DOCSLIB.ORG

Traditional Diet of the Kiwirrkurra Community Living In

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Traditional Diet of the Kiwirrkurra Community Living In Traditional Diet of the Kiwirrkurra Community Living in the Gibson Desert: Chemical Composition and Functional Characterisation of Identified Foods. Submitted by: Matthew Roland Flavel, BAnVBioSc (Hons) A thesis submitted in total fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy School of Life Sciences College of Science, Health and Engineering La Trobe University Australia January 2018 Acknowledgements: I would like to acknowledge the Kiwirrkurra people and Tjamu Tjamu Aboriginal Corporation for their interest, support and participation throughout this project. I am especially grateful to those who specifically assisted with collection and identification of traditional foods and shared stories and knowledge. I would also like to acknowledge the Wurundjeri people who are the traditional custodians of the land the La Trobe University, Bundoora campus is built on and where I have completed all of my university studies to date. Special thanks to Dr Markandeya Jois who has been my undergraduate lecturer, Honours supervisor, PhD supervisor and mentor in the philosophy and practice of science. His constant stream of ideas, coupled with a deep appreciation for biology and passion for spirited debate has been vital in forging this thesis and my skills as a scientist. Thanks is due to an enormous network of mentors and collaborators who have supported me throughout my candidature. Whilst there is not space to acknowledge all who have helped, certain people need to be mentioned. Dr Alan Yen suggested I study the traditional foods found around Kiwirrkurra and was vital in making this idea a reality. Thanks also to my co-supervisor Dr Adam Mechler and his students for assistance developing the liposome culturing methodology and the use of his laboratory. The chair of my RPP panel Dr Ashley Franks and Elizabeth Mathews for assistance with bacteriological aspect of this work. Professor Weisan Chen and Dr Damien Zanker for assistance assessing the function of particles in axenic media on C. elegans feeding. Dr Daniel Dias and Dr Devin Benheim for assistance with GC-MS analysis. Thanks also to Kate Crossing and Dr Boyd Wright for making the field work component of this thesis a fun and successful experience. Thanks to Dr Jing-Dong Jackie Han, Dr Bo Xian and all members of the PICB, at the Shanghai Institute of Biological Sciences for ongoing collaboration and hospitality whilst I was a visiting student. Thanks also to the other members of the Jois lab who have shared this journey with me and particularly Dr Surafel Tegegne who I have worked closely with along the way. Thanks to Mum, Dad and my family for providing the genes and environment for a healthy and happy life. Thanks also to my wife Shanyn for her patience, support and good humour throughout all my studies, but particularly during my candidature. i TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgements……………………………………………………………………………....……i List of Tables…………………………………………………………………………………….........vi List of Figures……………………………………………………………………………………..….vi Abbreviations and Symbols………………………………………………………………………….ix Thesis Summary………..……………………………………………………………………….........xi Statement of authorship…………………………………………………………………………….xii Audience advice……………………………………………………………….……………………..xii Chapter 1: Literature Review………………………………………………………………………...1 Health gap in Australian Indigenous people………………………………………………..1 Evolutionary Discordance…………………………………………………………………....4 Analysis of the traditional diet of Indigenous Australians………………………………....6 Nutrient composition of Australian foods…….........................................................8 Meat…………………………………………………….……………………………10 Insects…………………………………………………….………………………….13 Plants……………………………………………………….………………………..16 Antioxidants and lifestyle diseases………………………………………………………....23 In vitro studies……………………………………………………………………………….26 Fruits……………………………………………………….………………………..26 Herbs……………………………………………………….………………………..27 Western Diet……………………………………………………….………………………...29 Genetic predisposition……………………………………………….……………………...31 Current diet of Indigenous Australians…………………………….……………………...33 Clinical trials………………………………………………………….……………………..37 Model Organisms…………………………………………………….……………………...39 Caenorhabditis elegans……………………………………….……………………..40 Research direction…………………………………………………….…………………….47 Chapter 2. The bush coconut (scale insect gall) as food at Kiwirrkurra, Western Australia..….48 Abstract……………………………………………………………………………..………..48 Introduction ………………………………………………………………..………………..48 Materials and Methods……………………………………………………..……………….52 ii Study Location…………………………………………………………………….52 Nutrient Analysis………………………………………………………………….55 Results………………………………………………………………………………………56 Classification and Size…………………………………………………………….56 Nutrient Analysis………………………………………………………..………...57 Discussion……………………………………………………………………………...…...59 Chapter 3: Identifying and collection of foods found in the Gibson Desert, Western Australia that are of dietary significance to the Kiwirrkurra people..………………..62 Introduction………………………………………………………………………………...62 Materials and Methods…………………………………………………………………….62 Plant and Insect Material…………………………………………………………62 Results and Discussion…………………………....………………………………….…….63 Food Collection Observations…………....………………………………….…....63 Food Behaviour General Observations...……………………………….….…….74 Chapter 4: Identifying compounds and quantifying antioxidant capacity in traditional foods……………………………………………………………………....77 Introduction……………………………………………………………….……………….77 Materials and Methods……………………….…………………………………….…......778 Plant and insect material…………………………………………………….…...78 Bush food metabolite extraction…………………………………………………79 Polar metabolite derivatization………………………………………………….80 GC-MS Instrument Conditions………………………………………………….80 Data Processing and Statistical Analysis………………………………………..81 Antioxidant Assay………………………………………………………………...81 Results and Discussion…………………………………………………………………….82 In vitro Antioxidant Activity……………………………………………………..82 GC-MS analysis…………………………………………………………………..84 Acylureas………………………………………………………………....86 Amines……………………………………………………………………87 Amino Acids……………………………………………………………...88 Cyclic Polyols…………………………………………………………….90 Dicarboxylic Acids………………………………………………...……..92 iii Fatty Acids………………………………………………………………...93 Fatty Alcohols……………………………………………………………..95 Flavonoids…………………………………………………………………96 Glycosides………………………………………………………………….96 Imidazopyrimidines……………………………………………………….98 Monocarboxylic Acids…………………………………………………….98 Pyridinecarboxylic acids………………………………………………….99 Sugars………………………………………………………………………99 Sugar Acids…………………………………………………………….....100 Sugar Alcohols………………………………………………………..…..101 Steroids……………………………………………………………………101 Triterpenoid………………………………………………………………103 Tricarboxylic acids……………………………………………………….104 Conclusions…………………………………………………………………………………104 Chapter 5. Development of a novel Caenorhabditis elegans model for nutrition studies………107 Abstract……………………………………………………………………………………..107 Introduction………………………………………………………………………………..,107 Materials and Methods…………………………………………………………………….109 C. elegans strains and conditions for growth rate experiments………………..109 Media preparation………………………………………………………………...110 Solubilization of particulate fraction in milk……………………………………111 DNA Extraction and Qualitative Polymerase Chain Reaction…………………112 Qualitative analysis of Bacterial DNA in sample………………………………..112 Quantification of bacterial DNA using real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR).....113 FACS analysis for particle detection……………………………………………..114 Liposome preparation and encapsulation of media……………………………..114 Lifestage Scoring…………………………………………………………………..115 Statistical Analysis………………………………………………………………...115 Results and Discussion…………………………………………………………….116 Chapter 6. Use of a novel C. elegans model to assess bioactivity of Solanum chippendalei……132 Introduction………………………………………………………………………………...129 Materials and Methods…………………………………………………………………….134 iv Plant extract preparation………………………………………………………....134 C. elegans maintenance conditions and growth rate assay conditions…………134 Lifespan assay……………………………………………………………………..135 Media Preparation………………………………………………………………...136 Pumping rate………………………………………………………………………136 Statistical analysis…………………………………………………………………137 Results and Discussion…………………………………………………………………......137 C. elegans growth rate…………………………………………………………….137 C. elegans lifespan…………………………………………………………………140 C. elegans feeding behaviour…………………………………………………….. 144 Chapter 7: General Discussion…………….……...………………………………………………147 References…………………………………….……………………………………………………..153 Appendix A Publications during PhD candidature ……………………….……………………..169 Appendix B: Signed Research agreement with Tjamu Tjamu Aboriginal Corporation…………………………………………………………….…………………..170 Appendix C Ngaanyatjarra council: Permit to enter a reserve……….…………………..179 Appendix D GC-MS chromatograms ……………...................…………….…………………..181 Appendix E Compounds identified by GC-MS in 9 traditional bushfoods.…………..186 Appendix F life stages at 24-hour intervals in tested dietary conditions……………....195 Appendix G Statistical significance of each relative condition in the chapter 5 equivalent growth rate experiments.....................................................................................198 v LIST OF TABLES Table 1.1 Edible native plant foods with Vitamin C content greater than Oranges (Citrus sinensis)………………………………………………………………..22 Table 1.2 Summary of C. elegans lifespan trials on various food extracts……….…..41 Table 2.1 Diameter and weight of bush coconuts collected…….……………………..57 Table 2.2 Calculated values for percentage
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Enabling the Market: Incentives for Biodiversity in the Rangelands
    Enabling the Market: Incentives for Biodiversity in the Rangelands: Report to the Australian Government Department of the Environment and Water Resources by the Desert Knowledge Cooperative Research Centre Anita Smyth Anthea Coggan Famiza Yunus Russell Gorddard Stuart Whitten Jocelyn Davies Nic Gambold Jo Maloney Rodney Edwards Rob Brandle Mike Fleming John Read June 2007 Copyright and Disclaimers © Commonwealth of Australia 2007 Information contained in this publication may be copied or reproduced for study, research, information or educational purposes, subject to inclusion of an acknowledgment of the source. The views and opinions expressed in this publication are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect those of the Australian Government or the Minister for the Environment and Water Resources. While reasonable efforts have been made to ensure that the contents of this publication are factually correct, the Australian Government does not accept responsibility for the accuracy or completeness of the contents, and shall not be liable for any loss or damage that may be occasioned directly or indirectly through the use of, or reliance on, the contents of this publication. Contributing author information Anita Smyth: CSIRO Sustainable Ecosystems Anthea Coggan: CSIRO Sustainable Ecosystems Famiza Yunus: CSIRO Sustainable Ecosystems Russell Gorddard: CSIRO Sustainable Ecosystems Stuart Whitten: CSIRO Sustainable Ecosystems Jocelyn Davies: CSIRO Sustainable Ecosystems Nic Gambold: Central Land Council Jo Maloney Rodney Edwards: Ngaanyatjarra Council Rob Brandle: South Austalia Department for Environment and Heritage Mike Fleming: South Australia Department of Water, Land and Biodiversity Conservation John Read: BHP Billiton Desert Knowledge CRC Report Number 18 Information contained in this publication may be copied or reproduced for study, research, information or educational purposes, subject to inclusion of an acknowledgement of the source.
    [Show full text]
  • Niiwalarra Islands and Lesueur Island
    Niiwalarra Islands (Sir Graham Moore Islands) National Park and Lesueur Island Nature Reserve Joint management plan 2019 Management plan 93 Conservation and Parks Commission Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions Parks and Wildlife Service 17 Dick Perry Avenue Technology Park, Western Precinct KENSINGTON WA 6151 Phone (08) 9219 9000 Fax (08) 9334 0498 dbca.wa.gov.au © State of Western Australia 2019 December 2019 ISBN 978-1-925978-03-2 (print) ISBN 978-1-921703-94-2 (online) WARNING: This plan may show photographs of, and refer to quotations from people who have passed away. This work is copyright. All traditional and cultural knowledge in this joint management plan is the cultural and intellectual property of Kwini Traditional Owners and is published with the consent of Balanggarra Aboriginal Corporation on their behalf. Written consent from Balanggarra Aboriginal Corporation must be obtained for use or reproduction of any such materials. Any unauthorised dealing may be in breach of the Copyright Act 1968 (Cth). All other non-traditional and cultural content in this joint management plan may be downloaded, displayed, printed and reproduced in unaltered form for personal use, non-commercial use or use within your organisation. Apart from any use as permitted under the Copyright Act 1968, all other rights are reserved. Requests and enquiries concerning reproduction and rights should be addressed to the Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions. NB: The spelling of some of the words for country, and species of plants and animals in language are different in various documents. This is primarily due to the fact that establishing a formal and consistent ‘sounds for spelling’ system for a language that did not have a written form takes time to develop and refine.
    [Show full text]
  • Southern Gulf, Queensland
    Biodiversity Summary for NRM Regions Species List What is the summary for and where does it come from? This list has been produced by the Department of Sustainability, Environment, Water, Population and Communities (SEWPC) for the Natural Resource Management Spatial Information System. The list was produced using the AustralianAustralian Natural Natural Heritage Heritage Assessment Assessment Tool Tool (ANHAT), which analyses data from a range of plant and animal surveys and collections from across Australia to automatically generate a report for each NRM region. Data sources (Appendix 2) include national and state herbaria, museums, state governments, CSIRO, Birds Australia and a range of surveys conducted by or for DEWHA. For each family of plant and animal covered by ANHAT (Appendix 1), this document gives the number of species in the country and how many of them are found in the region. It also identifies species listed as Vulnerable, Critically Endangered, Endangered or Conservation Dependent under the EPBC Act. A biodiversity summary for this region is also available. For more information please see: www.environment.gov.au/heritage/anhat/index.html Limitations • ANHAT currently contains information on the distribution of over 30,000 Australian taxa. This includes all mammals, birds, reptiles, frogs and fish, 137 families of vascular plants (over 15,000 species) and a range of invertebrate groups. Groups notnot yet yet covered covered in inANHAT ANHAT are notnot included included in in the the list. list. • The data used come from authoritative sources, but they are not perfect. All species names have been confirmed as valid species names, but it is not possible to confirm all species locations.
    [Show full text]
  • Palatability of Plants to Camels (DBIRD NT)
    Technote No. 116 June 2003 Agdex No: 468/62 ISSN No: 0158-2755 The Palatability of Central Australian Plant Species to Camels Dr B. Dorges, Dr J. Heucke, Central Australian Camel Industry Association and R. Dance, Pastoral Division, Alice Springs BACKGROUND About 600,000 camels (Camelus dromedarius) are believed to inhabit the arid centre of Australia, mainly in South Australia, Western Australia and the Northern Territory. Most of these camels are feral. A small camel industry has developed, which harvests selected animals for domestic and export markets, primarily for meat. Camels can eat more than 80% of the common plant species found in Central Australia. Some plant species are actively sought by camels and may need to be protected. METHOD Observations of grazing preferences by camels were made periodically for up to 12 years on five cattle stations in Central Australia. Where camels were accustomed to the presence of humans, it was possible to observe their grazing preferences from a few metres. Radio transmitters were fitted on some camels for easy detection and observation at any time. These evaluations were used to establish a diet preference or palatability index for observed food plants. Table 1. Palatability index for camels Index Interpretation 1 only eaten when nothing else is available 2 rarely eaten 3 common food plant 4 main food plant at times 5 preferred food plant 6 highly preferred food plant 7 could be killed by camel browsing More information can be obtained from the web site of the Central Australian Camel Industry Association http://www.camelsaust.com.au 2 RESULTS Table 2.
    [Show full text]
  • Thèse Ipomoea Tricolor
    UNIVERSITE PARIS DESCARTES FACULTE DES SCIENCES PHARMACEUTIQUES ET BIOLOGIQUES Année : 2016 N° THESE Pour l’obtention du Diplôme d’Etat de DOCTEUR EN PHARMACIE Présentée et soutenue publiquement Par Pierre DELPEY Le 29 janvier 2016 Titre : MORNING GLORY : IPOMOEA TRICOLOR ASPECTS PHARMACOLOGIQUES, PSYCHIATRIQUES ET USAGES D’UN HALLUCINOGENE NATUREL 1 REMERCIEMENTS Madame Sylvie MICHEL : Professeur de pharmacognosie (Université Paris Descartes) Pour m’avoir fait confiance et avoir accepté de diriger ce sujet, ainsi que de présider ce jury. Pour vos précieux conseils, votre investissement, votre gentillesse et votre patience à mon égard. Veuillez trouver ici, Madame, le témoignage de mon plus profond respect et de ma plus grande reconnaissance. Madame Dominique KASSEL : Conservateur des Collections d’histoire de la pharmacie Pour m’avoir fait l’honneur d’accepter d’être membre de ce jury. Pour m’avoir toujours accueilli avec le plus grand sourire au CNOP, pour votre aide précieuse, votre disponibilité, votre soutien et votre implication dans ce travail. Soyez assurée, Madame, de mon plus grand respect et de toute ma gratitude. Madame Thi Hanh DUFAT : Maître de conférences (Université Paris Descartes) Pour avoir eu la gentillesse d’accepter de juger cette thèse. Veuillez trouver ici, Madame, le témoignage de mes plus vifs remerciements et de ma profonde reconnaissance. A ma famille : Pour votre soutien et votre amour. Je suis heureux de vous avoir dans ma vie. A mes amis : A tous mes amis rencontrés au cours de mes études à la faculté, pour tous les bons moments que nous avons partagés, soyez assurés de la place importante que vous tenez dans ma vie.
    [Show full text]
  • Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture: Second National Report - Australia
    Plant genetic resources for food and agriculture: second national report - Australia Peter Stoutjesdijk Research by the Australian Bureau of Agricultural and Resource Economics and Sciences Technical Report 13.11 December 2013 Plant genetic resources for food and agriculture: second national report – Australia © Commonwealth of Australia Ownership of intellectual property rights Unless otherwise noted, copyright (and any other intellectual property rights, if any) in this publication is owned by the Commonwealth of Australia (referred to as the Commonwealth). Creative Commons licence All material in this publication is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Australia Licence, save for content supplied by third parties, logos and the Commonwealth Coat of Arms. Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Australia Licence is a standard form licence agreement that allows you to copy, distribute, transmit and adapt this publication provided you attribute the work. A summary of the licence terms is available from creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/au/deed.en. The full licence terms are available from creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/au/legalcode. This publication (and any material sourced from it) should be attributed as: Stoutjesdijk, P 2013, Plant genetic resources for food and agriculture: second national report-Australia, Technical Report 13.11. Canberra, December. CC BY 3.0. Cataloguing data Stoutjesdijk, P 2013, Plant genetic resources for food and agriculture: second national report – Australia, ABARES, Technical Report 13.11, Canberra, December. ISSN: 189-3128 ISBN: 978-1-74323-167-8 ABARES project:43026 Internet Plant genetic resources for food and agriculture: second national report – Australia is available at: daff.gov.au/abares/publications.
    [Show full text]
  • Rangelands, Western Australia
    Biodiversity Summary for NRM Regions Species List What is the summary for and where does it come from? This list has been produced by the Department of Sustainability, Environment, Water, Population and Communities (SEWPC) for the Natural Resource Management Spatial Information System. The list was produced using the AustralianAustralian Natural Natural Heritage Heritage Assessment Assessment Tool Tool (ANHAT), which analyses data from a range of plant and animal surveys and collections from across Australia to automatically generate a report for each NRM region. Data sources (Appendix 2) include national and state herbaria, museums, state governments, CSIRO, Birds Australia and a range of surveys conducted by or for DEWHA. For each family of plant and animal covered by ANHAT (Appendix 1), this document gives the number of species in the country and how many of them are found in the region. It also identifies species listed as Vulnerable, Critically Endangered, Endangered or Conservation Dependent under the EPBC Act. A biodiversity summary for this region is also available. For more information please see: www.environment.gov.au/heritage/anhat/index.html Limitations • ANHAT currently contains information on the distribution of over 30,000 Australian taxa. This includes all mammals, birds, reptiles, frogs and fish, 137 families of vascular plants (over 15,000 species) and a range of invertebrate groups. Groups notnot yet yet covered covered in inANHAT ANHAT are notnot included included in in the the list. list. • The data used come from authoritative sources, but they are not perfect. All species names have been confirmed as valid species names, but it is not possible to confirm all species locations.
    [Show full text]
  • Checklist of the Vascular Plants of San Diego County 5Th Edition
    cHeckliSt of tHe vaScUlaR PlaNtS of SaN DieGo coUNty 5th edition Pinus torreyana subsp. torreyana Downingia concolor var. brevior Thermopsis californica var. semota Pogogyne abramsii Hulsea californica Cylindropuntia fosbergii Dudleya brevifolia Chorizanthe orcuttiana Astragalus deanei by Jon P. Rebman and Michael G. Simpson San Diego Natural History Museum and San Diego State University examples of checklist taxa: SPecieS SPecieS iNfRaSPecieS iNfRaSPecieS NaMe aUtHoR RaNk & NaMe aUtHoR Eriodictyon trichocalyx A. Heller var. lanatum (Brand) Jepson {SD 135251} [E. t. subsp. l. (Brand) Munz] Hairy yerba Santa SyNoNyM SyMBol foR NoN-NATIVE, NATURaliZeD PlaNt *Erodium cicutarium (L.) Aiton {SD 122398} red-Stem Filaree/StorkSbill HeRBaRiUM SPeciMeN coMMoN DocUMeNTATION NaMe SyMBol foR PlaNt Not liSteD iN THE JEPSON MANUAL †Rhus aromatica Aiton var. simplicifolia (Greene) Conquist {SD 118139} Single-leaF SkunkbruSH SyMBol foR StRict eNDeMic TO SaN DieGo coUNty §§Dudleya brevifolia (Moran) Moran {SD 130030} SHort-leaF dudleya [D. blochmaniae (Eastw.) Moran subsp. brevifolia Moran] 1B.1 S1.1 G2t1 ce SyMBol foR NeaR eNDeMic TO SaN DieGo coUNty §Nolina interrata Gentry {SD 79876} deHeSa nolina 1B.1 S2 G2 ce eNviRoNMeNTAL liStiNG SyMBol foR MiSiDeNtifieD PlaNt, Not occURRiNG iN coUNty (Note: this symbol used in appendix 1 only.) ?Cirsium brevistylum Cronq. indian tHiStle i checklist of the vascular plants of san Diego county 5th edition by Jon p. rebman and Michael g. simpson san Diego natural history Museum and san Diego state university publication of: san Diego natural history Museum san Diego, california ii Copyright © 2014 by Jon P. Rebman and Michael G. Simpson Fifth edition 2014. isBn 0-918969-08-5 Copyright © 2006 by Jon P.
    [Show full text]
  • Aboriginal Plant Use and Technology
    Aboriginal Plant use and Technology Stone eel and fish traps Technology Definition: The application of knowledge and an experience to create products and ways of meeting societies needs through the use of resources for particular purposes. The application of knowledge to create technologies is an integral part of the heritage and future of Australia. It is also essential to sustainable development. In traditional Aboriginal societies science and technology were used to manage the environment for the benefit of all people. A great variety of tools, weapons and utensils were used to gather plants for food, fibres and medicine as well as to hunt animals for food and clothing. In the manufacture of these tools and weapons rocks such as obsidian and quartz were attached to wood to create excellent cutting edges. These rocks in fact produce a cleaner, smoother cutting surface than steel. To attach the stones resins were used. The basic pattern of Aboriginal life was similar throughout Australia: small groups of people moved with the seasons over a particular territory. Their knowledge of seasonal changes in the environment and the ecology of plants and animals was very important in the search for food. All people used a similar range of equipment which included: • netting and trapping equipment • digging sticks • cutting and chopping tools • hunting and fighting equipment eg spears, boomerangs • equipment to prepare food e.g. grinding stones • containers eg bowls (coolamons) AUSTRALIAN NATIONAL BOTANIC GARDENS EDUCATION SERVICES, 2000 Some of these were only used in certain parts of Australia e.g. the returnable boomerang was unknown to Aborigines in the north and centre of Australia.
    [Show full text]
  • Purnululu National Park
    World Heritage Scanned Nomination File Name: 1094.pdf UNESCO Region: ASIA AND THE PACIFIC __________________________________________________________________________________________________ SITE NAME: Purnululu National Park DATE OF INSCRIPTION: 5th July 2003 STATE PARTY: AUSTRALIA CRITERIA: N (i)(iii) DECISION OF THE WORLD HERITAGE COMMITTEE: Excerpt from the Report of the 27th Session of the World Heritage Committee Criterion (i): Earth’s history and geological features The claim to outstanding universal geological value is made for the Bungle Bungle Range. The Bungle Bungles are, by far, the most outstanding example of cone karst in sandstones anywhere in the world and owe their existence and uniqueness to several interacting geological, biological, erosional and climatic phenomena. The sandstone karst of PNP is of great scientific importance in demonstrating so clearly the process of cone karst formation on sandstone - a phenomenon recognised by geomorphologists only over the past 25 years and still incompletely understood, despite recently renewed interest and research. The Bungle Bungle Ranges of PNP also display to an exceptional degree evidence of geomorphic processes of dissolution, weathering and erosion in the evolution of landforms under a savannah climatic regime within an ancient, stable sedimentary landscape. IUCN considers that the nominated site meets this criterion. Criterion (iii): Superlative natural phenomena or natural beauty and aesthetic importance Although PNP has been widely known in Australia only during the past 20 years and it remains relatively inaccessible, it has become recognised internationally for its exceptional natural beauty. The prime scenic attraction is the extraordinary array of banded, beehive-shaped cone towers comprising the Bungle Bungle Range. These have become emblematic of the park and are internationally renowned among Australia’s natural attractions.
    [Show full text]
  • Edible Medicinal and Non-Medicinal Plants Volume 11, Modifi Ed Stems, Roots, Bulbs Edible Medicinal and Non-Medicinal Plants
    T. K. Lim Edible Medicinal and Non-Medicinal Plants Volume 11, Modifi ed Stems, Roots, Bulbs Edible Medicinal and Non-Medicinal Plants T. K. Lim Edible Medicinal and Non-Medicinal Plants Volume 11, Modifi ed Stems, Roots, Bulbs ISBN 978-3-319-26061-7 ISBN 978-3-319-26062-4 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-26062-4 Library of Congress Control Number: 2011932982 Springer Cham Heidelberg New York Dordrecht London © Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2016 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifi cally the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfi lms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specifi c statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. Printed on acid-free paper Springer International Publishing AG Switzerland is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com) Acknowledgements Special thanks for the use of digital images are accorded to Cecilia Lafosse (CIP) and Ezeta Fernando (ex CIP), International Potato Centre (CIP) for oca ( Oxalis tuberosa ).
    [Show full text]
  • Details/Summary/ 197892/0]
    2017 LanguaL proposals from Australian NUTTAB2010 The Australian NUTTAB2010 data set includes 484 indigenous foods, which presents is a particular challenge for LanguaL indexing, as most of these plants and animals are absent from facet B of the thesaurus. 1. ANIMAL USED AS FOOD SOURCE Proposals for new animal food sources in facet B are pretty straightforward. ANIMAL USED AS FOOD SOURCE> ANIMAL (MAMMAL) [B1134] BT proposed AI synonyms NUTTAB2010 proposed descriptor ANIMAL POSSUM Phalangeriformes, or possums, any of a number brushtail Trichosurus (MAMMAL) of arboreal marsupial species native to possum, arnhemensis, [B1134] Australia, New Guinea, and Sulawesi: trichosuru northern - Phalangeridae (possums and cuscuses), a s, brushtail family of mammals native to Australia and New pseudoch possum, flesh Guinea containing most of the species referred eirus, cooked; to as "possums" in Australia phalanger Northern - Common brushtail possum (Trichosurus idae Brushtail vulpecula), a common possum in Australian Possum urban areas, invasive in New Zealand [15A20119] - Common ringtail possum (Pseudocheirus Trichosurus peregrinus), also common in Australian urban arnhemensis, areas, absent from New Zealand northern [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Possum] brushtail possum, kidney cooked; Northern Brushtail Possum [15A20120] Trichosurus arnhemensis, northern brushtail possum, liver cooked; Northern Brushtail Possum [15A20121] MARINE SEA COW <SCINAM>Sirenia Illiger, 1811 [ITIS 180676] sirenia, Dugong MAMMAL sirens [B1122] Sirenia, commonly referred to
    [Show full text]