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MCP Immigrant Minorities Index Evidence

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MCP Immigrant Minorities Index Evidence Multiculturalism Policy Index: Immigrant Minority Policies Third edition Rebecca Wallace, Erin Tolley and Madison Vonk The Multiculturalism Policy Index Project, Queen's University. 2021. © 2021 School of Policy Studies, Queen's University at Kingston, Canada Robert Sutherland Hall 138 Union Street Kingston, ON, Canada K7L 3N6 www.queensu.ca/sps/ All rights reserved. This pdf file can be freely downloaded, but if it is cited or circulated, proper credit should be given to the Multiculturalism Policy Index project, School of Policy Studies. Note to the Third Edition This document has been prepared under our direction as part of the Multiculturalism Policy Index project. The original edition of the document, which was published in 2011, was completed by Erin Tolley, now an associate professor at Carleton University. Erin drew in part on research compiled by Lisa Vanhala in 2004 and by Janique Dubois in 2006. In 2016, a revised edition of the document was published to reflect adjustments in the original rankings of specific countries in the Index of immigrant multicultural policies for 1980, 2000, and 2010. Data on the strength of immigrant multiculturalism policies in the year 1990 were also added to the Index, and information supporting the 1990 indicators was integrated in the country descriptions in this document. The 1990 data draws heavily upon research by Daniel Westlake, who at the time was a Buchanan Postdoctoral Fellow at Queen's University and is now an assistant professor in the Department of Political Studies at the University of Saskatchewan. The 2016 revised edition has been archived and is available here. This third edition of this document paper was produced in 2020 to reflect the status of immigrant multicultural policies up to that year. It was completed by Rebecca Wallace, then a SSHRC Postdoctoral Fellow at the University of Toronto and Sproul Fellow at the University of California, Berkeley. Becky is now an assistant professor at St. Francis Xavier University. Keith Banting and Will Kymlicka, July 2021 Contents The Index ............................................................................................................................................................ 1 Multiculturalism Policy Index for Immigrant Minorities, by Country, 1980-2020 ...................................... 2 Decision Rules for Ranking Multiculturalism Policies for Immigrant Minorities ............................................. 4 Evidence ............................................................................................................................................................. 7 Australia ....................................................................................................................................................... 8 Austria ........................................................................................................................................................ 16 Belgium ...................................................................................................................................................... 23 Canada ........................................................................................................................................................ 31 Denmark ..................................................................................................................................................... 38 Finland ....................................................................................................................................................... 45 France ......................................................................................................................................................... 53 Germany ..................................................................................................................................................... 61 Greece ........................................................................................................................................................ 70 Ireland ........................................................................................................................................................ 77 Italy ............................................................................................................................................................ 86 Japan ........................................................................................................................................................... 94 Netherlands .............................................................................................................................................. 101 New Zealand ............................................................................................................................................ 109 Norway ..................................................................................................................................................... 116 Portugal .................................................................................................................................................... 123 Spain ......................................................................................................................................................... 131 Sweden ..................................................................................................................................................... 139 Switzerland ............................................................................................................................................... 146 United Kingdom ....................................................................................................................................... 153 United States ............................................................................................................................................ 161 References ...................................................................................................................................................... 168 Legislation Consulted ..................................................................................................................................... 176 Immigrant Minorities Index, 2021 The Index 1 Immigrant Minorities Index, 2021 Multiculturalism Policy Index for Immigrant Minorities, by Country, 1980-2020 Note: For explanation of how these policies are defined and measured, see section 2 of this report. 2 Immigrant Minorities Index, 2021 Multiculturalism Policy Index for Immigrant Minorities by Country, 1980-2020 (cont’d) Note: For explanation of how these policies are defined and measured, see section 2 of this report. 3 Immigrant Minorities Index, 2021 Decision Rules for Ranking Multiculturalism Policies for Immigrant Minorities In evaluating multiculturalism policies related to immigrant minorities, this paper uses eight indicators. These are described briefly below. For each indicator, policy documents, program guidelines, legislation, government news releases and secondary sources were examined to assess the extent to which a country has met or exceeded the standard outlined in the indicator. In federal states, we focus on the national level, unless the national level does not have jurisdiction, in which case look at the state/provincial level. In cases where jurisdiction is shared, we focus on the national level when national legislation sets the basic policy parameters for a country-wide policy, leaving detailed design and administration to the states/provinces. In cases when both levels of government have jurisdiction and national legislation governs only in the federal domain and is not determinative for the state/provincial level, we consider the scope of national versus state/provincial programs, making a decision on a case-by-case basis. For each indicator, a quantitative score is provided (see Table 1), along with a qualitative assessment and relevant evidence (see pages 7–109). Note that the following decision rules guided the evaluation of each indicator. 1. CONSTITUTIONAL, LEGISLATIVE OR PARLIAMENTARY AFFIRMATION OF MULTICULTURALISM AT THE CENTRAL AND/OR REGIONAL AND MUNICIPAL LEVELS AND THE EXISTENCE OF A GOVERNMENT MINISTRY, SECRETARIAT OR ADVISORY BOARD TO IMPLEMENT THIS POLICY IN CONSULTATION WITH ETHNIC COMMUNITIES Yes: Country has affirmed multiculturalism and has an implementing body. Limited: Country has not affirmed multiculturalism explicitly but has a relevant body; multicultural- ism may also have been affirmed in some municipalities, but not nationally. No: Country has not affirmed multiculturalism and does not have an implementing body. 2. THE ADOPTION OF MULTICULTURALISM IN SCHOOL CURRICULUM Yes: Country has included multiculturalism in its curriculum. Partial: Country has not formally or extensively adopted multiculturalism in its curriculum, but has engaged in rhetoric that supports such inclusion, implemented it in some districts, or developed inter- cultural or anti- racism education initiatives. No: Multiculturalism is not included in school curriculum. 4 Immigrant Minorities Index, 2021 3. THE INCLUSION OF ETHNIC REPRESENTATION/SENSITIVITY IN THE MANDATE OF PUBLIC MEDIA OR MEDIA LICENSING Yes: Ethnic representation, inclusion, sensitivity or diversity is included in the mandate of public broadcaster or media licensing. Partial/Limited: Some representation is included by select broadcasters
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