensland 0% South Australia 0% Tasmania 0% Victoria

False codling moth pupae. Image courtesy of J.H. Hofmeyr, Grey pineapple mealybug. Image courtesy of William M. 0% Western Australia Citrus Research International, Bugwood.org Ciesla, Forest Health Management International, Bugwood.org

61 PISTACHIOS Represented by Pistachio Growers Association Figure 48. Annual value of pistachio production, 2005–10 (LVP) www.pgai.com.au

30 The main pistachio production areas are along the Murray River Valley between Swan Hill in Victoria and Waikerie in SA. Small amounts are produced in Pinnaroo, SA and in WA. 25

In 2011, 900 hectares were under cultivation by pistachio trees and a total of 1200 tonnes 20 of pistachio nuts were produced. Currently the pistachio industry is worth approximately $15 million. Australian pistachio production only meets 40% of domestic consumption, 15

therefore most pistachios consumed by Australians are imported from the major producing $ (MILLIONS) 10 countries Iran and the United States of America. The domestic production of pistachio is expected to increase to 3000 tonnes by 2020. 5

The pistachio industry is covered by the Nuts IBP Version 2.0, which identifies the HPPs 0 05/06 06/07 07/08 08/09 09/10 of the industry (see Table 20). FINANCIAL YEAR

Table 20. High Priority Pests of the pistachio industry ACT NSW NT QLD SA TAS VIC WA Scientific name Common name Amyelois transitella Navel orangeworm Figure 49. Distribution of pistachio production by state and territory, 2009–10 (based on LVP)

ORGANISATION OF PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEMS IN AUSTRALIA CHAPTER 1: ORGANISATION 0% Australian Capital Territory 36% New South Wales 0% Northern Territory 0% Queensland 28% South Australia 0% Tasmania 36% Victoria 0% Western Australia

62 PROCESSING TOMATOES Represented by the Australian Processing Tomato Research Council Figure 50. Annual value of processing tomato production, 2005–10 (LVP) www.aptrc.asn.au

60 Production of tomatoes for processing is split between NSW and northern Victoria. The main varieties grown in Australia are dominated by Heinz cultivars. A total of 50 265,000 tonnes of tomatoes were delivered for processing during the 2010–11 season by 22 growers. This is 30% less than the peak of almost 380,000 tonnes 40 recorded in 2000–01. 30

Production is mainly focused on domestic demand, with approximately 3,500 $ (MILLIONS) 20 hectares planted in 2010–11, although only 2,800 hectares were actually harvested due to unfavourable climatic conditions. 10

An IBP that identifies the HPPs has not yet been developed for this industry. 0 05/06 06/07 07/08 08/09 09/10

FINANCIAL YEAR

ACT NSW NT QLD SA TAS VIC WA

Figure 51. Distribution of processing tomato production by state and territory, 2009–10 (based on LVP)

0% Australian Capital Territory OF PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEMS IN AUSTRALIA CHAPTER 1: ORGANISATION 19% New South Wales 0% Northern Territory 0% Queensland 0% South Australia 0% Tasmania 81% Victoria 0% Western Australia

Image courtesy of the Australian Processsing Tomato Research Council

63 RICE Represented by the Ricegrowers’ Association of Australia Figure 52. Annual value of rice production, 2005–10 (LVP) www.rga.org.au

300 The Australian rice industry is predominantly located in the Riverina, which is a temperate climatic region of southern NSW. The major varieties grown are temperate Japonica 250 varieties which are planted in October and harvested in April to May of the following year. 200 With improved irrigation water availability following ten years of severe drought, which saw a record low production of 19,000 tonnes, around 80,000 hectares were planted in 150

2010–11 and yielded 805,000 tonnes. $ (MILLIONS) 100

The vast majority of Australia’s rice is exported to international destinations, including 50 Papua New Guinea, Hong Kong, Japan, the Middle East and many nations in the Pacific. 0 During the drought, trial crops of rice have been grown in northern areas of Australia 05/06 06/07 07/08 08/09 09/10 including in the Ord River Irrigation Area (ORIA) of WA. Three commercial crops were grown FINANCIAL YEAR in the ORIA in the winter of 2011, but the fungal disease Rice blast was detected in those crops. Strict biosecurity measures were put in place to ensure the disease did not spread to the major rice growing area in NSW. ACT NSW NT QLD SA TAS VIC WA

The rice industry is covered by the Rice IBP Version 2.0, which identifies the HPPs of the industry (see Table 21). Figure 53. Distribution of rice production by state and territory, 2009–10 (based on LVP) Table 21. High Priority Pests of the rice industry

Scientific name Common name Burkholderia glumae Panicle blight

ORGANISATION OF PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEMS IN AUSTRALIA CHAPTER 1: ORGANISATION 0% Australian Capital Territory Gibberella fujikuroi Bakanae 99% New South Wales Lissorhoptrus oryzophilus Rice water weevil 0% Northern Territory Magnaporthe grisea Rice blast 1% Queensland Pomacea canaliculata Golden apple snail 0% South Australia Tilletia barclayana Kernel smut of rice Trogoderma granarium Khapra beetle 0% Tasmania <1% Victoria 0% Western Australia

Bacterial panicle blight. Image courtesy of Donald Groth, Kernel smut. Image courtesy of Donald Groth, Louisiana Louisiana State University AgCenter, Bugwood.org State University AgCenter, Bugwood.org 64 ORGANISATION OF PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEMS IN AUSTRALIA CHAPTER 1: ORGANISATION

Image courtesy of the Ricegrowers’ Association of Australia 65 STONE FRUIT Represented by Summerfruit Australia Figure 54. Annual value of stone fruit production, 2005–10 (LVP) www.summerfruit.com.au

300 The stone fruit industry (comprising fresh apricots, nectarines, peaches and plums) is mainly located in subtropical and temperate Australia, and is considered to be a major 250 rural and regional employer. Victoria produces around 60% of Australia’s stonefruit with the remaining production spread between NSW, Queensland, SA, Tasmania and WA in 200 2011–12. Nectarines and peaches dominate production, followed by apricots and plums. 150

Production of stone fruit has grown considerably over the past 10 years, with the majority $ (MILLIONS) 100 of this growth directly attributable to prospective export demand. However, in 2010–11, export of stone fruit decreased by 15% to a value of $23.5 million. 50

The stone fruit industry is covered by the Summerfruit IBP Version 1.0, which identifies 0 05/06 06/07 07/08 08/09 09/10 the HPPs of the industry (see Table 22). FINANCIAL YEAR

Table 22. High Priority Pests of the stone fruit industry ACT NSW NT QLD SA TAS VIC WA Scientific name Common name Conotrachelus nenuphar Plum curculio Cryptophlebia leucotreta False codling moth Figure 55. Distribution of stone fruit production by state and territory, 2009–10 Cydia funebrana Plum fruit moth (based on LVP) Drosophila suzukii Spotted winged drosophila European stone fruit yellows phytoplasma European stone fruit yellows Homalodisca vitripennis Glassy winged sharpshooter

ORGANISATION OF PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEMS IN AUSTRALIA CHAPTER 1: ORGANISATION 0% Australian Capital Territory Monilinia fructigena Brown rot 15% New South Wales Monilinia polystroma Brown rot 0% Northern Territory Peach rosette mosaic virus (Nepovirus) Peach rosette mosaic virus 6% Queensland Plum pox virus (Potyvirus) Plum pox virus 8% South Australia Popillia japonica Japanese beetle X disease phytoplasma Peach X disease 2% Tasmania Xylella fastidiosa Pierce’s disease 53% Victoria 17% Western Australia

Plum fruit moth. Image courtesy of Magnus Gammelgaard. Brown rot. Image courtesy of Sanja565658, Wikimedia 66 www.plant-diseases.com commons STRAWBERRIES Represented by Strawberries Australia Figure 56. Annual value of strawberry production, 2005–10 (LVP) www.strawberriesaustralia.com.au

240 Strawberries are grown in all states of Australia by an estimated 540 growers. Production in 2011 was concentrated in the Sunshine Coast area of Queensland, the Yarra Valley 200 and Mornington Peninsula in Victoria, Wannaroo and Albany in WA, the Adelaide Hills in SA, the Camden region in NSW and around Launceston in Tasmania. 160

Strawberries are grown throughout the year. Florida varieties are grown in subtropical 120 locations (May-October) and Californian varieties are grown in temperate climate areas $ (MILLIONS) 80 (October-June). The industry is investing in the breeding of Australian varieties and these should enter the market in 2012. 40

The industry is primarily focused on the domestic market (95%) with a small amount 0 05/06 06/07 07/08 08/09 09/10 of production exported overseas (5%). The increase in production (on average) over the past several years is due primarily to rising per capita consumption, driven by higher FINANCIAL YEAR planting numbers, improved Australian varieties that have been developed using the best varieties from Europe and the United States, and better cool chain management. ACT NSW NT QLD SA TAS VIC WA The strawberry industry is covered by the Strawberry IBP Version 2.0, which includes the HPPs of the industry (see Table 23). Figure 57. Distribution of strawberry production by state and territory, 2009–10 (based on LVP) Table 23. High Priority Pests of the strawberry industry

Scientific name Common name Lygus hesperus Western plant bug

0% Australian Capital Territory OF PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEMS IN AUSTRALIA CHAPTER 1: ORGANISATION Lygus lineolaris Tarnished plant bug <1% New South Wales Phytophthora fragariae var. fragariae Red steele root rot Raspberry ringspot virus (Nepovirus) Raspberry ringspot virus 0% Northern Territory Strawberry latent ringspot virus (Nepovirus) Strawberry latent ringspot virus 41% Queensland Tomato black ring virus (Nepovirus) Tomato black ring virus 12% South Australia Tomato ringspot virus (Nepovirus) Tomato ringspot virus 2% Tasmania Xanthomonas fragariae Strawberry angular leaf spot 36% Victoria 10% Western Australia

67 SUGARCANE Represented by CANEGROWERS Figure 58. Annual value of sugarcane production, 2005–10 (LVP) www.canegrowers.com.au

1500 Most of Australia’s sugarcane is grown in high rainfall areas on the coastal plains and river valleys, along 2,100 km of the eastern coastline between Mossman in far north Queensland 1250 and Grafton in northern NSW. Cane growing and sugar production comprise one of the most important agricultural industries in Queensland, producing over 90% of Australia’s 1000 total sugarcane production. 750

Australia is the world’s second largest exporter of raw sugar, with approximately 80% of $ (MILLIONS) 500 production sold to international markets. Major export customers include Japan, Korea, Malaysia, Saudi Arabia, New Zealand, Canada, USA and Taiwan. 250

The sugarcane industry is covered by the Sugarcane IBP Version 2.01, which identifies 0 05/06 06/07 07/08 08/09 09/10 the HPPs of the industry (see Table 24). FINANCIAL YEAR

ACT NSW NT QLD SA TAS VIC WA

Figure 59. Distribution of sugarcane production by state and territory, 2009–10 (based on LVP)

ORGANISATION OF PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEMS IN AUSTRALIA CHAPTER 1: ORGANISATION 0% Australian Capital Territory 5% New South Wales 0% Northern Territory 95% Queensland 0% South Australia 0% Tasmania 0% Victoria 0% Western Australia

Image courtesy of Bernard Milford, Halcyon Photography

68 Table 24. High Priority Pests of the sugarcane industry

Scientific name Common name Scientific name Common name Chilo infuscatellus Yellow top borer of sugarcane Sorghum mosaic virus (Potyvirus) Sorghum mosaic virus Chilo sacchariphagus Sugarcane internode borer Stagonospora sacchari Leaf scorch Chilo terrenellus Sugarcane stem borer Sugarcane grassy shoot phytoplasma Grassy shoot Cicadulina mbila South African maize leafhopper Sugarcane mosaic virus (Potyvirus) Sugarcane mosaic virus (exotic strains) Dorysthenes buqueti Sugarcane longhorn stem borer Sugarcane streak mosaic virus (Unassigned) Sugarcane streak mosaic Fulmekiola serrata Oriental sugar cane thrips Sugarcane white leaf phytoplasma White leaf Lepidiota blanchardi Blanchard’s canegrub Tetramoera schistaceana Sugarcane shoot borer Lepidiota discedens Canegrub Unknown Ramu stunt Lepidiota pruinosa Pruinose canegrub Lepidiota reuleauxi Ramu canegrub Lepidiota stigma White canegrub Leucopholis near armata Canegrub Perkinsiella bicoloris Sugarcane sidewinder Perkinsiella diagoras Sugarcane sidewinder Perkinsiella lalokensis Sugarcane sidewinder Sugarcane pyrilla. Image courtesy of Natasha Wright, Florida Sugarcane longhorn stem borer. Image courtesy of BSES Perkinsiella papuensis Sugarcane sidewinder Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services, Bugwood.org Perkinsiella rattlei Sugarcane sidewinder Perkinsiella saccharivora Sugarcane sidewinder

Perkinsiella vastatrix Sugarcane sidewinder OF PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEMS IN AUSTRALIA CHAPTER 1: ORGANISATION Perkinsiella vitiensis Sugarcane sidewinder Peronosclerospora philippinensis Philippine downy mildew of maize Peronosclerospora sacchari Sugarcane downy mildew Peronosclerospora spontanea Downy mildew Sugarcane downy mildew. Image courtesy of Christian Sugarcane stem borer. Image courtesy of PaDIL (Amy Cumagun, University of the Philippines, Los Banos Carmichael) Pulvinaria iceryi Pulvinaria scale Pyrilla perpusilla Sugarcane pyrilla Scirpophaga excerptalis Top shoot borer Sesamia grisescens Stem borer Sesamia inferens Pink stem borer

69 TABLE GRAPES Represented by Australian Table Grape Association Figure 60. Annual value of table grape production, 2005-10 (LVP) www.australiantablegrapes.com.au/industry

300 Green, red and blue/black varieties of table grapes are produced by 1,200 growers in the major growing regions of Sunraysia and the Murray Valley in Victoria, the Riverina in NSW 250 and in south east Queensland. 200 The Australian table grape industry was valued at approximately $250 million in 2010–11. Excessive rain and flooding events in the season resulted in decreased yield and also 150

impacted on the quality of fruit, which in turn resulted in decreased demand from $ (MILLIONS) 100 both domestic and export markets. Exports of Australian table grapes were very low in 2010–11, which led to almost the entire crop being sold on the domestic market. 50 It is predicted that export markets will open once again in 2011–12 and the industry 0 will gain access to export markets in China and Korea. 05/06 06/07 07/08 08/09 09/10 The table grape industry is covered by the Viticulture IBP Version 2.0, which includes the FINANCIAL YEAR HPPs of the industry (see Table 25). This IBP also covers the wine grape and dried fruit industries. ACT NSW NT QLD SA TAS VIC WA

Table 25. High Priority Pests of the table grape industry

Scientific name Common name Figure 61. Distribution of table grape production by state and territory, 2009–10 (based on LVP) Daktulosphaira vitifoliae (exotic strains) Grapevine phylloxera (exotic strains) Eotetranychus carpini Yellow vine mite Grapevine flavescence dorée phytoplasma Flavescence dorée Guignardia bidwellii Black rot ORGANISATION OF PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEMS IN AUSTRALIA CHAPTER 1: ORGANISATION 0% Australian Capital Territory Homalodisca vitripennis Glassy winged sharpshooter 10% New South Wales Phakopsora euvitis Grapevine leaf rust 1% Northern Territory Planococcus ficus Vine mealybug 9% Queensland Platynota stultana Omnivorous leafroller 2% South Australia Pseudococcus maritimus Grape mealybug 0% Tasmania Pseudopezicula tetraspora Angular leaf scorch 76% Victoria Pseudopezicula tracheiphila Rotbrenner Xanthomonas ampelina Bacterial blight 2% Western Australia Xylella fastidiosa Pierce’s disease

70 ORGANISATION OF PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEMS IN AUSTRALIA CHAPTER 1: ORGANISATION

Image courtesy of Nicholas Woods 71 VEGETABLES Represented by AUSVEG www.ausveg.com.au

Although spread across Australia, the vegetable industry is typically concentrated into discrete areas that are determined by the availability or access to water. The historical nexus of production being on the fringe of major urban areas is no longer strong. Seasonality is important for many crops and typically production during the winter is dominated by product from northern areas whilst during the summer months the southern states are the major producers.

Vegetables are produced in all states and territories and it is a highly diverse category. It is dominated by potatoes, which in 2010–11 were worth $614 million or around 20% of the total value of vegetable production, which was $3.02 billion. Behind potatoes the other major crops are lettuce, brassicas, carrots, onions, capsicums and tomatoes. The gross production value has been relatively stable over recent years and fluctuations typically reflect changes in prices due to variations in supply.

Fresh vegetable exports have risen in value from $145 million in 2006–07 to $164 million in 2010–11. Conversely the value of processed product has remained static and frozen product has declined. Total exports were valued at $266 million in 2010–11.

Consumption patterns have changed somewhat. Capsicums and pumpkin have declined in gross value of production significantly over the past five years whilst onions, broccoli and carrots have seen steady growth.

The vegetable industry is covered by the Vegetable IBP Version 2.0, which identifies the HPPs of the industry. The potato industry is covered by its own IBP, the Potato IBP Version 1.0. The identified HPPs from both IBPs are shown in Table 26. Two regional biosecurity ORGANISATION OF PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEMS IN AUSTRALIA CHAPTER 1: ORGANISATION manuals (Farm Biosecurity Manual for the Northern Adelaide Plains Vegetable Growers Version 1.0 and Biosecurity Induction Manual for Bundaberg Horticultural Farms Version 1.0) are also available.

72 Image courtesy of Jean Roberts Figure 62. Annual value of vegetable production, as represented by AUSVEG, Table 26. High Priority Pests of the vegetable industry 2005–10 (LVP) Scientific name Common name 2400 Bactrocera cucurbitae Melon fruit fly

2000 Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. Bacterial ring rot sepedonicus 1600 Globodera pallida Potato cyst nematode

1200 Groundnut bud necrosis (Tospovirus) Groundnut bud necrosis

$ (MILLIONS) Heterodera carotae Carrot cyst nematode 800 Leptinotarsa decemlineata Colorado potato beetle 400 Liriomyza bryoniae Tomato leaf miner

0 Liriomyza huidobrensis Potato leafminer 05/06 06/07 07/08 08/09 09/10 Liriomyza sativae American leafminer FINANCIAL YEAR Liriomyza trifolii American serpentine leafminer Potato late blight ACT NSW NT QLD SA TAS VIC WA Phytophthora infestans A2 mating type Potato mop top virus (Pomovirus) Potato mop top virus Potato spindle tuber viroid (Pospiviroidae) Potato spindle tuber viroid Figure 63. Distribution of vegetable production by state and territory, 2009–10 Psila rosae Carrot rust fly (based on LVP) Synchytrium endobioticum Potato wart Uromyces scirpi Rust Watermelon bud virus (Tospovirus) Watermelon bud necrosis Watermelon silver mottle virus (Tospovirus) Watermelon silver mottle virus <1% Australian Capital Territory OF PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEMS IN AUSTRALIA CHAPTER 1: ORGANISATION 10% New South Wales 1% Northern Territory 28% Queensland 16% South Australia 9% Tasmania 25% Victoria 11% Western Australia

73 WALNUTS Represented by the Australian Walnut Industry Association Figure 64. Annual value of walnut production, 2005–10 (LVP) www.walnut.net.au

12 The Australian walnut industry operates in most states of Australia. The industry has grown significantly in recent years due to growth in the establishment of large scale commercial 10 plantings. Production is expected to increase dramatically in the next five years as new orchards mature and come into bearing. 8

In 2010–11, the production of Australian walnuts was in excess of 3,400 tonnes (in shell). 6

The industry is valued at approximately $14 million, with an export market valued at $ (MILLIONS) 4 $10 million. 2 Walnut production in Australia has been steadily increasing, but the local production satisfies less than 6% of domestic consumption. There is a great opportunity for both 0 05/06 06/07 07/08 08/09 09/10 import replacement and export of good quality Australian walnuts. FINANCIAL YEAR The walnut industry is covered by the Nuts IBP Version 2.0, which includes the HPPs of the industry (see Table 27). ACT NSW NT QLD SA TAS VIC WA

Table 36. High Priority Pests of the walnut industry

Scientific name Common name Figure 65. Distribution of walnut production by state and territory, 2009–10 Amyelois transitella Navel orangeworm (based on LVP) Cydia latiferreana Filbertworm Rhagoletis completa Walnut husk fly

ORGANISATION OF PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEMS IN AUSTRALIA CHAPTER 1: ORGANISATION 0% Australian Capital Territory 24% New South Wales 0% Northern Territory 0% Queensland 4% South Australia Naval orangeworm. Image courtesy of Jack Kelly Clark, Naval orangeworm moth. Image courtesy of Jack Kelly Clark, 35% Tasmania UC Statewide IPM Program UC Statewide IPM Program 38% Victoria 0% Western Australia

Filbertworm. Image courtesy of Larry R. Barber, USDA Forest Walnut husk fly. Image courtesy of E. Mani, Swiss Federal Service, Bugwood.org Research Station for Fruit-Growing, Bugwood.org 74 WINE GRAPES Represented by the Wine Grape Growers Australia Figure 66. Annual value of wine grape production, 2005–10 (LVP) www.wgga.com.au

1800 Wine grapes are grown principally in south eastern Australia with the majority of the production located in SA, NSW and Victoria. SA is the dominant producing state with 1500 54% of Australia’s wine grape production in 2011. NSW was the next biggest producer followed by Victoria. Of the smaller states, WA has a sizeable premium grape growing 1200 industry accounting for about 8% of national production and Tasmania, Queensland 900 and the ACT account for 1%. $ (MILLIONS) 600 Wine grapes were cultivated over 160,000 hectares during 2011 which resulted in a yield of 1,563,000 tonnes of fruit. These values represent a 2% increase from 2010. 300 The dominant red varieties grown in Australia are Shiraz, Cabernet Sauvignon, and 0 Merlot while the dominant white varieties are Chardonnay, Sauvignon Blanc and Semillon. 05/06 06/07 07/08 08/09 09/10 A total of 132 million cases of Australian wine were sold in 2010–11 with a value of FINANCIAL YEAR $4.5 billion. A total of 510 million cases of wine were consumed on the domestic market, while the remaining 81 million cases were exported to the United Kingdom, the United States, Canada, China and Germany. ACT NSW NT QLD SA TAS VIC WA

The wine grape industry is covered by the Viticulture IBP Version 2.0, which identifies the HPPs of the industry (see Table 28). This IBP also covers the table grape and dried fruit Figure 67. Distribution of wine grape production by state and territory, 2009–10 industries. (based on LVP)

Table 37. High Priority Pests of the wine grape industry

Scientific name Common name

0% Australian Capital Territory OF PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEMS IN AUSTRALIA CHAPTER 1: ORGANISATION Daktulosphaira vitifoliae (exotic strains) Grapevine phylloxera (exotic strains) 21% New South Wales Eotetranychus carpini Yellow vine mite 0% Northern Territory Grapevine flavescence dorée phytoplasma Flavescence dorée <1% Queensland Guignardia bidwellii Black rot Homalodisca vitripennis Glassy winged sharpshooter 54% South Australia Phakopsora euvitis Grapevine leaf rust 2% Tasmania Planococcus ficus Vine mealybug 15% Victoria Platynota stultana Omnivorous leafroller 8% Western Australia Pseudococcus maritimus Grape mealybug Pseudopezicula tetraspora Angular leaf scorch Pseudopezicula tracheiphila Rotbrenner Xanthomonas ampelina Bacterial blight Xylella fastidiosa Pierce’s disease

75 1.7 Plant Health Australia

PHA is the national coordinator of the government-industry partnership for plant biosecurity Strategic perspective in Australia. As a not-for-profit company, PHA services the needs of its Members and PHA’s independence and standing enable it to take a lead in monitoring performance of independently advocates on behalf of the national plant biosecurity system. the national biosecurity system and determining its future needs. In close consultation with stakeholders, PHA formulates the strategies, plans and reports that direct Member efforts PHA achieves this by: to meet those needs, contribute to government and industry policy development, facilitate • Enhancing the commitment of governments and industries to work together improved national coordination and collaboration, and target investment to best effect. The • Enhancing the operation and integrity of Australia’s plant pest emergency response National Plant Biosecurity Strategy (Section 1.1, page 12) and this report are examples of arrangements this work. • Assisting national management of biosecurity risks Emergency responses • Monitoring performance and promoting continual improvement of Australia’s plant biosecurity system Another central role for PHA is the establishment of funding and management arrangements for effective response to EPP incursions. PHA undertakes this role • Determining future needs of Australia’s plant biosecurity system through its custodianship and administration of the EPPRD and PLANTPLAN, the • Facilitating improved national investment in plant biosecurity agreed operational response plan (Chapter 4, page 143). PHA convenes regular meetings of signatories to the EPPRD and facilitates modifications to take account PHA’s efforts help to: of new information and procedural improvements gleaned through post-EPP • Minimise plant pest impacts incident reviews. • Enhance Australia’s plant health status To assist Members to meet their obligations as signatories to the EPPRD and improve • Assist trade their emergency response preparedness, PHA provides a range of services including • Safeguard the livelihood of producers contingency planning, surveillance and diagnostic systems support, response training • Support the sustainability and profitability of plant industries and the communities and simulation exercises. that rely upon them

ORGANISATION OF PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEMS IN AUSTRALIA CHAPTER 1: ORGANISATION • Preserve environmental health and amenity Pest risk mitigation Beyond its contribution to response arrangements, PHA supports the national plant PLANT HEALTH AUSTRALIA AND AUSTRALIA’S PLANT biosecurity system by coordinating and assisting efforts to reduce the risks posed by EPPs. This is achieved in large part by supporting industries and governments BIOSECURITY SYSTEM to develop strategies and plans that improve biosecurity standards and assisting with their implementation. IBPs, Farm Biosecurity Manuals and personnel extension Partnerships services are examples of outputs from this work (Section 3.3, page 113). Plant biosecurity in Australia operates as a partnership between governments and industries. Through this partnership, responsibilities for maintaining the integrity and Funding performance of the plant biosecurity system are shared. The partnership recognises that the wider Australian community, as well as plant producers, are beneficiaries of PHA’s core activities are funded from annual subscriptions paid by Members (Table 38) better biosecurity outcomes in the form of improved productivity, product quality, including the Australian Government, all state and territory governments, national plant market access, trade, profitability, sustainability and environmental preservation. industry representative bodies and related industry partner organisations.

Fostering, strengthening and expanding this partnership are primary roles for PHA. A range of separately funded special projects are also undertaken for individual and Through PHA, current and future needs of the plant biosecurity system can be mutually groups of Members. agreed upon, issues identified, and solutions to problems found. PHA’s independent and impartial approach to servicing Member needs acts to put the interests of the plant 76 biosecurity system first and support a longer-term view. Table 38. Plant Health Australia’s Members (as at 31 December 2011)

Industry Members Government Members Almond Board of Australia Commonwealth of Australia Apple and Pear Australia Australian Capital Territory Government Australian Banana Growers’ Council New South Wales Government Australian Honey Bee Industry Council Northern Territory Government Australian Lychee Growers’ Association Queensland Government Australian Macadamia Society South Australian Government Australian Mango Industry Association Tasmanian Government Australian Olive Association Victorian Government Australian Processing Tomato Research Council Western Australian Government Australian Rubus Growers Association Australian Table Grape Association Australian Walnut Industry Association Associate Members AUSVEG Australasian Plant Pathology Society Avocados Australia BSES CANEGROWERS Cooperative Research Centre for National Plant Biosecurity Canned Fruits Industry Council of Australia Cotton Research and Development Corporation Cherry Growers Australia CSIRO Chestnuts Australia Grains Research and Development Corporation Citrus Australia Horticulture Australia

Cotton Australia OF PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEMS IN AUSTRALIA CHAPTER 1: ORGANISATION New Rural Industries Australia Dried Fruits Australia Grain Producers Australia GROWCOM Nursery and Garden Industry Australia Onions Australia Passionfruit Australia Pistachio Growers Association Ricegrowers’ Association of Australia Strawberries Australia Summerfruit Australia Wine Grape Growers Australia

77 78 Chapter 2 Australia’s plant pest status Australian plant production industries have an enviable plant pest status compared to their counterparts around the world. This is a result of natural geographic isolation accompanied by a strong focus on biosecurity across the continuum. On top of this, Australia’s environmental extremes limit the ability of many pests to establish.

Nonetheless, there are many established and endemic plant pests that impact on plant production and the natural environment. And no matter how good Australia’s protection, new pests continue to arrive and establish in

AUSTRALIA’S PLANT PEST STATUS CHAPTER 2: AUSTRALIA’S this country.

To provide a snapshot of this situation, this chapter provides information about Australia’s plant pest status.

80 2.1 Australia’s High Priority Pests

The basis of any risk mitigation system begins with identifying the threats. For Australia’s plant production industries, this includes pests of significant quarantine concern that could have an impact on production or trade should they establish in particular regions of Australia.

The development of IBPs (Section 3.3, page 113) and the threat summary tables and HPP lists they contain, provides one mechanism for identifying and prioritising (primarily exotic) pests of quarantine concern. The threat summary tables are developed through consultation with experts and estimate the level of risk associated with each pest. This takes into account the pest’s likelihood of entry, establishment and spread, as well as the economic impact it would have should it become established in Australia14. From this information, pests with the greatest potential economic impact to the industry are identified PLANT PEST STATUS AUSTRALIA’S as the industry’s HPPs.

The identification of HPPs assists with a range of biosecurity preparedness activities such as surveillance, awareness programs, maintenance of capacity and capability, development CHAPTER 2: of diagnostic protocols and pre-emptive breeding programs. All IBPs, once finalised, are subject to review on a regular basis, ensuring that the pest lists and details accurately reflect the most up-to-date information.

Table 39 lists all of the HPPs identified in each of the 23 IBPs developed by PHA in conjunction with industries and governments to date, and/or those listed in Schedule 13 of the EPPRD (Section 4.1, page 144). Whilst this list predominantly contains pests which are exotic to Australia, it does contain some species that are present in Australia and are still of significant quarantine concern nationally.

Only those pests listed in Schedule 13 of the EPPRD are deemed to be Emergency Plant Pests (EPPs). While many of the other HPPs listed may qualify, they cannot be deemed an EPP until they have been determined to meet the criteria by the Categorisation Group and are listed in Schedule 13 of the EPPRD.

14 This process is not intended as a definitive mechanism to identify all threats to Australia’s plant production industries or as a formal mechanism for international quarantine arrangements.

Image courtesy of Nursery and Garden Industry Australia 81 Table 39. High Priority Pests of Australia’s plant production industries (as at 31 December 2011)

Scientific name Common name Source15 Scientific name Common name Source15 Abaca bunchy top virus Abaca bunchy top virus Banana Bactrocera dorsalis Oriental fruit fly EPPRD, Apple and Pear, (Babuvirus) Avocado, Citrus, Lychee, Papaya, Summerfruit Acleris comariana Strawberry tortrix EPPRD Bactrocera facialis Tropical fruit fly Avocado, Mango Adoxophyes orana Summer fruit tortrix EPPRD Bactrocera invadens Fruit fly Citrus Agrotis segetum Turnip moth Grains Bactrocera kandiensis Fruit fly Avocado, Mango Aleurolobus barodensis Sugarcane whitefly EPPRD, Sugarcane Bactrocera kirki Fijian fruit fly Avocado, Mango Alternaria triticina Leaf blight Grains Bactrocera melanotus Fruit fly Avocado, Mango Amblypelta cocophaga Coconut bug Mango Bactrocera minax Chinese citrus fly Citrus Amrasca devastans Cotton jassid Cotton Bactrocera occipitalis Fruit fly Citrus, Mango Amyelois transitella Navel orangeworm EPPRD, Nuts Bactrocera oleae Olive fly Olives Anastrepha fraterculus South American fruit fly Citrus Bactrocera papayae Papaya fruit fly EPPRD, Avocado, Citrus, Anastrepha ludens Mexican fruit fly Citrus Mango, Papaya, Summerfruit AUSTRALIA’S PLANT PEST STATUS CHAPTER 2: AUSTRALIA’S Anisogramma anomala Hazelnut blight EPPRD, Nuts Bactrocera passiflorae Fijian fruit fly Avocado, Mango, Papaya Anthonomus bisignatus Strawberry bud weevil EPPRD Bactrocera philippinensis Philippine fruit fly EPPRD, Avocado, Citrus, Anthonomus grandis Boll weevil EPPRD, Cotton Mango, Papaya Aphis gossypii (exotic strains) Cotton aphid Cotton Bactrocera psidii South Sea guava fruit fly Mango Apiosporina morbosa Black knot EPPRD Bactrocera trilineola Fruit fly Mango Apple proliferation Apple proliferation Apple and Pear Bactrocera trivialis New Guinea fruit fly Citrus, Mango phytoplasma Bactrocera tsuneonis Japanese orange fly Citrus Aristobia tetsudo Lychee longicorn beetle Lychee Bactrocera xanthodes Pacific fruit fly Avocado, Mango Atherigona soccata Sorghum shoot fly Grains Banana bract mosaic virus Banana bract mosaic disease EPPRD, Banana Avocado sunblotch viroid Avocado sunblotch Avocado (Potyvirus) (asymptomatic strains) Banana bunchy top virus Banana bunchy top virus Banana Avocado sunblotch viroid Avocado sunblotch Avocado (Nanovirus) (symtomatic strains) Bean common mosaic virus Bean common mosaic virus Grains Bactericera cockerelli Tomato/potato psyllid EPPRD (Potyvirus), peanut stripe strain Bactrocera albistrigata Fruit fly Mango Bemisia tabaci (exotic strains) Silverleaf whitefly Cotton Bactrocera carambolae Carambola fruit fly Avocado, Papaya Blood disease bacterium Blood disease EPPRD, Banana Bactrocera caryae Fruit fly Mango Botryotinia squamosa Leaf blight Onion Bactrocera correcta Guava fruit fly Mango Burkholderia glumae Panicle blight Rice Bactrocera cucurbitae Melon fruit fly Avocado, Papaya, Summerfruit, Vegetables Bursaphelenchus spp. Pinewood nematode species Plantation timber including B. xylophilus complex Bactrocera curvipennis Banana fruit fly Mango Candidatus Liberibacter Huanglongbing (African Citrus africanus strain) 15 ‘EPPRD’ indicates the pest is listed under Schedule 13 of the EPPRD. 82 Where a crop is listed, the HPP has been sourced from that industry’s IBP. Table 39. High Priority Pests of Australia’s plant production industries (as at 31 December 2011)

Scientific name Common name Source15 Scientific name Common name Source15 Candidatus Liberibacter Huanglongbing (American Citrus Colletotrichum acutatum Post bloom fruit drop Citrus americanus strain) (SGO strain) Candidatus Liberibacter Huanglongbing (Asiatic strain) EPPRD, Citrus Colletotrichum truncatum Lentil anthracnose Grains asiaticus (lentil strain) Candidatus Liberibacter Zebra chip EPPRD Conopomorpha sinensis Lychee fruit borer Lychee psyllaurous Conotrachelus aguacatae Small avocado seed weevil Avocado European wheat stem sawfly Grains Cephus pygmeus Conotrachelus nenuphar Plum curculio EPPRD, Apple and Pear, Ceratitis capitata Mediterranean fruit fly Mango Cherry, Summerfruit Ceratitis rosa Natal fruit fly Mango Conotrachelus perseae Small seed weevil Avocado Ceratocystis ulmi Dutch elm disease EPPRD Coptotermes spp. Subterranean termites Plantation timber Ceratovacuna lanigera Sugarcane woolly aphid Sugarcane Cotton leaf curl virus Cotton leaf curl disease EPPRD, Cotton (Begomovirus) Cercospora longipes Brown spot Sugarcane Cryphonectria parasitica Chestnut blight EPPRD, Nuts Ceutorhynchus assimilis Cabbage seedpod weevil Grains

Cryptophlebia leucotreta False codling moth EPPRD, Pineapple, PLANT PEST STATUS CHAPTER 2: AUSTRALIA’S Cherry leaf roll virus Blackline EPPRD, Cherry Summerfruit (Nepovirus) Ctenopseustis obliquana Brown headed leafroller Cherry Chilo auricilius Sugarcane internode borer Sugarcane Cydia funebrana Plum fruit moth Summerfruit Chilo infuscatellus Yellow top borer of Sugarcane Cydia latiferreana Filbertworm Nuts sugarcane Daktulosphaira vitifoliae Grapevine phylloxera EPPRD Chilo partellus Spotted stalk borer Grains (biotype B) Chilo sacchariphagus Sugarcane internode borer Sugarcane Daktulosphaira vitifoliae (exotic Grapevine phyloxera Viticulture Chilo terrenellus Sugarcane stem borer Sugarcane strains) Chlumetia transversa Mango shoot borer Mango Deanolis sublimbalis Red-banded mango EPPRD caterpillar Choristoneura rosaceana Oblique banded leafroller Cherry Delia antiqua Onion fly Onion Chromatomyia horticola Leafminer Grains Delia florilega Bean seed maggot Onion Ciborinia camelliae Camellia petal blight EPPRD Dialeurodes citri Citrus whitefly Citrus Cicadulina mbila South African maize Sugarcane leafhopper Diaphorina citri Asian citrus psyllid EPPRD, Citrus Citripestis sagittiferella Citrus fruit borer Citrus Diuraphis noxia Russian wheat aphid EPPRD, Grains Citrus leprosis virus Citrus leprosis disease Citrus Dorysthenes buqueti Sugarcane longhorn stem Sugarcane (Unassigned) borer Citrus tristeza closterovirus Mandarin stem-pitting Citrus Drosophila suzukii Spotted winged drosophila Apple and Pear, Cherry, (mandarin stem-pitting strain) Summerfruit Rosy apple aphid Apple and Pear Cladosporium caryigenum Pecan scab Nuts Dysaphis plantaginea Dysmicoccus neobrevipes Grey pineapple mealybug Pineapple Clavibacter michiganensis Bacterial ring rot EPPRD, Potato subsp. sepedonicus Endocronartium harknessii Western gall rust Plantation timber

83 Table 39. High Priority Pests of Australia’s plant production industries (as at 31 December 2011)

Scientific name Common name Source15 Scientific name Common name Source15 Eotetranychus carpini Yellow vine mite Viticulture Guignardia musae Banana freckle EPPRD, Banana Erionota thrax Banana skipper butterfly EPPRD, Banana Gymnosporangium juniperi- Cedar apple rust Apple and Pear virginianae Erwinia amylovora Fire blight EPPRD, Apple and Pear Heilipus lauri Large seed weevil Avocado Erwinia chrysanthemi (distinct Bacterial fruit collapse Pineapple pathovar) Helopeltis spp. Mirids Mango Erwinia herbicola (exotic Avocado blast Avocado Heterodera avenae Cereal cyst nematode Grains strains) (exotic strains) Erwinia papayae Bacterial crown rot Papaya Heterodera carotae Carrot cyst nematode Vegetables Erwinia spp. Mushy canker Papaya Heterodera filipjevi Cereal cyst nematode Grains (exotic strains) Eumerus strigatus Lesser bulb fly Onion Heterodera glycines Soybean cyst nematode Grains European stone fruit yellows European stone fruit yellows EPPRD, Cherry, Summerfruit phytoplasma Heterodera latipons Cereal cyst nematode Grains (exotic strains) Fulmekiola serrata Oriental sugar cane thrips Sugarcane

AUSTRALIA’S PLANT PEST STATUS CHAPTER 2: AUSTRALIA’S High plains virus High plains virus EPPRD Fusarium circinatum Pitch canker Plantation timber Homalodisca vitripennis Glassy winged sharpshooter Citrus, Summerfruit, Fusarium guttiforme Fusariosis Pineapple Viticulture Fusarium mangiferae Mango malformation Mango Homoeosoma electellum Sunflower moth Grains Fusarium oxysporum Fusarium wilt of chickpea Grains Hypothenemus obscurus Tropical nut borer Nuts f. sp. ciceris Lepidiota blanchardi Blanchard’s canegrub Sugarcane Fusarium oxysporum Fusarium wilt of canola Grains Lepidiota discedens Canegrub Sugarcane f. sp. conglutinans Lepidiota pruinosa Pruinose canegrub Sugarcane Fusarium oxysporum Panama disease, tropical EPPRD, Banana f. sp. cubense Race 4 Lepidiota reuleauxi Ramu canegrub Sugarcane Fusarium oxysporum Fusarium wilt of lentil Grains Lepidiota stigma White canegrub Sugarcane f. sp. lentis Leptinotarsa decemlineata Colorado potato beetle EPPRD, Potato Fusarium oxysporum Fusarium wilt of lupin Grains Leucopholis near armata Canegrub Sugarcane f. sp. lupini Liothrips oleae Olive thrips Olives Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. Fusarium wilt Cotton vasinfectum (exotic races) Liriomyza bryoniae Tomato leaf miner Vegetables Gibberella fujikuroi Bakanae Rice Liriomyza huidobrensis Serpentine leafminer Vegetables Globodera pallida Potato cyst nematode Potato Liriomyza sativae American leafminer EPPRD, Onion, Vegetables Globodera rostochiensis Potato cyst nematode EPPRD Liriomyza trifolii American serpentine Grains, Vegetables leafminer Grapevine flavescence doree Flavescence dorée Viticulture phytoplasma Lissorhoptrus oryzophilus Rice water weevil EPPRD, Rice Little cherry virus 1 Cherry Groundnut bud necrosis Vegetables Little cherry virus 1 (Tospovirus) Little cherry virus 2 Little cherry virus 2 Cherry Guignardia bidwellii Black rot EPPRD, Viticulture Luteovirus (suspected) Blue disease Cotton 84 Table 39. High Priority Pests of Australia’s plant production industries (as at 31 December 2011)

Scientific name Common name Source15 Scientific name Common name Source15 Lyctus africanus Powder post beetle Plantation timber Perkinsiella lalokensis Sugarcane sidewinder Sugarcane Lygus hesperus Western plant bug EPPRD, Strawberry Perkinsiella papuensis Sugarcane sidewinder Sugarcane Lygus lineolaris Tarnished plant bug Cotton, Strawberry Perkinsiella rattlei Sugarcane sidewinder Sugarcane Lymantria dispar Asian gypsy moth Apple and Pear, Plantation Perkinsiella saccharivora Sugarcane sidewinder Sugarcane timber Perkinsiella vastatrix Sugarcane sidewinder Sugarcane Magnaporthe grisea Rice blast EPPRD, Rice Perkinsiella vitiensis Sugarcane sidewinder Sugarcane Maize dwarf mosaic virus Maize dwarf mosaic virus Grains Peronophythora litchii Brown blight Lychee (Potyvirus) Peronosclerospora Philippine downy mildew of Grains, Sugarcane Mayetiola destructor Hessian fly EPPRD, Grains philippinensis maize Mayetiola hordei Barley stem gall midge Grains Peronosclerospora sacchari Sugarcane downy mildew EPPRD, Sugarcane Wheat stem maggot Grains Meromyza saltatrix Peronosclerospora sorghi Sorghum downy mildew Grains Brown rot EPPRD, Cherry, Summerfruit Monilinia fructigena Peronosclerospora spontanea Downy mildew Sugarcane Asiatic brown rot Summerfruit Monilinia polystroma Phakopsora euvitis Grapevine leaf rust EPPRD, Viticulture PLANT PEST STATUS CHAPTER 2: AUSTRALIA’S Longhorn beetles Plantation timber Monochamus spp. Phoma tracheiphila Mal Secco EPPRD Mycosphaerella eumusae Eumusae leaf spot Banana Phomopsis helianthi Sunflower stem canker Grains Mycosphaerella fijiensis Black Sigatoka EPPRD, Banana Phymatotrichum omnivorum Texas root rot EPPRD, Cherry, Cotton Mythimna unipuncta Armyworm EPPRD Phytomyza gymnostoma Allium leaf miner Onion Nectria galligena European canker Apple and Pear Phytophthora fragariae Red steele root rot EPPRD, Strawberry Neonectria ditissima European canker Cherry var. fragariae Numonia pirivorella Pear fruit moth EPPRD Phytophthora infestans, Potato late blight Potato A2 mating type Oidium citri Powdery mildew Citrus Phytophthora kernoviae Avocado Oidium tingitanium Powdery mildew Citrus Phytophthora mengei Bark canker Avocado Oligonychus perseae Persea mite Avocado Phytophthora ramorum Sudden oak death EPPRD, Avocado, Plantation Otiorhynchus rugosostriatus Rough strawberry weevil EPPRD timber Pandemis cerasana Cherry brown tortrix Cherry Planococcus ficus Vine mealybug Viticulture Paracoccus marginatus Papaya mealy bug Papaya Planotortrix octo Green headed leafroller Cherry Paradasynus longirostris Lychee Plasmopara halstedii Sunflower downy mildew Grains Parasa lepida Blue-striped nettle grub Mango Platynota stultana Omnivorous leafroller Viticulture Peach rosette mosaic virus Peach rosette mosaic virus Summerfruit Plum pox virus (Potyvirus) Plum pox virus EPPRD, Cherry, Summerfruit (Nepovirus) Podosphaera clandestina var. Powdery mildew of cherry Cherry Peridroma saucia Variegated cutworm EPPRD clandestina (exotic strains) Perkinsiella bicoloris Sugarcane sidewinder Sugarcane Pomacea canaliculata Golden apple snail EPPRD, Rice Perkinsiella diagoras Sugarcane sidewinder Sugarcane Popillia japonica Japanese beetle Summerfruit

85 Table 39. High Priority Pests of Australia’s plant production industries (as at 31 December 2011)

Scientific name Common name Source15 Scientific name Common name Source15 Potato mop top virus Potato mop top virus Potato Puccinia triticina (exotic Leaf rust Grains (Pomovirus) strains) Potato spindle tuber viroid Potato spindle tuber viroid EPPRD, Potato Pulvinaria iceryi Pulvinaria scale Sugarcane (Pospiviroidae) Pyrilla perpusilla Sugarcane pyrilla Sugarcane Prays oleae Olive moth Olives Raffaelea lauricola Laurel wilt Avocado Procontorinia matteiana Mango leaf-gall midge Mango Ralstonia solanacearum, Moko EPPRD, Banana Pseudococcus maritimus Grape mealybug Viticulture Race 2 Pseudomonas syringae Avocado blast Avocado Unknown Sugarcane Ramu stunt EPPRD, Sugarcane pv. syringae (exotic strains) disease Pseudopezicula tetraspora Angular leaf scorch Viticulture Raspberry ringspot virus Raspberry ringspot virus Strawberry Pseudopezicula tracheiphila Rotbrenner Viticulture (Nepovirus) Red clover vein mosaic virus Grains Pseudotheraptus wayi Coconut bug Lychee Red clover vein mosaic virus (Carlavirus) Psila rosae Carrot rust fly Vegetables Rhagoletis completa Walnut husk fly Nuts AUSTRALIA’S PLANT PEST STATUS CHAPTER 2: AUSTRALIA’S Puccinia allii Rust of allium Onion Rhagoletis fausta Black cherry fruit fly Cherry Puccinia allii-cepulae Rust of allium Onion Rhagoletis indifferens Western cherry fruit fly Cherry Puccinia alliorum Onion Rhagoletis pomonella Apple maggot Apple and Pear, Cherry Puccinia asparagi Asparagus rust EPPRD Rhizoglyphus callae Bulb mite Onion Puccinia coronata Crown rust of barley Grains f. sp. hordei (exotic strains) Rhizoglyphus setosus Bulb mite Onion Puccinia cylodontis Onion Roesleria subterranea Grape root rot EPPRD Puccinia graminis f. sp. hordei Barley stem rust Grains Scirpophaga excerptalis Top shoot borer Sugarcane (exotic strains) Scirtothrips aurantii South African citrus thrips EPPRD, Citrus Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici Stem rust of wheat Grains Scirtothrips perseae Avocado thrips Avocado (pathotype Ug99) Sesamia grisescens Stem borer EPPRD, Sugarcane Puccinia mixta Rust of allium Onion Sesamia inferens Pink stem borer Sugarcane Puccinia permixta Onion Sitobion avenae Wheat aphid Grains Puccinia porri Onion Sorghum mosaic virus Sorghum mosaic virus Sugarcane Guava rust Plantation timber Puccinia psidii sensu lato (Potyvirus) Durum leaf rust Grains Puccinia recondita (exotic Sphaceloma perseae Avocado scab Avocado strains) Spiroplasma citri Stubborn Citrus Puccinia schisma Onion Stagonospora sacchari Leaf scorch EPPRD, Sugarcane Puccinia sessali Onion Stenoma catenifer Avocado seed moth Avocado Puccinia striiformis f. sp. Barley stripe rust Grains hordei Sternochetus frigidus Mango pulp weevil EPPRD, Mango Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici Wheat stripe rust Grains Strawberry latent ringspot Strawberry latent ringspot Strawberry (exotic strains) virus (Nepovirus) virus

86 Table 39. High Priority Pests of Australia’s plant production industries (as at 31 December 2011)

Scientific name Common name Source15 Scientific name Common name Source15 Stromatium barbatum Drywood longicorn beetle Plantation timber Wheat spindle streak mosaic Wheat spindle streak mosaic EPPRD virus (Bymovirus) virus Strymon megarus Pineapple fruit borer Pineapple X disease phytoplasma Peach X disease EPPRD, Cherry, Summerfruit Sugarcane grassy shoot Grassy shoot Sugarcane phytoplasma Xanthomonas alfalfae Bacterial spot Citrus subsp. citrumelonis Sugarcane mosaic virus Sugarcane mosaic virus Sugarcane (Potyvirus) (exotic strains) Xanthomonas ampelina Bacterial blight Viticulture Sugarcane streak mosaic Sugarcane streak mosaic EPPRD, Sugarcane Xanthomonas campestris Bacterial canker Avocado virus (Unassigned) (avocado strain) Sugarcane white leaf White leaf EPPRD, Sugarcane Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri Citrus canker EPPRD, Citrus phytoplasma Xanthomonas citri Angular leaf spot EPPRD, Cotton Synchytrium endobioticum Potato wart Potato subsp. malvacearum Tetramoera schistaceana Sugarcane shoot borer Sugarcane Xanthomonas fragariae Strawberry angular leaf spot EPPRD, Strawberry Tetranychus piercei Spider mite EPPRD, Banana Xylella fastidiosa Pierce’s disease EPPRD, Cherry, Citrus, Nuts, Summerfruit, Viticulture

Tetranychus turkestani Strawberry spider mite Cotton PLANT PEST STATUS CHAPTER 2: AUSTRALIA’S Black twig borer Mango Tilletia barclayana Kernel smut of rice EPPRD, Rice Xylosandrus compactus Tilletia indica Karnal bunt EPPRD, Grains Tomato black ring virus Tomato black ring virus Strawberry (Nepovirus) Tomato ringspot virus Tomato ringspot virus Strawberry (Nepovirus) Toxotrypana curvicauda Papaya fly Papaya Tribolium castaneum Rust red flour beetle EPPRD (phosphine resistant) Trogoderma granarium Khapra beetle EPPRD, Grains, Rice Unknown (suspected Longan and lychee witches’ Lychee phytoplasma) broom disease Puccinia psidii sensu lato Myrtle rust EPPRD Urocystis cepulae Onion smut Onion Uromyces viciae-fabae (lentil Lentil rust Grains strain) Verticillium dahliae (defoliating Verticillium wilt EPPRD, Cotton, Olives strain) Verticillium longisporum Canola verticillium wilt Grains Watermelon bud virus Watermelon bud necrosis Vegetables (Tospovirus) Watermelon silver mottle virus Watermelon silver mottle Vegetables (Tospovirus) virus 87 2.2 Australia’s regionalised pests

Despite Australia’s relative freedom from many serious pests, some have found their way into the country and are now under active management to limit their impact. Australia’s geographic size and varied climatic zones create internal barriers that limit the spread of pests. Of particular significance are Australia’s arid interior (which separates WA from the eastern states) and Bass Strait (which separates Tasmania from mainland Australia).

These natural geographic and climatic barriers together with active ongoing management programs have resulted in many pest species being effectively contained in regionalised areas. These areas are often defined by state boundaries, production zones or geographic regions. Pests under active management are carefully monitored to ensure that management remains effective and that the pests do not move out of these defined AUSTRALIA’S PLANT PEST STATUS AUSTRALIA’S boundaries. This means that although the pest is no longer exotic to Australia, many of the country’s production areas are still classified as free from the pest and therefore meet export phytosanitary requirements.

CHAPTER 2: Most management activities for regionalised pests are undertaken by state and territory governments. However, for many pests, effective management depends upon industry and national government participation.

Table 40 lists the pests that are presently being regulated or contained within each state or territory. This list is not inclusive of all pests found within Australia.

88 Image courtesy of Dried Fruits Australia Table 40. Australia’s regionalised pests (as at 31 December 2011)

Scientific Name Common Name Area of Regionalisation Scientific Name Common Name Area of Regionalisation New South Wales Parlatoria blanchardi Date palm scale Alice Springs Bactrocera tryoni Queensland fruit fly Endemic within all of NSW excluding Selenothrips rubrocinctus Red-banded thrips Darwin, Palmerston, Darwin rural the Fruit Fly Exclusion Zone and the area, Adelaide River, Pine Creek, Pest Free Area of NSW as defined in Katherine Proclamation P184 and P191 Sternochetus mangiferae Mango seed weevil Darwin, Palmerston, Darwin rural Banana bunchy top virus Banana bunchy top virus Far North Coast, NSW - regulated via area, Batchelor, Adelaide River (Babuvirus) Order 77 under the Plant Diseases Tetranycus gloveri Glovers mite Darwin Rural Area Act 1924 Thrips palmi Melon thrips Darwin rural area Daktulosphaira vitifolii Grapevine phylloxera Present within the NSW Phylloxera Infested Zone, comprised of the Queensland Sydney and the Albury/Corowa region Aleurodicus dispersus Spiraling whitefly Torres Strait Islands, Cape York as defined in Proclamation P176 of Peninsula, Mareeba, Charters Towers, the NSW Plant Diseases Act 1924 coastal towns south to Bundaberg No.38 Banana bunchy top virus Bunchy top Noosa south to the NSW border Fusarium oxysporum f. Panama disease Far North Coast, NSW - regulated via (Babuvirus) sp. cubense (Race 4 – Order 77 under the Plant Diseases subtropical) Act 1924 Deanolis sublimbalis Red banded mango Far northern Cape York Peninsula PLANT PEST STATUS CHAPTER 2: AUSTRALIA’S caterpillar Ralstonia solanacearum Bacterial wilt in potatoes Endemic in NSW excluding the NSW Seed Protected Areas as defined in Fusarium oxysporum Panama disease Race 1 – endemic throughout banana Proclamation P128 of the NSW Plant f. sp. cubense growing regions Diseases Act 1924 No.38 (Race 1, Race 2, Race 4 Race 2 – South Johnstone and – subtropical) Cairns Spongospora Powdery scab in Endemic in NSW excluding the NSW Race 4 (subtropical) – South-East subterranea potatoes Seed Protected Areas as defined in Queensland as far north as Rosedale Proclamation P128 of the NSW Plant (approx 30 km north of Bundaberg) Diseases Act 1924 No.38 Idioscopus clypealis, Mango leafhopper Idioscopus clypealis – Cape York Northern Territory Idioscopus nitidulus Peninsula and Mareeba area, Aleuroides dispersus Spiraling whitefly Darwin, Palmerston, Darwin rural area Idioscopus nitidulus – Cape York Peninsula only Bactrocera tryoni Queensland fruit fly Darwin, Palmerston, Darwin rural area, Katherine, Tennant Creek, Alice Mycosphaerella fijiensis Black Sigatoka Some northern and eastern Torres Springs Strait Islands Bemisia tabaci Silver leaf whitefly Darwin, Palmerston, Darwin rural area Papaya ringspot virus Papaya ringspot virus South-east Queensland as far north (Potyvirus) as Bundaberg area Brontispa longissima Palm leaf beetle Darwin, Palmerston, Darwin rural area Procontarinia sp. Mango leaf gall midge Torres Strait and northern tip of Cape Citripestis eutrapera Mango fruit borer Darwin rural area York Peninsula Fusarium mangiferae Mango malformation Darwin, Darwin rural area, Adelaide Sugarcane Fiji disease Fiji disease Sugarcane Pest Quarantine Areas disease River virus (Fijivirus) (PQA) 4, 5, 6, and 7 Panama disease Darwin rural area Fusarium oxysporum Sugarcane mosaic virus Sugarcane mosaic virus Sugarcane PQAs 5 and 6 f. sp. cubense (Race 4 (Potyvirus) – tropical) Sugarcane striate mosaic Sugarcane striate mosaic Sugarcane PQA 3 Mango leaf hopper Darwin, Palmerston, Darwin rural Idioscopus nitidulus virus (Carlavirus) virus area, Adelaide River, Pine Creek, Katherine

89 Table 40. Australia’s regionalised pests (as at 31 December 2011)

Scientific Name Common Name Area of Regionalisation Scientific Name Common Name Area of Regionalisation Queensland continued Sitotroga cerealella Angoumois grain moth Endemic in WA – regulations/controls for insecticide resistant strains Thrips palmi Melon thrips South-east Queensland as far north as Bundaberg area. North Thrips palmi Melon thrips Kimberley – northern WA (low pest Queensland – coastal areas from Ayr prevalence area) to Mossman, and Atherton Tablelands Tribolium castaneum Rust red flour Endemic in WA – regulations/controls Ustilago scitaminea Sugarcane smut Sugarcane PQAs 2, 4, 5 and 6 for insecticide resistant strains South Australia Tribolium confusum Confused flour beetle Endemic in WA – regulations/controls for insecticide resistant strains Urocystis cepulae Onion smut Annual surveys of Allium crops in SA – quarantine measures if disease detected Victoria Bactrocera tryoni Queensland fruit fly Permanent fruit fly zone (refer to specific orders) Daktulosphaira vitifolii Grape phylloxera Phylloxera infested zone (refer to

AUSTRALIA’S PLANT PEST STATUS CHAPTER 2: AUSTRALIA’S specific orders) Globodera rostochiensis Potato cyst nematode Control Area and Plant Protection District (refer to specific orders) Western Australia Fusarium oxysporum Panama disease Present in Carnarvon WA. Host f. sp. cubense (Race 1) material restricted from movement to rest of state. Globodera rostochiensis Potato cyst nematode Incursion eradicated in 1989 from Perth area. Pest area freedom currently being further verified Hylotrupes bajalus European house borer Perth – urban and peri-urban. Under surveillance and eradication Oryzaephilus Sawtooth grain beetle Endemic in WA – regulations/controls surinamensis for insecticide resistant strains Pentalonia nigronervosa Banana aphid Present in Carnarvon. Host material restricted from movement to rest of the state Plodia interpunctella Indian meal moth Endemic in WA – regulations/controls for insecticide resistant strains Pythium tracheiphilum Lettuce blight Gingin and Perth metropolitan area Rhyzopertha dominica Lesser grain borer Endemic in WA – regulations/controls for insecticide resistant strains Sitophilus granarius Granary weevil Endemic in WA – regulations/controls for insecticide resistant strains Sitophilus oryzae Rice weevil Endemic in WA – regulations/controls for insecticide resistant strains Panama disease. Image courtesy of Jeff Daniells 90 2.3 Responses to Emergency Plant Pests

With increasing global trade and tourism (there were a record 28.3 million arrivals and departures in Australia in 201116) and the potential for pests to enter via natural routes, it is unrealistic to establish policy around a ‘zero likelihood of entry’. Pest incursions occur despite best preventative efforts, and will continue to do so. Such incursions can have a significant impact on the economic viability of Australia’s plant production industries.

Coordinated, rapid and comprehensive responses to pest incursions provide the best approach to minimising the direct and associated impacts of plant pests. The ratification of the EPPRD in October 2005 significantly increased Australia’s capacity to prepare for, and respond to, incursions by providing both a policy and operational framework for EPP PLANT PEST STATUS AUSTRALIA’S responses. Pests covered under the EPPRD are classified as EPPs (Section 4.1, page 144) and are of national significance.

Table 41 (page 92) identifies the status of emergency responses to EPPs and other CHAPTER 2: significant pests as at 31 December 2011. In addition, there were a number of new pests detected in Australia in 2011 for which no further action was required or for which initial investigations are still ongoing (Table 42, page 93).

16 Australian Bureau of Statistics (2012) Overseas Arrivals and Departures, Australia, Dec 2011, cat. no. 3401.0. ABS, Canberra.

Image courtesy of PHA 91 Table 41. Emergency responses to EPPs and pests of national significance

Scientific name Common name Industry affected Region Past action Current situation and status

Apis cerana Asian honey bee Honey bee, pollination Cairns, Qld Eradication commenced May 2007, initially In January 2011, the National Management dependent industries under the Emergency Animal Disease Group (NMG) agreed that eradication was Response Agreement (EADRA) and then no longer technically feasible. A plan for from March 2010, under the EPPRD. Over transition to the ongoing management of 300 swarms or nests were detected and this pest has been implemented. destroyed during the eradication response.

Cantereus aperta Green snail Lucerne, leafy vegetables, Cobram, Vic Detected September 2011. Victoria have A technical discussion paper is being cereal crops, lupins, actively contained and delimited this pest. prepared that will assess eradication and pasture grasses and native management options. plants

Conopomorpha Cocoa pod borer Cocoa, rambutan Mossman, Qld Detected June 2011. Queensland detected The NMG agreed to the response plan in cramerella Cocoa pod borer on a commercial cocoa August 2011, and the eradication program plantation near Port Douglas. is continuing.

Cryphonectria parasitica Chestnut blight Chestnuts Eurobin, Vic Eradication commenced in September The eradication program is continuing. 2010. The NMG agreed to a Response Chestnut blight has been detected on ten Plan in November 2010. properties. All affected trees have been AUSTRALIA’S PLANT PEST STATUS CHAPTER 2: AUSTRALIA’S destroyed.

Fusarium mangiferae Mango malformation Mango Childers and Dimbulah, Eradication is deemed successful in Work is underway to determine the status disorder Qld Humpty Doo, NT and Caboolture, of this pest and to develop appropriate Queensland. Affected trees in other destruction and surveillance strategies. areas have been destroyed.

Magnaporthe grisea Rice Blast Rice Kununurra,WA Rice blast was detected in August 2011 in The NMG agreed in August 2011 that is the Ord River Irrigation Area of WA. Rice was not technically feasible to eradicate. blast is considered to be an established pest in tropical areas.

Potato spindle tuber Potato spindle tuber Avocados, potatoes, Rossmore, NSW; First detected in September 2009 in Due to the increasing number of detections viroid (Pospiviroidae) viroid tomatoes Carnarvon, WA; Two Carnarvon WA. Response activities a national surveillance program will be Wells, SA involved destroying all infected plants undertaken in 2012 to determine the status and implementing strict quarantine of the pest. Pathways for preventing and hygiene measures. establishment and spread are being investigated.

Puccinia psidii sensu Myrtle rust Environment, nursery and Kulnura, NSW Eradication commenced in July 2010. A plan for transition to the ongoing lato garden, plantation timber Eradication was declared as no longer management of this pest has been feasible in December 2010. implemented.

Xanthomonas fragariae Strawberry angular leaf Strawberry Bundaberg, Qld Detected in May 2010. Infected plants have A proposal for declaring eradication is being spot been destroyed and delimiting surveys have prepared. been undertaken.

92 Table 42. Pest detections notified under EPPRD arrangements that did not result in an emergency response17

Scientific name Common name Region Scientific name Common name Region Alfalfa mosaic virus Alfalfa mosaic virus Medina, WA Phytophthora cactorum Bleeding canker of horse Hobart, Tas chestnut Allexivirus (Aplphaflexiviridae) Garlic allexiviruses Perth, WA Phytophthora fluvialis Moore River, WA Bagnalliella yuccae Yucca thrips Tingalpa, Qld Phytophthora litoralis Hopetoun, Borden, Wilga Boeremia exigua var. exigua Blackspot of pea Mt Barker, Medina and and Ravensthorpe, WA (syn. Phoma exigua Moora, WA var. exigua) Phytophthora thermophila Quinninup, Manjimup, Dwellingup, Pemberton and Botryosphaeria zeae Dieback of citrus Gingin, WA Brunswick, WA Cactus X virus (Potexvirus) Cactus X virus Narre Warren North, Vic Planococcus lilacinus Coffee mealybug Boigu Island, Torres Strait, Caliciopsis sp. Tasmanian Myrtle leaf spot Geeveston, Tas Qld Citriculus mealybug York Island, Torres Strait, Qld Chaitophorus indicus Alexandria, NSW Pseudococcus cryptus Jack Beardsley’s mealybug Boigu Island and Prince of Cryptolestes sp. Flat grain beetle NSW Pseudococcus jackbeardsleyi Wales Island, Torres Strait, Cytosphaera mangiferae Darwin, NT Qld

Eudiagogus maryae Clown weevil Port of Brisbane, Qld Pseudomonas syringae pv. Kiwi fruit canker Avonsleigh, Vic PLANT PEST STATUS CHAPTER 2: AUSTRALIA’S actinidiae Fig mosaic virus Fig mosaic virus Adelaide, SA Pyrenopeziza brassicae Light leaf spot Meckering, WA Fusarium ananatum Mareeba, Qld Sarocladium oryzae Sheath rot of rice Kununurra, WA Fusicladium radiosum Leaf spot Paramatta Creek, Tas var. letiferum Tomato matilda virus Tomato matilda virus Perth, WA Gynaikothrips uzeli Cape York, Qld Valsa malicola Apple canker Yarra Valley, Vic Hemileia wrightiae on Wrightia Border Store, NT Volutella colletotrichoides Medina, WA saligna Xanthogaleruca luteola Elm leaf beetle Malvern, SA Hylaeogena jureceki Buprestid beetle Sherwood, Qld Xylaria sp. Dead man’s fingers Monbulk, Vic Leek yellow stripe virus Leek yellow stripe virus Perth, WA Macrosposthonia xenoplax Ring nematode Donnybrook, WA Metulocladosporiella musicola Banana leaf speckle Coastal Plains, NT Neofusicoccum Albany, WA macroclavatum Neojohnstonia colocasiae Orange leaf spot of taro Moa Island, Torres Strait, Qld Passalora pueraraie Yellow leaf mould Torres Strait, Qld Phoma herbarum Medina, WA Phomopsis mali Phomopsis canker Donnybrook, WA Phyllocoptes bougainvilleae Warragul,Vic Phytophthora aff. humicola Esperance, WA 17 Some pests listed in this table are still under investigation and an emergency response may be undertaken.

93 Case study: Engaging communities during a biosecurity incursion Myrtle rust, a serious fungal disease that affects plants in the Myrtaceae family, was In times of uncertainty, community engagement can alleviate fear, provide an opportunity confirmed in Queensland for the first time in December 2010. The disease is now for the community to ask questions, and foster a greater understanding by all parties established and widespread in south east and central Queensland and is expected in what can be highly complex and contentious issues. This style of grassroots to continue to spread north along the state’s east coast. communication also creates an opportunity for collective learning and is another source of ‘on the ground’ intelligence which feeds vital information back into the response. While it was determined early on that Myrtle rust cannot be contained or eradicated, the impacts of the disease can be managed through a coordinated program that The Myrtle rust approach is just one example of how Biosecurity Queensland is using encompasses science, communication and community engagement. community engagement to respond to biosecurity incidents.

In all responses to biosecurity incursions there is one commonality – affected people. The need for timely information and open dialogue is paramount in ensuring affected individuals and businesses, and the wider community, understand how they can contribute positively to a biosecurity effort.

While a combination of communication tools are needed during a biosecurity response, including mainstream media, social media, and the web, Biosecurity Queensland is seeing

AUSTRALIA’S PLANT PEST STATUS CHAPTER 2: AUSTRALIA’S significant benefit from its community engagement programs.

Community engagement, or CE as it is commonly referred to, is a planned process during emergency responses that allows for two-way communication between the responders (in this case Biosecurity Queensland) and the affected community. In this context, ‘community’ is a broad term used to describe identified groups of people, including affected individuals, industries and interest groups. ‘Engagement’ refers to the process of involving the community to help them understand the role they play in managing the response and to build people’s capacity to assist with the response.

As an example, Biosecurity Queensland’s community engagement strategies in relation to Myrtle rust have included activities such as: • Targeted Myrtle rust information sessions for councils, businesses and communities • Engaging through social media including Facebook campaigns and YouTube videos • Providing the public with the ability to report suspect detections online or via the DEEDI call centre • ‘Train the trainer’ forums for key community group representatives who can then deliver information sessions to others within their community • Community information packs including tools such as CDs, posters, and information brochures covering topics ranging from identification to reporting

Through this program it is estimated that many thousands of people have been directly engaged with Biosecurity Queensland. Engaging with community members about Myrtle rust management activities

94 2.4 Management of weeds in Australia

The scope of Australia’s biosecurity system covers more than insect pests and diseases, with activities in place to reduce the threat of new weeds and minimise the impact of weeds on growers and landowners. Weed infestations result in significant costs and pose serious threats to primary production, amenity landscapes and the natural environment.

Substantial resources are invested by a diversity of organisations to manage weeds on a local, regional and national level. Conservatively, it has been estimated that the total annual economic cost of weeds to Australia is over $4 billion18.

In a plant production context, weeds compete with commercial crops for space, water and nutrients, resulting in reduced yields and crop quality, and can contaminate harvested produce. In livestock industries, weeds compete with pasture plants reducing PLANT PEST STATUS AUSTRALIA’S the carrying capacity of the land, and can injure livestock through physical injury, poisoning or contaminating fleeces. In addition, weed contamination prevents some commodities from meeting export standards, affecting domestic and international market access. CHAPTER 2: Weeds also impact the natural environment, where exotic or native plant species invade areas of natural vegetation and directly impact native species diversity or ecosystems. Weeds, together with invasive animals, insects and diseases, are recognised as the most significant threat to biodiversity after loss of habitat.

Weed management is a priority and is undertaken by governments, natural resource management bodies, through to growers and the wider community.

The management of weeds aims to: • Prevent new species arriving in Australia through a range of quarantine activities • Eradicate newly arrived or established weeds • Contain weeds which are too widespread for feasible eradication in order to reduce their spread and impact • Protect assets, including environment, agriculture, fisheries and community, from the impacts of established weed species

18 Sinden, J., et. al. (2005) The economic impact of weeds in Australia. Plant Protection Quarterly, 20 (1): 25-31

Image courtesy of Stephen Dibley 95 Table 43. Australia’s Weeds of National Significance

Scientific name Common names NATIONAL COORDINATION Acacia nilotica Babul, Black piquant, Blackthorn, Prickly acacia, The Australian Weeds Committee (AWC) has developed the Australian Weed Strategy, Prickly mimosa which provides a framework and identifies priorities for weed management across Australia, Alternanthera philoxeroides Alligator weed with the aim of minimising the impact of weeds on environmental, economic and social assets. AWC also provides an inter-governmental forum for identification and resolution Annona glabra Alligator apple, Bobwood, Bullock’s heart, Cherimoya, Corkwood, Monkey apple, Pond apple, Pond apple of weed issues at a national level (see Section 1.2, page 16, for more information on the tree government committee structure).

Asparagus asparagoides Bridal creeper, Bridal veil creeper, Florist’s smilax, The Weeds of National Significance (WoNS) initiative, which is overseen by AWC, is a Smilax, Smilax asparagus coordinated national effort against 20 of Australia’s worst weeds (Table 43). These weeds Cabomba caroliniana Cabomba, Carolina fanwort, Carolina watershield, have degraded large portions of Australia’s natural and productive landscape, and require Common cabomba, Fanwort, Fish grass, Washington action at a national level to reduce further impacts. grass, Watershield Chrysanthemoides monilifera Boneseed, Bitou bush Each WoNS has a national strategy that specifies best management actions, encouraging (subsp. monilifera and rotundata) consistent management across Australia, improved links from research to on-ground Cryptostegia grandiflora India rubber vine, India rubbervine, Palay rubbervine, control and strengthened commitments from a wide range of stakeholders. Purple allamanda, Rubber vine, Rubbervine

AUSTRALIA’S PLANT PEST STATUS CHAPTER 2: AUSTRALIA’S The WoNS program has benefited Australia by: Hymenachne amplexicaulis Hymenachne, Olive hymenachne, Water stargrass, West Indian grass, West Indian marsh grass • Raising each species’ profile and increasing awareness of its impacts Lantana camara Common lantana, Kamara lantana, Lantana, Large leaf • Increasing accessibility to information, including best management practices lantana, Pink flowered lantana, Red flowered lantana, • Achieving national distribution mapping and identification of containment lines Red flowered sage, White sage, Wild sage • Strengthening networks to increase the sharing of information, experiences, Mimosa pigra Bashful plant, Black mimosa, Catclaw mimosa, Giant mimosa, Giant sensitive plant, Mimosa, Thorny resources and regulatory consistency sensitive plant Nassella neesiana Chilean needle grass GOVERNMENT ACTIVITIES Nassella tussock (NZ), Serrated tussock, Yass river Nassella trichotoma The government responsibility for the management of weeds in Australia is implemented tussock, Yass tussock through the Australian, state and territory, and local governments. The Australian Parkinsonia aculeata Horse bean, Jelly bean tree, Jerusalem thorn, Government determines plant quarantine policy and carries out many of the operational Parkinsonia aspects (see Chapter 3 for more information). It also works with state and territory Parthenium hysterophorus Bitter weed, Carrot grass, False ragweed, Parthenium governments to facilitate greater national cooperation and coordination in weed weed management issues, together with funding weed management projects through Prosopis spp. Algaroba, Mesquite the ‘Caring for Our Country’ environmental investment program. Rubus fruticosus aggregate Blackberry, European blackberry State and territory governments have responsibility for weed management within their Salix spp. except S. babylonica, Willows except Pussy willow, Sterile pussy willow, jurisdictions, which is exercised through the primary industries and environmental Weeping willow S. x calodendron and S. x reichardtiji departments. Salvinia molesta Aquarium watermoss, Giant salvinia, Kariba weed, Salvinia Table 44 presents a summary of the primary jurisdictional responsibilities of each of the Tamarix aphylla Athel pine, Athel tree, Tamarisk, Athel tamarisk, Athel major agencies involved in weed management. tamarix, Desert tamarisk, Flowering cypress, Salt cedar Ulex europaeus Furze, Gorse

96 Table 44. Australian Government, and state and territory government responsibilities in weed management

Agency Responsibilities Agency Responsibilities Australian Government Department of Environment and Natural • Administers the Natural Resources Resources Management Act 2004 DAFF • Quarantine policy, including weed risk assessments and import policies • Weed management in national parks • Quarantine operations, including border Tasmania inspections, post-entry quarantine, Department of Primary Industries, Parks, • Weed policy and administration of the Northern Australia Quarantine Strategy Water and Environment Weed Management Act 1999 • Weeds policy and program delivery, jointly • Border security through administration of with SEWPaC, through ‘Caring for Our the Plant Quarantine Act 1997 Country’ Victoria SEWPaC • Weeds policy and program delivery, jointly with DAFF, through ‘Caring for Our Department of Primary Industries • Policy, programs, research and Country’ enforcement of noxious weeds legislation and management of prohibited weeds Australian Capital Territory Department of Sustainability and Environment • Management of weeds on public lands Territory and Municipal Services Directorate • Weed control in nature reserves, national parks, rural lands and urban open areas Western Australia AUSTRALIA’S PLANT PEST STATUS CHAPTER 2: AUSTRALIA’S Environment and Sustainable Development • Weeds policies and grant programs Department of Agriculture and Food • Management of agricultural and declared Directorate • Administers the Nature Conservation Act weeds 1980 • State border security New South Wales Department of Environment and Conservation • Management of weeds on DEC-managed (DEC) lands and waters Department of Primary Industries • Weeds policy, programs and research • Administers the Noxious Weeds Act 1993 Office of Environment and Heritage • Strategies for lands under National Parks Local councils are responsible for weed management on lands that they own, control and Wildlife Act 1974 or manage, which includes conservation reserves and roadside verges. Further, in some Northern Territory states, notably NSW and Queensland, local councils have legislative responsibility for all Department of Natural Resources, • Weed policy and administers the Weeds weed management in their council area. In Tasmania, local councils have weed Environment, the Arts and Sport Management Act 2001 inspectors empowered under their weed legislation.

Queensland Most weed control at a local government level is funded by general rates, with some Department of Employment, Economic • Weed policy, programs and research external funding provided by the state government. Many councils also provide support Development and Innovation • Administers the Land Protection (Pest and for landholders and community groups to manage weeds, particularly with the provision Stock Route Management) Act 2002 of time and advice from council weed officers. Department of Environment and Resource • Weed management in national parks and Management reserves South Australia Department of Primary Industries and • Policies and research on declared weeds Regions under the Natural Resources Management Act 2004

97 NATURAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT REGIONS There are 56 natural resource management (NRM) regions across Australia (known as Case study: Management of Branched broomrape Catchment Management Authorities in NSW and Victoria) that are based on catchments Branched broomrape (Orobanche ramose) is a truly parasitic plant, which having or bioregions. They have been established to work in partnership with governments, local no chlorophyll of its own, survives by attaching itself to the root systems of host industry and the community, to manage investment in the natural resources of the local plants, a behaviour which in severe cases can result in the death of the host plant. region or catchment. Even if yield is not affected, the quality of produce can be affected, potentially In SA, the NRM Boards are responsible for administering the relevant legislation, ensuring rendering commodities unsuitable for sale, particularly root vegetables such as that landowners comply with the statutory requirements to manage declared weeds. carrots.

An indication of the importance of weed management is that 35 regions have specific pest Branched broomrape was first identified 30km east of Murray Bridge, in the and/or weed management plans, while the other regions have weed management included Murray Mallee region of South Australia in 1992 and soon became the subject in their NRM Plans. of a state funded eradication program. From 2001, the Commonwealth funded a national eradication program until following a review in 2011, the eradication program was declared to be no longer technically feasible. PLANT PRODUCTION INDUSTRIES AND THE LOCAL COMMUNITY In mid-2012, a new transition to ongoing management and containment program will be implemented. This new program will still focus on controlling infestations Combating weeds at the farm level is an integral part of most farming systems. of Branched broomrape, but with the aim of preventing further spread of the AUSTRALIA’S PLANT PEST STATUS CHAPTER 2: AUSTRALIA’S However, the impact of weeds differs between industries, with the most serious impacts current infestation. The program will have the facility to declare properties and in the grains, cotton, rice, hay, vegetable and turf industries. As well as lowering crop yields products free of Branched broomrape, providing benefit to growers in terms of and increasing production costs, weed contamination can significantly lower the quality market access and product value. of produce and prevent some commodities from meeting export standards, affecting domestic and international market access. A number of factors led to Branched broomrape being declared not technically feasible to eradicate: Weeds are removed or treated through mechanical controls, herbicide applications and • Available control methods are either expensive or not effective enough a combination of both. Many plant production industries have developed integrated weed to achieve long-term eradication programs management approaches to improve the effectiveness of their weed control. • A lack of engagement and control from landholders who were not the Most plant production industries have National Biosecurity Strategies which encourages main beneficiaries farmers and producers to promptly report new and unusual plants on their properties to • The entry pathway into Australia is unknown government authorities so that early eradication or containment can be implemented as • The large area of current infestation appropriate. Being at the front line, farmers play an important part in keeping watch for exotic weeds. For example, grain farmers have access to the Exotic Plant Pest Hotline, • Branched broomrape is entirely parasitic and only emerges for two weeks part of the Grains Farm Biosecurity Program, as a mechanism to report possible new to flower and set seed, making it difficult to detect, and a single mature plant pests, diseases and weeds. can produce up to 20,000 seeds with the seed bank remaining viable for up to 12 years Like industry, the community has a role to play in reporting new and unusual plants so that appropriate action can be taken quickly. The Branched broomrape case study highlights the importance and benefits of weed prevention programs. Because biological factors, such as weed biology, Across Australia, thousands of people are involved in formal and informal community can hinder the effectiveness of eradication programs, prevention is sometimes a groups helping to protect their local environment and/or making the landscape more more cost effective weed management strategy. If Branched broomrape had been productive. prevented from establishing, it would have saved more than $35 million and 20 years spent on the eradication program, and safeguarded $2.3 billion worth of vulnerable Australian agricultural and food production industries.

98 AUSTRALIA’S PLANT PEST STATUS CHAPTER 2: AUSTRALIA’S

Image courtesy of APAL 99 100 Chapter 3 Maintaining Australia’s plant biosecurity status The strength of Australia’s biosecurity system is built on its holistic approach, which takes in activities offshore, at the border and onshore (Figure 68). This approach not only reduces the threat of pests reaching and entering the country, but also ensures any exotic pest that enters the country can be effectively combatted.

The system has also evolved to one where the responsibility for biosecurity rests with the whole community, including government, industry and the wider public. Through this shared responsibility approach, all members of the Australian community play their part in maintaining our plant biosecurity status and contribute through their actions and funding. MAINTAINING AUSTRALIA’S PLANT BIOSECURITY STATUS AUSTRALIA’S CHAPTER 3: MAINTAINING

Image courtesy of NT DoR

102 Figure 68. Key components of Australia’s plant biosecurity continuum

Offshore Potential pest threats are mitigated offshore by: • International standard setting • Import risk analysis Onshore • Off-shore quarantine arrangements Potential pest threats are mitigated • Engagement with neighbours to onshore by: counter the spread of pests (training) • Biosecurity planning • Pre-emptive breeding programs • EPPRD commitments • Surveillance • Diagnostic capability • Regional, community and on farm biosecurity • Communication and awareness • Information systems

Emergency response PLANT BIOSECURITY STATUS AUSTRALIA’S CHAPTER 3: MAINTAINING arrangement Pest impacts are mitigated through: • EPPRD arrangements • PLANTPLAN • Containment

Border Regional pest Potential pest threats are mitigated management at the border by: Pests are managed on a regional • Screening of vessels, people and basis using: goods entering the country • Domestic quarantine • Post-entry quarantine facilities • Quarantine zones • Northern Australia Quarantine • Pest free areas Strategy (NAQS) • Suppression and low pest prevalence • Area wide management

103 3.1 Offshore activities

Offshore activities include the development and review of biosecurity policies so that plants and plant products can be imported safely and with minimal restrictions on trade. These activities are undertaken by a range of organisation, but with the Australian Government taking primary responsibility.

According to Australia’s obligations under the World Trade Organization’s (WTO) Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures (SPS Agreement), DAFF Biosecurity assesses the risk associated with import proposals and develops import requirements to achieve Australia’s Appropriate Level of Protection (ALOP)19. The policy recommendations are passed to the Director of Animal and Plant Quarantine (the Secretary of DAFF) or DAFF Biosecurity and are considered when applications for import permits are assessed.

Australia complements this risk analysis process with a commitment to supporting Australia’s trading partners and regional neighbours, including joint plant biosecurity surveillance and capacity building activities. Australia also participates in the international standard setting body, the International Plant Protection Convention (IPPC), and regional standard setting bodies, the Asia and Pacific Plant Protection Commission (APPPC) and the Pacific Plant Protection Organisation (PPPO). This cooperative approach boosts Australia’s ability to actively monitor offshore pests and limit their spread, and reduces their impact on the agricultural systems of regional neighbours and trading partners. Significant effort is also invested in gaining intelligence and promoting Australia’s interests

MAINTAINING AUSTRALIA’S PLANT BIOSECURITY STATUS AUSTRALIA’S CHAPTER 3: MAINTAINING in the evolution of trade regulations, codes and standards.

19 The level of protection deemed appropriate by a country establishing a sanitary or phytosanitary measure to protect human, animal and plant life or health within its territory. Australia’s ALOP is described as providing a high level or protection aimed at reducing risk to a very low level but not to zero. 104 INTERNATIONAL TRADE IMPORTS Consistent with its status as an active trading nation, Australia has entered into a number The importation of plants and plant products into Australia is jointly regulated by DAFF under of multilateral and bilateral trade agreements that influence Australia’s plant biosecurity the Quarantine Act 1908 and by SEWPaC under the Environment Protection and Biodiversity system. On a multilateral level, Australia’s rights and obligations in relation to plant Conservation Act 1999. biosecurity are set out under WTO agreements, particularly the SPS Agreement20, although others, such as the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade 199421, may Australia’s biosecurity policies aim to protect Australia against the risks that may arise apply in certain circumstances. from exotic pests entering, establishing and spreading in Australia, thereby threatening Australia’s unique flora and fauna, as well as those plant production industries that are The SPS Agreement provides WTO Member countries with the right to use sanitary and relatively free from serious pests. Australia’s biosecurity policy development is consistent phytosanitary measures to protect human, animal and plant life or health. Each WTO with the SPS Agreement. Member country is entitled to maintain an ALOP that protects plant life or health within their territory. This agreement however, does not allow the use of sanitary and phytosanitary Import Risk Analysis measures to inhibit trade where there is no danger to human, animal or plant health. The import risk analysis (IRA) process is an important part of Australia’s biosecurity system. The Australian Government has the responsibility for ensuring that Australia’s biosecurity It enables the Australian Government to formally consider the risks that could be associated system is designed and implemented in a way that complies with its international trade with the import of new products into Australia in a structured and transparent way. If the risks rights and obligations, including the SPS Agreement. are found to exceed Australia’s ALOP, import of that product will not be allowed unless risk management measures are available and implemented to reduce the risk to an appropriate level. Australia has a number of bilateral free trade agreements22 with other countries, each of which deals with biosecurity issues in a slightly different way. However, all agreements are Australia’s IRAs are undertaken by DAFF Biosecurity using teams of technical and scientific consistent with the SPS Agreement and Australia does not negotiate on specific quarantine experts in the relevant fields, and involves consultation with stakeholders at various stages measures within its free trade agreements. during the process (Figure 69, page 106). Analyses are conducted in accordance with ISPMs, in particular ISPM 2 (Framework for Pest Risk Analysis) and ISPM 11 (Pest Risk Analysis for Quarantine Pests, including analysis of environmental risks and living modified The International Plant Protection Convention organisms). A Pest Risk Analysis is ‘the process of evaluating biological or other scientific The IPPC is an international agreement specifically protecting the world’s plant resources and economic evidence to determine whether an organism is a pest, whether it should be from the spread of serious pests to non-affected areas. The IPPC is recognised by the regulated and the strength of any phytosanitary measures to be taken against it’ (ISPM 5, PLANT BIOSECURITY STATUS AUSTRALIA’S CHAPTER 3: MAINTAINING WTO SPS Agreement as the body responsible for the establishment of phytosanitary Glossary of Phytosanitary Terms). standards relating to plants and plant products in international trade, as well as to anything that can act as a vector for the spread of plant pests. DAFF Biosecurity provides recommendations for animal and plant quarantine policy to Australia’s Director of Animal and Plant Quarantine. The Director, or delegate, is responsible These standards, known as International Standards for Phytosanitary Measures (ISPMs)23, for determining whether or not importation can be permitted under the Quarantine Act provide specific guidelines for the management of biosecurity issues, such as the 1908, and if so, under which conditions. In accordance with legislation, DAFF Biosecurity development of pest risk analyses or guidelines for surveillance. Importantly, these is then responsible for implementing appropriate risk management measures. standards are a means by which the various governments can harmonise their phytosanitary regulations. The standards not only reduce the number of pests moved The Australian Government announced changes to the IRA process on 18 October 2006. through international trade, but also help facilitate trade under the obligations of the The new process applies to all IRAs announced by DAFF Biosecurity on or after the SPS Agreement. commencement of the Quarantine Amendment Regulations 2007 (No.1) on 5 September 2007. Table 45 (page 107) details finalised policy advice, draft regulated import risk analysis Australia, through DAFF, provides input into the: reports and draft policy reviews produced by DAFF Biosecurity to December 31, 2011. • Commission on Phytosanitary Measures, which oversees implementation of the IPPC Further information on Australia’s biosecurity framework and the IRA process can be found in the Import Risk Analysis Handbook 201124. • IPPC Informal Working Group on Strategic Planning and Technical Assistance • IPPC Standards Committee and associated working groups responsible for the 20 The SPS agreement can be found at www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/sps_e/spsagr_e.htm. development of ISPMs and other IPPC initiatives 21 The GATT can be found at www.wto.org/english/docs_e/legal_e/06-gatt.pdf. 22 In addition, Australia has represented the South West Pacific Region on the Subsidiary Free trade agreements can be found at www.dfat.gov.au/fta/index.html. 23 ISPMs can be found at http://archives.eppo.org/WORLDWIDE/ispm.htm. Body on Dispute Settlement since March 2010. 24 Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry (2011) Import Risk Analysis Handbook 2011. DAFF, Canberra. 105 Figure 69. DAFF Biosecurity import risk analysis flowchart

DAFF Biosecurity consults DAFF Biosecurity consults with state and territory with and seeks input from departments, SEWPaC and, applicant, industry and other where relevant, DHA relevant stakeholders

1. DAFF Biosecurity announces scope and approach to import risk analysis including formation of specialist risk analysis team if required

Note: Numbered steps occur 2. DAFF Biosecurity develops within overall regulated timeframe issues paper (where required for expanded IRAs) Steps with a specific regulated timeframe

SEWPaC Department of Sustainability, 3. DAFF Biosecurity publishes Environment, Water, Population and Communities the issues paper and consults DHA Department of Health and Ageing formally with stakeholders on ESG Eminent Scientific Group issues paper (where required IRA Import Risk Analysis for expanded IRAs) IRAAP Import Risk Analysis Appeals Panel

DAFF Biosecurity consults 4. DAFF Biosecurity with and seeks input from undertakes risk analysis and applicant, industry and other prepares draft report relevant stakeholders

5. DAFF Biosecurity publishes MAINTAINING AUSTRALIA’S PLANT BIOSECURITY STATUS AUSTRALIA’S MAINTAINING the draft report and consults formally with stakeholders

6. Draft report revised

CHAPTER 3: and finalised

7. For expanded IRAs, the ESG reviews the revised draft IRA report, considers all stakeholder submissions and any relevant new information brought to its attention, assesses conflicting scientific views provided to it and reports to the Director of Quarantine

Yes Revision required?

No

8. DAFF Biosecurity prepares Input from state and publishes the provisional and territory departments final IRA report

Yes IRAAP considers appeal Appeal? and reports to the Director of Quarantine

No

Final report published Outcome addressed

Image courtesy of the Department of Employment, 106 Economic Development and Innovation, Queensland Table 45. DAFF Biosecurity’s finalised policy advice, draft regulated import risk analysis reports and draft policy reviews

Policy Country (from) Year released Policy Country (from) Year released Finalised policy advice Finalised policy advice continued Apples China 2010 Mangosteen Thailand 2004 Apples New Zealand 2007 Maize (bulk) United States 2003 Apples New Zealand (review) 2011 Olive (plants approved sources) Generic 2003 Apples (Fuji) Japan 1998 Oranges (sweet) Italy 2005 Apple/Pear (budwood) Generic 2002 Papaya Fiji 2002 Avocado (revision) New Zealand 2007 Pears China 2005 Bananas Philippines 2009 Pears Korea 1999 Candidatus Liberibacter psyllaurous New Zealand, 2009 Pears (Asian) China 2003 United States (capsicum, nursery stock, potato tubers, Pears (Ya) China 1998 tamarillo fruit, tomato) Permitted seeds All 2006 Capsicum Korea 2009 Pome fruit testing China, Japan, Korea 2003 Cherries (to WA) New Zealand 2003 Persimmon Israel, Japan, Korea 2004 Citrus Egypt 2002 Pineapple Philippines, Solomon 2002 Citrus (revision) Israel 2003 Islands, Sri Lanka, Durian Thailand 1999 Thailand Durian (supplement) Thailand 2000 Pineapple (modification) Philippines, Solomon 2003 Islands, Sri Lanka, Grains Various 2006, 2007, 2008 Thailand Grapes (table) Chile 2005 Seed contaminants (review of tolerances) All 2000 PLANT BIOSECURITY STATUS AUSTRALIA’S CHAPTER 3: MAINTAINING Grapes (table) United States 2002 Stone fruit (WA) New Zealand 2006 Grapes (table; revisions) United States 2003, 2006 Stone fruit United States 2010 Grapes (table) Korea 2011 Sweet corn (seed) United States 2003 Grapes (table) China 2011 Tomato (truss) Netherlands 2003 Lentil (seed and human consumption) All 2002 Tomato (truss; review) New Zealand 2002 Lettuce (reinstatement) New Zealand 2007 Wood packaging Generic 2006 Limes (Tahitian) New Caledonia 2006 Draft Regulated Import Risk Analysis Reports Lychees/Longan China, Thailand 2004 Apples United States 2009 Mandarin (Unshu) Japan 2009 Ginger Fiji 2010 Mangoes Taiwan 2006 Pineapples Malaysia 2010 Mangoes Philippines 1999 Draft Policy Reviews Mangoes Philippines (additional 2010 Fruit fly Pest Free Areas China 2009 areas) Phalaenopsis orchids (nursery stock) Taiwan 2009 Mangoes India 2008 All countries 2010 Mangoes India (revised 2011 Drosophila suzukii (Spotted wing drosophila) conditions) Grapes (table) India 2010

107 Biological substances Biological substances include a wide range of products derived from humans, animals, plants and microorganisms that are used for food, therapeutics, research or analytical work. The importation of biological products into Australia is governed by the Quarantine Act 1908. Under the Act, many biological products need an import permit from the Director of Animal and Plant Quarantine. Permits are issued based on an assessment of the risk associated with importation. EXPORTS The provisions of the Export Control Act 1982 and its subordinate legislation provide the legal framework by which Australian producers can export their products. Exporters must meet both the requirements of the Act and any quarantine requirements of the importing country. DAFF Biosecurity is the agency responsible for ensuring exporters meet these standards and assists exporters by providing information, inspections and certifications based on the import requirements of trading partners. This process reflects Australia’s commitment to international agreements, such as the SPS Agreement.

The subordinate Export Control (Plant and Plant Products) Orders 2005 provide standards for the export of: • Fresh fruits

MAINTAINING AUSTRALIA’S PLANT BIOSECURITY STATUS AUSTRALIA’S MAINTAINING • Fresh vegetables • Dried fruits • Prescribed grain • Plants or plant products for which a phytosanitary certificate, or any other official CHAPTER 3: certificate, is required by an importing country authority

Ever changing pest conditions in Australia and around the world can have significant impacts on biosecurity, food safety or other relevant areas, which, in turn, can threaten Australia’s access to markets. DAFF Biosecurity is focused not only on maintaining current markets for Australia’s agricultural exports but also on gaining access to new markets.

The Grain and Plant Products Export Program The Grain and Plant Products Export Program provides independent export inspection and certification services to the grain and plant product industries, which is consistent with the importing country’s quarantine requirements and Australia’s obligations under the IPPC. The program covers grains (including barley, canola, chickpeas, dried field peas, faba beans, lentils, lupins, oats, sorghum, soybeans, split vetch, whole vetch and wheat) and plant products (such as logs, woodchips, wood packaging and seeds for sowing, rice or flour). The program is also responsible for ensuring procedures and systems are in place to verify that the requirements set out in ISPM 15 (Regulation of Wood Packaging Material in International Trade) have been met.

Image courtesy of the Department of Employment, 108 Economic Development and Innovation, Queensland Horticulture Export Program DAFF Biosecurity undertakes export certification and inspection services for horticultural produce, confirming and verifying that the requirements of the importing countries have been met.

The Office of Horticulture Market Access considers, sets priorities for, promotes and communicates all horticultural market access issues on behalf of Australia’s horticultural industries. The office undertakes these responsibilities under arrangements, and in consultation, with industry associations and their members, government agencies, the research community and others who are involved in achieving market access outcomes.

Case study: Keeping Australia (not) green… Huanglongbing (HLB), also known as Citrus greening, is considered one of the worst diseases of citrus worldwide. For instance, HLB is estimated to have cost the Florida citrus industry $3.6 billion in the past five years25. It affects the marketability of fruit and has the potential to kill young infected trees.

There are three known causative bacterial agents of HLB, together with two known psyllid vectors. Whilst none of the known pathogens or vectors are present in

Australia, the close proximity of citrus producing regions currently infected with PLANT BIOSECURITY STATUS AUSTRALIA’S MAINTAINING HLB makes this pest an enormous threat to the Australian citrus industry.

In order to increase awareness, the Crawford Fund convened a master class

focusing on the surveillance, identification and management of HLB, which was CHAPTER 3: held in early 2011 in Java, Indonesia. The master class was attended by 46 participants from 16 countries, including 13 from Australia. It was led by scientists from the University of Western Sydney and Indonesia’s Gadjah Mada University.

The master class increased regional expertise in HLB diagnostics, the networking and collaboration among scientists working in Asia and the pacific, and the awareness of current management practices undertaken in affected areas. Further, the master class developed strategies and procedures for implementing HLB mitigation practices in at risk areas.

Not only are Australia’s experts now more prepared to identify and respond to HLB as a result of this master class, but the training of plant protection experts from developing countries improved their diagnosis and management skills, resulting in a reduced threat of introducing this pest into Australia. Consequently, Australia’s strengthened capacity to swiftly detect and eradicate this pest will ensure impacts upon the citrus industry are minimised.

25 Hodges, AW and Spreen, TH. Economic impacts of Citrus greening (HLB) in Florida, 2006/07-2010/11. Food and Resource Economics Department, University of Florida (www.ippc.int/index.php?id=ispms&no_ cache=1&L=0).

Image courtesy of DAFF 109 3.2 At the border activities Table 46. Post-entry plant quarantine facilities in Australia Location Australian State Scientific and Privately Scientific Government government privately operated research operated operated operated facilities facilities With ever increasing levels of international travel and trade, the detection of threats at facilities facilities facilities approved for approved for approved for approved for holding holding the Australian border, a role that is performed by DAFF Biosecurity, is critical to the plant holding high holding high medium risk medium risk biosecurity system. risk plant risk plant plant material plant material material material DAFF Biosecurity employs more than 3,500 personnel, many of whom contribute to the ACT 2 (S) inspection of international vessels and passengers, cargo, mail, animals and plants or their NSW 1 1 3 (S) 11 products as they arrive at ports of entry. Each year DAFF Biosecurity is responsible for NT screening the movement of approximately: Qld 1 2 (S), 3 (P) 11 • 140 million mail items SA 1 3 (S) 1 • 14 million international air and sea passengers Tas 1 1 (S) 1 • 20 million tonnes of cargo imported via air and sea freight Vic 1 3 1 (S), 1 (P) 13 • 14,000 international sea vessels WA 1 2 (P) 5 DAFF Biosecurity officers use a range of techniques including risk assessment, detector S = scientific P = privately operated dogs, X-ray machines, surveillance and inspection at international airports, seaports, mail exchanges and container depots. All plants or plant parts, fruits, seeds, cuttings, bulbs and wood or bamboo items are examined and treated as required. Low and medium risk plants NORTHERN AUSTRALIA QUARANTINE STRATEGY can be imported and screened for exotic pests in privately operated quarantine approved Northern Australia is especially vulnerable to pests entering from neighbouring countries, facilities, whereas high risk plants are sent to either Australian or state government such as Indonesia, Papua New Guinea and Timor Leste. Pests present in these countries post-entry quarantine facilities. can be spread by natural movement, migrating birds, human activities and wind currents.

MAINTAINING AUSTRALIA’S PLANT BIOSECURITY STATUS AUSTRALIA’S CHAPTER 3: MAINTAINING In addition, Australia’s northern coastline is vast and sparsely populated, making it POST-ENTRY PLANT QUARANTINE vulnerable to undetected foreign vessels that bypass the usual quarantine checks at Australian borders. Australia maintains a Post-Entry Plant Quarantine program that enables high and medium risk seeds and plants to be grown out in approved facilities (Table 46). This high and The Northern Australia Quarantine Strategy (NAQS) was established in 1989 to help medium risk imported material must be housed in an approved quarantine facility for address the unique quarantine risks in this northern region, stretching from Cairns to a specified minimum period of time, where they are monitored for the presence of pests Broome and including the Torres Strait (Figure 70). NAQS is focused on the early detection and the development of disease symptoms. Through this process, DAFF Biosecurity of targeted pests and quarantine aspects relating to the southwards movement of people, ensures that this plant material is not infested with exotic pests that could threaten vessels, aircraft and goods through the Torres Strait to the mainland. Australia’s biosecurity status. NAQS delivers on its objectives through a program comprising: Imported plant products range from high risk material, such as grain and horticultural germplasm, to low risk material, such as live orchids in tissue culture. High risk material • Scientific surveys and monitoring generally requires extended periods of growth for visual assessment of plant material • Border regulation relating to southward movements of people and goods through the through several growth stages, and/or post-entry testing. These processes ensure there Torres Strait Islands (from the Torres Strait Protected Zone to the Special Quarantine are no quarantine pests present on or in the plant material before it is released to the Zone, and from either zone to the mainland (Figure 71)) importer. DAFF Biosecurity risk assessment methodologies are applied to all imported • Capacity building and public awareness activities in northern Australia, Papua New materials to determine the post-entry quarantine conditions required. Guinea, Indonesia and Timor Leste

110 Figure 70. NAQS plant and animal biosecurity surveillance area (indicated in green) INFORMATION SYSTEMS DAFF Biosecurity manages a number of databases containing phytosanitary information

Jayapura relevant to the importation and exportation of plant products. Vanimo ICON is DAFF Biosecurity’s import conditions database. It contains Australian import conditions for more than 20,000 foreign plant, animal, mineral and human commodities. Indonesia Papua It can be used by prospective importers to determine if a commodity intended for import Kiunga New Guinea requires a quarantine permit and/or treatment, or if there are any other quarantine prerequisites. Moorehead Dili Merauke Daru Port Moresby PHYTO is DAFF Biosecurity’s plant and plant product export conditions database. Timor Leste Torres Strait PHYTO contains information about the conditions required to export plants and plant Thursday Island products, including fruit, vegetables, seeds, grains, cut flowers and timber from Australia. This includes details on Import Permits, Phytosanitary Certificates, additional declarations Nhulunbuy and/or treatments, and also any other relevant export information and documentation. It Darwin Lockhart River should be noted however, that the information in PHYTO is intended as a guide only and exporters should make their own enquiries in relation to the importing country’s requirements.

The Export Documentation (EXDOC) system supports the preparation of export Cairns Australia Karumba documentation for primary produce prescribed under the Export Control Act 1982 and Broome associated legislation. The system provides certification for dairy, fish, grain and horticulture exports. It accepts details of proposed exports from exporters, links these with the results of product inspections, and where the product is eligible, issues export permits, health Figure 71. NAQS areas of operation in the Torres Strait certificates, certificates as to condition and phytosanitary certificates to enable export. It forms an integral part of DAFF Biosecurity’s overall procedures, which ensure products MAINTAINING AUSTRALIA’S PLANT BIOSECURITY STATUS AUSTRALIA’S CHAPTER 3: MAINTAINING Parama Island meet both the Australian and importing country’s standards. Papua New Guinea Ture Ture Daru Island Bramble Cay Buji Mari Tais Boigu Island Saibai Island Ugar (Stephen Island) Dauan Island Erub (Damley Island) Masig (Yorke Island) Mabuiag Island Iama (Yam Island) Mer (Murray Island) Torres Strait Badu Island Poruma (Coconut Island) Protected Moa Island Warraber (Sue Island) Zone

Thursday Island Group Special Bamaga Quarantine Zone

Jardine Northern River National Peninsula Park Area Aboriginal Reserve

Mapoon Australia A DAFF Biosecurity quarantine officer inspecting a vessel. Image courtesy of Andrew Beattie 111 3.3 Onshore activities

Australia’s biosecurity system aims to maintain a very low risk of plant pests entering and There are two types of certificates that may be issued: establishing in Australia. However, this does not imply zero risk (Section 3.1, page 105), • A Plant Health Certificate, which is issued by a government officer of the exporting state and as a result, Australia has recognised the need for a range of onshore measures aimed • A Plant Health Assurance Certificate, which is supplied by an approved business on an at limiting the impact of a pest should it be detected within Australia. Onshore activities Interstate Certification Assurance arrangement. In order to issue Plant Health Assurance range from planning and preparedness through to everyday pest management operations. Certificates, a business must meet specific requirements and undergo regular audits by Identifying exotic threats, and being prepared for their arrival, significantly increases the state or territory government accreditation authority the chance of containing and successfully eradicating pests should they arrive. Such preparedness activities include agreed and implemented biosecurity plans for plant The Domestic Quarantine and Market Access Working Group production industries, industry targeted measures to raise awareness of plant pest The Domestic Quarantine and Market Access Working Group (DQMAWG) is a national risks, and internationally recognised surveillance systems capable of early detection committee that sits under PHC (Section 1.2, page 17). Consisting of senior regulators from and demonstrating area freedom. state, territory and Australian governments, the committee oversees the development of domestic market access conditions for plants and plant products in Australia. In doing so Similarly, there are a range of activities aimed at minimising the impact of Australia’s it ensures the conditions are: endemic pests. Significant variations in plant pest status exist across the country and therefore there are domestic quarantine arrangements in effect to reflect these • Technically justified to minimise regulatory burdens on industry variations and provide the basis for access to both domestic and international markets. • Coordinated and harmonised, where possible, across the country and regions The Australian Government, state and territory governments and industry all contribute • Consistent with Australia’s international market access conditions and policies to the management of endemic pests and preparation for potential exotic pest incursions. With suspension of the use of dimethoate on a number of food crops, DQMAWG has DOMESTIC QUARANTINE worked closely with state and national plant health quarantine agencies and plant industries to develop and implement new treatment arrangements to support market access for MAINTAINING AUSTRALIA’S PLANT BIOSECURITY STATUS AUSTRALIA’S CHAPTER 3: MAINTAINING Newly established and regionalised pests (Section 2.2, page 88) can be easily spread from continued trade in both domestic and international markets. one part of Australia to another through the movement of plants, plant products, people or equipment. Therefore, restrictions on the movement of high risk items apply in each state and territory to reduce this threat. These domestic quarantine restrictions operate under state and territory legislation (Table 1, page 15) to complement the national quarantine legislation that governs the export and import of goods to and from Australia.

Interstate certification The interstate certification scheme is used to govern the movement of plant products under the different state and territory import regulations. The certificates provide evidence that the regulations of the importing state or territory have been met, in many instances requiring produce to be grown under specified conditions (eg. under cover), or undergo disinfestation treatments after harvest (eg. fumigation).

Fruit fly trap. Image courtesy of NT DoR 112 Case study: Boosting biosecurity in the nursery and garden industry The Australian nursery and garden industry has embarked on a new industry levy INDUSTRY BIOSECURITY PLANNING funded research project in partnership with DEEDI, focused on plant health, risk Industry biosecurity planning provides a mechanism for plant production industries, in management and capacity building around biosecurity. collaboration with governments and other relevant stakeholders, to actively identify and prioritise plant pest threats that could have a significant impact on their crops. The highest To deliver these outcomes, this project will focus on three main areas: priority threats are consolidated and shown in Section 2.1 (page 82). • Identification and management of plant pests through professional diagnostics • Skill enhancement within the industry This process allows the development and implementation of the measures required to mitigate the risk posed by these pests and enhances the ability to respond effectively to • Improvements in on farm biosecurity management through a variety of pest incursions. Through this pre-emptive planning process, industries are better placed approaches to maintain domestic and international trade, negotiate access to new overseas markets, The project will support a national pest diagnostic service that will have the capacity and reduce the social and economic costs of pest incursions to growers and the wider to monitor the occurrence of principal plant pests in Australian production nurseries community. and post entry quarantine facilities. The project will also deliver technical biosecurity PHA facilitates the development of each IBP in consultation with an Industry Biosecurity support to the industry, assist in the development of pest identification tools and Group (IBG). To ensure the IBPs are accurate and cover all the key aspects of the industry’s evaluate methods for the management of major pests. This work will be completed biosecurity, the IBG is comprised of representatives from industry, government, and with reference to the programs that form the Nursery Production Farm research and development organisations. IBP’s, including the list of HPPs, are reviewed Management System (NIASA, EcoHort & BioSecure HACCP). and updated every three or four years. By enhancing the production of clean, pest-free nursery stock and increasing client Currently, 23 IBPs have been developed, covering 27 of Australia’s major plant industries confidence, this project will promote the success of Australian production nurseries. (Table 47). Further information on IBPs can be found at www.planthealthaustralia.com.au/ The project will also benefit the industry by reducing the risk of exotic pests entering biosecurity. Australia’s nurseries through importation of international germplasm or via interstate PLANT BIOSECURITY STATUS AUSTRALIA’S CHAPTER 3: MAINTAINING trade. Table 47. Industry Biosecurity Plans Further information about this project and how it will improve biosecurity in Australia’s plant nurseries can be obtained from www.ngia.com.au. Apple and Pear IBP (Version 2.01) Onion IBP (Version 1.0) Avocado IBP (Version 2.0) Papaya IBP (Version 1.0) Banana IBP (Version 2.0) Pineapple IBP (Version 1.0) Cherry IBP (Version 2.0) Plantation Timber IBP (Version 1.0) Citrus IBP (Version 2.0) Potato IBP (Version 1.0) Cotton IBP (Version 2.01) Rice IBP (Version 2.0) Grains IBP (Version 2.03) Strawberry IBP (Version 2.0) Lychee IBP (Version 1.0) Sugarcane IBP (Version 2.01) Mango IBP (Version 1.0) Summerfruit IBP (Version 1.0) Nursery and Garden IBP (Version 2.0) Vegetable IBP (Version 2.0) Nuts IBP (Version 2.0) Viticulture IBP (Version 2.0) Olive IBP (Version 1.0)

113 PRE-EMPTIVE BREEDING Many Australian industries prepare for a potential exotic pest incursion through pre-emptive breeding of crops to incorporate or improve pest resistance characteristics which can reduce the impacts of the target pest species. Pre-emptive breeding programs may utilise offshore testing of new Australian varieties or use pest resistant genetic markers linked with other traits that allow for the selection of resistance in a pest’s absence.

In the event of an incursion, pre-emptive breeding allows growers to select new pest resistant varieties of their crop, thus reducing the negative impact on production. Programs in Australia include the Australian Cereal Rust Control Program and pre-emptive breeding for Russian wheat aphid resistance.

SURVEILLANCE Onshore surveillance activities for exotic plant pests are carried out by governments, industries and the wider community to provide information for: • Early detection: this type of surveillance is designed to detect new pest incursions before they become widely established, increasing the chance of an eradication or containment response being successful • Market access: surveillance to demonstrate the absence of a pest from the country

MAINTAINING AUSTRALIA’S PLANT BIOSECURITY STATUS AUSTRALIA’S MAINTAINING (ie. ‘evidence of absence’), state or region to support access to international and domestic markets • Delimiting surveys: following a pest incursion, delimiting surveys provide information on the distribution and spread of pests for use in response management activities

CHAPTER 3: or to confirm the successful eradication of the pest • Improved pest management: management of established pests requires regular inspections to determine population levels to improve management decisions

Australia utilises a mix of targeted (ie. directed) and passive surveillance. Passive surveillance programs work through raising awareness of specific pests to growers and the wider community and rely on these stakeholders looking for these pests during their day-to-day activities. To ensure all detections of new pests through passive surveillance are reported, all states and territories run an Exotic Plant Pest Hotline (1800 084 881). Calls to this hotline are directed to the relevant agriculture department in the state or territory where the call is made.

The majority of onshore targeted surveillance is undertaken by state and territory governments. Several national programs are also supported by the Australian Government and some industries undertake targeted surveillance for their pests of concern.

Table 48 (page 116) details the targeted surveillance programs undertaken across Australia in 2011, with summary information presented in Figures 72 and 73.

114 Image courtesy of DAFF Amenity Broadacre - GrainsBroadacre - OtherBroadacre - SugarcaneForestry General/Unspeci edHoneybees Horticulture -Horticulture Fruit -Horticulture Other -Horticulture Vegetables - Viticulture Subcommittee on National Plant Health Surveillance Surveillance programs – summary data In November 2004, PHC established the Subcommittee on National Plant Health Surveillance (SNPHS; formerly known as Surveillance Reference Group), which is Figure 72. Surveillance programs by target host responsible for overseeing national plant pest surveillance activities in collaboration with jurisdictions and industry. This committee focusses on national surveillance programs through coordinating the implementation of national surveillance strategies, improving surveillance record management, capability and methods of detection, as 4% Amenity well as securing ongoing resource commitment and monitoring the cost effectiveness 11% Broadacre - Grains of programs. 2% Broadacre - Sugarcane 5% Forestry National Plant Surveillance Reporting Tool In 2006, the Office of the Chief Plant Protection Officer (a division within DAFF Biosecurity), 1% Honey bees in partnership with PHA, developed an online National Plant Surveillance Reporting Tool 30% Horticulture - Fruit (NPSRT). This tool allows state, territory and industry surveillance coordinators across 5% Horticulture - Other Australia to enter plant pest survey summary data into a web enabled database. Through this database, surveillance data captured at a national level and can be used to address 13% Horticulture - Vegetables domestic and international market access issues, identify surveillance activities for particular 4% Horticulture - Viticulture plant pests and crops, and track surveillance activities across Australia in a standardised and consistent manner. Currently, the database holds over 420 surveillance programs from 25% Multiple all states and territories.

Invertebrate Invertebrate- Insect Multiple- Other Other/Unspeci edPathogen - FungiPathogen - OtherPathogen - VirusWeeds Figure 73. Surveillance programs by target pest MAINTAINING AUSTRALIA’S PLANT BIOSECURITY STATUS AUSTRALIA’S CHAPTER 3: MAINTAINING

42% Invertebrate - Insect 6% Invertebrate - Other 19% Multiple 1% Other/Unspecified 18% Pathogen - Fungi 7% Pathogen - Other 7% Pathogen - Virus

Image courtesy of NT DoR

115 Table 48. Australia’s plant biosecurity surveillance programs

Name Target hosts Target pests Funder Deliverer Region or location Multi-jurisdictional NAQS pest and disease Broad range of amenity plants, 126 high priority exotic pests NAQS NAQS Australia’s northern coastline from surveys (multiple forestry and forest products, Cairns to Broome (Qld, NT and WA), surveillance programs) grains, horticulture, and legumes including the Torres Strait – natural environments, agricultural and community regions, ports of entry National Asian gypsy moth Forestry, fruit, vines Gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar), Lymantria spp. DAFF DAFWA, DEEDI, NSW, Qld, SA, Tas, Vic, and WA – trapping program DPIPWE, DPI Vic, major urban regions and ports of NSW DPI, PIRSA, entry The University of Melbourne National exotic fruit fly Horticulture Fruit flies (Bactrocera spp., Dacus spp., Ceratitis DAFF NT and all state Urban regions near major ports of trapping program – ports capitata and, in WA only, C. rosa, as well as other governments, entry of entry exotic species). Specific surveillance targets and except Tas activities vary by state and territory. Exotic fruit fly trapping Fruit, vegetables Exotic fruit flies (Bactrocera spp.) NAQS NAQS Torres Strait – community regions program – Torres Strait National grain insect Cereals Karnal bunt (Tilletia indica), Khapra beetle DAFWA, DEEDI, DAFWA, DEEDI, NSW, Vic, SA, Qld and WA – resistance monitoring (Trogoderma granarium) GRDC, NSW DPI NSW DPI agricultural regions Multiple pest surveillance Amenity, forestry, horticulture, Specific surveillance targets and activities vary DAFF DAFWA, DEEDI, Varies by state and territory – includes program stored grains by state and territory DoR, DPIPWE, ports of entry, agricultural, forestry DPI Vic, Forestry and urban regions Tasmania, NSW

MAINTAINING AUSTRALIA’S PLANT BIOSECURITY STATUS AUSTRALIA’S CHAPTER 3: MAINTAINING DPI, PIRSA Red imported fire ant Amenity, forestry, nursery stock Red imported fire ant (Solenopsis invicta) Cost shared – NT and all state North west NT – major urban regions; surveillance Australian governments, Qld – agricultural and major urban governments except WA regions; Tas – major urban regions Australian Plague Locust Generally open grasslands Australian plague locust (Chortoicetes terminifera), NSW (32.5%), APLC Rural and remote regions of NSW, Commission surveillance Spur-throated locust (Austracris guttulosa), Vic (10%), SA (5%), Vic, SA and Qld and control programs Migratory locust (Locusta migratoria) Qld (2.5%), Commonweath (50%) New South Wales Banana surveillance – Banana Banana bunchy top virus (Banana bunchy top virus ABGC, DEEDI, NSW DPI North coast – agricultural regions Bunchy top (Babuvirus)) NSW DPI Chestnut blight Chestnuts Chestnut blight (Cryphonectria parasitica) NSW DPI NSW DPI Temperate highlands Elm leaf beetle surveillance Elms Elm leaf beetle (Pyrrhalta luteola) NSW DPI NSW DPI Temperate highlands Forest pest surveillance Pine and native forest Exotic and endemic pests NSW DPI NSW DPI Forests exotic and endemic Fruit fly exclusion zone – Horticulture Mediterranean fruit fly (Ceratitis capitata) NSW DPI NSW DPI Agricultural and major urban regions Medfly

116 Table 48. Australia’s plant biosecurity surveillance programs

Name Target hosts Target pests Funder Deliverer Region or location Fruit fly exclusion zone – Horticulture Papaya fruit fly (Bactrocera papayae) NSW DPI NSW DPI Agricultural and major urban regions Papaya fruit fly Fruit fly exclusion zone Citrus, other susceptible fruit Mediterranean fruit fly (Ceratitis capitata), NSW DPI NSW DPI Agricultural and major urban regions activities – surveillance Queensland fruit fly (Bactrocera tryoni) Plant health surveillance Field crops, Horticulture Various NSW DPI NSW DPI Agricultural regions general Sycamore lace bug Platanus spp. Sycamore lace bug (Corythucha ciliata) DAFF NSW DPI Major urban regions surveillance Urban hazard site African land snail (Achatina fulica), Apple and pear DAFF NSW DPI Major urban regions and ports surveillance rust (Gymnosporangium spp.), Coleosporium spp., Daylily rust (Puccinia hemerocallidis), Fire blight (Erwinia amylovora), Glassy winged sharpshooter (Homalodisca vitripennis), Grape leaf rust (Phakopsora euvitis), Gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar), Malaysian fruit fly (Bactrocera latifrons), Olive knot (Pseudomonas savastanoi), Stored product mite, Tracheal mite (Acarapis woodi) Northern Territory Banana surveillance – Banana Black Sigatoka (Mycosphaerella fijiensis) DoR DoR Agricultural and major urban regions Black Sigatoka Citrus surveillance Citrus Bull’s eye rot (Neofabraea malicorticis), Citrus DoR DoR Agricultural and major urban regions canker (Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri), Huanglongbing (Candidatus Liberobacter africanus) MAINTAINING AUSTRALIA’S PLANT BIOSECURITY STATUS AUSTRALIA’S CHAPTER 3: MAINTAINING European house borer Forestry – plantation pine European house borer (Hylotrupes bajulus) DoR DoR Forest and major urban regions surveillance Exotic ant surveillance Various Exotic ants (Anoplolepsis gracillipes and DAFF DoR Agricultural and urban regions Opsisthopsis sp.) Exotic bee and mites Bees Exotic bees and mites DoR DoR Ports of entry surveillance Exotic timber borers and Forestry, native trees and shrubs, Bostrychidae, Cerambycidae, Kalotermitidae, DoR DoR Community termites wooden items Lyctidae, Rhinotermitidae, Termitidae Field crops surveillance Various Corn smut (Ustilago maydis), Fusarium wilt DoR DoR Agricultural and community regions (Fusarium oxysporum), Garlic rust/Onion rust (Puccinia allii), Java downy mildew (Peronospora maydis) Forest pest surveillance Amenity, forestry, native Needle blight (Dothistroma pini) and exotic plant DoR DoR Forest and natural environment pests Fruit fly monitoring – Horticulture Fruit flies Bactrocera( cucumis, B. musae, DoR DoR Horticulture and urban regions endemics B. neohumeralis) Giant African snail Amenity, various Giant African snail (Achatina fulica) DoR DoR Ports of entry surveillance

117 Table 48. Australia’s plant biosecurity surveillance programs

Name Target hosts Target pests Funder Deliverer Region or location Northern Territory continued Grapevine leaf rust Grapes Grapevine leaf rust (Phakopsora euvitis) DAFF DoR Major urban regions surveillance Mediterranean fruit fly Horticulture Mediterranean fruit fly (Ceratitis capitata) DoR DoR Urban and agricultural regions monitoring Thrips surveillance Vegetables Melon thrips (Thrips palmi), Western flower thrips DoR DoR Darwin, Palmerston, Darwin rural (Frankliniella occidentalis) regions, Adelaide River Phytophthera surveillance Soil Phytopthora root rot (Phytophthora sp., DoR DoR Agricultural and urban regions Phytophthora cinnamomi) Purple scale and San Jose Nursery stock Purple scale (Lepidosaphes beckii), San Jose scale DoR DoR Agricultural and urban regions scale (Quadraspidiotus peniciosus) Red banded mango Mango Red banded mango caterpillar (Deanolis DoR DoR Community caterpillar surveillance sublimbalis) Silverleaf whitefly – nursery Nursery stock Silverleaf whitefly (Bemisia tabaci B type) DoR DoR Agricultural regions surveillance Mango surveillance Mango Mango malformation (Fusarium mangiferae) DoR DoR Agricultural regions Banana surveillance – Banana Panama disease (Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. DoR DoR Agricultural and major urban regions Panama disease cubense) Queensland Banana surveillance Banana Banana bract mosaic disease (Banana bract DEEDI DEEDI Agricultural and urban banana mosaic virus (Potyvirus)), Banana bunchy top virus growing regions MAINTAINING AUSTRALIA’S PLANT BIOSECURITY STATUS AUSTRALIA’S CHAPTER 3: MAINTAINING (Banana bunchy top virus (Babuvirus)), Banana skipper butterfly (Erionota thrax), Banana stem weevil (Odoiporus longicollis), Black Sigatoka (Mycosphaerella fijiensis), Eumusae leaf spot (Mycosphaerella eumusae), Leaf speckle (Mycosphaerella musae), Leaf spot (Mycosphaerella musicola), Moko (Ralstonia solanacearum), Panama disease (Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense), Periconiella musae, Veronaea musae Cape York Peninsula Various A range of pests DEEDI DEEDI Cape York Peninsula – community surveys regions West Indian drywood Timber structures WIDT (Cryptotermes brevis) DEEDI DEEDI Major urban regions where WIDT termite (WIDT) surveys occurs Exotic fruit fly trapping – Fruits and vegetables Exotic fruit flies (Bactrocera spp.) DEEDI DAFF, DEEDI Cape York Peninsula – community Cape York Peninsula regions Urban surveillance Ornamentals and fruit and A range of pests and diseases DEEDI DEEDI Agricultural and major urban regions program vegetables including banana, citrus, mango

118 Table 48. Australia’s plant biosecurity surveillance programs

Name Target hosts Target pests Funder Deliverer Region or location Grains biosecurity project Grains Russian wheat aphid (Diuraphis noxia), Barley stripe DEEDI, GPA, DEEDI Agricultural regions rust (Puccinia striiformis f. sp. hordei) GRDC Grain bulk handling Grains Karnal bunt (Tilletia indica), Khapra beetle DEEDI, GPA, DEEDI, Graincorp, Southern Queensland (Trogoderma granarium) Graincorp PHA Sugarcane pest and Sugarcane Pink stalk borer (Sesamia grisescens), Top borers/ BSES Limited, BSES Limited Northern Australia, Indonesia, Papua disease surveillance top shoot borers (Sesamia griscensens, DEEDI, ACIAR, New Guinea, South East Asia Scirpophaga excerptalis), Sugarcane stem borers SRDC (Chilo auricilius, C. terrenellus), Sugarcane woolly aphid (Ceratovacuna lanigera), Sugarcane leafhopper (Eumetopina flavipes), Sugarcane planthopper/sidewinder (Perkinsiella saccharivora, P. vastatrix, P. vitiensis), Sugarcane pyrillia/ Sugarcane leafhopper (Pyrilla perpusilla), Downy mildew (Peronosclerospora sacchari), Ramu stunt (unknown virus), White leaf/grassy shoot phytoplasma, Sugarcane streak mosaic (Sugarcane streak mosaic virus (Unassigned)) Sugar industry surveys, Sugarcane Ratoon stunting disease (Leifsonia xyli subsp. xyli), BSES, Productivity BSES, Productivity Sugarcane farms, BSES experiment seed cane inspections and Leaf scald (Xanthomonas albilineans), Sugarcane Service companies Service companies stations and Productivity Service seed variety trials mosaic virus (Sugarcane mosaic virus (Potyvirus)), plots in Queensland and northern Fiji leaf gall (Fiji disease virus (Fijivirus)), Sugarcane NSW smut (Sporisorium scitamineum), Sugarcane rust (Puccinia melanocephala, P. kuehnii), Yellow spot (Mycovellosiella koepkei), exotic pests and diseases

Mango malformation Mango Fusarium spp. (implicated in mango malformation DEEDI DEEDI Agricultural regions PLANT BIOSECURITY STATUS AUSTRALIA’S CHAPTER 3: MAINTAINING disease response disease) surveillance Cocoa pod borer response Cocoa, rambutan Cocoa pod borer (Conopomorpha cramerella) DEEDI (nationally DEEDI Northern Queensland surveillance cost shared) Potato spindle tuber viroid Tomato Potato spindle tuber viroid DEEDI DEEDI Southern Queensland response surveillance South Australia Asian gypsy moth Forestry, fruit, vines Gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar), Lymantria spp. DAFF PIRSA Major urban regions Bacterial wilt of potatoes Potato Bacterial wilt of potatoes (Pseudomonas PIRSA PIRSA Mallee solanacearum) Citrs canker Citrus spp. Citrus canker (Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri) DAFF PIRSA Major urban regions Citrus black spot Citrus spp. Citrus black spot (Guignardia citricarpa) DAFF PIRSA Major urban regions Citrus blight Citrus spp. Citrus blight DAFF PIRSA Major urban regions Citrus greening Citrus spp. Huanglongbing (Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus, DAFF PIRSA Major urban regions Candidatus Liberibacter africanus) Citrus red mite Citrus spp. Citrus red mite (Panonychus citri) DAFF PIRSA Major urban regions

119 Table 48. Australia’s plant biosecurity surveillance programs

Name Target hosts Target pests Funder Deliverer Region or location South Australia continued Eucalyptus rust Eucalyptus Eucalyptus rust (Puccinia psidii sensu lato) DAFF, PIRSA PIRSA Major urban regions European canker Apple, pear Nectria spp. DAFF PIRSA Adelaide Hills European house borer Timber (softwood) European house borer (Hylotrupes bajulus) DAFF, PIRSA PIRSA Major urban regions Fire blight Flowering quinces, hawthorns, Erwinia amylovora DAFF PIRSA Adelaide Hills Cydonia spp., Eriobotrya spp., Malus spp., Mespilus spp., Prunus spp., Pyrus spp., Sorbus spp. Fruit fly surveillance Fruit Exotic fruit flies (Bactrocera spp., Bactrocera tryoni, PIRSA PIRSA Agricultural and major urban regions, Ceratitis capitata) ports of entry Grapevine leaf rust Vitis vinifera Grapevine leaf rust (Phakopsora euvitis) DAFF PIRSA Major urban regions Grapevine phylloxera Grapes Grapevine phylloxera (Daktulosphaira vitifoliae, Phylloxera and Phylloxera and Viticultural regions Daktulosphaira vitifoliae type B) Grape Industry Grape Industry Board SA, PIRSA Board SA, PIRSA Melon thrip Susceptible host crops Melon thrips (Frankliniella intonsa) DAFF PIRSA Major urban regions Myrtle rust Myrtaceae spp, nurseries Myrtle rust (Puccinia psidii sensu lato) DAFF, PIRSA PIRSA Major urban regions Olive lace bug Olives Olive lace bug (Froggattia olivinia) PIRSA PIRSA Major urban regions and agricultural regions Onion smut Allium spp. Onion smut (Urocystis cepulae) PIRSA PIRSA Adelaide Hills, Northern Adelaide, south east Murraylands, Mallee MAINTAINING AUSTRALIA’S PLANT BIOSECURITY STATUS AUSTRALIA’S CHAPTER 3: MAINTAINING Potato cyst nematode Potato Potato cyst nematode (Globodera pallida, PIRSA, growers PIRSA Agricultural regions G. rostochiensis) and exporters Potato spindle tuber viroid Tomato, capsicums Potato spindle tuber viroid (Potato spindle tuber PIRSA Statewide viroid (Pospiviroid)) Silver leaf whitefly Tomato, capsicums Silverleaf whitefly (Bemisia tabaci B type) DAFF PIRSA Glasshouses/hothouses, Northern Adelaide Plains Spiralling whitefly Horticultural crops, ornamental Spiralling whitefly (Aleurodicus dispersus) DAFF PIRSA Major urban regions plants and shade trees Tomato potato psyllid Tomato, potato Tomato psyllid (Bactericera cockerelli) DAFF PIRSA Glasshouses/hothouses, Northern Adelaide Plains Tomato yellow leaf curl Tomato, capsicum Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (Tomato yellow leaf DAFF PIRSA Glasshouses/hothouses, Northern virus curl virus (Begamovirus)) Adelaide Plains Western flower thrips Crops for export, horticulture Western flower thrips (Frankliniella occidentalis) Industry PIRSA Exporters premises, nurseries and flower growers statewide Codling moth survey Apple, cherry Codling moth (Cydia pomonella), Brown rot Fee for service DPIPWE Registered export orchards (Monilinia fructicola)

120 Table 48. Australia’s plant biosecurity surveillance programs

Name Target hosts Target pests Funder Deliverer Region or location Tasmania Fire blight Public host trees Fire blight (Erwinia amylovora) DPIPWE DPIPWE Statewide Fruit fly trapping program Cool and temperate fruits (mainly Fruit flies (Bactrocera tryoni, Ceratitis capitata) DPIPWE DPIPWE Grids around ports (air and sea), fruit pome and stone fruit) and vegetable importers premises and commercial fruit growing regions Myrtle rust survey Myrtaceae spp, nurseries and Myrtle rust (Puccinia psidii sensu lato) DPIPWE DPIPWE Statewide roadsides Oriental fruit moth Apricot Oriental fruit moth (Grapholitha molesta) Fee for service DPIPWE Registered export orchards – for WA only Sticky trap survey Various nursery stock Various, such as Silverleaf whitefly and Melon thrips Industry, DPIPWE Industry, DPIPWE Statewide in ornamental plant nurseries Strawberry angular leaf Strawberry Strawberry angular leaf spot (Xanthomonas Fee for service DPIPWE Commercial strawberry growing spot survey fragariae) premises Warehouse beetle survey Grains Warehouse beetle (Trogoderma variable) DPIPWE DPIPWE Selected food preparation or grain storage and processing premises statewide Victoria Fruit fly monitoring and Horticulture Mediterranean fruit fly (Ceratitis capitata), DPI Vic DPI Vic Agricultural and major urban regions surveillance Queensland fruit fly (Bactrocera tryoni) Grapevine phylloxera Grapes Grapevine phylloxera (Daktulosphaira vitifoliae DPI Vic DPI Vic Agricultural regions type B) MAINTAINING AUSTRALIA’S PLANT BIOSECURITY STATUS AUSTRALIA’S CHAPTER 3: MAINTAINING Green snail area freedom Multiple hosts Green snail (Helix aperta) DPI Vic DPI Vic Major urban regions surveillance Potato cyst nematode soil Potato Potato cyst nematode (Globodera pallida, AUSVEG DPI Vic Agricultural regions sampling G. rostochiensis) PVY surveillance in seed Potato Potato Y virus (Potyvirus) spp. DPI Vic Victorian Certified Agricultural regions potato districts Seed Potato Authority Inc. Tomato yellow leaf curl Tomato Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (Tomato yellow leaf DPI Vic DPI Vic Agricultural regions virus area freedom curl virus (Begomovirus)) surveillance National variety trials – Grains Barley stripe rust (Puccinia striiformis f. sp. hordei), DPI Vic, GPA, DPI Vic Agricultural regions of Birchip, Brim, in crop inspections Branched broomrape (Orobanche ramosa), GRDC Colbinabbin, Corack, Diggora, Hessian fly (Mayetiola destructor), Russian wheat Dookie, Elmore, Gerang, Hopetoun, aphid (Diuraphis noxia) Horsham, Inverleigh, Kaniva, Kerang, Laanecoorie, Mallee, Manangatang, Mininera, Minyip, Mitiamo, Quambatoook, Rainbow, Rutherglen, Ultima, Walpeup, Wimmera, Woomelang, Wunghnu, Yarrawonga

121 Table 48. Australia’s plant biosecurity surveillance programs

Name Target hosts Target pests Funder Deliverer Region or location Victoria continued Birchip Cropping Group Grains Barley stripe rust (Puccinia striiformis f. sp. hordei), BCG, DPI Vic, GPA DPI Vic Agricultural regions of Culgoa, trials Branched broomrape (Orobanche ramosa), Hopetoun Hessian fly (Mayetiola destructor), Russian wheat aphid (Diuraphis noxia) Exotic Plant Pest response Myrtaceae spp. Myrtle rust (Puccinia psidii sensu lato) DPI Vic DPI Vic Major urban regions Bacterial canker of kiwi Kiwi fruit Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidae DPI Vic DPI Vic North east Victoria and Port Philip fruit Region Chestnut blight Chestnuts Chestnut blight (Cryphonectria parasitica) DPI Vic DPI Vic Agricultural regions Western Australia Codling moth surveillance Pome fruit Codling moth (Cydia pomonella) DAFWA, Western DAFWA, private Southwest – major urban and Australian Fruit consultants agriculture regions Growers Association Inc. European house borer European Pinus spp. European house borer (Hylotrupes bajulus) DAFWA DAFWA, Forest Southwest – major urban and forestry Products regions Commission European wasp Amenity, grape, stone fruit European wasp (Vespula germanica) DAFWA DAFWA Southwest – major urban, community surveillance and agricultural regions Fruit fly surveillance in the Fruit Fruit flies (Bactrocera spp., Dacus spp.) DAFWA DAFWA Agricultural and community regions Ord River Irrigation Area

MAINTAINING AUSTRALIA’S PLANT BIOSECURITY STATUS AUSTRALIA’S CHAPTER 3: MAINTAINING MedFly area freedom Fruit Mediterranean fruit fly (Ceratitis capitata) DAFWA DAFWA Ord River Irrigation Area – agricultural surveillance in the Ord and community regions River Irrigation Area Plant pest hotline – WA Amenity, grape, Pinus spp. European house borer (Hylotrupes bajulus), DAFWA DAFWA Major urban and forestry regions European wasp (Vespula germanica), Red imported fire ant (Solenopsis invicta) Potato cyst nematode Potato, Solanum spp. Potato cyst nematode (Globodera rostochiensis) DAFWA, HAL DAFWA Agricultural regions surveillance Queensland fruit fly Horticulture Queensland fruit fly (Bactrocera tryoni) DAFWA, Fruit DAFWA Major urban regions surveillance Growers Industry Trust Fund Sirex wasp surveillance Pinus spp. Sirex woodwasp (Sirex noctilio) Forest Product Forest Products Forestry regions Commission (WA) Commission (WA) Western Australian on farm Grains Khapra beetle (Trogoderma granarium) DAFWA, GPA DAFWA Community regions biosecurity and surveillance DAFWA National variety Grains Barley stripe rust (Puccinia striiformis f. sp. hordei), DAFWA, GPA DAFWA Agricultural regions trials (in-crop) Branched broomrape (Orobanche ramosa), Wheat stem rust (Puccinia graminis)

122 Table 48. Australia’s plant biosecurity surveillance programs

Name Target hosts Target pests Funder Deliverer Region or location National variety trials Grains Barley stripe rust (Puccinia striiformis f. sp. hordei), DAFWA, GPA, DAFWA, Kalyx Agricultural regions (in-crop) Branched broomrape (Orobanche ramosa), Kalyx Agriculture Agriculture Russian wheat aphid (Diuraphis noxia) Myrtle rust surveillance Myrtaceae spp. Myrtle rust (Puccinia psidii sensu lato) DAFWA, DECWA DAFWA, DECWA Agricultural and major urban regions Grain pest resistance Cereals Confused flour beetle (Tribolium confusum), DAFWA, GRDC DAFWA Agricultural regions testing Cryptolestes spp., Granary weevil (Sitophilus granaries), Lesser grain borer (Rhyzopertha dominica), Red flour beetle Tribolium( castaneum), Rice weevil (Sitophilus oryzae), Sawtooth grain beetle (Oryzaephilus surinamensis) Potato spindle tuber viroid Vegetables Potato spindle tuber viroid (Potato spindle tuber DAFWA, DAFWA Carnarvon and urban production viroid (Pospiviroid)) Vegetables WA nurseries Kiwifruit bacterial canker Actinidia spp. Bacterial canker (Pseudomonas syringae pv. DAFWA AQIS, DAFWA Southwest surveillance actinidiae) Chestnut blight Castanea sativa Chestnut blight (Cryphonectria parasitica) DAFWA DAFWA Southwest Fusarium wilt surveillance Lupins Fusarium wilt (Fusarium oxysporum) DAFWA DAFWA Agricultural regions INSV surveillance Ornamental plants Impatiens necrotic spot virus (Impatiens necrotic DAFWA DAFWA Major urban regions spot virus (Tospovirus)) HortGuard passive Horticultural crops Bacterial wilt (Ralstonia solanacearum), Pierce’s DAFWA DAFWA Major urban and horticultural regions surveillance disease (Xylella fastidiosa), Potato blight (Phytophthora infestans), Potato cyst nematode (Globodera pallida, G. rostochiensis), Potato spindle tuber viroid (Potato spindle tuber viroid PLANT BIOSECURITY STATUS AUSTRALIA’S CHAPTER 3: MAINTAINING (Pospiviroid)), Potato virus Y necrotic strain GrainGuard passive Grains crops Barley stripe rust (Puccinia striiformis f. sp. hordei), DAFWA DAFWA Agricultural regions surveillance Karnal bunt (Tilletia indica), Stem nematode (Ditylenchus dipsaci), Colletotrichum truncatum (Lentil strain)

123 DIAGNOSTICS The accurate diagnosis of plant pests is a vital component of all management and Case study: New diagnostic facilities surveillance activities undertaken for Australia’s plant production industries. These The delivery of diagnostic services in NSW and Queensland were given a boost in diagnostic services are equally important for both endemic and exotic plant pest 2011, with both states taking advantage of large investments in new diagnostic species. facilities. For new pests that are detected in Australia, diagnostic expertise provides the ability The Elizabeth Macarthur Agricultural Institute (EMAI) is NSW DPI’s centre for animal to both quantify the magnitude of an incursion (critical for determining whether a pest and plant health, housing almost 200 staff and delivering the primary plant pest is eradicable) and determine and execute an appropriate response in a timely manner. diagnostics capability for the state. To support this capability, a $65 million upgrade Diagnostic capacity is not only an essential component of any eradication effort, but of the facilities was undertaken from 2008, with the majority of the facilities utilised it also underpins much of the everyday management practices involved in the production by the end of 2011. The main upgrades at EMAI included: and trade of plant products. Pest management programs, including the selection • New plant biosecurity facilities capable of handling a large scale Emergency and application of farm chemicals, rely on the accurate identification of pests. Rapid Plant Pest outbreak identification also supports quarantine processes, such as maintaining pest free • New high level containment facilities to expand EMAI’s capacity to handle areas, which allows access to markets both domestically and internationally. a large scale Emergency Animal Disease outbreak These critical diagnostic services are distributed across every state and territory in Australia • Upgrades of existing animal and plant health facilities to meet current regulations and are available throughout most major agricultural and horticultural production areas. and standards • Upgrades of site infrastructure including waste management, power, gas, site Diagnostic services are delivered by a range of agencies, including state and territory security and stormwater management governments, the Australian Government, commercial and private diagnostic laboratories, museums, CSIRO and universities (Table 49). Services are provided on an ad hoc, Furthermore, Queensland’s diagnostic capability saw a boost through the opening commercial and nationally coordinated basis, as required. Diagnostic operations are of the $270 million Ecosciences Precinct on the site of the old Boggo Road Gaol. often performed as part of collaborative research activities that focus on specific pests This precinct has brought together staff from DEEDI and the Department of of concern. Environmental and Resource Management, as well as CSIRO and the University MAINTAINING AUSTRALIA’S PLANT BIOSECURITY STATUS AUSTRALIA’S CHAPTER 3: MAINTAINING of Queensland to optimise the outcomes of the state’s scientific activities.

The Ecosciences Precinct is a highly collaborative working environment and consists of state-of-the-art facilities including research and educational laboratories, insect houses, controlled environment rooms, greenhouses, offices and workshops.

Ecosciences Precinct, Dutton Park, Queensland. Image courtesy of Ameera Yousiph, PHA

124 Table 49. Australia’s diagnostic services and laboratories

Laboratory and location Organisation Diagnostic capability Accreditation Collections Australian Capital Territory Australian National Insect Collection CSIRO Insect identification Entomology New South Wales Agricultural Scientific Collections Unit, NSW DPI Invertebrates and pathogens, specialist insect and NATA accreditation (ISO/IEC Fungal, bacterial and insects Orange Agricultural Institute, Orange mite identification (mycology and entomology) 17025:2005) Australian Cotton Research Institute, NSW DPI, CSIRO Cotton pathology (eg. mycology, virology, Narrabri bacteriology) Australian Museum, Sydney Australian Museum Entomology Crewe Place, Rosebery DAFF Biosecurity Pest and disease identification, collection and rearing of immature stages of arthropods, pathology investigation to determine causal agent CSIRO Cotton Research Unit, Narrabri CSIRO Entomology Elizabeth Macarthur Agricultural NSW DPI Invertebrates and pathogens (virology, bacteriology NATA accreditation (ISO/IEC Institute, Menangle and mycology) 17025:2005) Forest Health Management Laboratory, NSW DPI Internal routine diagnostics West Pennant Hills Grafton Agricultural Research and Insect pests Advisory Station, Grafton Macleay Museum, Sydney University of Sydney Entomology Plant Quarantine Station, Eastern Creek DAFF Biosecurity Plant pathogen screening, stone fruit, pome fruit, citrus, grape, clonal grasses and ornamentals. Virus MAINTAINING AUSTRALIA’S PLANT BIOSECURITY STATUS AUSTRALIA’S CHAPTER 3: MAINTAINING elimination in citrus. Fungal testing of animal feeds and corn based products. Lucerne seed testing for fungal pathogens. Wash water testing of imported cereal seed for open post-entry quarantine Royal Botanic Garden, Sydney Office of Environment Plant pathogens using both classical and molecular and Heritage NSW methods Tamworth Agricultural Institute, NSW DPI Invertebrates and pathogens (entomology, plant Tamworth pathology broadacre crops) The Cereal Rust Laboratory, Cobbitty University of Sydney, Rust pathology NSW DPI Wagga Wagga Agricultural Institute, Charles Sturt University, Plant pathology, nematode identification Wagga Wagga NSW DPI Yanco Agricultural Institute, Yanco NSW DPI Invertebrates and pathogens (vegetables and rice pathology)

125 Table 49. Australia’s diagnostic services and laboratories

Laboratory and location Organisation Diagnostic capability Accreditation Collections Northern Territory Department of Natural Resources, DNRETAS Plant identification for general public and Registration for exchange (export Native plant collection of the NT Environment, the Arts and Sport commercial purposes and import) of scientific specimens Herbarium, Palmerston and Alice Springs DoR Entomology Laboratory, Berrimah DoR Insects and mites The Northern Territory Economic Insect Agricultural Laboratories, Berrimah Reference Collection DoR Plant Pathology Laboratory, DoR Plant pathology, virology, bacteriology, PCR, Darwin Northern Australian Plant Berrimah Agricultural Laboratories, mycology, diagnostics Pathology Herbarium Berrimah Museum and Art Gallery of the DNRETAS Insect identification for general public and Registration for exchange (export Insects with a focus on native species Northern Territory, Darwin commercial purposes and import) of scientific specimens NAQS Regional Laboratory, Darwin NAQS Plant pathology, virology, bacteriology, PCR, Disease as herbarium specimens, mycology, BIOLOG bacterial diagnostics, ELISA viral bacterial and live fungal cultures diagnostics, entomology, botanical Queensland BSES, Indooroopilly, Woodford, BSES Sugarcane pests and diseases Mackay and Tully DEEDI Applethorpe, Applethorpe DEEDI Entomology DEEDI Ayr Research Station, Ayr DEEDI Entomology, horticulture DEEDI Plant Biosecurity Science DEEDI Exotic fruit fly screening, entomology, plant Laboratory,Cairns pathology triage MAINTAINING AUSTRALIA’S PLANT BIOSECURITY STATUS AUSTRALIA’S CHAPTER 3: MAINTAINING DEEDI Centre for Tropical Agriculture, DEEDI Entomology, molecular, bacteriology Mareeba DEEDI Plant Biosecurity Science DEEDI Molecular, entomology, virology, bacteriology, Plant pathology, entomology Laboratories, Ecosciences Precinct, mycology and nematology Dutton Park DEEDI Gatton Research Station, DEEDI Vegetable pests and diseases Gatton DEEDI Kingaroy Research Station, DEEDI Kingaroy DEEDI Maroochy Research Station, DEEDI Entomology, horticulture Nambour DEEDI South Johnstone Research DEEDI Nematology, entomology, plant pathology Station, South Johnstone DEEDI Toowoomba, Toowoomba, DEEDI Field crop pests and diseases, molecular, Queensland entomology, virology, nematology, and mycology DEEDI, Biosecurity Queensland Control DEEDI Myrtle rust (Puccinia psidii sensu lato) diagnosis Puccinia psidii sensu lato Centre, Oxley Queensland Museum, Brisbane Queensland Museum Entomology University of Queensland, Brisbane University of Queensland Entomology 126 Table 49. Australia’s diagnostic services and laboratories

Laboratory and location Organisation Diagnostic capability Accreditation Collections South Australia School of Earth and Environmental University of Adelaide Entomology Sciences, Adelaide South Australian Museum, Adelaide Department of Premier Entomology and Cabinet SARDI, Adelaide SARDI Molecular diagnostic, plant pathology (mycology, Molecular diagnostics laboratory is nematology, virology, taxonomy) and surveillance NATA accredited under Biologicals Waite Institute, Adelaide University of Adelaide Nematology Tasmania Forestry Tasmania, Hobart Forestry Tasmania Limited diagnostics in pathology, main focus is on Tasmanian forest insect collection testing for Phytophthora cinnamomi Peracto, Devonport Peracto Plant pathology Laboratory DAFF Biosecurity approved Plant Health Laboratories, New Town DPIPWE Entomology, plant pathology (virology, mycology and Laboratories DAFF Biosecurity Insect reference collection (satellite entomology laboratories at bacteriology), TASAG ELISA testing services approved, TASAG laboratories Devonport and Launceston) (virology) have NATA accreditation (ISO/IEC 17025:2005) Queen Victoria Museum and Art QVMAG Insect identification for the general public Invertebrate reference collection Gallery, Launceston covering most groups including insects. Seed Analysis Laboratory, Mt Pleasant DPIPWE Feed grain quarantine assessments for declared ISTA accredited Prohibited and quarantinable species species. seed reference collection

Tasmanian Museum and Art Gallery, TMAG Entomology (specialising in beetles and moths), Small insect reference collection, PLANT BIOSECURITY STATUS AUSTRALIA’S CHAPTER 3: MAINTAINING Hobart insect identification for the general public. herbarium including weeds and fungi University of Tasmania Cradle Coast UTAS/TIA Plant pathology, nematology Limited collection of fungal pathogens Campus, Burnie University of Tasmania Sandy Bay University of Tasmania Entomology, forest pathology, molecular laboratory Laboratory DAFF Biosecurity Campus, Hobart and Tasmanian Institute approved of Agriculture Victoria DPI Knoxfield Centre, Knoxfield DPI Vic Entomology, mycology, virology, nematology, DAFF Biosecurity approved AS/ Fungal, bacterial, nematode, bacteriology, general plant pathology, fungal and NSZ 9001:2000/QA certification invertebrates, limited virus insect taxonomy, high throughput molecular diagnostics Forest Health Laboratory, Heidelberg University of Melbourne Forest pathology and entomology Frankston Research Centre, Frankston DPI Vic Weeds Horsham Research Centre, Horsham DPI Vic General plant pathology and virology (grains focus) Irymple Research Centre, Irymple DPI Vic General plant pathology and entomology Operational Science Laboratory, AQIS Entomology and plant pathology Tullamarine Airport

127 Table 49. Australia’s diagnostic services and laboratories

Laboratory and location Organisation Diagnostic capability Accreditation Collections Victoria continued Plant Quarantine Centre, Knoxfield DAFF Biosecurity General plant pathology Royal Botanic Gardens Melbourne, Royal Botanic Gardens Mycology and weeds Melbourne Melbourne Rutherglen Research Centre, DPI Vic Entomology Rutherglen Tatura Research Centre, Tatura DPI Vic Entomology Western Australia AGWEST Plant Laboratories, Perth DAFWA Commercial diagnostic laboratory for plant pathogen identification AGWEST Plant Nematology Laboratory, DAFWA Horticultural and agricultural nematode identification Perth AGWEST Plant Virology Laboratory, DAFWA Plant virus identification Perth Albany, Albany DAFWA Horticultural pathology Bunbury, Bunbury DAFWA Horticultural pathology Carnarvon, Carnarvon DAFWA Horticultural pathology DAFWA Insect Reference Collection, DAFWA Insect identification Entomology Unit insect reference Perth collection Department of Environmental Biology, Curtin University of Mycology

MAINTAINING AUSTRALIA’S PLANT BIOSECURITY STATUS AUSTRALIA’S CHAPTER 3: MAINTAINING Perth Technology Kununurra, Kununurra DAFWA Entomology Small local insect reference collection Manjimup, Manjimup DAFWA Entomology Small local insect reference collection Northern Australia Quarantine Strategy, NAQS Identification of quarantine intercept samples, mostly Small reference collection, mostly Broome exotic pests exotic invertebrates Perth International Airport DAFF Biosecurity Identification of quarantine intercept samples, mostly Small reference collection, mostly exotic pests exotic invertebrates Phytophthora Laboratory, Murdoch Murdoch University Commercial and research Phytophthora diagnostic laboratory Quarantine Plant Pathology Laboratory, DAFWA Biosecurity and Emergency Plant Pest identifications Western Australian plant pathogen Perth collection – fungal, bacterial and viral Saturn Biotech, Murdoch Murdoch University Commercial molecular biology laboratory for plant pathogen identification Western Australian Museum, Kewdale Western Australian Insect identification for general public Largest insect collection in WA Museum

128 MAINTAINING AUSTRALIA’S PLANT BIOSECURITY STATUS AUSTRALIA’S MAINTAINING CHAPTER 3:

Image courtesy of DAFF Biosecurity, Eastern Creek Plant Quarantine Station 129 Case study: Collaboration to improve diagnostic capability for fruit flies Fruit flies are a significant group of pests that attack a wide range of horticultural crops and can impact on domestic and international trade in these crops. It is critical to have the ability to rapidly detect and identify fruit flies, as well as distinguish between species that pose a threat to production and market access from those that do not.

Consequently, Australia maintains a strong capability to diagnose fruit fly species and maintains a wide network of fruit fly traps as part of a national surveillance system. In 2011, this capability was enhanced with the development of the Australian Handbook for the Identification of Fruit Flies. Facilitated by PHA, the handbook is a compilation of both morphological and molecular diagnostic techniques for 47 fruit fly species, most of which are exotic to Australia.

The central diagnostic descriptions are supported by information on trapping methods for use in surveillance and detection programs. Together this information facilitates rapid diagnosis of fruit fly species and provides a comprehensive guide to Australian diagnosticians and field officers.

MAINTAINING AUSTRALIA’S PLANT BIOSECURITY STATUS AUSTRALIA’S MAINTAINING The handbook is the first time this information has been collated into a single document and through its development has formed and maintained a network of diagnosticians with expertise in fruit fly diagnostics. THE AUSTRALIAN HANDBOOK

CHAPTER 3: The handbook is also designed to be continuously updated as more information becomes available, allowingFOR current THE information IDENTIFICATION to be accessed readily OF by diagnosticians in the event of a fruit fly incursion. The swift and accurate detection of exotic fruit fly speciesFRUIT is vital in FLIESpreventing widespread damage to Australia’s horticultural industries and in the eradication of any exotic fruit fly incursions. Version 1.0 The handbook is currently available at www.planthealthaustralia.com.au

Species: Bactrocera bryoniae Species: Bactrocera frauenfeldi Species: Bactrocera kandiensis Species: Bactrocera tau

Species: Bactrocera trilineola Species: Bactrocera umbrosa Species: Bactrocera xanthodes Species: Bactrocera newmani

130 Image courtesy of Sacron Innovations Diagnostic Protocols Diagnostic protocols are documents that contain detailed information about a specific plant pest, or related group of pests, relevant to its diagnosis. Such information is crucial for the management of established and exotic pests, including: • General surveillance for pest status • Testing of material for compliance with certification procedures • Surveillance as part of an official control or eradication program • Pest diagnostic operations associated with phytosanitary certification • Routine diagnosis for pests found in imported consignments • Detection of a pest in an area where it is not known to occur

Australia has a coherent and effective system for the development of National Diagnostic Protocols (NDPs) for plant pests through the Subcommittee on Plant Health Diagnostic Standards (SPHDS). NDPs are developed according to SPHDS Reference Standards 1–4 which include the processes of peer review, verification and endorsement by PHC as shown in Figure 74 (page 132). NDPs include diagnostic procedures and data on the pest, its hosts, taxonomic information, detection and identification. Current NDPs are listed in Table 50 (page 134).

Endorsed NDPs can be accessed through www.padil.gov.au/SPHDS. MAINTAINING AUSTRALIA’S PLANT BIOSECURITY STATUS AUSTRALIA’S MAINTAINING

Subcommittee on Plant Health Diagnostic Standards SPHDS was established in December 2004 by PHC to sustain and improve the quality

and reliability of plant diagnostics in Australia. CHAPTER 3:

A key role of SPHDS is the technical verification of protocols, enabling them to be accepted as NDPs. As part of this process, SPHDS maintains several Reference Standards (RS)26 that detail the technical procedures that must be followed when developing a protocol and the process by which that protocol can be verified (Figure 74). This ensures that NDPs are of the highest quality and contain all the necessary information to diagnose a pest in a nationally consistent format. The current RSs are: • SPHDS RS No. 1 Glossary of Terms (Version 3) • SPHDS RS No. 2 Development of Diagnostic Protocols – Technical Procedures (Version 3.4) • SPHDS RS No. 3 Guidelines for the Approval Process of National Diagnostic Protocols (Version 3) • SPHDS RS No. 4 Guidelines for Verification and Peer Review Reports (Version 2.1) SPHDS has also developed a national diagnostic network (see ‘National Plant Biosecurity Diagnostic Network’ case study on page 133 for further information), ensuring the capability exists to quickly and reliably identify plant pests of both endemic and exotic origin.

26 SPHDS RS’s can be found at www.padil.gov.au/SPHDS.

Image courtesy of DAFF Biosecurity 131 Figure 74. Approval process of National Diagnostic Protocols

Assessment process

Does an approved national protocol already exist?

Yes No Facilitate development of new protocol

Is it an Australian or international protocol?

Does it follow SPHDS RS No. 2?

Yes No Adapt protocol

Validated in an independent Australian laboratory?

Yes No Verification facilitated 3 year review process

MAINTAINING AUSTRALIA’S PLANT BIOSECURITY STATUS AUSTRALIA’S CHAPTER 3: MAINTAINING Reviewed by the Expert Panel?

Yes No Expert Panel advice

SPHDS approval

Yes No Facilitate revision

ACCEPT NATIONAL DIAGNOSTIC PROTOCOL

PHC endorsement No

Yes

132 Case study: National Plant Biosecurity Diagnostic Network Australia’s plant pest diagnostic community came together in 2011 to establish the National Plant Biosecurity Diagnostic Network (NPBDN). While the idea for a national network of plant diagnosticians is not new, the National Plant Biosecurity Strategy’s call for a nationally integrated diagnostic network has added impetus to the early work of PHA and SPHDS.

With funding support from DAFF, PHA and SPHDS were able to bring all the key players together at a workshop in June 2011 to secure their ongoing participation. This was a defining moment in turning the idea into a reality.

The NPBDN has already proved beneficial, with developments from the second half of 2011 including: • Enhanced networking amongst plant diagnosticians • NPBDN activity included in participants work plans • Commencing a laboratory accreditation scheme in over half of the jurisdictions • Smoother movement of specimens between labs

• Development of a shared online space for network stakeholders PLANT BIOSECURITY STATUS AUSTRALIA’S MAINTAINING • Drafting a process for the import of diagnostic control samples • Creation of a discussion forum of diagnostic capacity • Further integration of reference collections into the network CHAPTER 3: • Increased National Diagnostic Protocol development

As champions of the network, SPHDS will continue to guide its implementation, together with related recommendations of the National Plant Biosecurity Strategy.

Inaugural Diagnosticians Workshop, Ecosciences Precinct, Dutton Park, Queensland. Image courtesy of PHA

133 Table 50. National Diagnostic Protocols (as at 31 December 2011)

Scientific name Common name Status27 Scientific name Common name Status27 Agrilus planipennis Emerald ash borer Draft Dendroctonus frontalis Mountain pine beetle Draft Anastrepha spp., Bactrocera spp., Fruit flies (exotic and endemic FF handbook, Dendroctonus ponderosae Southern pine beetle Draft Ceratitis spp., Dacus spp., species of priority to Australia) Lucid key Dendroctonus valens Red turpentine beetle Draft Dirioxa spp. and Rhagoletis spp. Diaphorina citri Citrus psyllid Draft Bactericera cockerelli Potato tomato psyllid Draft Diuraphis noxia Russian wheat aphid Draft Banana bract mosaic virus Banana bract mosaic disease Draft (Potyvirus) Dysaphis plantaginea Rosy apple aphid Draft Bemisia tabaci Silver leaf white fly Lucid key Echinothrips americanus Poinsettia thrips Endorsed (NDP4) Blood disease bacterium Blood disease Draft Erionota thrax Banana skipper butterfly Draft Broad bean mottle virus Broad bean mottle virus Draft Erwinia amylovora Fireblight Draft (Bromovirus) European stone fruit yellows European stone fruit yellows Endorsed Broad bean stain virus (Comovirus) Broad bean stain virus Draft phytoplasma (NDP12) Broad bean true mosaic Broad bean true mosaic virus Draft Exotic aphids Exotic aphids Draft (Comovirus) Furoviruses and Bymoviruses Wheat soilborne viruses Draft Burkholderia glumae Panicle blight, Bacterial grain rot Draft (Wheat mosaic, Cereal mosaic, of rice Chinese mosaic virus, Wheat spindle streak and Wheat yellow Bursaphelenchus spp. including Pine wilt nematode, Pinewood Draft mosaic virus) B. xylophilus nematode species complex Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. ciceris Fusarium wilt of chickpea Draft Candidatus Liberobacter asiaticus Huanglongbing, Citrus greening Draft Fusarium oxysporum Panama disease Draft Candidatus Liberobacter Zebra chip Draft

MAINTAINING AUSTRALIA’S PLANT BIOSECURITY STATUS AUSTRALIA’S CHAPTER 3: MAINTAINING f. sp. cubense, Tropical Race 4 solanacearum Gibberella fujikuroi Bakanae Draft Ceratosystus ulmi Dutch elm disease Draft Globodera pallida Potato cyst nematode Draft Ceratovacuna lanigera Sugarcane woolly aphid Draft Globodera rostochiensis Potato cyst nematode Draft Cherry leaf roll virus (Nepovirus) Blackline Endorsed (NDP10) Guignadia bidwellii Black rot Endorsed (NDP13) Cicadulina mbila South African maize leafhopper Draft Homalodisca vitripennis Glassy winged sharpshooter Draft Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. Goss’s bacterial wilt Draft nebraskensis Leptinotarsa decemlineata Colorado potato beetle Draft Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. Bacterial ring rot of potato Endorsed (NDP8) Liriomyza bryoniae Tomato leaf miner Lucid key sepedonicus Liriomyza cicerina Chickpea leafminer Draft Colletotrichum truncatum Lentil anthracnose Draft Liriomyza huidobrensis Serpentine leafminer Draft (lentil strain) Liriomyza sativae American leafminer Lucid key Coryphodema tristis South African cossid moth Draft Liriomyza trifolii American serpentine leafminer Draft Cotton leaf curl virus (Begomovirus) Cotton leaf curl disease Draft Lissorhoptrus oryzophilus Rice water weevil Draft Cryphonectria parasitica Chestnut blight Endorsed (NDP11) Lymantria dispar Asian gypsy moth, Gypsy moth Draft complex Deanolis sublimbalis Red banded mango caterpillar adult Draft

134 Table 50. National Diagnostic Protocols (as at 31 December 2011)

Scientific name Common name Status27 Scientific name Common name Status27 Magnaporthe grisea Rice blast Endorsed Semiaphis dauci Carrot aphid Draft (NDP14) Sesamia grisescens Stem borer Draft Maize dwarf mosaic virus Maize dwarf mosaic virus Draft Sitobion avenae Wheat aphid Draft (Potyvirus) Stagonospora sacchari Leaf scorch Draft Monilinia fructigena Brown rot Endorsed (NDP1) Sternochetus frigidus Mango pulp weevil Draft Mycosphaerella eumusae Eumusae leaf spot Draft Sugarcane white leaf phytoplasma Sugarcane white leaf phytoplasma Draft Mycosphaerella fijiensis Black Sigatoka Draft Synchytrium endobioticum Potato wart Endorsed Neonectria ditissima European canker Draft (NDP16) Pantoea stewartii subsp. steartii Stewart’s wilt of maize Draft Tetranychidae spp. Spider mite Draft Pea early browning virus Pea early browning virus Draft Tetranychus desertorum Prickly pear spider mite Draft (Tobravirus) Tetranychus lombardinii Crimson spider mite Draft Pea enation mosaic virus Pea enation mosaic virus Draft (Enamovirus) Tetranychus pacificus Pacific spider mite Draft Pepino mosaic virus (Potexvirus) Pepino mosaic virus Draft Tetranychus piercei Spider mite Draft Peronosclerospora sacchari Sugarcane downy mildew Draft Tetranychus turkestani Strawberry spider mite Draft Phakopsora euvitis Grapevine leaf rust Draft Tilletia controversa Dwarf bunt of wheat Draft Phoma tracheiphila Mal Secco Draft Tilletia horrida (nee barclayana) Kernel smut of rice Draft Phytophthora ramorum Sudden oak death Endorsed (NDP5) Tilletia indica Karnal bunt Draft Plum pox virus (Potyvirus) Plum pox virus Endorsed (NDP2) Trioza erytreae African citrus psyllid Draft MAINTAINING AUSTRALIA’S PLANT BIOSECURITY STATUS AUSTRALIA’S CHAPTER 3: MAINTAINING Pomacea canaliculata Golden apple snail Draft Unknown Ramu stunt Draft Potato mop top virus (Pomovirus) Potato mop top virus Endorsed Wheat spindle streak mosaic virus Wheat spindle streak mosaic virus Draft (NDP15) (Bymovirus) Potato spindle tuber viroid Potato spindle tuber viroid Endorsed (NDP7) X disease phytoplasma Peach X disease Endorsed (Pospiviridae) (NDP17) Pseudomonas syringae Blister spot of apples Draft Xanthomonas ampelina Bacterial blight Draft pv. papulans Xanthomonas campestris Bacterial wilt Draft Puccinia psidii sensu lato Eucalyptus rust Draft pv. musacearum Puccinia striiformis f. sp. hordei Barley stripe rust Draft Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri Citrus canker Endorsed (NDP9) Ralstonia solanacearum Bacterial brown rot of potatoes Draft Xanthomonas fragariae Angular leaf spot Draft Ralstonia solanacearum Race 2 Moko, Bugtok Draft Xylella fastidiosa Pierce’s disease Endorsed (NDP6) Red clover vein mosaic virus Red clover vein mosaic virus Draft (Carlavirus) Roesleria subterranea Grape root rot Draft 27 Endorsed: the standard has been assessed by SPHDS and endorsed by PHC as a National Diagnostic Protocol. Scirtothrips aurantii South African citrus thrips Draft Draft: the standard has not yet been assessed and verified by SPHDS. Scirtothrips perseae Avocado thrips Endorsed (NDP3) FF handbook: included in the Australian Handbook for the Identification of Fruit Flies. Lucid key: only a lucid key for this species exists.

135 ON FARM BIOSECURITY The biosecurity manuals currently developed by PHA include: Communication and collaboration with grower groups is an important aspect of the • Biosecurity Induction Manual for Bundaberg Horticultural Farms (Version 1.0) protection of Australia’s plant biosecurity system. Effective communication of key • Biosecurity Manual for the Nursery Production Industry (Version 1.0) biosecurity issues enhances the establishment of practices that minimise the impact • Farm Biosecurity Manual for the Banana Industry (Version 1.0) of exotic plant pests and facilitate early detection. • Farm Biosecurity Manual for the Cotton Industry (Version 1.0) On farm biosecurity involves the implementation of activities at the farm level to protect • Farm Biosecurity Manual for the Grains Industry (Version 3.0) a property from the entry and spread of pests. Biosecurity procedures that are currently • Farm Biosecurity Manual for the Northern Adelaide Plains Vegetable implemented at the farm level include: Growers (Version 1.0) • Inspection and surveillance for pests • Orchard Biosecurity Manual for the Almond Industry (Version 1.0) • Limiting the impact of pests by selecting appropriate planting materials • Orchard Biosecurity Manual for the Apple and Pear Industry (Version 2.0) • Cleaning of equipment, vehicles and clothing between properties • Orchard Biosecurity Manual for the Avocado Industry (Version 1.0) • Removing or reporting volunteer or neglected plants • Orchard Biosecurity Manual for the Cherry Industry (Version 1.0) • Chemical control measures • Orchard Biosecurity Manual for the Citrus Industry (Version 1.0) • Control of pest vectors and alternative hosts • Orchard Biosecurity Manual for the Mango Industry (Version 1.0) • Destruction of crop residues • Orchard Biosecurity Manual for the Summerfruit Industry (Version 1.0) • Integration of biosecurity awareness into plant or product receipt, postharvest handling and transport procedures PHA has also partnered with Animal Health Australia in a joint communication and awareness campaign known as the Farm Biosecurity Program, which helps producers • Use of warning and information signs for biosecurity awareness

MAINTAINING AUSTRALIA’S PLANT BIOSECURITY STATUS AUSTRALIA’S CHAPTER 3: MAINTAINING identify and reduce the risks posed by exotic pests and poor biosecurity practices. • Use of dedicated equipment in high risk areas The program website, www.farmbiosecurity.com.au, provides an array of information • Restriction of people and vehicle movement in production areas including ways in which risks to farm production can be identified and minimised • Record keeping to monitor movement of people and equipment through simple farm management practices. • Reporting suspect pests to appropriate authorities • Including farm biosecurity in industry best management practice and quality assurance schemes • Encouraging good hive biosecurity practices by pollination service providers

PHA, in partnership with plant production industries and governments, has released a number of farm and orchard biosecurity manuals. These manuals are specifically tailored for growers and consultants, outlining simple and effective measures that can be incorporated into day-to-day operations that will improve biosecurity and help protect their industry from new and invasive pests.

Washing down farm equipment. Image courtesy of Weedstop 136 Case study: Grains Farm Biosecurity Program The Grains Farm Biosecurity Program is an initiative managed by PHA and administered by Grain Producers Australia. It exists to improve the management of, and preparedness for, biosecurity risks in the grains industry, on farm and through the supply chain.

Launched in 2007, the program is a partnership between the grains industry, state and territory governments and PHA. The program is funded through a combination of grain grower levies and contributions from state and territory primary industry agencies.

The program raises awareness of exotic pest threats to the grains industry among growers and other industry participants, and improves the ability to respond to them should they be detected in Australia. Industry leaders and advocates are regularly involved to assist in the communication of key messages and showcase biosecurity best practice. Grain growers are also provided with practical and expert training for the improvement of on farm biosecurity.

To help Australian grain growers ensure biosecurity is appropriately practiced on their properties Grains Biosecurity Officers are employed in NSW, Queensland, SA, Victoria and WA.

Grains Biosecurity Officers are a dedicated source of support to grain growers looking for information and assistance in improving on farm biosecurity. They promote the importance of biosecurity for maintaining productivity, profitability, sustainability, market access and ultimately grower livelihoods. In the event of a detection of a serious pest threat to the grains industry, the Grains Biosecurity Officers are on hand to provide expert assistance. Their role includes aiding the design and implementation of response measures in the event of a pest incursion, fulfilling

designated liaison and coordination functions for industry under the EPPRD, and delivering rapid PLANT BIOSECURITY STATUS AUSTRALIA’S CHAPTER 3: MAINTAINING industry training.

Specifically, Grains Biosecurity Officers help grain growers by: • Assisting with emergency response in the event of a new pest incursion in the grains industry • Encouraging practice reform on farm to improve biosecurity status • Raising awareness of biosecurity, including the threat of exotic pests and the implementation of good farm hygiene practice • Promoting grains industry champions (individuals and groups), influential leaders and advocates of good biosecurity practice • Informing people about the EPPRD, the role of PHA and the exotic plant pest hotline • Contributing pest status data into the NPSRT to support recognition of ‘Area Freedom’ status internationally (Section 3.3, page 115)

The Grains Farm Biosecurity Program is an example of the government–industry partnership in action, improving plant biosecurity from the ground up.

Image courtesy of Jim Moran, DPI Vic

137 COMMUNICATION AND AWARENESS Responsibilities for biosecurity communication activities (both risk mitigation and incursion response) vary across jurisdictions. The Australian Government is primarily responsible for presenting messages about quarantine and border protection, while state and territory governments, together with industry, focus on regional and on farm biosecurity messages.

Biosecurity communications and awareness program Plant industries are becoming increasingly involved in biosecurity communications in an effort to mitigate pest risks through heightened awareness and improved practices. These industries are looking for guidance in developing communication strategies that complement the work being undertaken by others, and in identifying specific tactics that have been shown to be most effective in achieving desired outcomes.

To meet this need, PHA has developed a communication toolkit to help industry organisations communicate biosecurity messages to growers and encourage the uptake of practices that increase on farm biosecurity.

Case study: Fight to destroy a weed menace Bridal creeper (Asparagus asparagoides) is a South African plant introduced into

MAINTAINING AUSTRALIA’S PLANT BIOSECURITY STATUS AUSTRALIA’S MAINTAINING Australia in 1857 as an ornamental plant and has since become one of Australia’s worst weeds, now listed as a WoNS. The weed is spread by birds and other animals, rapidly distributing over vast distances. Unlike many other weeds, Bridal creeper can readily establish in undisturbed areas, invading native bushlands and wetlands, outcompeting native plants and destroying animal habitats. CHAPTER 3: In 2011, the South Coast NRM in WA initiated a biological control program that involves spraying the weed with a solution containing a fungal rust species, Puccinia myrsiphylli, which is pathogenic only to Bridal creeper. Therefore, native plants are not affected by the release of the fungus. The South Coast NRM biological control program encourages members of the community to spread the rust to unaffected plants, by making a solution from spores collected from infected plants and spraying this onto other Bridal creeper plants. The rust attaches to the weed and reduces photosynthetic area, resulting in leaf drop, reduced flower and fruit production and eventual death of the plant. Wind and rain also spreads the rust spores naturally. It is hoped that the release of this rust and the distribution program will help to significantly reduce the impact of Bridal creeper in WA, and if successful it will be introduced into other affected areas. South Coast NRM can provide residents with a rust kit, which contains spray equipment and an information pack detailing the locations of known rust ‘release sites’. Further information about this program can be found at www.southcoastnrm.com.au.

138 Image courtesy of Anthony Tesselaar Case study: Champions of on farm biosecurity Further to these processes, Birdwood Nursery was the first fruit tree nursery in Australia In 2011, Sandra and Peter Young’s approach to biosecurity at Queensland’s leading to be accredited for BioSecure HACCP, which is an Australian production nurseries tropical and subtropical fruit production nursery, Birdwood Nursery, made them worthy accreditation scheme. winners in the plant category of the Australian Biosecurity Farmer of the Year Award. This award, sponsored by PHA and Animal Health Australia, is an annual initiative to Mr Young views his business as providing a service to the fruit industry, as he is recognise farmers who are biosecurity focused and demonstrate initiative and very much aware that the livelihood of growers depends on the quality of the stock motivation to address potential pest threats to their enterprises. that he provides. In return, a sound on farm biosecurity program has become part of his nursery’s brand identity and helps to maintain market access and to open The Youngs started producing avocado stock over thirty years ago, and this has grown new business opportunities. to a list of over 150,000 trees produced annually, which reads more like a fruit salad recipe, including mango, kiwifruit, passionfruit, apples, pears and a range of stone fruit Judges for the award were impressed by the clear passion for their business and and citrus. the pride they take in being industry advocates for biosecurity was clearly evident.

Farm biosecurity has always been at the forefront of Birdwood Nursery operations to The Australian Biosecurity Farmer of the Year Award not only serves to recognise the ensure a supply of good quality, healthy fruit trees to growers. The nursery was involved efforts of producers, but also to educate and inspire other producers who are yet to in pioneering a nursery industry accreditation scheme and in 2006 became one of the realise the positive impact good biosecurity practices have on productivity, product first nurseries to achieve EcoHort certification. Birdwood Nursery grow all of their tree quality and trade. stock under the Avocado Nursery Voluntary Accreditation Scheme guidelines.

To prevent pests, all plants are grown in containers on benches in a steam-pasteurised growing mix and watered with disinfected (chlorinated) water. This is supported by sound record keeping at critical points in the plant production process and allows plants to be traced from entry to the nursery all the way to despatch. Samples of plant roots and soil are also regularly tested for diseases. MAINTAINING AUSTRALIA’S PLANT BIOSECURITY STATUS AUSTRALIA’S CHAPTER 3: MAINTAINING

Image courtesy of PHA Image courtesy of Avocados Australia

139 INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY TOOLS AND NETWORKS The Atlas of Living Australia SUPPORTING THE PLANT BIOSECURITY SYSTEM www.ala.org.au The Atlas of Living Australia (ALA) contains information on all known species in Australia Information and data management systems provide people and organisations with the aggregated from a wide range of data providers including museums, herbaria, community tools to carry out their work more effectively and efficiently. In terms of plant biosecurity, groups, government departments, individuals and universities. information systems may be as simple as handwritten logs containing the results of a pest survey or as complex as web-based emergency response management systems. ALA was initiated by a group of 14 organisations with the intent to create a national database of Australia’s living species that could be accessed through a single, easy to use Information management underpins many of the key activities required to maintain web site. Information available on the website can be used to improve our understanding a successful, world class plant biosecurity system. of Australian biodiversity, assist researchers to build a more detailed picture of Australia’s biodiversity and to assist environmental managers and policy makers develop effective The Australian Plant Pest Database ways of managing and sustaining Australia’s level of biodiversity. www.planthealthaustralia.com.au/appd Collections of insects, pathogens and other plant pests are kept by a range of The Australian Biosecurity Intelligence Network organisations, including museums, scientific institutions and government departments. www.abin.org.au These collections contain voucher specimens28 that are used for diagnostic reference The Australian Biosecurity Intelligence Network (ABIN) has been specifically designed to samples or as a register of collected pest species. strengthen the collaborative approach across Australian biosecurity organisations. Key The Australian Plant Pest Database (APPD) is a national online database that provides policy objectives involve ‘integration of IT systems’ and being able to ‘access distributed access to over one and a half million records held in 19 collections from around the country, sources of data and expertise’. It is a unique, secure, national infrastructure platform that thus enabling rapid location of voucher specimens of important plant pests. APPD through integration of existing IT information systems, filling the infrastructure gaps, and supports critical decision making during emergency responses to incursions, supports providing a means to access distributed sources of data and expertise, will help to achieve bids for market access and validates phytosanitary measures. a collaborative, integrated national biosecurity system. ABIN is working in partnership with the biosecurity community to: The Pest and Disease Image Library • Identify the efficiencies and opportunities that come from linking existing infrastructure

MAINTAINING AUSTRALIA’S PLANT BIOSECURITY STATUS AUSTRALIA’S CHAPTER 3: MAINTAINING www.padil.gov.au • Share the cost of maintaining, upgrading and training in use of infrastructure that The Pest and Disease Image Library (PaDIL) is a suite of online tools that support plant supports national arrangements pest diagnostics. The core of PaDIL is an image library containing high quality colour diagnostic images, linked to key information, for a range of pests that pose a potential • Rationalise and broaden its use to benefit less resourced areas thereby strengthening plant biosecurity threat to Australia. The traditional pest images contained within the the overall biosecurity system image library are now complimented by a range of biodiversity focused collections, including Australian pollinators and butterflies of Australia. ABIN’s mission is to strengthen Australia’s biosecurity research, surveillance, diagnostic and response capability by enabling researchers, industry and governments to collaborate, In addition to the image libraries, PaDIL also contains the Plant Biosecurity Toolbox (PBT) share data and information and generate intelligence using tools and technologies made and the Remote Microscope Diagnostics (RMD) portal. The PBT provides detailed available through ABIN’s secure online workspace. diagnostic information for a number of Australia’s HPPs, linked with other related and valuable information about the pests. The information in the PBT compliments ABIN was established under the Australian Government’s National Collaborative Research the image library and provide a valuable diagnostic resource. The RMD portal facilitates Infrastructure Strategy to strengthen Australia’s biosecurity system and reflect the trend pest identification by connecting microscopes with computers over the internet, allowing across the world to adopt a unified approach towards biosecurity. users to share live images with experts in real time around the world.

PaDIL is a joint initiative involving CRCNPB, DAFF Biosecurity, DAFWA, DEEDI, NSW DPI, the Museum of Victoria, PHA and Queensland University of Technology (QUT).

28 A voucher specimen is one that is archived in a permanent collection. It serves as physical evidence of occurrence at a time and place.

140 MAINTAINING AUSTRALIA’S PLANT BIOSECURITY STATUS AUSTRALIA’S MAINTAINING CHAPTER 3:

Image courtesy of Summerfruit Australia 141 142 Chapter 4 Managing plant biosecurity emergencies

Image courtesy of PHA 4.1 The Emergency Plant Pest Response Deed

Australia has a world class The Emergency Plant Pest Response Deed (EPPRD)29 is a formal, legally binding agreement between PHA, the Australian biosecurity system, but as long as Government, all state and territory governments, and 27 plant industry Parties30, which covers the management and trade and people movement are funding of eradication responses to Emergency Plant Pest (EPP) Incidents. The EPPRD, of which PHA is the custodian, came into effect on the 26 October 2005. allowed, there will never be zero risk of new plant pests entering the The EPPRD formally articulates the industry and government roles in the decision making and operational processes of country. Pests can also be spread to EPP eradication responses. Under the EPPRD, government and plant industry Parties share the costs of eradicating EPPs Australia through natural means, based on an assessment of the relative private and public benefits of eradication. The EPPRD is designed to ensure a rapid and effective response, while giving certainty to management and funding arrangements. such as wind and water currents. Therefore, the ability to rapidly and No single Party is exclusively responsible for decision making under the EPPRD. Decisions are made by the three effectively respond to an incursion of committees, as described below, with government and industry representation drawn from Parties who are Affected an exotic plant pest through by the Incident31. eradication or containment is an For a pest to be covered by the EPPRD, it must be an EPP32, and thus must be a Plant Pest listed in Schedule 13 essential component of Australia’s of the EPPRD33 or determined by the Categorisation Group to meet one of the following criteria: plant biosecurity system. • A known exotic plant pest that could have an adverse economic impact regionally and/or nationally if established in Australia This chapter provides an overview • A variant form of an established plant pest which can be distinguished by appropriate investigative methods, CHAPTER 4: MANAGING PLANT BIOSECURITY EMERGENCIES of the arrangements and activities in and could have an adverse economic impact regionally and/or nationally if established in Australia place to effectively respond to new • A serious plant pest of unknown or uncertain origin which may be an entirely new plant pest, or one listed in plant pest threats in Australia. Schedule 13 of the EPPRD • A plant pest of potential economic importance to the area endangered and not yet present there or being officially controlled

In 2010, variations were made to the EPPRD to complete the transition of honeybees and their pests from the Emergency Animal Disease Response Agreement (EADRA) to the EPPRD. As a result, emergency responses to these pests are now run under the EPPRD framework, with the recognition that both the honeybee and pollination-dependent industries are potentially Affected. To support this transition, PHA continues to work with the honeybee industry to develop an IBP, identify and categorise HPPs, and develop contingency plans that fit under PLANTPLAN guidelines.

29 The EPPRD can be downloaded from www.planthealthaustralia.com.au/epprd 30 A Party is defined as an entity that (a) has executed this Deed, or has executed a Deed of Accession in accordance with Clause 3; and (b) has not withdrawn from or been removed from this Deed. 31 Incident is defined as the occurrence of a confirmed or reasonably held suspicion of an EPP or of an uncategorised Plant Pest which is reasonably believed to be an EPP 32 The full definition of an EPP can be found in Clause 1 of the EPPRD 33 Schedule 13 of the EPPRD identifies EPPs that have been categorised and agreed by Relevant Parties to be listed in the EPPRD 144 NATIONAL MANAGEMENT GROUP The National Management Group (NMG) is responsible for making the key decisions in the response to an EPP incursion under the EPPRD. The group is formed when an EPP Incident is identified. It consists of representatives from all Affected Government and Industry Parties who have signed the EPPRD. The group is responsible for approving a Response Plan, including the budget if it is agreed that eradication is feasible and cost beneficial. The NMG is advised on technical matters by the Consultative Committee on Emergency Plant Pests (CCEPP).

CONSULTATIVE COMMITTEE ON EMERGENCY PLANT PESTS The CCEPP is a technical committee that advises the NMG on EPP incursion management responses. Similar to the NMG, the CCEPP is formed when an Incident occurs or is suspected and consists of the Australian Chief Plant Protection Officer, all state and territory MANAGING PLANT BIOSECURITY EMERGENCIES Chief Plant Health Managers, as well as nominated representatives from each Affected Industry Party. The CCEPP is responsible for assessing the grounds for eradication and for providing the technical advice needed for decision making. A Scientific Advisory Panel

(SAP) may be convened by the CCEPP to review and provide advice on specific technical CHAPTER 4: matters.

EMERGENCY PLANT PEST CATEGORISATION GROUP The Emergency Plant Pest Categorisation Group is responsible for determining the formal Category of an EPP. An EPP’s Category is based on the public versus private benefit of eradication only, not the importance of eradication of the EPP. Each Category has an associated cost sharing split, reflecting the benefits of the eradication between government and industry Parties for use in an emergency response. There are four possible Categories: • Category 1 – 100% government funded • Category 2 – 80% government, 20% industry funded • Category 3 – 50% government, 50% industry funded • Category 4 – 20% government, 80% industry funded

The Categorisation Group comprises nominated representatives from the Affected Parties, relevant technical and economic experts and an independent Chair from PHA.

Image courtesy of PHA 145 Case study: Transition to management programs What happens when a pest eradication program is declared no longer technically feasible? The key elements of the AHBT2M Program are: In these cases, NBC has recognised the need for nationally agreed and consistent • To develop public awareness information arrangements to be put in place and have consequently developed “Transition to • To develop and adopt tools and strategies to control AHB Management” guidelines. These guidelines are being trialled with a number of former eradication programs, including Asian honey bees (AHB) and Myrtle rust, which are being • Develop methods to suppress AHB within commercial beekeeping areas managed by PHA on behalf of DAFF. • Develop environmentally friendly AHB suppression methods • To optimise strategies that provide early detection of new incursions of AHB Asian honey bee • To develop and maintain critical intervention points and processes which are aimed AHB (Apis cerana) was first detected in Cairns, Queensland, in May 2007. An eradication at reducing the long distance spread of AHB through transport facilities and other program was immediately commenced, funded initially by the Queensland government. risk pathways The NMG subsequently agreed to national cost sharing of the program between 1 July 2009 and 31 March 2011. Following a re-evaluation of the program, it was agreed by the An AHB Transition to Management Group (AHBTMG) has been established to oversee the NMG in January 2011 that eradication was no longer technically feasible, but that further implementation of the AHBT2M Program, monitor its delivery, and ensure that program action was warranted on a national scale to mitigate the potential impact of AHB. outcomes are achieved. The AHBTMG will also ensure appropriate integration of activities as transition progresses. The AHBTMG is chaired by DAFF and consists of senior As a result, the Australian Government agreed to invest $2 million from July 2011 to June representatives from DAFF, Biosecurity Queensland and AHBIC. 2013 in an AHB Transition to Management (AHBT2M) Program. The aim of this program is to progress a transition from eradication into managing AHB effectively as it becomes more In November 2011, an AHB Scientific Advisory Group (AHBSAG) was established to widely established in Australia. The AHBT2M Program will be conducted in partnership with provide technical advice on specific scientific matters to the AHBTMG. The AHBSAG is Biosecurity Queensland and the Australian Honey Bee Industry Council (AHBIC), both of comprised of scientists and industry experts with relevant expertise and is chaired by PHA. which will also contribute funding. CHAPTER 4: MANAGING PLANT BIOSECURITY EMERGENCIES The AHBT2M Program will be delivered through a range of project specific action plans which will be conducted by Biosecurity Queensland. The planned activities will engage individuals, communities, local government, agriculture and environment agencies, production and service industries in developing knowledge, tools, strategies and actions to cope with the ongoing presence of AHB with a view to mitigating the social, environmental and economic impacts of the pest.

Access to information, techniques and resources to facilitate this response will provide for effective ongoing management by individuals, communities, local government and industries, without government intervention. Funding provided to the AHBT2M Program by AHBIC will be used to fund and facilitate research on developing management strategies and suppression techniques of AHB that will assist the honey bee industry to manage the impacts of AHB.

Image courtesy of PHA

146 Myrtle rust As with the AHB, a Myrtle rust Transition to Management Group (MRTMG) has been Myrtle rust (Puccinia psidii sensu lato) was first detected on a cut flower growing property established to oversee the implementation of the MRT2M Program, monitor its delivery, in New South Wales in April 2010. Despite the activities of the eradication program in place and ensure that Program outcomes are achieved. The MRTMG is chaired by DAFF and since its detection, Myrtle rust spread into several nature reserves and state forests through consists of senior representatives from DAFF, Biosecurity Queensland, NSW DPI, and NSW and Queensland. As a result, the Myrtle rust NMG agreed in December 2010 that DPI Vic, as well as SEWPaC, the Department of Environment and Resource Management, eradication was not technically feasible. As with AHB, a need for ongoing management Queensland, the NSW Office of Environment and Heritage, and the Department to reduce potential impacts on the environment, the community, and affected industries, of Sustainability and Environment, Victoria. was identified. A Myrtle rust Scientific Advisory Group (MRSAG) was established to provide technical As such, the Australian Government is investing $1.5 million from July 2011 to June 2013 advice on specific scientific matters to the MRTMG. The MRSAG is comprised of in a Myrtle rust Transition to Management (MRT2M) Program. The MRT2M Program will be scientists with relevant expertise and is chaired by PHA. delivered through a range of research projects aimed at providing information and tools to For further information on the AHBT2M and MRT2M Programs, please see the enable communities and industries to mitigate the impacts of Myrtle rust in natural, urban, AHBT2M and MRT2M program websites (http://asianhoneybee.net.au and and primary production environments. http://myrtlerust.net.au). In addition to the Australian Government’s investment in the MRT2M Program, a number of state governments and research organisations are undertaking complementary work. Biosecurity Queensland plans to fund activities which focus on increasing knowledge of Myrtle rust impacts under local conditions, which will be supported by community engagement activities. Research organisations, such as RIRDC and CRCNPB, together with the tea tree industry, are also funding complementary research on managing the

impact of Myrtle rust. CHAPTER 4: MANAGING PLANT BIOSECURITY EMERGENCIES

The key elements of the MRT2M Program are: • A set of national communication activities to help stakeholders understand and adjust to the presence of Myrtle rust, with a view to enabling long-term management strategies • Targeted surveillance in non-infected areas for early detection of new infections • Collection of samples of related species from fungal collections around the world to determine the phylogenetic relationship between Myrtle rust and other members of the Guava rust complex • Full genome sequencing to allow the development of a new molecular based diagnostic protocol for Myrtle rust and other members of the Guava rust complex • Screening of key environmental and commercial host species for susceptibility to Myrtle rust, with the aim of identifiying resistant species • Research to determine the impact of Myrtle rust in native and commercial environments • Better understanding of the genetic basis for host plant resistance • The development of data for registration of chemicals for the control of Myrtle rust • Investigation of the feasibility of establishing a national resistance screening facility to develop breeding programs for beneficial species

Myrtle Rust on brush turpentine in native bushland in NSW. Image courtesy of Angus Carnegie, DPI NSW

147 4.2 PLANTPLAN

PLANTPLAN34 underpins the EPPRD as part of Schedule 5 and is endorsed by all EPPRD signatories. PLANTPLAN is the agreed technical response plan used by governments and industries in responding to an EPP incident. It provides nationally consistent guidelines for response procedures under the EPPRD, outlining the phases of an incursion (investigation, alert, operational and stand down), as well as the key roles and responsibilities of industry and government during each of these phases. It incorporates best practice in EPP responses and is updated regularly to incorporate new information or address gaps identified by the outcomes of EPP incident reviews. PHA manages the continued development and maintenance of PLANTPLAN on behalf of government and industry.

PLANTPLAN is supported by individual industry biosecurity planning, operational response and preparedness procedures, training that covers industry and pest specific information, risk mitigation activities and contingency plans. MANAGING PLANT BIOSECURITY EMERGENCIES CONTINGENCY PLANNING Contingency plans contain background information on biology, surveillance, control measures and destruction strategies for exotic plant pests. The information contained

CHAPTER 4: within these plans enables the quick development of an effective Response Plan in the event of an incursion. Contingency plans for the management of over 90 pests or pest groups have been developed by industry and government in Australia (Table 51).

34 PLANTPLAN can be found at www.planthealthaustralia.com.au/plantplan. 148 Table 51. Contingency plans available for priority plant pests in Australia

Pest scientific name Pest common name Year Location of document Scope Achatina fulica Giant African snail 2002 DEEDI State Agromyza ambigua, A. megalopsis, Cereal leafminers 2009 PHA National – grains industry Cerodontha denticornis, Chromatomyia fuscula, C. nigra Alternaria humicola Leaf spot 2009 PHA National – grains industry Alternaria triticina Leaf blight of wheat 2009 PHA National – grains industry Anoplophora chinensis Citrus longicorn beetle 2009 PHA National – production nurseries Atherigona soccata Sorghum shoot fly 2008 PHA National – grains industry Bactericera cockerelli, Candidatus Liberibacter Zebra chip complex Draft HAL National – vegetable and potato solanacearum (syn. Ca. L. psyllaurous) industries Bactrocera cucurbitae Melon fly 1999 DEEDI National Bactrocera papayae Papaya fruit fly 1999 DEEDI National Bactrocera spp. Fruit flies 2001 DEEDI State Bactrocera papaya, B. tryoni, Ceratitis capitata Papaya fruit fly, Queensland fruit fly, PIRSA State Mediterranean fruit fly Bactrocera tryoni, Ceratitis capitata Queensland fruit fly, Mediterranean fruit fly DPIPWE State Bactrocera tryoni, Ceratitis capitata, exotic species Fruit flies PIRSA State

Barley stripe mosaic virus (Hordevirus) Barley stripe mosaic virus 2008 PHA National – grains industry CHAPTER 4: MANAGING PLANT BIOSECURITY EMERGENCIES Bemisia tabaci, Trialeurodes vaporariorum and White fly transmitted viruses 2010 PHA National – production nurseries T. abutilonia transmitted viruses (Beet pseudo-yellows virus (Closterovirus), Diodia vein chlorosis virus (Closterovirus), Lettuce infectious yellows virus (Crinivirus), Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (Begomovirus)) Bipolaris spicifera Leaf blotch of cereals 2009 PHA National – grains industry Burkholderia glumae Panicle blight/Bacterial grain rot of rice 2005 Charles Sturt University National – rice industry Cephus pygmeus European wheat stem sawfly 2008 PHA National – grains industry Ceratocystis ulmi Dutch elm disease 2001 DPI Vic State Chilo partellus Spotted stem borer 2009 PHA National – grains industry Chilo spp. Sugarcane stem borer 2008 BSES National – sugarcane industry Chortoicetes terminifera Plague locusts 2010 PIRSA State Chrysanthemum stem necrosis virus (Tospovirus), Thrips transmitted viruses 2011 PHA National – production nurseries Tomato spotted wilt virus (Tospovirus), Impatiens necrotic ringspot virus (Tospovirus), Pelargonium flower break virus (Tombusviridae) Colletotrichum lupini Lupin anthracnose 2000 NSW DPI State Colletotrichum truncatum (lentil strain) Lentil anthracnose 2008 PHA National – grains industry Cryphonectria parasitica Chestnut blight 2010 DPI Vic State – chestnut industry 149 Table 51. Contingency plans available for priority plant pests in Australia

Pest scientific name Pest common name Year Location of document Scope Daktulosphaira vitifolii Grape phylloxera 2010 PIRSA State – viticulture industry Deanolis sublimbalis Red banded mango caterpillar adult 2001 DEEDI State Diatraea spp. Sugarcane borer 2008 BSES National – sugarcane industry Diuraphis noxia Russian wheat aphid 2005 DAFWA National – grains industry Dorysthenes buqueti Sugarcane longhorn stemborer 2009 BSES National – sugarcane industry Echinothrips americanus Poinsettia thrips 2010 PHA National – production nurseries Eldana saccharina African sugarcane moth borer 2008 BSES National – sugarcane industry Eoreuma loftini Mexican rice borer 2008 BSES National – sugarcane industry Erwinia amylovora Fire blight 1997 NSW DPI State Erwinia amylovora Fire blight 2002 DPI Vic State Erwinia amylovora (and its impact on honey bees) Fire blight DPIPWE State – honey bee industry Eumetopina flavipes Island sugarcane planthopper 2009 BSES National – sugarcane industry Eurygaster integriceps Sunn pest 2008 PHA National – grains industry Fulmekiola serrata Oriental sugarcane thrips 2009 BSES National – sugarcane industry Fusarium circinatum Pitch canker 2003 National

CHAPTER 4: MANAGING PLANT BIOSECURITY EMERGENCIES Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. ciceris, F. oxysporum f. sp. Fusarium wilts of chickpea, lentil, lupin 2009 PHA National – grains industry lentis, F. oxysporum f. sp. lupini Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. conglutinans Fusarium wilt of canola 2007 PHA National – grains industry Gibberella fujikuroi Bakanae 2005 NSW DPI National – rice industry Globodera pallida Potato cyst nematode DPIPWE State Globodera rostochiensis Potato cyst nematode 2002 DPI Vic National Helicoverpa zea Corn earworm 2009 PHA National – grains industry Heterodera carotae Carrot cyst nematode 2008 DAFWA National – vegetable industry Homalodisca vitripennis Glassy winged sharpshooter 2009 PHA National – production nurseries Hylotrupe bajulus European house borer 2006 DAFWA State Liberobacter asiaticus Huanglongbing/Citrus greening Draft DAFF National – citrus industry Liriomyza bryoniae, L. huidobrensis, L. sativa, L. trifolii, Agromyzid leafminers DEEDI, HAL National Chromatomyia horticola Liriomyza bryoniae, L. cicerina, L. huidobrensis, Agromyzid leafminers 2008 PHA National – grains industry L. sativae, L. trifolii, Chromatomyia horticola Liriomyza huidobrensis Serpentine leaf miner 2009 PHA National – production nurseries Lissorhoptrus oryzophilus Rice water weevil 2005 NSW DPI National – rice industry Lygus lineolaris Tarnished plant bug 2011 PHA National – production nurseries

150 Table 51. Contingency plans available for priority plant pests in Australia

Pest scientific name Pest common name Year Location of document Scope Lymantria dispar Asian gypsy moth/gypsy moth complex 2002 DAFF, NSW DPI National Lymantria dispar dispar Asian gypsy moth (Asian and European strains) 2009 PHA National – production nurseries Magnaporthe grisea Rice blast 2005 DAFWA, NSW DPI National – rice industry Maize dwarf mosaic virus (Potyvirus) Maize dwarf mosaic virus 2011 PHA National – grains industry Mayetiola destructor Hessian fly 2005 DAFWA National – grains industry Mayetiola hordei Barley stem gall midge 2008 PHA National – grains industry Meromyza saltatrix Wheat stem maggot 2009 PHA National – grains industry Mycosphaerella fijiensis Black Sigatoka 1999 DEEDI State Nysius huttoni Wheat bug 2008 PHA National – grains industry Peronosclerospora philippinensis, P. sorghi Downy mildew of maize and sorghum 2009 PHA National – grains industry Peronospora hyoscyami Tobacco blue mould DPIPWE State Phakopsora euvitis Grapevine leaf rust 2006 DEEDI National Phyllophaga spp. May beetle 2008 PHA National – grains industry Phytophthora ramorum Sudden oak death 2009 PHA National – production nurseries Plum pox virus (Potyvirus) Plum pox virus 2000 DAFF National

Plum pox virus (Potyvirus), Tobacco etch virus (Potyvirus) Aphid transmitted viruses 2011 PHA National – production nurseries CHAPTER 4: MANAGING PLANT BIOSECURITY EMERGENCIES Pomacea canaliculata Golden apple snail 2005 National – rice industry Potato spindle tuber viroid (Pospiviroid) Potato spindle tuber viroid 2002 DoR National Psila rosae Carrot rust fly 2009 DAFWA, HAL National – vegetable industry Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici (pathotype Ug99) Wheat stem rust, pathotype Ug99 2009 PHA National – grains industry Puccinia psidii sensu lato Guava (eucalyptus) rust 2006 DAFF National – forestry Puccinia psidii sensu lato Guava (eucalyptus) rust 2009 PHA National – production nurseries Puccinia striiformis f. sp. hordei Barley stripe rust 2010 NSW DPI, PHA National – grains industry Pyrenophora teres f. sp. teres (resistant strains) Net form of net blotch 2009 PHA National – grains industry Red clover mosaic virus (Carlavirus) Red clover mosaic virus 2008 PHA National – grains industry Scirpophaga spp. Top borer 2008 BSES National – sugarcane industry Sesamia spp. Sugarcane and maize borers 2008 BSES National – sugarcane industry Sitibion avenae Wheat aphid 2009 PHA National – grains industry Sitona spp. complex, especially S. lineatus Pea leaf weevil/Pea and bean weevil 2008 DAFWA National – grains industry Tilletia barclayana Kernel smut of rice 2005 CSU National – rice industry Tilletia contraversa Dwarf bunt of wheat 2007 DAFWA National – grains industry Tilletia indica Karnal bunt 2006 DAFWA, NSW DPI National – grains industry

151 Table 51. Contingency plans available for priority plant pests in Australia

Pest scientific name Pest common name Year Location of document Scope Trogoderma granarium Khapra beetle 2005 DAFWA National – grains industry Uromyces pisi, U. viciae-fabae Field pea and lentil rusts 2009 PHA National – grains industry Ustilago scitaminea Sugarcane smut 1997 BSES National – sugarcane industry Venturia inaequalis Apple scab fungus 1992 DAFWA State Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri Citrus canker 2006 DEEDI State – citrus industry Xyllela fasidiosa Pierce’s disease 2002 DPI Vic National – viticulture industry Xyllela fasidiosa Pierce’s disease 2011 PHA National – production nurseries Stored product pests DAFWA National Emergency Plant Pests 2010 PIRSA State

TRAINING Having sufficient appropriately trained personnel is essential to effectively undertake an Biosecurity Online Training (BOLT) is an online version of the National EPP Training emergency response to a new plant pest. Trained personnel are required at all levels of Program, which provides information on the key elements of the EPPRD and the a response, from members of the national decision making committees through to the obligations of Parties. surveillance officers carrying out field activities, and including representatives from both CHAPTER 4: MANAGING PLANT BIOSECURITY EMERGENCIES industry and government. Currently, there are two modules available: • Foundation – A summary of the plant biosecurity system and the EPPRD Delivery of this specialist training is provided by a range of organisations, including PHA, • Reporting a suspect EPP – When and how to report a new plant pest state government agencies, the CRCNPB and plant production peak industry bodies. Training is offered in the form of short presentations through to complete postgraduate Access to BOLT is through www.planthealthaustralia.com.au/training. degrees.

Plant Biosecurity Program National EPP Training Program Online training also extends through to postgraduate studies with the Plant Biosecurity PHA conducts the National EPP Training Program on behalf of its Members, to industry Program (www.plantbiosecurity.edu.au) which is coordinated by CRCNPB and supported and government representatives, growers and other biosecurity stakeholders. The aim of by DAFF. this program is to highlight the key elements of the EPPRD and PLANTPLAN to Members and ensure they are aware of their roles and obligations as EPPRD Parties. Through this The Plant Biosecurity Program is delivered through four Australian universities: Charles approach, PHA helps Members understand their role in a plant pest emergency response. Darwin University, La Trobe University, Murdoch University and the University of Adelaide. Students can undertake a graduate certificate, graduate diploma or masters in plant The key role of this program is to facilitate EPPRD Parties in meeting their requirements biosecurity. of maintaining trained personnel and engaging appropriately in the response to EPP detections that impact their industry or organisation. Enrolments in the program continue to increase, indicating that online delivery has a central role to play in the future of plant biosecurity training.

152 BIOSECURITY SURVEILLANCE INCIDENT RESPONSE AND TRACING The National Biosecurity Surveillance, Incident, Response and Tracing (BioSIRT) Program seeks to eliminate information barriers and provide national consistency of information to enhance emergency response and routine surveillance and control of pests that threaten agriculture, the environment and social amenity.

The program supports the development and implementation of the BioSIRT software application used across Australia to enable better management of information and resources for the management of animal and plant pests and emergency responses to incursions. It is a web based application that incorporates both spatial and textual data.

BioSIRT meets a need for a more effective and nationally coordinated approach both in routine biosecurity activities and in response to emergency incidents. The BioSIRT project was established in May 2002 and management of the program transferred to the Commonwealth in 2008. With the agreement of the Standing Committee on Primary Industries (SCoPI), the Australian Government and state and territory governments collaborate and share costs of the National BioSIRT Program. MANAGING PLANT BIOSECURITY EMERGENCIES

BioSIRT enables information relating to routine activities or emergency response – such as the location of animal and plant pests – to be recorded and reported. This facilitates more coordinated responses and national consistency in managing emergency incidents. CHAPTER 4:

The National BioSIRT Program aims to achieve the following outcomes: • Reduce the time taken to act or decide on action to be taken during an emergency response thus reducing the impact of incursions • Support industry sustainability and market access by increasing capacity to report pest status • Reduce duplication across animal and plant emergency response and routine biosecurity activities resulting in operational efficiency and savings

The BioSIRT application was first released in September 2008, the current version, v3.0, was released in July 2011. All jurisdictions, with the exception of the ACT, have achieved emergency ready status.

153 154 Chapter 5 Innovation, research and development 5.1 Research and development in association with the Australian Government

Australia invests significant resources into The Australian Government currently contributes to a variety of plant biosecurity Research and Development (R&D) to ensure related R&D activities. This occurs predominately through DAFF and other Australian its biosecurity system has access to the latest Government departments, such as the Department of Innovation, Industry, Science and Research (DIISR), SEWPaC and DFAT. technologies in a way that is applicable to its environmental conditions. Through this Figure 75 illustrates the linkages between organisations involved in plant biosecurity R&D. investment, the biosecurity system is constantly improved and the developments can be focused on the specific threats that face plant production industries in this country and other ongoing challenges associated with plant biosecurity.

Currently, R&D activities are conducted

INNOVATION, RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT CHAPTER 5: INNOVATION, and coordinated by CSIRO, Research and Development Corporations (RDCs), Cooperative Research Centres (CRCs), Australian government, state and territory agencies as well as universities and private organisations.

This chapter summarises some of the key organisations involved in plant biosecurity R&D and lists the projects active in 2011.

156 Figure 75. Relationships between organisations involved in plant biosecurity research and development (as at 31 December 2011)35

Department of Foreign Affairs Department of Agriculture, Department of Innovation, Department of Sustainability, and Trade Fisheries and Forestry Industry, Science and Research Environment, Water, Population and Communities

National Commonwealth Australian Centre Australian Research and Australian Cooperative Commonwealth for International Agency for Collaborative Scientific and Environment Development Research Research Research Industrial Agricultural International Corporations Council Centres Research Research Development Infrastructure Research Facilities Strategy Organisation INNOVATION, RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT CHAPTER 5: INNOVATION,

Centres of Universities State and Territory Departments Industries Excellence

35 Adapted from Hergenhan, R. (2007) Stocktake report of Australian Government Funded Plant Health Research and Development Activities. DAFF, Canberra.

157 AUSTRALIAN GOVERNMENT STATUTORY AUTHORITIES AND AGENCIES INVOLVED IN RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT

Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research www.aciar.gov.au The Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research (ACIAR) was established to help identify agricultural problems in developing countries, and to commission collaborative R&D, focusing on fields where Australia has special research competence. Its mission is to achieve more productive and sustainable agricultural systems for the joint benefit of developing countries and Australia through international agricultural research partnerships.

ACIAR’s biosecurity projects are spread across several program areas, including crop protection, horticulture, agricultural systems, economics and management, crop improvement and management, forestry, agricultural development, support for market driven adaptive research, soil management and crop nutrition.

Australian Research Council www.arc.gov.au The Australian Research Council (ARC) is a statutory authority within the Australian Government’s DIISR portfolio. Its mission is to deliver policy and programs that advance

INNOVATION, RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT CHAPTER 5: INNOVATION, Australian research and innovation globally and benefit the community.

In seeking to achieve its mission, the ARC provides advice to the government on research matters, manages the National Competitive Grants Program and administers the Excellence in Research for Australia initiative.

Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation www.csiro.au CSIRO is Australia’s national science agency. It works to develop and improve technologies in Australia and overseas, and to improve the community’s understanding of science. CSIRO contributes to Australia’s plant biosecurity system through research undertaken within its Plant Industry and Ecosystem Sciences divisions.

CSIRO Plant Industry operates research programs to: • Promote profitable and sustainable industries in agrifoods, fibre and horticulture • Develop new plant products • Improve natural resource management

CSIRO Ecosystem Sciences applies multidisciplinary science to the sustainability of Australia’s agriculture and forestry, urban environments, biodiversity, communities, and industries.

158 Image courtesy of CSIRO COOPERATIVE RESEARCH CENTRES

A Cooperative Research Centre (CRC) is a company formed through a collaboration CRC for Forestry of businesses, the community, government organisations and researchers. Essential www.crcforestry.com.au participants within a CRC must include at least one Australian end user (from either The CRC for Forestry is a working partnership built on a foundation of nearly 20 years the private, public or community sector) and one Australian higher education institution of successful collaboration among Australia’s leading forest research organisations, (or a research institution affiliated with a university). The CRC program is an Australian companies and government agencies. Government funded initiative. The CRC for Forestry is committed to the growth of a socially responsible and During 2011, there were 11 active CRCs in the agriculture sector including the following ecologically sustainable industry that makes an increasingly important contribution to three which are directly related to plant production: the national economy. Research conducted by the CRC for Forestry drives innovation • Cotton Catchment Communities CRC (CCC CRC) for increased profitability, native forest management, carbon sequestration and improving forest biodiversity. • CRC for Forestry • CRC for National Plant Biosecurity (CRCNPB) Areas of expertise within the CRC for Forestry include silviculture, entomology, plant pathology, water quality, harvest technology, molecular genetics, plant breeding, Cotton Catchment Communities CRC nutrition and forest system modelling. www.cottoncrc.org.au The essential participants of the CRC for Forestry are CSIRO, Victoria’s Department of The Cotton Catchment Communities CRC (CCC CRC) leads research that provides Sustainability and Environment, Forest and Wood Products Australia (FWPA), Forestry innovative knowledge to stimulate economic, social and environmental outcomes at Tasmania, Forests and Forest Industry Council of Tasmania, Gunns Limited, Hansol P I, a farm, regional and national level. The CCC CRC supports research focused on Murdoch University, Oji Paper Co, Southern Cross University, University of Melbourne, producing competitive cotton farming systems, high quality cotton that is preferred

University of Tasmania and WA Plantation Resources. RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT CHAPTER 5: INNOVATION, by consumers and increasing cotton yields. It also aims to generate improved social and economic conditions for cotton communities and the Australian cotton industry The CRC for Forestry engages in international collaborative research with organisations by integrating economic prosperity with the sustainable use of natural resources. in Belgium, Canada, Chile, Japan, New Zealand, Portugal, South Africa and USA.

Areas of expertise within the CCC CRC include integrated cotton pest management, crop physiology, ecology, water use efficiency, crop nutrition, textile marketing and quality control.

The essential participants of the CCC CRC are Cotton Australia, Cotton Research and Development Corporation (CRDC), Cotton Seed Distributors, CSIRO, DAFWA, DEEDI, NSW DPI, University of New England, University of New South Wales, University of Sydney and University of Technology Sydney.

The CCC CRC engages in international collaborative research with organisations in Botswana, Canada, China, France, New Zealand, Scotland, South Africa, Spain, Taiwan and USA.

Image courtesy of CRC for Forestry 159 CRC for National Plant Biosecurity Case study: Success for plant biosecurity research www.crcplantbiosecurity.com.au The CRCNPB is the central coordinating body for plant biosecurity In November 2011, the Plant Biosecurity Cooperative Research Centre (PBCRC), which scientific research across Australia and provides underpinning biosecurity continues on from the CRCNPB, was successful in its bid to secure $29.7 million of funding science on plant pests which can impact on trade, market access, market from the CRC Program through to June 2018. In addition, the PBCRC has 26 participants development, the profitability and sustainability of plant industries and food from industry, government, universities and international organisations who will invest security in Australia. $102 million (cash and in-kind). The CRCNPB’s objectives are achieved through its research, education and New participants for the PBCRC include the University of Queensland (Australia), Kansas State delivery programs, which cover commercialisation and utilisation (delivery University (USA), Plant and Food Research (NZ) and the Bio-Protection Research Centre based and adoption), diagnostics, education and training, impact management, at Lincoln University (NZ). Their direct involvement in the PBCRC reflects the fact that plant post-harvest integrity (grains), preparedness and prevention and biosecurity is a global issue. surveillance. The PBCRC will provide linkages, participation, resources and science, and will operate across The CRCNPB also operates a postgraduate plant biosecurity program all jurisdictions, to capitalise on the work of the CRCNPB. It will assist in delivering an effective which offers diploma and masters courses in plant biosecurity through operational plant biosecurity research and development system through the NPBS and IGAB. four Australian university partners (Section 4.2, page 152). The four research programs to be undertaken in the PBCRC cover the biosecurity continuum: Areas of expertise within the CRCNPB include plant biosecurity risk, pest • Research Program 1: Early Warning will include the identification and assessment of new pathway analysis, incursion impact management, insect resistance, plant and emerging plant pest threats and pathways, and the development of decision-making tools health policy, economic analysis, modelling and agricultural engineering. which will support planning and preparation The essential participants of CRCNPB are CABI, Charles Darwin University, INNOVATION, RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT CHAPTER 5: INNOVATION, • Research Program 2: Effective Detection and Response will develop tools to underpin surveillance strategies, smarter diagnostics and sharper, more cost-effective responses to incursions Co-operative Bulk Handling, CSIRO, DAFF, DAFWA, DEEDI, NSW DPI, SARDI, DPI Vic, GrainCorp Operations, GRDC, La Trobe University, • Program 3: Safeguarding Trade will involve the development of techniques and tools to Murdoch University, PHA, Queensland University of Technology, Saturn safeguard trade and market access for grain and horticulture exports and develop new ways Biotech and Viterra. to manage established pests • Program 4: Secure Future will engage and inform the Australian community, government and CRCNPB engages in international collaborative research with industry to raise national awareness and defences against plant pests. In addition it will develop organisations in Austria, Canada, East Timor, Indonesia, Laos, a lasting legacy of biosecurity knowledge, research, networks, tools and training Malaysia, New Zealand, Thailand, United Kingdom, USA and Vietnam.

The programs have delivery and adoption along with education and training embedded throughout In late 2011, the CRCNPB announced it had been successful in its re-bid them. This will help ensure there is uptake of the research by end-users and the education for funding for a span of six years. The new Plant Biosecurity CRC (PBCRC) component will train the next generation of biosecurity experts. will commence on 1 July 2012 (see ‘Success for plant biosecurity research’ case study). The PBCRC will build on the achievements of the CRCNPB by developing and applying practical technologies and solutions to a growing global problem, promoting biosecurity awareness, and laying the foundation for an enduring national legacy in plant biosecurity science.

As the PBCRC gets ready to commence operation, the CRCNPB has been reaping the benefits and rewards of its research to date. For example, the ‘Digital Diagnostics’ project won three awards in 2011: the CRC Association’s Excellence in Innovation Award, the Queensland Premier’s Award for Excellence in the Green category and The Australian Innovation Challenge Award in the Food and Agriculture category. Information on the PBCRC can be found at www.crcplantbiosecurity.com.au

160 RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT CORPORATIONS Cotton Research and Development Corporation www.crdc.com.au Research and Development Corporations (RDCs) bring together industry and researchers to establish the strategic directions for R&D and to fund projects that provide industries with The CRDC was established in 1990 and is a partnership between the Australian the innovation and productivity tools to compete in global markets. There are 15 rural RDCs Government and the Australian cotton industry. The CRDC invests in and manages in operation, covering almost all of Australia’s agricultural industries, seven of which focus a portfolio of research, development and extension projects that seek to enhance the on Australia’s plant production industries. environmental, social and economic values associated with cotton production systems and to increase benefit to the cotton industry participants, regional communities and RDCs do not conduct research within their organisation, but provide funding and support the Australian public. to research providers such as state government R&D agencies, tertiary institutions, CSIRO, industry associations and research organisations in the private sector. Details of those of Forest and Wood Products Australia particular relevance to Australia’s plant industries are provided below. www.fwpa.com.au

The RDCs represent a mixture of industry owned companies and statutory corporations. Forest and Wood Products Australia (FWPA) is an industry services company that provides The industry owned RDCs have statutory funding agreements with the Australian a national integrated strategy to increase demand for forest and wood products and reduce Government that lay out the general principles that must be observed when investing the impediments to their supply. Owned by industry, FWPA is committed to helping the levy funds and reporting obligations to levy payers and the Australian Government. industry grow through targeted R&D investments, generic promotion and other services The statutory RDCs remain under the Primary Industries and Energy Research and as requested by members. Development Act 1989, which requires similar investment principles and reporting These services include direct and collaborative investment in: obligations to the statutory funding agreements. • R&D to provide innovative solutions for the industry • Promotion of the industry’s products, services and values

FWPA provides services to the industry that are designed to increase the sustainability and RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT CHAPTER 5: INNOVATION, international competitiveness of forest and wood products. FWPA is funded by private companies and government agencies within the Australian forest and wood products sector, with the exception of pulp and paper manufacturers.

Grains Research and Development Corporation www.grdc.com.au The Grains Research and Development Corporation (GRDC) is a leading grains research organisation, responsible for planning, investing in and overseeing R&D across the Australian grains industry. Funding is provided through a levy on grain growers, which is matched (up to a specified limit) by the Australian Government.

GRDC’s research portfolio covers 25 leviable crops, spanning temperate and tropical cereals, oilseeds and pulses, which are worth over $10 billion a year in farm production.

Crop protection is identified as part of the GRDC’s five year R&D plan, targeting management options for cereal foliar and root diseases, increased farmer awareness and adoption of weed management practices, and new approaches to crop protection.

Image courtesy of GRDC

161 Grape and Wine Research and Development Corporation www.gwrdc.com.au The Grape and Wine Research and Development Corporation (GWRDC) was formed in 1991 and operates to support a competitive Australian wine sector by investing in and directing R&D programs along the whole value chain ‘from vine to glass’.

The GWRDC supports the development of the Australian wine industry by planning and funding collective research and development programs and then facilitating the dissemination, adoption and commercialisation of the results throughout the industry.

GWRDC’s R&D revenue comes from levies on the annual wine grape harvest with contributions matched by the Australian Government.

GWRDC collaborates with key stakeholders to coordinate and direct investments to best address the R&D priorities of the wine industry.

Horticulture Australia Limited www.horticulture.com.au INNOVATION, RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT INNOVATION, Horticulture Australia Limited (HAL) is a national R&D and marketing organisation that works in partnership with the horticulture sector to invest in programs that provide benefit to Australian horticulture industries. As part of the Australian Government’s commitment to rural R&D, horticulture industries can access matched Commonwealth funding for R&D CHAPTER 5: activities through HAL.

Each year, HAL administers more than 1200 research, development and marketing projects covering a diversity of topics, including plant biosecurity. The plant health, integrated pest management and chemical areas of investment focus on activities inside the farm gate that address crop protection, while the post-harvest and biosecurity areas cover pre- and post-harvest pest management issues, as well as protection of the industry from pest incursions.

Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation www.rirdc.gov.au The Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation (RIRDC) was set up by the Australian Government to work closely with Australian rural industries regarding the organisation and funding of their R&D needs. The focus of RIRDC is on new and emerging industries as a way to diversify rural enterprises in Australia. This role is enhanced by responsibility for R&D for a range of established rural industries and for key generic issues confronting the rural sector.

RIRDC has a Food Integrity and Biosecurity Program to address pest and market access issues specific to its industries.

162 Image courtesy of Bernard Milford, Halcyon Photography Case study: Innovation in biosecurity As an example of using a little innovation to improve biosecurity, two automatic robot vacuum cleaners have been introduced into DAFWA’s Grain Insect Resistance and Insect Reference Collection laboratories to improve laboratory hygiene and pest surveillance (see image on right). Each robot is complete with a powerful vacuum function and a fine filter to trap air-borne debris as well as a storage compartment which captures larger particles and insects.

The robots do their work at night, continually scanning the laboratory floors and collecting any dust and debris that may be present. Once the robots have completed their scheduled duties, they navigate themselves back to their docking stations to recharge before returning to work the following night.

Each morning the contents of the robots are examined for insects and other materials which may cause damage to the valuable collections kept in the laboratories. Thankfully, thus far the robots have confirmed there are no

biosecurity risks crawling along the laboratory floor. RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT INNOVATION,

The success of this trial may lead to these vacuum robots being introduced into grain storage facilities across Australia to continually sweep and capture any insect pests before significant damage is done. The aim is for the continual cleaning and CHAPTER 5: monitoring of large grain storage facilities by these robots to prevent infestations of serious grain pests, such as the Khapra beetle.

This trial shows that with a little innovation, simple tools can effectively increase our protection against biosecurity threats.

Sugar Research and Development Corporation www.srdc.gov.au The Sugar Research and Development Corporation’s (SRDC) objective is to foster an innovative and sustainable Australian sugarcane industry through targeted investment in R&D. The SRDC’s R&D investment focuses on providing economic, environmental and social benefits for rural and regional communities in sugar producing areas.

SRDC is funded by levies paid by sugarcane millers and growers which are matched by funds provided by the Australian Government.

Image courtesy of Rob Emery, DAFWA 163 5.2 State and territory governments 5.3 Universities and private research research and development institutions

Most of Australia’s state and territory agricultural departments (Section 1.4, page 21) have Australia has universities in every state and territory that provide research and education dedicated R&D divisions. These undertake various forms of research to support Australia’s services for the community. Within universities, research often complements local and agricultural industries and focus on aspects of plant biosecurity relating to the priorities regional issues. Research is funded by governments, industry, internal or international of the state or territory in question. These organisations often carry out research for sources, and is often carried out in partnership with other organisations. For more commercial clients, as well as for internal government priorities. Together, these information and a listing of Australian universities see www.universitiesaustralia.edu.au. organisations deliver a significant portion of Australia’s agricultural R&D. Private research institutes are established, often in collaboration with a university, to provide research facilities and services in relation to specific research areas. These organisations, such as BSES and Sacron Innovations, generate and contain specialist knowledge and research skills in areas of particular significance to the Australian community and plant production industries.

BSES www.bses.org.au As a unique industry owned company, BSES is the principal provider of R&D and extension services for the Australian sugar industry. BSES works closely with Australian sugarcane

INNOVATION, RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT CHAPTER 5: INNOVATION, growers, millers, harvest contractors and governments to find ways to make sugarcane production more profitable and environmentally sustainable.

BSES provides R&D focused on the areas of plant improvement, crop management, mechanisation enhancements, product and process improvement, analytical support and customer service. In addition, BSES provides quarantine, diagnostic and training capacity for the industry and maintains a strong extension service. BSES has developed sugarcane varieties for use in Australian conditions and today these make up 98% of all varieties grown in Australia.

BSES is partially funded through a voluntary service fee paid by growers and millers.

Sacron Innovations www.sacroninnovations.com Sacron Innovations was formed in 2011 as the successor organisation to the CRC for Sugar Industry Innovation through Biotechnology (CRC SIIB). This CRC was a unique alliance of Australia’s top sugar industry research organisations, sugarcane biotechnology research organisations, federal and Queensland state governments, and commercial expertise.

Sacron Innovations aims to continue the work of the CRC SIIB and combine Australia’s strengths in sugarcane biology, molecular genetics, agriculture and industrial extraction to create a prosperous and sustainable Australian sugarcane industry, generating wealth for Australia as a competitive exporter and as a key source of biomaterials for new Australian industries. Image courtesy of Sacron Innovations 164 INNOVATION, RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT CHAPTER 5: INNOVATION,

Image courtesy of Sacron Innovations 165 5.4 Overview of plant biosecurity related research and development in 2011

A summary of plant biosecurity related research projects active during 2011 are presented in Table 52 (page 168). This shows over 650 projects that directly support the development and enhancement of the national plant biosecurity system, which were active during 2011. The projects have been grouped by the crop type they target.

The projects are grouped according to project size, crop type, pest type, research type or location and the biosecurity area to which they most directly relate.

The R&D projects listed in Table 52 have all been categorised based on crop type, pest type, research type or location, biosecurity area and their size. This information has been summarised and presented in the following graphs (Figures 76-80). Research projects covered the spectrum of crops and pest types relevant to Australian plant production industries, and with a similar distribution to the R&D projects captured in the 2010 edition of this report. Pest management again described the highest proportion of projects by biosecurity area, followed by diagnostics and a range of other activities.

ACotton new additionGrains to the data setSugarcane for this editionOther is the broadacre size Fruitof the crops researchNuts projects (FigureVegetables 80). Other horticulturalForestry crops Nursery cropsNatural environment The majority of the plant biosecurity R&D projects were either between $20,000 and INNOVATION, RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT CHAPTER 5: INNOVATION, $100,000, or over $250,000. Only 30% of the projects fell outside of these two categories.

Figure 76. Research and development projects grouped by crop type

3% Cotton 16% Grains 4% Sugarcane 3% Other broadacre 18% Fruit 2% Nuts 17% Vegetables 9% Other horticultural crops 3% Forestry >1% Nursery crops

3% Natural environment 20% Multiple 2% Other 166 Image courtesy of CSIRO FigureInsect 77. ResearchOther invertebrate and developmentBacteria Fungi projects groupedNematode by pestVirus type Other pathogenWeedFigureField-based 78.Multiple Research (ecology)Field-based andOther (other)developmentLaboratory-basedLaboratory-based projects (molecular) groupedPolicy (non-molecular) byor o ce-basedresearchMultiple type orOther location

32% Insect

1% Other invertebrate 11% Field based (ecology) 2% Nematode 19% Field based (other) 2% Bacteria 8% Laboratory based (molecular) 17% Fungi 8% Laboratory based 4% Virus (non-molecular) 1% Other pathogen 8% Policy or office based 8% Weed 43% Multiple 30% Multiple 4% Other 4% Other INNOVATION, RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT CHAPTER 5: INNOVATION,

FigurePest management 79. ResearchCrop improvement and developmentSurveillance Diagnostics projects groupedEmergency by biosecurity responseRisk analysis area andSystem modelling approachesCommunicationFigureSmall 80.Market Research andMedium access awareness andInformation support developmentLarge managementOtherVery projects large grouped by project size

48% Pest management 8% Crop improvement 5% Surveillance 9% Diagnostics 8% Small (<$20,000) 2% Emergency response 34% Medium ($20,000-$100,000) 7% Risk analysis and modelling 22% Large ($100,000-$250,000) 3% System approaches 36% Very large (>$250,000) 1% Communication and awareness

5% Market access support 1% Information management

12% Other

167 Table 52. Plant biosecurity related research projects (in 2011)

Title Organisation Funding source/ Title Organisation Funding source/ undertaking the body undertaking the body research research Cotton Grains A new fungus for controlling Helicoverpa spp. and University of New CCC CRC Adult plant resistance and strategic fungicide use Multiple GRDC other cotton pests England for integrated management of cereal rust, S. nodorum and yellow spot Behaviour modifying plant extracts for managing NSW DPI CCC CRC cotton pests Advancing site specific management of weed and SARDI GRDC soilborne diseases Better management of cotton refuges within the CSIRO, University CCC CRC BMP framework of Sydney Aeration innovation DEEDI CRCNPB Cotton Fusarium wilt management DEEDI CRDC Alternatives to phosphine DAFWA, Murdoch CRCNPB Uni CyazypyrTM baseline dose-response assay NSW DPI Du Pont Australian Cereal Rust Control Program University of GRDC development and measurement for Australian Sydney Helicoverpa armigera Australian Durum Wheat Improvement Program NSW DPI GRDC Developing the capacity to manage cotton viral DEEDI CRDC diseases Australian Grain Insect Database data mining DEEDI CRCNPB Development of new tools and strategies for IPM NSW DPI CCC CRC Australian Herbicide Resistance Initiative (Phase 4) Univerity of GRDC in Australian agricultural cropping systems Western Australia, DEEDI Diseases of cotton NSW DPI CRC CCC Barley agronomy for the southern region 2010–13 NSW DPI GRDC INNOVATION, RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT CHAPTER 5: INNOVATION, Improve knowledge and methods of detection for NSW DPI DAFF Barley Breeding Australia - northern node DEEDI GRDC Bacterial blight of cotton and Texas root rot pathology IPM for Silverleaf whitefly and emerging pests in CSIRO CCC CRC Barley foliar pathogens DEEDI, DPI Vic DPI Vic, GRDC central regons Barley scald nursery NSW DPI GRDC Landscape level changes in pest suppression as a CSIRO CSIRO result of large scale planting of Bt cotton Beneficial Microbes Program Flinders University, GRDC SARDI, Murdoch Management of mirids and stink bugs in Bollgard II DEEDI, CCC CRC CCC CRC University Managing weeds and herbicides in a genetically NSW DPI CRC CCC Best practice for disease management in field SARDI South Australian modified cotton farming system peas Grains Industry New tools for IPM 1: Development of fungal NSW DPI CRDC Trust insecticides against cotton pests Better prediction and management of Rhizoctonia CSIRO, SARDI GRDC Silverleaf whitefly insecticide resistance monitoring DEEDI CRDC disease risk in cereals Biosensor based detection of grain pests CSIRO, SARDI CRCNPB Surveillance and monitoring for endemic and DEEDI CRDC exotic virus diseases of cotton Control of cereal fungal diseases SARDI GRDC Sustainable resistance management of mites, NSW DPI CRDC Crown rot germplasm enhancement for wheat and SARDI GRDC aphids and mirids in Australian cotton barley Tobacco streak virus in cotton DEEDI CRDC Defining the plant pathogen incursion risk posed DAFWA CRCNPB by international travellers Weed management strategies for farming systems DEEDI, NSW DPI CRDC with herbicide tolerant cotton Delivering applied solutions to weed issues in DEEDI GRDC central Queensland

168 Table 52. Plant biosecurity related research projects (in 2011)

Title Organisation Funding source/ Title Organisation Funding source/ undertaking the body undertaking the body research research Developing agronomic solutions to improve barley NSW DPI GRDC Geometric morphometrics of the invasive Western University of University of yield and grain quality in the GRDC northern region corn rootworm Wollongong Wollongong Developing and promoting Integrated Pest SARDI GRDC Germplasm enhancement for crown rot resistance DEEDI GRDC Management in Australian grains in wheat Developing sulfuryl fluoride as an alternative DEEDI CRCNPB Germplasm enhancement for yellow spot Western Australian GRDC fumigant to phosphine resistance Agricultural Development of biosecurity contingency plans and CRCNPB, PHA GRDC Authority, DPI Vic assessment of data for declaring freedom from Grain insect ecology CSIRO CRCNPB EPPs Grain insect genomics DEEDI CRCNPB Diagnostic method to determine phosphine CSIRO GRDC Grain storage extension DEEDI GRDC resistance in insects Grain storage structural integrity DAFWA, Murdoch CRCNPB Diagnostic training scholarship to gain experience NSW DPI DAFF Uni in diagnosing Russian wheat aphid (Diuraphis noxia) Grains Knowledge Networks Implementation PHA CRCNPB Diamondback moth control and insecticide SARDI GRDC Grains Surviellance Stratergy PHA CRCNPB resistance management Grains traning course Charles Sturt CRCNPB Disease management in a changing farming SARDI GRDC University environment RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT CHAPTER 5: INNOVATION, Herbicide tolerance screening in northern region DEEDI GRDC Dispersal and resources used by the Lesser grain NSW DPI CRCNPB (Phase 4) borer in southern NSW Identification of genetic variation for heat tolerance NSW DPI NSW DPI DNA assays for stubble borne pathogens of SARDI South Australian in durum and bread wheat cereals Grains Industry Improved options for Fleabane control DEEDI GRDC Trust Improving integrated weed management in University of GRDC DNA investigation and long term storage of barley NSW DPI GRDC conservation farming systems in the southern Adelaide samples region Durable rust resistance in wheat Cornell University Cornell University Increasing skills in cereal rust pathology and University of Bill and Melinda Ecology of stored grain beetles in Australia CSIRO CRCNPB genetics in the developing world Sydney Gates Foundation Ensuring effective phosphine application University of CRCNPB Insect ecology (Phase 2) DEEDI CRCNPB Western Australia, ABB Grain Invasive species compendium CRCNPB GRDC Ensuring grain storage structural integrity for grain DAFWA, Murdoch CRCNPB Khapra beetle diagnostics DAFWA CRCNPB biosecurity University Management of resistance to phosphine in insect DEEDI, NSW DPI CRCNPB Facilitation increased on farm adoption of NSW DPI CSIRO pests of stored grain broadleaf species in crop sequences to improve Managing disease constraints in western region DAFWA GRDC grain production and profitability farming systems Forecasting spread for rapid response University of CRCNPB Managing the risks of trifluralin and Group B University of GRDC Western Australia herbicide resistance in no-till cropping systems. Adelaide Fumigation technology CSIRO CRCNPB Measuring working airflow of aeration fans fitted to DEEDI CRCNPB Genetic options for nematode control SARDI GRDC upright storages and silo bags 169 Table 52. Plant biosecurity related research projects (in 2011)

Title Organisation Funding source/ Title Organisation Funding source/ undertaking the body undertaking the body research research Grains continued Pyrenophora tritici-repentis on wheat Deakin University ARC Modelling evolution of herbicide resistance University of RIRDC, CSIRO Reliable Rhizoctonia control through innovative use SARDI South Australian Western Australia, of fungicides Grains Industry Australian Trust Horticultural Resistance management (Phase 2) DEEDI CRCNPB Research Resistance to root lesion nematodes for University of GRDC Modelling grain borer DAFWA, University CRCNPB development of molecular markers Adelaide, DEEDI of Western Australia Rhizoctonia: Fungicide control options SARDI GRDC Modelling resistance evolution is stored grain pests DAFWA, University CRCNPB Risk assessment and preventive strategies for DEEDI GRDC of Western herbicide resistance (Phase 3) Australia Russian wheat aphid CSIRO CRCNPB Molecular markers for broadening the genetic CSIRO ACIAR base of stem rust resistance genes effective Russian wheat aphid hypervirulence and CSIRO CRCNPB, GRDC against stem rust strain Ug99 Australia’s preparedness strategy Molecular markers for rapid diagnosis of DEEDI CRCNPB Sampling strategies for stored grains Queensland CRCNPB phosphine resistance in insects University of Technology

INNOVATION, RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT CHAPTER 5: INNOVATION, National Invertebrate Pest Initiative SARDI GRDC Scoping study for national surveillance of grains to CRCNPB, GRDC National reference laboratory for Trogoderma and CRCNPB, DAFWA GRDC manage biosecurity, food and feed safety market Queensland related dermestids risks initiative University of National Variety Trial services agreement DEEDI GRDC Technology National Variety Trials pathology screening SARDI GRDC Soil micro testing for nematodes on grain farms DEEDI DEEDI New sampling hardware for grains Murdoch University, CRCNPB Starting closer to home: Disease control and the University of ARC DEEDI, DAFF non host paradigm in plants Sydney Northern pulse and grains IPM DEEDI GRDC Suppressive soils: Can we find a microbial DPI Vic DPI Vic, GRDC finger-print using ‘omics’ technology? Novel products to control plant pathogens in SARDI GRDC broadacre crops Surveillance systems analysis DAFWA, Murdoch CRCNPB University Origins, diversity and adaptation of the stripe rust University of CRCNPB pathogen in Australia Sydney Targeting mechanisms of phosphine resistance in SARDI CRCNPB stored grain pests PDA assisted surveillance (Phase I) DAFWA CRCNPB Technology to overcome inadequate fumigations CSIRO CRCNPB PDAs for stored grain Murdoch University CRCNPB and resistance selection Pest suppressive landscapes: Link IPM and NRM CSIRO CSIRO The influence of insect pest ecology and current DEEDI CRCNPB Population genetics of the Western corn rootworm University of Croatian Ministry of pest management practices on selection for in Croatia and implications for Australian Wollongong Science, Education resistance to phosphine biosecurity and Sports Understanding and responding to the risks DPI Vic CRCNPB Pre-emptive breeding for Russian wheat aphid CSIRO, Murdoch CRCNPB, GRDC associated with climate change and plant resistance University biosecurity Puccinia striiformis on maize Deakin University ARC Victorian field crop integrated disease DPI Vic DPI Vic, GRDC management 170 Table 52. Plant biosecurity related research projects (in 2011)

Title Organisation Funding source/ Title Organisation Funding source/ undertaking the body undertaking the body research research Western region fungal and viral IDM research and DAFWA GRDC International and domestic quarantine for BSES BSES development sugarcane germplasm Wheat and barley national variety trials testing DPI Vic DPI Vic, GRDC IPM for exotic borers and insect vectors of BSES ACIAR, BSES Wheat pathology in the northern region DEEDI GRDC sugarcane in Indonesia Workshop on Climate and Agricultural Risk University of ACIAR New germplasm to develop more productive BSES, CSIRO SRDC, BSES, Management, Phnom Penh, Cambodia Western Sydney varieties with enhanced resistance to nematodes, CSIRO Pachymetra root rot and smut Sugarcane Pest control: Rodent management BSES BSES A monitoring based system to enhance cane grub Isis Productivity SRDC control best management practice for Isis Phylogeography and host specificity of stem borer University of ACRC, BSES, sugarcane growers parasites Adelaide University of Adelaide An integrated approach to nut grass control NSW Farming SRDC Systems Group Precision spot spraying system: It works in grains Advanced SRDC will it work in cane? Burdekin Collective Attendance at ‘nematodes in cropping systems: BSES SRDC, BSES Research Inc identification and techniques’ workshop Preparing the Australian sugar industry for threats BSES SRDC, BSES, Benchmarking and improving the Australian BSES SRDC, BSES from exotic pests and diseases Ramu Agri- sugarcane pest, weed management and disease Industries

selection program RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT CHAPTER 5: INNOVATION, Remote sensing to implement an effective pest BSES SRDC, BSES, Biosecurity capacity building through participating BSES SRDC, BSES management strategy for canegrubs DEEDI in the ISSCT workshop in Mauritius and Reunion Screening clones for disease resistance for the BSES BSES Characterisation of the causal agents of Ramu BSES BSES BSES breeding program: Tully stunt and chlorotic streak diseases Screening clones for sugarcane smut resistance BSES BSES, DEEDI Development of precision spray technologies for National Centre for SRDC, BSES for the BSES breeding program: Bundaberg the Australian sugarcane industry Engineering in Agriculture SmutBuster: Accelerated breeding of smut BSES SRDC, BSES, resistant sugarcane varieties DEEDI Diagnostic laboratory for Ratoon stunting disease BSES BSES Soil diagnostic assay laboratory: Nematodes and BSES BSES Epidemiology studies into Sugarcane smut BSES SRDC, BSES Pachymetra root rot General pathology diagnostic, training and industry BSES BSES Strengthening capacity in sugarcane quarantine: BSES SRDC, BSES advisory services: Tully Implementing procedures from Visacane General pathology diagnostic, training and industry BSES BSES Other broadacre advisory services: Woodford Australian Soybean Breeding Program NSW DPI GRDC General pest management: Central Qld BSES BSES, DEEDI Development of molecular markers for application NSW DPI GRDC General pest management: North Qld BSES BSES, DEEDI in Australian canola breeding General pest management: South Qld BSES BSES, DEEDI Establishing a northern pulse agronomy initiative NSW DPI GRDC Herbert cane growers strategic grub management Herbert Cane Grub SRDC Food security and climate change in the Asia- University of Asia-Pacific implementing BSES decision making tools Management Pacific region: Evaluating mismatch between crop Western Sydney Network for Global Group development and water availability Change Research Integrated Pest Management of stem borers and BSES ACIAR Improved rice establishment and productivity in NSW DPI ACIAR insect vectors of viral diseases in sugarcane Cambodia and Australia 171 Table 52. Plant biosecurity related research projects (in 2011)

Title Organisation Funding source/ Title Organisation Funding source/ undertaking the body undertaking the body research research Other broadacre continued Assessing the horticultural performance of new NSW DPI HAL Improved rice germplasm for Cambodia and NSW DPI International Rice citrus rootstocks via short term orchard trials Australia Research Institute Assessment of a combination cold temperature NSW DPI HAL Improving farmer livelihoods through efficient use University of ACIAR treatment to improve market access for Australian of resources in crop and livestock farming systems Western Sydney blueberries in western China Assessment of shelf life extension, nutritional DEEDI HAL Improving the reliability of sorghum in the western NSW DPI GRDC profile and fruit quality of irradiated strawberry zone 2010–2012 Australian blueberry industry development to NSW DPI HAL Integrated disease control for cereal and broadleaf NSW DPI GRDC maintain a profitable and sustainable industry crops in southern NSW and northern Victoria Avocado disease management DEEDI, University HAL of Queensland Management of Tobacco streak virus in sunflower DEEDI GRDC and pulse crops Banana Plant Protection Program University of HAL Queensland National Brassica Germplasm Improvement NSW DPI GRDC Program Biological control of Papaya mealybug DoR, Ministry of ACIAR, DoR (Paracoccus marginatus) in East Timor and Agriculture and National lupin breeding for southern Australia NSW DPI GRDC Oriental scale (Aonidiella orientalis) on papaya in Fisheries, Timor New tools and germplasm for Australian pulse NSW DPI GRDC NT Leste

INNOVATION, RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT CHAPTER 5: INNOVATION, breeding programs to respond to changing virus threats Biological control options for Mango scale DEEDI HAL PBA Australian faba bean breeding program NSW DPI NSW DPI Biosecurity capacity building for the Australian DEEDI, University HAL PBA Chickpea: National breeding program NSW DPI GRDC avocado industry of Queensland Rice research partnership: Rice varietal NSW DPI RIRDC Citrus pathology resource scientist University of HAL improvement and rice quality research and Queensland, development DEEDI Weed management in Australian rice production Agropraisals RIRDC Collection and compilation of existing information CSIRO DAFF on fruit flies Fruit Collection of Citrus white fly parasitoids CSIRO, The New CSIRO, The New A through chain approach to rot minimisation in DPI Vic HAL, Apple and Zealand Institute Zealand Institute apples Pear Australia for Plant and Food for Plant and Food Accessing papaya industry minor use permits for AgriSolutions HAL Research Research beta-cyfluthrin, abamectin, fenbutatin-oxide, Australia Continued analyses of the effect of silicon on University of HAL bifenazate and etoxazole Fusarium wilt on banana Queensland Alternaria fruit spot: New directions DEEDI HAL Definition of the major pest species in theDorsalis Griffith University International Alternative fruit fly management for market access DEEDI HAL complex of fruit flies: an advanced molecular Atomic Energy for apples approach Agency Alternative fruit fly treatment for interstate market DEEDI HAL Determination of cold tolerance in immature DEEDI HAL access for strawberries: winter window options stages of Australian pest fruit fly species Apple and pear productivity project DPI Vic DPI Vic, HAL Develop an effective IPM strategy to deal with IPM Technologies HAL pests in the Vic strawberry industry Area wide management of pest fruit flies in Griffith University ACIAR Indonesian mangoes 172 Table 52. Plant biosecurity related research projects (in 2011)

Title Organisation Funding source/ Title Organisation Funding source/ undertaking the body undertaking the body research research Developing an area of low pest prevalence for DAFWA DAFWA Generation of residue data for pesticide minor use Crop Protection HAL Meditteranean fruit fly at Moora and Carnarvan permit applications in strawberry crops Research Developing strategies to control crown rot in DEEDI HAL Greenhouse whitefly management for quality DAFWA HAL strawberries tamarillos Developing strawberry IPM: testing OP-resistant SARDI HAL Harnessing soil biological functions to improve DPI Vic DPI Vic, GWRDC, predatory mites grapevine management CSIRO Development of a test to quantify irradiation SARDI HAL Identification of Queensland fruit flies using DPI Vic DPI Vic damage in fruit flies molecular markers Development of integrated crop management DEEDI ACIAR Improved and sustainable value chains for mango DEEDI ACIAR practices to increase sustainable yield and quality production in the southern Philippines and of mangoes in Pakistan and Australia Australia Disease management and breeding of passionfruit DEEDI HAL Improved domestic profitability and export DEEDI ACIAR for improved quality competitiveness of selected fruit value chains in the southern Philippines and Australia program Enhanced risk analysis tools CSIRO CRCNPB Improving cold treatment for disinfesting cherries NSW DPI HAL Enhanced specificity of Fire blight diagnostics for DPI Vic CRCNPB, HAL, for Queensland fruit fly incursion response Apple and Pear Australia Improving European earwig management in pome University of HAL and cherry orchards through the use of Tasmania RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT CHAPTER 5: INNOVATION, Enhancing emergence and release methods of NSW DPI HAL pheromones sterile insect technique to improve market access Improving mandarin production in Bhutan and NSW DPI, ACIAR Establishment of Citrus gall wasp parasites in the Murray Valley HAL Australia through the implementation of on farm University of Murray Valley region Citrus Board best management practices Western Sydney Evaluating new citrus varieties 2010–13 NSW DPI HAL Improving runner quality and production in DEEDI HAL Evaluation of ethyl formate and nitrogen for HAL HAL, DAFWA, strawberry disinfestation of eucalyptus weevil on export FWPA apples Improving the quality and consistency of Australian NSW DPI HAL cherries to ensure market access Evaluation of key chemicals for pest management University of RIRDC in the olive industry Western Sydney Improving yield and quality in avocado through DEEDI HAL disease management (Phase 2) Evaluation of novel platforms to differentiate plant NSW DPI CRCNPB bacterial pathovars Increasing citrus production in Pakistan and NSW DPI ACIAR Australia through improved orchard management Female fruit fly lures to improve orchard pest DAFWA, NSW DPI CRCNPB, HAL techniques protection Insecticide treatments for symphylid control in Growcom HAL Formalisation of systems approaches for market Queensland CRCNPB pineapples access: Fruit fly University of Technology Integrated crop management strategies for papaya DEEDI ACIAR in the Phillipines and Australia Fruit fly area freedom DAFWA CRCNPB Integrated crop management practices to enhance DEEDI ACIAR Fruit fly area wide management (Phase 2) DEEDI HAL value chain outcomes for the mango industry in Fullers rose weevil and Island fly management for SARDI HAL Pakistan and Australia citrus market access Integrated crop production of bananas DEEDI ACIAR Fungicide screen for control of brown spot in citrus Bayer CropScience HAL Integrated eradication of EPPs SARDI CRCNPB 173 Table 52. Plant biosecurity related research projects (in 2011)

Title Organisation Funding source/ Title Organisation Funding source/ undertaking the body undertaking the body research research Fruit continued Mitigating the threat of banana Fusarium wilt: Bioversity ACIAR Understanding the agroecological distribution of International, Integrated tropical passionfruit production systems DEEDI ACIAR pathogenic forms and developing disease Philippines in south Sulawesi management strategies Maintaining biosecurity standards for soil borne DPI Vic HAL Molecular diagnostics of Cocoa pod borer DoR DoR pathogens and weeds in the strawberry runner industry Movento label addition: Passionfruit Bayer CropScience HAL Management of fruit flies in the Kimberley for DAFWA DAFWA National Citrus Postharvest Science Program SARDI HAL market access Native parasitic wasps: A new biological tool for NSW DPI HAL Management of fruit quality and pest infestation on DAFWA ACIAR fruit fly incursion management in Australia mango and mangosteen to meet market Novel detection assays for banana viruses DEEDI CRCNPB requirements Novel detection assays for Tomato leaf curl virus DEEDI CRCNPB Management of Girdling moth in blueberries NSW DPI HAL Passionfruit minor use allocation HAL HAL Management of Phytophthora fruit rot and DEEDI HAL Pythium-related root rot of papaya Pheromone component of a multi target approach NSW DPI, DEEDI HAL to fruitspotting bug management Management of Phytophthora in pineapple using DEEDI HAL potassium phosphonate (Stage I) Pineapple Phytophthora project DEEDI HAL Postharvest oil for mealybug control in citrus to SARDI HAL INNOVATION, RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT CHAPTER 5: INNOVATION, Management of soil health in Australian viticulture DPI Vic, CSIRO, DPI Vic, GWRDC, SARDI CSIRO improve market access to Japan Managing Citrus gall wasps in southern citrus NSW DPI HAL Queensland fruit fly proof of concept for ethane NSW DPI HAL regions dinitrile fumigation Managing pest fruit flies to enhance quarantine Griffith University ACIAR Reduction in the withholding period of AgriSolutions HAL services and upgrade fruit and vegetable chlorothalonil and difenconazole on papaya production in Indonesia (Part 2) Master class on surveillance, identification and University of Crawford Fund Replacing methyl bromide use by the strawberry DPI Vic HAL management of citrus diseases: Huanglongbing Western Sydney industry Minor use access for cabrio (pyraclostrobin) in HAL HAL Residues of bifenezate in strawberries and Crop Protection HAL passionfruit tomatoes (fresh and processing) following Research application of Acramite miticide Minor use permit for the papaya industry HAL HAL Resolving the Bactocera dorsalis complex CSIRO, NSW DPI, CRCNPB Minor use permits for rubus industry HAL HAL Queensland Minor use permits for the citrus industry HAL HAL University of Technlogy Minor use permits for the custard apple industry HAL HAL Review of the post entry quarantine conditions for DPI Vic DPI Vic, HAL Minor use permits for the lychee industry HAL HAL imports of stonefruit germplasm Minor use permits for the persimmon industry HAL HAL Risk analysis of release of Aedes aegypti CSIRO University of Minor use permits for the strawberry industry HAL HAL containing Wolbachia sourced from Drosophila Queensland Minor use permits for the summerfruit industry HAL HAL melanogaster Minor use permits for the table grapes industry HAL HAL

174 Table 52. Plant biosecurity related research projects (in 2011)

Title Organisation Funding source/ Title Organisation Funding source/ undertaking the body undertaking the body research research RNA silencing based Phytopthora root rot resistant DEEDI HAL Nuts avocado rootstocks for improved production of A predictive model for managing Walnut blight University of HAL GM free fruit effectively with less copper Tasmania Scoping study: Management options for mealybug DEEDI HAL Biology and management of nut rot of chestnut University of HAL in persimmon Sydney South African citrus thrips and the Mother-of- CSIRO CSIRO Development of fungal management programs for Pistachio Growers HAL millions weed in Qld Australian pistachio production of Australia Strategic agrichemical review process Citrus Australia HAL Disease management in macadamia University of Qld HAL Strategic banana tissue culture industry DEEDI HAL Generation of phosphorous acid residue data to Crop Protection HAL development and biosecurity act support the renewal of the minor use permit in Research Strengthening disease detection, diagnosis and DEEDI HAL almonds surveillance in the Australian banana industry Generation of residue data for continued access to Pistachio Growers HAL Strengthening the Fiji papaya industry through Secretariat of the ACIAR pesticides for the pistachio industry of Australia applied research and information dissemination Pacific Community, Generation of residue data for pesticide minor use Agrisearch HAL Fiji permit applications in almond tree crops Services Studies on Panama disease of banana in the NT DoR, University of CRCNPB Generation of residue data for pesticide minor use AgriSolutions HAL of Australia Queensland permit applications in macadamia tree crops Australia INNOVATION, RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT CHAPTER 5: INNOVATION, The control of Mango seed weevil (and other DEEDI HAL Herbicide efficacy, crop safety and residues in Crop Protection HAL mango pests) using thiamethoxam almonds when trifluralin is applied via sub-surface Research The determination of bifenthrin residue in AgriSolutions HAL irrigation systems pineapples Australia Improved almond pest and microbial management DPI Vic HAL The enhancement of citrus value chains NSW DPI ACIAR Improved control of lacebug in macadamias Australian HAL production in Pakistan and Australia through Macadamia improved orchard management practices Society The weight of the vine: Impacts of vine infestations University of RIRDC Minor use activities for the chestnut industry HAL HAL on plant health Wollongong Minor use permits for the almond industry HAL HAL Through chain approach for managing brown rot DPI Vic HAL in summerfruit and canning fruit Minor use permits for the macadamia industry HAL HAL Through chain rot management in apples DPI Vic HAL Progressing integrated pest management NSW DPI HAL (entomology) in macadamias Treeband proof of concept development University of University of Western Sydney Western Sydney Vegetables Tropical exotic fruit industry: Strategic direction DEEDI RIRDC, DEEDI 2,4-D induced resistance to Common scab of University of HAL setting potato Tasmania Use of Karate insecticide as a soil drench in fruit fly SARDI PIRSA A scoping study to control Pythium rhizome rot DEEDI HAL eradication programs and symphylid damage in ginger Vineyard disease management with biological NSW DPI Wine Grapes Accessing international potato cultivars for the DPI Vic HAL products Marketing Board enhanced management of Potato cyst nematode in Australia

175 Table 52. Plant biosecurity related research projects (in 2011)

Title Organisation Funding source/ Title Organisation Funding source/ undertaking the body undertaking the body research research Vegetables continued Development of Hippodamia and Micromus DPI Vic HAL Alternative fruit fly control and market access for DEEDI HAL biocontrol agents for use in Brassica and other capsicums and tomatoes vegetable crops Alternative fruit fly control for market access and to DEEDI HAL Development of IPM strategies and tools for DPI Vic HAL enhance IPM in eggplant Western flower thrips (Frankliniella occidentalis) in hydroponic lettuce Arabidopsis and Plasmodiophora brassicae Deakin University DPI Vic Development of methods to monitor and control NSW DPI HAL Assessing and managing Iris yellow spot virus in NSW DPI HAL Aphanomyces root rot and black root rot of beans onion production regions of Australia Diagnostic tests for soilborne pathogens of SARDI, DPI Vic HAL Assessment of Uroleucon sonchi on lettuce in WA Curtin University CRCNPB processing potatoes: International collaboration Australian Potato Research Project 2 Flinders University, HAL Enhanced profitability of selected vegetable value NSW DPI ACIAR Unversity of chains in the southern Philippines and Australia Tasmania Enhancing the plant immune response for DPI Vic DPI Vic, HAL, Benchmarking disease predictive models DPI Vic DPI Vic, HAL, improved disease control AUSVEG AUSVEG Evaluating strategies for managing sweet potato DEEDI ACIAR Biology and management of Potato cyst DPI Vic DPI Vic viruses and weevils in Papua New Guinea and nematode Australia

INNOVATION, RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT CHAPTER 5: INNOVATION, Brassica stem canker (Phase 2) SARDI HAL Evaluation of the impact of Dasheen mosaic virus Secretariat of the ACIAR Pacific Community, Broad spectrum resistance to tuber invading University of University of and other viruses on taro yield Fiji diseases of potato Tasmania Tasmania Exploring a novel strategy to enhance efficacy of University of HAL Broccoli and Plasmodiophora brassicae Deakin University DPI Vic insect pathogens and disrupt cuticle hardening in Queensland Cold disinfestation of capsicum fruit from NSW DPI HAL insects Queensland fruit fly Exploring microbial symbionts of thrips and their University of University of Defining the quarantine environment for Pacific Secretariat of the ACIAR potential use for a novel biological control strategy Western Sydney Western Sydney horticultural exports Pacific Community, Generation of data for pesticide registrations or Crop Protection HAL Fiji minor use permits in allium crops Research Desktop preparation of pesticide minor use permit AKC Consulting HAL Generation of residue data for pesticide minor use Crop Protection HAL applications in various vegetable crops permit applications in vegetable crops 2008: Research Determining the cause of onion stunting in SA SARDI HAL Agronico (Phase 3) Generation of residue data for vegetable minor use Crop Protection HAL Developing a strategy to control Anthracnose in Australian HAL permit applications 2009: Agronico Research lettuce Horticultural Generation of residue data for vegetable minor use Peracto HAL Research permit applications 2009: Peracto Developing and communicating strategies for DAFWA HAL Generation of residue, efficacy and crop safety Agrisearch HAL controlling virus diseases in vegetable cucurbit data for pesticide minor use permit applications: Services crops Agrisearch Developing and validating molecular diagnostics DPI Vic HAL Generation of residue, efficacy and crop safety AgriSolutions HAL for Phytoplasma and Liberibacter pathogens for data for pesticide minor use permit applications: Australia solanaceous crops AgriSolutions

176 Table 52. Plant biosecurity related research projects (in 2011)

Title Organisation Funding source/ Title Organisation Funding source/ undertaking the body undertaking the body research research Generation of residue, efficacy and crop safety Crop Protection HAL Integrated pest management in a sustainable University of ACIAR data for pesticide minor use permit applications: Research production system for Brassica crops in Fiji and Queensland Crop Protection Research Samoa Getting the most out of Eretmocerus hayati, an CSIRO Entomology HAL Integrated viral disease management in vegetable DEEDI HAL effective natural enemy of Silverleaf whitefly crops Identification and monitoring of resistance in NSW DPI HAL Integrated weed management in vegetable Agrisearch HAL vegetable crops in Australia brassicas Identification of immune-suppressors of SARDI HAL Integration of crop and soil insect management in Australian HAL Diamondback moth sweet potatoes Sweetpotato Growers Inc Identification of IPM strategies forPythium induced DPI Vic HAL root rots in Apiacae vegetable crops Investigations and developing integrated NSW DPI HAL management stategies for carrot powdery mildew Identification of nematodes of parsnips CSIRO CSIRO IPM for greenhouse vegetables: research to NSW DPI HAL Importance of tuber borne inoculum on seed University of HAL industry potato health Tasmania IPM for whitefly transmitted Geminiviruses in chilli CSIRO The World Improved virus diagnostics to support the Victorian DPI Vic HAL pepper in Indonesia Vegetable Centre, Seed Potato Association Taiwan

Improvement of Vietnamese vegetable production University of AusAID IPM gap analysis implementation (Phase 2) DPI Vic DPI Vic, HAL, RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT CHAPTER 5: INNOVATION, using GAP principles for seed and seedling Western Sydney AUSVEG production and superior hybrid varieties IPM stategic planning meeting DPI Vic HAL Improving cocoa production through farmer LaTrobe University ACIAR involvement in demonstration trials of potentially Linking vegetable farmers with markets in west International Potato ACIAR superior and pest and disease genotypes and and central Java Center, Philippines integrated management practices Low dose methyl bromide treatment of capsicum DEEDI HAL Improving management of white-fringed weevils in University of HAL to control fruit fly potatoes Tasmania Low dose methyl bromide treatment of tomato DEEDI HAL Increasing adoption of IPM by WA vegetable DAFWA HAL Management of bacterial wilt in solanaceous crops NSW DPI, DEEDI ACIAR growers and development of an ongoing technical support service Management of Late blight of potato in Papua DPI Vic DPI Vic, ACIAR New Guinea Increasing the safe production, promotion and NSW DPI ACIAR utilisation of indigenous vegetables Management of soil health for sustainable DPI Vic DPI Vic, HAL, vegetable production AUSVEG Incursion prevention and management of Coffee CABI Southeast ACIAR berry borer in Papua New Guinea and Indonesia and East Asia, Management of virus diseases in vegetables DEEDI HAL Malaysia Managing Onion stunt (Phase 4) SARDI HAL Integrated crop management package for The World ACIAR Managing the nematode threat SARDI HAL sustainable smallholder gardens in Solomon Vegetable Center, Islands Taiwan Mechanisms and management of insecticide SARDI HAL resistance in Australian diamondback moth Integrated management of foliar diseases in DEEDI HAL vegetable crops Minor use permit management for the horticultural Growcom HAL industry

177 Table 52. Plant biosecurity related research projects (in 2011)

Title Organisation Funding source/ Title Organisation Funding source/ undertaking the body undertaking the body research research Vegetables continued Residue, efficacy and crop safety data for pesticide Peracto HAL Minor use permits for the onion industry HAL HAL minor use permit applications in vegetable crops 2011: Peracto Monitoring of Australian potato crops for psyllids University of HAL Tasmania Revegetation by design, Qld: Natural resource CSIRO HAL management and IPM Native psyllid populations and the distribution of University of HAL Candidatus phytoplasma australiense Tasmania Scoping study for sustainable broadleaf weed University of New HAL control in cucurbit crops England Neutralising pesticides in recirculating water Graeme Smith HAL systems within a protected cropping system Consulting Soil amendments for control of potato diseases DPI Vic HAL Onion white rot and Diallyl disulphide research HAL HAL Strenghtening integrated crop management University of ACIAR permit research in the Pacific Islands in support of Queensland sustainable intensification of high value crop Onion yellow spot virus and Onion thrips NSW DPI, SARDI HAL production management in onions Strengthening the Cambodian and Australian NSW DPI ACIAR Optimising productivity of potato and brassica DPI Vic, DAFWA ACIAR vegetable industries through adoption of improved cropping in Indonesia production and postharvest practices Overcoming onion stunting and Brassica stem SARDI HAL The addition of celery to the Movento (spirotetramat) Bayer CropScience HAL canker by the use of liquid fertilisers label for the control of aphids and thrips

INNOVATION, RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT CHAPTER 5: INNOVATION, Pesticides in protected cropping working groups Protected HAL The addition of root and hydroponic vegetables to Bayer CropScience HAL Cropping Australia the Belt (flubendiamide) label for control of Phylogeny pathogenicity and epidemiology of DPI Vic DPI Vic, CRCNPB, Lepidoptera pests Potato spindle tuber viroid HAL The delivery of IPM for the lettuce industry NSW DPI HAL Population genetics and phylogeny of the plant University of HAL The effects of climate change on pests and University of Asia-Pacific pathogenic protozoan Spongospora subterranea Tasmania diseases of major food crops in India, Bangladesh Western Sydney Network for Global f. sp. subterranea and Australia Change Research Potato spindle tuber viroid DAFWA, University CRCNPB The importance of tuber borne inoculum on the SARDI HAL of Western health of seed potatoes and storability Australia The use of pathogen tested planting materials to International Potato ACIAR Processing potato disease management: Soil AgriFood Canada, DPI Vic, Agrifood improve sustainable sweet potato production in Center, Indonesia health DPI Vic Canada, HAL Solomon Islands and Papua New Guinea Provision of Western flower thrips technology DEEDI HAL Thrips management in the green beans industry DEEDI HAL transfer services in Bundaberg and Bowen Validating and documenting a strategy for DEEDI ACIAR PSTVd in Australia University of CRCNPB producing virus free sweet potato planting material Western Australia in Papua New Guinea Rearing Orius for vegetable industry Manchil IPM HAL Vegetable and carbon sustainability project DPI Vic, DEEDI DAFF, DPI Vic Services Vegetable IPM workshops for pathology and HAL HAL Regional extension strategy for managing Western NSW DPI HAL entomology participants flower thrips and Tomato spotted wilt virus in the Vegetable soil health systems for overcoming DEEDI HAL Sydney region soilborne diseases Virus identification and development of long-term DEEDI HAL management strategies for the rhubarb industry 178 Table 52. Plant biosecurity related research projects (in 2011)

Title Organisation Funding source/ Title Organisation Funding source/ undertaking the body undertaking the body research research Other horticultural crops Development of termiticide from the Australian University of HAL native plant E. mitchellii Western Sydney A detailed evaluation of current international PHA GWRDC responses (regulation and research) to the Development of tools to increase knowledge and University of GWRDC management of pesticide spray drift capacity of growers to implement sustainable pest Melbourne APRP2 International diagnostics DPI Vic, SARDI HAL, DPI Vic management solutions APRP2 Pathology DPI Vic HAL, DPI Vic Discovery of genetic resistance markers to Myrtle Australian National RIRDC, Australian rust in Myrtaceae University Tea Tree Industry Assessment of the toxicity of reduced risk Curtin University CRCNPB Association, insecticides Australian Native Australian Vine Quality Standards Scheme: Vine CSIRO GWRDC Food Industry Assurance Improving greenhouse systems and production SARDI HAL Biocontrol of Western flower thrips in cut flowers DEEDI HAL practices Biological control of “Mile-a-minute” (Mikania DEEDI ACIAR Improving soil health in support of sustainable DEEDI ACIAR micrantha) in Papua New Guinea and Fiji development in the Pacific Botrytis bunch rots in Australian vineyards University of GWRDC Improving the sustainability of cocoa production in LaTrobe University ACIAR Tasmania eastern Indonesia through integrated pest, disease and soil management in an effective extesnion and Capacity building and communications Australian RIRDC, policy environment enhancement of the wildflower industry Wildflowers Wildflowers RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT CHAPTER 5: INNOVATION, Research, Australia Improving the sustainability of plant protection in North East RIRDC, Australian Development and tea tree oil production systems Agricultural Tea Tree Industry Education Services Association Coffee green scales in Papua New Guinea: CABI ACIAR Incursion preparedness for Glassy winged Charles Sturt GWRDC Highland arabica coffee and yield loss sharpshooter and the plant pathogenic bacterium University Xylella fastidiosa Comparison of bitter rot bunch rot fungi in the Charles Sturt GWRDC USA and Australia and associated study tour University Integrated pest management for Finschhafen Charles Sturt ACIAR disorder of oil palm in Papua New Guinea University Control of foliar diseases in greenhouse vegetables SARDI HAL Investigating control options for Myrtle rust in North East RIRDC, Australian Controlling Pythium and associated pests in ginger DEEDI HAL, RIRDC native foods and tea tree Agricultural Native Food Determination of residues in riberries, lemon and Agrisolutions RIRDC, Australian Services Industry anise myrtle and satin ash Native Food Managing Cocoa pod borer in Papua New Guinea CABI Southeast ACIAR Industry through improved risk incursion management and East Asia, Developing demonstration sites for simple SARDI HAL capabilities, IPM strategies and stakeholder Malaysia hydroponic systems in protected cropping participatory training Developing plant biosecurity research and Charles Sturt ACIAR Minor use for the turf industry HAL HAL development capability in Thailand, Cambodia and University Minor use permit for cyazypyr and indoxacarb to DAFWA HAL Laos control Apple weevil in olives Developing tools for predicting responses of University of GWRDC Mite damage: A Survey of four warm season turf Turfgrass Scientific HAL viticultural pests and their natural enemies under Melbourne grasses Services Pty climate change: Modelling management and extension Molecular and genetic strategies to reduce the CSIRO GWRDC susceptibility of wine grapes to fungal pathogens

179 Table 52. Plant biosecurity related research projects (in 2011)

Title Organisation Funding source/ Title Organisation Funding source/ undertaking the body undertaking the body research research Other horticultural crops continued Tea tree oil communications and biosecurity Australian Tea Tree RIRDC, Australian planning Industry Tea Tree Industry Monitoring Myrtle rust in a lemon myrtle CSIRO RIRDC Association Association provenance trial The control of Basal stem rot of oil palm caused by University of ACIAR Northern NSW safflower evaluation and seed NSW DPI GRDC Ganoderma in Solomon Islands Queensland increase The three Rs: Rootstock, resistance and resilience NSW DPI GWRDC Optimising eradication strategies for exotic plant SARDI CRCNPB to Grape phylloxera pathogen incursions on perennial crops (Phase 2) Tropical sandalwood silviculture management to Forest Products RIRDC, Elders Optimising management of Eutypa dieback SARDI GWRDC minimise fungal attack Commission Forestry Pathogen eradication strategies (Phase 2) SARDI CRCNPB Truffle genetics study and varietal identification Australian National Australian National Pest and Disease Management Service Australian HAL University University, Mushroom Australian Truffle Growers Growers’ Association Association, Protecting vines in stress environments: Early NSW DPI GWRDC RIRDC detection of Phylloxera infestation and grapevine Use of predatory mites for long term prevention of University of GWRDC stress using chemical biomarkers rust mite, bud mite and other pest mite outbreaks Melbourne in Australian vineyards

INNOVATION, RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT CHAPTER 5: INNOVATION, Provision of independent technical and secretarial PHA GWRDC services to the National Working Party for Why are some parasitoids of Light brown apple University of GWRDC Pesticide Application moth so uncommon in vineyards? Adelaide Provision of secretariat services to the Wine Scholefield GWRDC Winegrowing Futures Program (Theme II) Charles Sturt GWRDC Industry Biosecurity Technical Reference Group Robinson University Horticultural Forestry Services Asian gypsy moth and multiple plant pest species DEEDI DAFF Risk based surveillance DEEDI DEEDI surveillance program Rootstock breeding program CSIRO GWRDC Audit of forest biosecurity arrangements and CSIRO, University CSIRO Screening chemicals for control of Eriophyid mites Turfgrass Scientific HAL preparedness in Australia of Tasmania in four warm season turf grasses Services Pty Biological control of Eucalyptus pests overseas DEEDI ACIAR Screening miticides for interaction Turfgrass Scientific HAL and in Australia Services Pty Contribution of CAR reserves to mature forest Forestry Tasmania FWPA, Forestry Screening warm season turfgrass for Group A GeneGro HAL biodiversity in production forest landscapes Tasmania herbicide tolerance Development of FWPA research and development FWPA FWPA Soil borne biocontrol on Western flower thrips in DEEDI HAL investment plan for forest biosecurity and cut flowers preparedness Spring vine health field days Charles Sturt GWRDC EHB acoustic emissions detection DAFWA, Edith DAFWA, Edith University Cowan University Cowan University Sustainable protection of grapevines from garden Curtin University of GWRDC EHB research and technical support (roof DAFWA, Edith DAFWA, FWPA weevil Technology temperature trials, acoustic detection methods, Cowan University fumigation bioassay, DNA diagnostics, rearing biology)

180 Table 52. Plant biosecurity related research projects (in 2011)

Title Organisation Funding source/ Title Organisation Funding source/ undertaking the body undertaking the body research research EHB surveillance and response advice DAFWA DAFWA Nursery crops Enhancing insect identification skills to support DEEDI Crawford Fund Minor use permits for the nursery industry HAL HAL ongoing health surveillance in the Pacific Plant health risk management, planning and DEEDI HAL Forest biosecurity and preparedness for climate DEEDI, University DAFF capacity building change of Tasmania The introduction, transmission and spread of plant Murdoch University Murdoch University Fumigation bioassay trial DAFWA, Murdoch DAFWA, Murdoch pathogens in plant nurseries, using Phytophthora University University as a model Hardwood plantation P&D semiochemistry DEEDI DEEDI Natural environment Impact of stem defect agent defects on hardwood DEEDI Plantation Beating environmental weeds II CSIRO AgResearch wood quality Hardwood Research Fund, Biological control of WoNS in SA SARDI DAFF DEEDI Dhirmurru Yellow crazy ant management in north CSIRO Dhimurru Land Improved DNA diagnostics for European house DAFWA DAFWA east Arnhem Land Management borer Aboriginal Corporation Introduction of the wasp, Diaeretus essigellae, for SARDI Auspine, CSIRO, the biocontrol of Pine aphid in Australia FWPA, Forest Eucalyptus rust epidemiology and host specificity DEEDI CRCNPB Plantations Qld, and impact in Australia

Forest Products Hawkweed and Ox-eye daisy infestations in alpine University of University of RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT CHAPTER 5: INNOVATION, Commission WA, regions Wollongong Wollongong, NSW Forests NSW, Office and Green Triangle Environment and Forest Products, Heritage Hancock Victoria Murdoch University CRCNPB Plantations, Hume Hosts of Phytophthora ramorum Forests, PIRSA, Impacts of grass invasion in coastal areas University of University of TAMS, Wollongong Wollongong NorskeSkog, Improving integration of agriculture and University of RIRDC, University SARDI conservation through biosphere reserves Western Australia of Western Parasitoids for the biocontrol of Pine aphids in SARDI FWPA Australia south-eastern Australia Invasive Acacia at home and abroad CSIRO CSIRO Pest and disease management systems for high DEEDI Elders Forestry Management of glyphosate resistant weeds in NSW DPI NSW DPI value hardwoods in the tropics non-agricultural areas Pest and disease management systems for the DEEDI Elders Forestry Myrtle rust interim response: Host testing CSIRO NSW DPI developing sandalwood industry Myrtle rust interim response: Integrated response CSIRO NSW DPI Rearing and general biology of European house DAFWA DAFWA to management (SMURF) borer Myrtle rust pathways project ACERA, Uni Melb, DAFF Roof temperatures and European house borer DAFWA, FWPA DAFWA, FWPA UTAS, DPI Vic Susceptibility of key Queensland eucalyptus DEEDI DEEDI NRM biological control support SARDI PIRSA species to Puccinia psidii sensu lato Phytophthora cinnamomi and native vegetation Deakin University DAFF

181 Table 52. Plant biosecurity related research projects (in 2011)

Title Organisation Funding source/ Title Organisation Funding source/ undertaking the body undertaking the body research research Natural environment continued Australian woody vegetation feature from a NSW DPI CRC Spatial Info multi-source airborne and space-borne imaging Transformation for resilient landscapes and University of RIRDC and ranging data communities Western Australia Australia’s armoured scales new species: DEEDI Australian Understanding Eucalyptus rust epidemiology and DEEDI, NSW DPI CRCNPB Classification and identification Biological host specificity to determine disease impact in Resources Study Australia Bacterial Diagnostics Project DPI Vic DPI Vic, CRCNPB Understanding threats and impacts of invasive CSIRO Reef Research pests on ecosystems CRC Best practice mesquite management in the CSIRO Pilbara Mesquite rangelands of WA Management Zea mays model and P. cinnamomi Deakin University DAFF Committee Multiple Biological control agents of Bellyache bush and CSIRO Meat and Livestock A community based model for remote microscopy Charles Darwin CRCNPB Parkinsonia Australia, US University Department of Agriculture A community based model to manage EPPs Charles Darwin CRCNPB (Phase 2) University Biological control and ecology of Cabomba and CSIRO DAFF Alligator weed A multi target approach to fruitspotting bug DPI Vic HAL management Biological control of Hudson pear in Australia NSW DPI RIRDC

INNOVATION, RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT CHAPTER 5: INNOVATION, A new Blue green aphid - a biohazard to the SARDI RIRDC, SARDI Biological control of Lippia CSIRO US Department of pasture seed industry Agriculture A participatory approach to developing climate NSW DPI CSIRO Biological control of Paterson’s curse NSW DPI Australian Wool change adaptation options for southern NSW Innovation mixed farming systems Biological control of Sarcophaga penicillata CSIRO SARDI Adapting to agricultural pests and diseases under DPI Vic DPI Vic, CRCNPB Biological control of weeds DPI Vic DPI Vic future climates Biological control of weedy sporobolus grasses by NSW DPI RIRDC Airport forensics DAFWA, DEEDI, CRCNPB the fungus Nigrospora oryzae Murdoch University Cape tulip biocontrol CSIRO DAFWA Alligator weed genetic analysis CSIRO NSW DPI Changing decision making by languages other DPI Vic RIRDC, DPI Vic An integrated approach to the eradication of DPI Vic DPI Vic, CRCNPB than English (LOTE) growers arthropod EPPs Collection of biocontrol agents in Thailand CSIRO CSIRO Area wide IPM for Bundaberg regional production DEEDI Bundaberg Fruit horticulture and Vegetable Commercial mass rearing system for Transeius NSW DPI HAL Growers montdorensis Artificial mRNA based resistance to viruses DEEDI DEEDI Communicating uncertainty in biosecurity adaption DAFWA CRCNPB Assessing the invasion and impacts of exotic CSIRO Laure Syndique (CUBA) high-biomass grasses in Brisbane Confidence levels for Emergency Plant Pest DAFWA, University CRCNPB Assessment of new biocontrol agents of CSIRO Meat and Livestock detection and response to incursion of Western Parkinsonia Australia Australia Australian Eradication Database DAFWA CRCNPB Control of Asian honeybees in the Solomon CSIRO ACIAR Islands

182 Table 52. Plant biosecurity related research projects (in 2011)

Title Organisation Funding source/ Title Organisation Funding source/ undertaking the body undertaking the body research research Control of Cabomba in Australia CSIRO Mary River Forewarning of Annual ryegrass toxicity risk for HAEN DAFWA, Gilmac, Catchment producers GRDC, RIRDC Coordination Future proofing the National Post Border Weed NSW DPI RIRDC Association Risk Management Protocol Cost benefit analyses for market access and plant University of CRCNPB Future surveillance needs for bee biosecurity CSIRO HAL, RIRDC biosecurity Western Australia Genetic variation of Varroa jacobsoni and CSIRO RIRDC Cross industry preparedness for Cotton leaf curl DEEDI, DPI Vic CRDC pathology of microbial pathogens disease Gorgon Quarantine Task Force CSIRO Chevron Australia Detection and management of exotic psyllid DPI Vic DPI Vic incursions Horticultural Pest Management Strategic Plan Growcom HAL review and on-going support Determining disease dynamics across the Torres James Cook James Cook Strait and improved approaches for disease University University Hyperspectral vision methods for automatic CSIRO CRCNPB detection and management recognition of Emergency Plant Pests Develop protocols for biosecure packaging SARDI CRCNPB Identification of feeding attractants to assist baiting CSIRO GRDC technologies for Mediterranean snails Development of agronomy packages for new NSW DPI GRDC varieties in NSW Identification of fungal pathogens in Thailand DEEDI CRCNPB Development of Australasian biological control CSIRO US Department of Identifying pilot sites and research methods for soil DEEDI ACIAR agents against invasive insects Agriculture health research in the Pacific RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT CHAPTER 5: INNOVATION, Development of molecular diagnostic protocols for DoR DAFF Impact of climate change on food security and DPI Vic CRCNPB exotic moths biosecurity of crop production systems in small Pacific nations Diagnostic database project for EPPs CSIRO, Museum CRCNPB Victoria Improved post entry quarantine to secure Victoria’s DPI Vic DPI Vic agriculture Differential herbicide tolerance of winter crops in NSW DPI GRDC south east Australia (Stage 3) Increasing diagnostic capacity in Thailand DEEDI CRCNPB Early warning of pre-emergent Emergency Plant CSIRO CRCNPB Innovation in invasive species control: using CSIRO Reef Research Pest threats indigenous and industry knowledge CRC Evaluating the performance of Australia’s risk CSIRO, University CRCNPB Insect eradication (Phase 2) DAFWA CRCNPB analysis system: Improving impact assessment of Melbourne Invasive grasses CSIRO CSIRO and prediction Invasive species risks and response in the wet CSIRO CSIRO Exotic bee parasite training CSIRO DPI Vic tropics Exotic pest nematodes CSIRO CRCNPB Investigating the use of NASA (TOPS) for DPI Vic DPI Vic Field host range of high priority potential biocontrol CSIRO DAFF management of EPP incursions agents of Parkinsonia aculeata Investigation of pyrethrum compatibility with Botanical HAL Fireweed control research CSIRO University of New integrated pest management systems for Resources England horticultural and field crops Australia - Marketing Services Flying spore trap project DAFWA CRCNPB IPDM economic analysis DPI Vic DPI Vic Forecast rate of spread of invading organisms for University of CRCNPB rapid tactical response Western Australia

183 Table 52. Plant biosecurity related research projects (in 2011)

Title Organisation Funding source/ Title Organisation Funding source/ undertaking the body undertaking the body research research Multiple continued Plant protection: Regulatory support and AKC Consulting HAL co-ordination Listen and see: Remote sensing and imaging of CSIRO University of New insect pests South Wales Platforms to differentiate exotic pathovars of plant NSW DPI CRCNPB bacteria Management and control of Lippia in wetlands and CSIRO NSW Office of riparian zones Environment and Porous silica based nanocapsules for targeted and DEEDI, University ARC Heritage controlled release of biocides of Queensland Managing pesticide access in horticulture AgAware HAL Potential economic impacts of the Varroa bee mite CSIRO ACIAR Consulting on the pollination of major crops in Papua New Guinea Mangrove and freshwater habitat status of Torres James Cook James Cook Strait Islands University University Pre-harvest for fruit fly Queensland CRCNPB University of Mass rearing fruitspotting bug for experimental BioResources HAL Technology, DEEDI purposes Preparedness for arrival of Glassy winged NSW DPI CRCNPB Mechanical disinfestation technology: Weevil CSIRO GRDC sharpshooter wacker Providing data packages for new fruit fly control DEEDI HAL Modelling aerial dispersal and surveillance of fungal DAFWA, University CRCNPB technology pathogens of Western Australia Quarantine surveillance and response advice DAFWA Chevron INNOVATION, RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT CHAPTER 5: INNOVATION, Molecular diagnostics for state and federal DoR DoR Retrospective analyses of biological control CSIRO US Department of quarantine projects using molecular marker technology Agriculture Monitoring and impact evaluation of invasive plants DPI Vic DPI Vic Review of importation of live honeybees CSIRO DAFF Nematode taxonomy DAFWA, Murdoch CRCNPB Revision of New Crops website University of RIRDC University Queensland Northern NSW integrated disease management NSW DPI GRDC Risk assessment tools DPI Vic DPI Vic Novel biological methods of crop protection DPI Vic DPI Vic Six degrees of preparation CSIRO CRCNPB against soilborne pathogens Spatial scale course habitats of pest insects CSIRO AGROCAMPUS Nutritional profile of irradiated summerfruit, DEEDI HAL Ouest vegetables and melons SPHDS ratification of a diagnostic protocol for the DPI Vic CRCNPB OrdGuard community engagement Charles Darwin CRCNPB detection of potyviruses University Strategies for area wide fruit fly management in DEEDI ACIAR Origins, diversity and adaptation of the stripe rust NSW DPI CRCNPB industry and Australia pathogen in Australia Submissions regarding submission to authorities in APVMA HAL PestWeb project NSW DPI Soilcare Inc Japan and Taiwan addressing provisional maximum residue limts Plant biosecurity: Technological research and CRCNPB ACIAR training for improved pest diagnosis Succession training in plant health diagnostics DPI Vic DPI Vic Plant health diagnostics DPI Vic DPI Vic Surveillance simulation platform University of CRCNPB Western Australia Plant pathogens in the Ord River Irrigation Area DAFWA, Murdoch CRCNPB University Surveys: Biological control agents for Lippia CSIRO University of Bahia Blanca

184 Table 52. Plant biosecurity related research projects (in 2011)

Title Organisation Funding source/ Title Organisation Funding source/ undertaking the body undertaking the body research research Taxonomy collection and biosystematics DPI Vic DPI Vic Diagnostics of scale insects DEEDI DAFF Technological research and training for improved NSW DPI CRCNPB DITA regulation (West Indian drywood termite) DEEDI DEEDI pest diagnostics in Thailand and Australia Improved estimation of consequences resulting CSIRO, University ACERA The Luteoviridae as a pilot to evaluate virulence DPI Vic CRCNPB from pest and diseases of Melbourne evolution in EPPs Improved management of submerged aquatic DPI Vic DPI Vic Towards sustainable pheromone based IPM in DPI Vic HAL weeds and alligator weed orchards Management of fruit fly in green urban waste SARDI PIRSA Training for nematode diagnosticians CSIRO DAFF Reducing the impact of Red headed cockchafer DPI Vic DPI Vic Training in bee disease diagnostics CSIRO DAFF Risk assessment and management of paraquat University of RIRDC Trapping for area freedom to improve surveillance DAFWA, DPI Vic, CRCNPB, HAL resistance in the pasture seed industry Adelaide NSW DPI, PIRSA, Seed bank longevity in Bitou and Boneseed University of University of SARDI Wollongong Wollongong, NSW Triggers of the dispersal of a leaf-feeding beetle CSIRO Institute Office of (Aurore houche) Polytechnique La Environment and Salle Beauvais Heritage Understanding and management of resistance to NSW DPI NSW DPI Stakeholder map and Industry Biosecurity Plan for PHA RIRDC Group M, Group L and Group I herbicides lucerne and oaten hay INNOVATION, RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT CHAPTER 5: INNOVATION, Urban surveillance DAFF CRCNPB Ustilaginomycotina (smuts) advanced DEEDI DAFF diagnosticians development framework training UV influence on interactions of Hyaloperonspora Deakin University Deakin University parastica on Arabidopsis Vector borne disease transmission under future DPI Vic DPI Vic climates Weed eradication tools DPI Vic DPI Vic Weed risk assessment DPI Vic DPI Vic Weed seed wizard University of GRDC Western Australia, DEEDI World and Asian foods newsletter DPI Vic RIRDC, DPI Vic World threat of invasive species CSIRO CRCNPB Other A rigorous comparison of quarantine risk analysis CSIRO CRCNPB systems from other countries Are mycorrhizal associations important in plant University of University of invasions? Wollongong Wollongong Argentine ant management using liquid bait matrix DAFWA DAFWA

185 186 Appendices Organisational and initiative contact details

Organisation or initiative For more information Organisation or initiative For more information Almond Board of Australia www.australianalmonds.com.au Australian Plant Pest Database www.planthealthaustralia.com.au/appd Phone: +61 8 8582 2055 Phone: +61 2 6215 7700

Apple and Pear Australia www.apal.org.au Australian Processing Tomato Research www.aptrc.asn.au Phone: +61 3 9329 3511 Council Phone: +61 3 5825 4633

Atlas of Living Australia www.ala.gov.au Australian Research Council www.arc.gov.au Phone: +61 2 6246 5901 Phone: +61 2 6287 6600

Australasian Plant Pathology Society www.appsnet.org Australian Rubus Growers Association www.arga.com.au Phone: +61 7 4632 0467 +61 3 5964 3350

Australian Banana Grower’s Council www.abgc.org.au Australian Society for Microbiology www.theasm.org.au Phone: +61 7 3278 4786 Phone: +61 1300 656 423

Australian Biosecurity Intelligence Network www.abin.org.au Australian Table Grape Association www.atga.com.au Phone: +61 2 6214 2964 +61 3 5021 5718

Australian Bureau of Agricultural and www.daff.gov.au/abares Australian Walnut Industry Association www.walnut.net.au Resource Economics and Sciences Phone: +61 2 6272 2000 +61 3 5729 7647 AUSVEG www.ausveg.com.au Australian Centre for International www.aciar.gov.au +61 3 9544 8098 Agricultural Research Phone: +61 2 6217 0500

ORGANISATIONAL AND INITIATIVE CONTACT DETAILS CONTACT AND INITIATIVE APPENDIX 1: ORGANISATIONAL Avocados Australia www.avocado.org.au Australian Entomological Society www.austentsoc.org.au Phone: +61 7 3846 6566 Phone: +61 2 6246 4183 BioSIRT www.daff.gov.au/animal-plant-health/ Australian Forest Products Association www.ausfpa.com.au emergancy/biosirt Phone: +61 2 6285 3833 Phone: +61 2 6272 3170 Australian Honey Bee Industry Council www.honeybee.org.au BSES www.bses.org.au Phone: +61 2 9221 0911 Phone: +61 7 3331 3333 Australian Lychee Growers Association www.australianlychee.com.au CANEGROWERS Australia www.canegrowers.com.au Phone: +61 7 4939 7032 Phone: +61 7 3864 6444 Australian Macadamia Society www.macadamias.org Canned Fruits Industry Council of Australia www.horticulture.com.au Phone: +61 2 6622 4933 Phone: +61 3 5826 2433 Australian Mango Industry Association www.mangoes.net.au Cherry Growers of Australia www.cherrygrowers.org.au Phone: +61 7 4086 6007 Phone: +61 8 8349 5073 Australian Nut Industry Council www.nutindustry.org.au Chestnuts Australia www.chestnutsaustralia.com.au Phone: +61 409 707 806 Phone: +61 3 57511466 Australian Olive Association www.australianolives.com.au Citrus Australia www.citrusaustralia.com.au Phone: +61 2 9863 8735 Phone: +61 3 5023 6333 Australian Pesticides and Veterinary www.apvma.gov.au CRC for National Plant Biosecurity www.crcplantbiosecurity.com.au Medicines Authority Phone: +61 2 6210 4701 Phone: +61 2 6201 2882

188 Organisation or initiative For more information Organisation or initiative For more information Cotton Australia www.cottonaustralia.com.au Dried Fruits Australia www.adfa.asn.au Phone: +61 2 9669 5222 Phone: +61 3 5023 5174

Cotton Catchment Communities CRC www.cottoncrc.org.au Emergency Plant Pest Response Deed, www.planthealthaustralia.com.au/epprd Phone: +61 2 6799 1500 PHA Phone: +61 2 6215 7700

Cotton Research and Development www.crdc.com.au Exotic Plant Pest Hotline 1800 084 881 Corporation Phone: +61 2 6792 4088 Farm Biosecurity www.farmbiosecurity.com.au Council of Australasian Weed Societies www.caws.org.au Phone: +61 2 6215 7700 CRC for Forestry www.crcforestry.com.au Farm Biosecurity Manuals, PHA www.planthealthaustralia.com.au/biosecurity Phone: +61 3 6226 7947 Phone: +61 2 6215 7700 CSIRO www.csiro.com.au Forest and Wood Products Australia Phone: +61 1300 363 400 www.fwpa.com.au Limited Phone: +61 3 9927 3200 Department of Agriculture and Food, www.agri.wa.gov.au Western Australia Phone: +61 8 9368 3333 Grain Producers Australia www.gpau.com.au Phone: +61 2 6273 3000 Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and www.daff.gov.au Forestry Phone: +61 2 6272 3933 Grains Research and Development www.grdc.com.au Corporation Phone: +61 2 6166 4500 Department of Employment, Economic www.deedi.qld.gov.au Development & Innovation, Queensland Phone: +61 7 3404 6999 Grape and Wine Research and www.gwrdc.com.au Development Corporation Phone: +61 8 8273 0500 DETAILS CONTACT AND INITIATIVE APPENDIX 1: ORGANISATIONAL Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade www.dfat.gov.au Phone: +61 2 6261 1111 Growcom www.growcom.com.au Phone: +61 7 3620 3844 Department of Primary Industries and www.pir.sa.gov.au Regions, South Australia Phone: +61 8 8463 3000 Horticulture Australia www.horticulture.com.au Phone: +61 2 8295 2300 Department of Primary Industries, New www.dpi.nsw.gov.au South Wales Phone: +61 1800 808 095 Industry Bioesecurity Plans, PHA www.planthealthaustralia.com.au/biosecurity Phone: +61 2 6215 7700 Department of Primary Industries, Parks, www.dpipwe.tas.gov.au Water and Environment, Tasmania Phone: +61 3 6421 7601 International Plant Protection Convention www.ippc.int

Department of Primary Industries, Victoria www.dpi.vic.gov.au National Plant Surveillance Reporting Tool www.planthealthaustralia.com.au/npsrt Phone: +61 3 5332 5000 New Rural Industries Australia www.nria.org.au Department of Resources, Northern www.nt.gov.au/d Phone: +61 3 9221 6337 Territory Phone: +61 8 8999 5511 Northern Australia Quarantine Strategy, www.daff.gov.au/aqis/quarantine/naqs Department of Sustainability, Environment, www.environment.gov.au DAFF Biosecurity Phone: +61 2 6272 3933 Water, Population and Communities Phone: +61 2 6274 1111 Nursery and Garden Industry Australia www.ngia.com.au Department of Territory and Municipal www.tams.act.gov.au Phone: +61 2 8861 5100 Services, Australian Capital Territory Phone: +61 13 22 81 Onions Australia www.onionsaustralia.com.au Domestic Quarantine and Market Access www.domesticquarantine.org.au Phone: +61 8 8725 8862 Working Group

189 Organisational and initiative contact details

Organisation or initiative For more information Passionfruit Australia www.passionfruitaustralia.org.au Phone: +61 7 3351 8358

Pest and Disease Image Library www.padil.gov.au

Pistachio Growers Association www.pgai.com.au Phone: +61 3 5024 2264

Plant Health Australia www.planthealthaustralia.com.au Phone: +61 2 6215 7700

PLANTPLAN, PHA www.planthealthaustralia.com.au/plantplan Phone: +61 2 6215 7700

Ricegrowers Association of Australia www.rga.org.au Phone: +61 2 6953 0433

Rural Industries Research and www.rirdc.gov.au

ORGANISATIONAL AND INITIATIVE CONTACT DETAILS CONTACT AND INITIATIVE ORGANISATIONAL Development Corporation Phone: +61 2 6271 4100

Sacron Innovations www.sacroninnovations.com

South Australian Research and www.sardi.sa.gov.au Development Institute Phone: +61 8 8303 9400 APPENDIX 1: Strawberries Australia www.strawberriesaustralia.com.au

Subcommittee on National Plant Health www.daff.gov.au/animal-plant-health/plant/ Surveillance committees/surveillance_reference_group_srg Phone: +61 2 6272 3137

Subcommittee on Plant Health Diagnostic www.padil.gov.au/sphds Standards Phone: +61 2 6272 4568

Sugar Research and Development www.srdc.gov.au Corporation Phone: +61 7 3210 0495

Summerfruit Australia www.summerfruit.com.au Phone: +61 2 6041 6641

Trade and Market Access Division, DAFF www.daff.gov.au/market-access-trade Phone: +61 2 6272 3933

Weeds of National Significance www.weeds.org.au/WoNS

Wine Grape Growers Australia www.wgga.com.au Phone: +61 8 8133 4400

190 Image courtesy of Sam Malfroy ORGANISATIONAL AND INITIATIVE CONTACT DETAILS CONTACT AND INITIATIVE ORGANISATIONAL APPENDIX 1:

Image courtesy of Jean Roberts 191 Glossary

Term Definition Term Definition Appropriate Level of Protection The level of protection deemed appropriate by a Emergency response The actions undertaken to contain and/or eradicate country establishing a sanitary or phytosanitary an exotic pest after its detection measure to protect human, animal and plant life or Established pests Non-endemic pests that have established in health within its territory Australia Area freedom Absence of a specific pest in a specified location Exotic pests Pests not currently present in Australia Biosecurity The protection of the economy, environment and

APPENDIX 2: GLOSSARY High Priority Pest A pest that has been identified to have the greatest human health from the negative impacts associated potential economic impact to a particular plant with entry, establishment or spread of exotic pests industry and is listed in an Industry Biosecurity Plan Biosecurity activities Activities undertaken to manage biosecurity risks or in Schedule 13 of the EPPRD Biosecurity continuum The range of biosecurity activities and arrangements Offshore In relation to the biosecurity continuum: regions that are undertaken in offshore, border and onshore outside Australia’s border locations Onshore In relation to the biosecurity continuum: regions Border In relation to the biosecurity continuum: airports, inside Australia’s border seaports and land borders that represent the Pest Free Area An area in which a pest does not occur as potential point of entry for a pest into Australia demonstrated by scientific evidence and in which, Commonwealth The Commonwealth of Australia, including its where appropriate, this condition is being officially external territories maintained Contingency plans Management plans that outline specific information Pest Any insect, mite, snail, nematode, pathogen required in the event of an emergency response (disease) and weed that is injurious to a plant, plant product or bees Diagnostic protocols Protocols that describe the procedures and methods for the identification of a pest to a defined Phytosanitary measure Any legislation, regulation or official procedure level having the purpose to prevent the introduction and/ or spread of quarantine pests, or to limit the Diagnostics Processes and standards associated with the economic impact of regulated non-quarantine pests accurate identification of a pest Plant biosecurity The protection of plants or plant products from Disinfestation Post-harvest management measures focused on pests that may impact on production or market eliminating the presence of pests within plants and access plant products PLANTPLAN The national contingency planning framework for Domestic quarantine Activities designed to prevent the movement and the management of plant pest emergencies in spread of pests within Australia Australia Endemic pests Pests that are known to occur naturally in Australia Plant production industries All plant industries in the agricultural, horticultural Emergency Plant Pest A pest that is included in Schedule 13 of the and forestry sectors Emergency Plant Pest Response Deed or which is Quarantine The system of measures which are used to minimise determined by the Categorisation Group to meet risks associated with the entry of pests one or more of the EPP criteria listed in Clause 1 of the EPPRD Regionalised pests Pests contained within a geographic region due to specific quarantine and/or management Emergency Plant Pest Response Deed A pre-agreed cost sharing and response framework arrangements for dealing with an incursion of an Emergency Plant Pest

192 Term Definition Response Plan An integrated plan for undertaking a response to an EPP incident GLOSSARY Risk analysis The process of evaluating scientific and economic evidence to determine the risk posed by a pest to Australia’s environment, plant production industries and economy

State and territory governments The state and territory governments of Australia APPENDIX 2: Surveillance Processes which collect and record data on pest occurrence or absence by survey, monitoring or other procedures Weeds of National Significance Weeds considered to currently pose serious threats at a national level

Image courtesy of Dried Fruits Australia 193 Acronyms and abbreviations

Acronym Full name Acronym Full name ABARES Australian Bureau of Agriculture and Resource Economics and Sciences DQMAWG Domestic Quarantine and Market Access Working Group ABIN Australian Biosecurity Intelligence Network EPPRD Emergency Plant Pest Response Deed ACIAR Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research FWPA Forest and Wood Products Australia ACT Australian Capital Territory GPA Grains Producers Australia AHA Animal Health Australia GRDC Grains Research and Development Corporation ALA Atlas of Living Australia GVP Gross Value of Production ALOP Appropriate Level of Protection GWRDC Grape and Wine Research and Development Corporation APPD Australian Plant Pest Database HAL Horticulture Australia Limited APPPC Asia and Pacific Plant Protection Commission HPP High Priority Pest APVMA Australian Pesticides and Veterinary Medicines Authority IBG Industry Biosecurity Group

APPENDIX 3: ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS ARC Australian Research Council IBP Industry Biosecurity Plan AWC Australian Weeds Committee ICON Import Conditions Database BERT Biosecurity Emergency Response Team IGAB Intergovernmental Agreement on Biosecurity BioSIRT Biosecurity Surveillance, Incident Response and Tracing IPPC International Plant Protection Convention BV Biosecurity Victoria IRA Import Risk Analysis CCC CRC Cotton Catchment Communities Cooperative Research Centre ISPMs International Standards for Phytosanitary Measures CCEPP Consultative Committee on Emergency Plant Pests LVP Local Value of Production CRC Cooperative Research Centre NAQS Northern Australia Quarantine Strategy CRCNPB Cooperative Research Centre for National Plant Biosecurity NBC National Biosecurity Committee CRDC Cotton Research and Development Corporation NDP National Diagnostic Protocol CSIRO Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation NEBRA National Environmental Biosecurity Response Agreement DAFF Australian Government Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry NGIA Nursery and Garden Industry Association DAFWA Department of Agriculture and Food, Western Australia NMG National Management Group DEEDI Department of Employment, Economic Development and Innovation, NPBS National Plant Biosecurity Strategy Queensland NPSRT National Plant Surveillance Reporting Tool DFAT Australian Government Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade NSW New South Wales DIISR Australian Government Department of Innovation, Industry, Science and NSW DPI New South Wales Department of Primary Industries Research NT Northern Territory DoR Department of Resources, Northern Territory OGTR Office of the Gene Technology Regulator DPI Vic Department of Primary Industries, Victoria ORIA Ord River Irrigation Area DPIPWE Department of Primary Industries, Parks, Water and Environment, Tasmania PaDIL Pest and Disease Image Library

194 Acronym Full name PHA Plant Health Australia PHC Plant Health Committee PIRSA Department of Primary Industries and Regions, South Australia PPPO Pacific Plant Protection Organisation R&D Research and Development RDC Research and Development Corporation RIRDC Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS SA South Australia SAP Scientific Advisory Panel SARDI South Australian Research and Development Institute

SCoPI Standing Council on Primary Industries APPENDIX 3: SEWPaC Australian Government Department of Sustainability, Environment, Water, Population and Communities SNPHS Subcommittee on National Plant Health Surveillance SPHDS Subcommittee on Plant Health Diagnostic Standards SPS Sanitary and Phytosanitary Agreement SRDC Sugar Research and Development Corporation TMAD Trade and Market Access Division WA Western Australia WoNS Weeds of National Significance WTO World Trade Organisation

195 Index

A Northern Australia Quarantine Strategy, 110, 111f crop production summary, 28 acronyms and abbreviations, 194-195 Post-Entry Plant Quarantine program, 110 CSIRO (see Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial INDEX agronomists, 23, 27 breeding, 67, 81, 114, 14, 159, 168-180t Research Organisation) almonds, 28, 30, 175t broadacre crops research and development projects apples, 31, 33, 135, 139, 172-175t cotton, 168t D Atlas of Living Australia, 140 grains, 168-171t DAFF Biosecurity Australian Biosecurity Intelligence Network, 140 other broadacre, 171-172t border activities, 18, 110 Australian Bureau of Agriculture and Resource sugarcane, 171t exports, 108, 109 Economics and Sciences, 20 BSES, 164 information systems, 111, 140 Australian Capital Territory offshore activities, 12, 18, 103, 104 biosecurity services, 23, 77 C policy advice and reviews, 107t pest diagnostic services, 125t canned fruits, 37 regional boundaries, 19 weed management, 97t cherries, 38, 173t responsibilities, 18, 110 Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research, chestnuts, 39 risk analysis, 105, 106, 107t 157f, 158 China, exports to, 20, 48, 53, 54, 70, 75 weed management, 97t Australian Government responsibilities, 16, 97, 104, citrus, 40-41, 109, 172-175t Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade, 20, 156, 157f 105, 138 committees, 16, 17f, 145 diagnostics, 113, 124, 130, 140, 160, 169-185t Australian Plant Pest Database, 140 Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research facilities, 124 Australian Research Council, 157, 158 Organisation (CSIRO), 16, 20, 42, 124, 158, 159, National Plant Biosecurity Diagnostic Network,133 Australian Weeds Committee, 96 160, 161 protocols, 81, 131, 132f, 134-135t avocados, 32, 139, 172-173t communication and awareness, 13, 21, 25, 94, 136, services and laboratories, 125-127 awards, 139, 160 137, 138, 147 Subcommittee on Plant Health Diagnostic Standards, community biosecurity, 76, 94, 97, 98, 114, 116-122t 131 B Consultative Committee on Emergency Plant Pests, 17f, domestic quarantine, 112 bananas, 28, 34, 172-175t 145 Domestic Quarantine and Market Access Working Beale Review, 12-14 consultative committees, 17f Group, 17f, 112 berries, 36 contingency plans, 148, 149-152t dried fruit, 43, 70, 75, 108 biological control, 45, 46, 138, 172-184t Cooperative Research Centre for Forestry, 159 biological substances, 108 Cooperative Research Centre for National Plant E Biosecurity Australia, 18 Biosecurity, 116, 159, 160 Emergency Plant Pest Categorisation Group, 81, 144, Biosecurity Online Training, 152 Cooperative Research Centre for Sugar Industry 145 biosecurity reform, 12 Innovation through Biotechnology, 164 Emergency Plant Pest Response Deed (EPPRD), 17f, Biosecurity Surveillance Incident Response and Tracing, cooperative research centres, 157f, 159 21, 26, 31, 43, 50, 76, 81, 91, 137, 144-145, 148 17f, 153 Cotton Catchment Communities Cooperative Research Emergency Plant Pests, 92t border management, 18, 110 Centre, 159 emergency responses, 18, 25, 91, 92-93t, 94, 140, exports, 108, 111, 160, 176t cotton industry, 42, 98, 159, 161 144, 153 imports, 105 research and development projects, 168t EXDOC (export documentation system), 111 information systems, 111 Cotton Research and Development Corporation, 42, exports, 30, 32, 38, 48, 57, 59, 70, 72, 108, 111, 160, international trade, 16, 105, 108, 113, 130, 159, 161 176t

Note: f = figure, t = table 196 F 105, 108 regionalised pests, 89t Farm Biosecurity Program, 136 International Standards for Phytosanitary Measures surveillance programs, 117-118t Forest and Wood Products Australia, 159, 161 (ISPMs), 105, 108 weed management, 97t forestry industry, 44 international trade, 16, 20, 105, 108, 113, 130 nursery and garden industry, 56, 113 biosecurity, 45-47 interstate certification, 23, 25, 27, 112 nut industry cooperative research centre, 159 production, 30, 39, 53, 57, 62, 74 INDEX research and development projects, 180-181t K research and development projects, 175t fruit research and development projects, 172-175t kiwifruit, 139 O G L olives, 58 glossary, 192-193 landholders, 27, 97, 98 on farm biosecurity, 31, 56, 113, 136-139 government responsibilities, 18, 97, 110 legislation, 14, 15t onions, 59, 72, 178t Grains Farm Biosecurity Program, 48, 98, 137 lychees, 52 online training, 152 Grain and Plant Products Export Program, 108 organisation contact details, 188-190 M grains industry, 48-49, 137 organisational systems macadamias, 53, 57, 175t research and development projects, 168-171t Australian Government services, 18-20 mangoes, 54-55, 172-173t Grains Research and Development Corporation, 161 industry and private sector services, 27 Grape and Wine Research and Development N national committees, 16, 17f Corporation, 162 National Biosecurity Committee, 16, 17f, 146 Plant Health Australia, 76-77, 29t grapes, see table grapes; wine grapes national committee structure, 16, 17f policy and framework, 12-15 growers and landholders, 27 National Diagnostic Protocols, 131, 132f state and territory services, 21-26 National Management Group, 17f, 145, 146, 147 H P National Plant Biosecurity Diagnostic Network, 133 High Priority Pests, 81, 82-87t parasitic wasp, 46, 174t National Plant Biosecurity Strategy, 14, 76, 133, 160 honey bee industry, 50, 146 passionfruit, 60, 139, 173-174t National Plant Surveillance Reporting Tool, 115 horticultural crops, 130 pears, 31, 37, 139 natural environment research and development projects, horticultural crops research and development projects, Pest and Disease Image Library, 140 181-182t 172-180t pest risk analysis (definition), 105 natural resource management regions, 98 Horticulture Australia Limited, 162 PHYTO (plant and plant product export conditions New South Wales Horticulture Export Program, 109 database), 111 biosecurity services, 23 pineapples, 61, 173-175t forestry biosecurity, 45 I pistachios, 62 pest diagnostic services, 124, 125t ICON (import conditions database), 111 plant biosecurity regionalised pests, 89t identification of pests, 81, 124, 113 Australia’s status, 80-98 surveillance programs, 116-117t see also diagnostics border activities, 110-111 weed management, 97t import risk analysis, 25, 105, 106f, 107t communication and awareness, 138-139 New Zealand, imports, 58, 105, 174t continuum, 103f export, 43, 52, 54, 68 industry biosecurity planning, 113 importance, 8-9 government, 16 Industry Biosecurity Plans, 28, 113 information and support systems, 111, 140 policy advice, 107t industry profiles, 29-75 manuals, 136 research cooperation, 159, 160, 172t industry representative bodies, 27, 76 offshore activities, 12, 18, 104-110 Northern Australia Quarantine Strategy, 97t, 110 information systems, 21, 111, 140 onshore activities, 12, 18, 112-140 Northern Territory Intergovernmental Agreement on Biosecurity (IGAB), 12, Plant Health Australia’s role, 76-77 biosecurity services, 23, 97 13, 14, 16, 160 policy and framework, 12-15 pest eradication, 9 International Plant Protection Convention (IPPC), 104, private sector services, 27, 164 pest diagnostic services, 126t

197 plant biosecurity continued production values, see individual crops (e.g. cherries, surveillance programs, 119-120t reform, 12-14 grains, vegetables) weed management, 97t regional, community and on farm biosecurity, professional associations, 27 SPS Agreement, 104, 105, 108 136-139 pulses, 48-49 Standing Council on Primary Industries, 16, 17f research and development projects, 168-185 state and territory governments state and territory services, 21-26 Q biosecurity services, 21-26 INDEX Plant Biosecurity Program, 152 quarantine, 18, 112 research and development, 164 Plant Biosecurity Toolbox, 140 facilities, 110t surveillance programs, 116-123t Plant Health Australia legislation, 15t weed management, 97t Members, 77t see also DAFF Biosecurity stone fruit, 66 role, 76 Queensland strawberries, 67, 172-174t Plant Health Committee, 16 biosecurity services, 24, 94 Subcommittee on National Plant health Surveillance, 14, plant pests forestry biosecurity, 45 17f, 115 communication and awareness, 136, 138-139 pest diagnostic services, 124, 126t sugar industry contingency plans, 148, 149-152t regionalised pests, 89-90t BSES, 164 definition, 8 surveillance programs, 118-119t production, 68-69 detections, 92, 93t weed management, 97t research and development projects, 171t diagnostics, 124, 125-128t, 130, 131-133, Sacron Innovations, 164 R 134-135t Sugar Research and Development Corporation, 163 regional biosecurity, 88 domestic quarantine, 112, 171t surveillance, 114-115 regional boundaries for biosecurity, 19f emergency responses, 76, 91, 92-93t, 94, surveillance programs, 115f, 116-123t 144-145, 153 regionalised pests, 88, 89-90t forestry biosecurity, 45-46 Remote Microscope Diagnostics, 140 T High Priority Pests, 81 research and development table grapes, 70, 174t Australia’s, 82-87t Australian Government agencies, 158 Tasmania industry, 30-75 cooperative research centres, 159-160 biosecurity services, 24, 25 Industry Biosecurity Plans, 113 organisations involved, 157f forestry biosecurity, 46 information and support systems, 111, 140 overview, 166, 167f pest diagnostic services, 127t pre-emptive breeding, 81, 114, 170t research and development corporations, 161-163 regionalised pests, 88 regional, community and on farm biosecurity, research and development projects, 168-185t surveillance programs, 116t, 121t 136-139 state and territory governments, 164 weed management, 97t regionalised pests, 88, 89-90t universities and private institutions, 164 tomatoes, 63, 72, 174-176t surveillance, 114-115, 116-123t rice, 64, 171-172t trade agreements, 20, 105 weeds, 95-98, 96t Rural Industries Research and Development Trade and Market Access Division, 18, 20 plantation timber, 44 Corporation, 162 training, 152 PLANTPLAN, 144, 148-153 National EPP Training Program, 152 S Post-Entry Plant Quarantine program, 110 online, 152 South Australia post-entry quarantine facilities, 110 Transition to Management programs, 98, 146-147 pre-emptive breeding, 81, 114, 170t biosecurity services, 24 Primary Industries Standing Committee, 16, 17f forestry biosecurity, 45 U Primary Industries Ministerial Council, 16 pest diagnostic services, 127t universities, research and development, 152, 157f, 160, private sector services, 27, 164 regionalised pests, 90, 98 164

198 V vegetables Branched broomrape, 98 production, 72-73 research and development projects, 175-178t Victoria INDEX biosecurity services, 26 forestry biosecurity, 46 pest diagnostic services, 127-128t regionalised pests, 90t surveillance programs, 121-122t weed management, 97t

W walnuts, 74 weed management, 95 natural resource management regions, 98 responsibilities, 96, 97t Weeds of National Significance, 96t Western Australia biosecurity services, 26 forestry biosecurity, 47 pest diagnostic services, 128t regionalised pests, 90t surveillance programs, 122-123t weed management, 97t wine grapes, 75, 175t, 179t World Trade Organization Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures, 104

199

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