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Thèse Ipomoea Tricolor UNIVERSITE PARIS DESCARTES FACULTE DES SCIENCES PHARMACEUTIQUES ET BIOLOGIQUES Année : 2016 N° THESE Pour l’obtention du Diplôme d’Etat de DOCTEUR EN PHARMACIE Présentée et soutenue publiquement Par Pierre DELPEY Le 29 janvier 2016 Titre : MORNING GLORY : IPOMOEA TRICOLOR ASPECTS PHARMACOLOGIQUES, PSYCHIATRIQUES ET USAGES D’UN HALLUCINOGENE NATUREL 1 REMERCIEMENTS Madame Sylvie MICHEL : Professeur de pharmacognosie (Université Paris Descartes) Pour m’avoir fait confiance et avoir accepté de diriger ce sujet, ainsi que de présider ce jury. Pour vos précieux conseils, votre investissement, votre gentillesse et votre patience à mon égard. Veuillez trouver ici, Madame, le témoignage de mon plus profond respect et de ma plus grande reconnaissance. Madame Dominique KASSEL : Conservateur des Collections d’histoire de la pharmacie Pour m’avoir fait l’honneur d’accepter d’être membre de ce jury. Pour m’avoir toujours accueilli avec le plus grand sourire au CNOP, pour votre aide précieuse, votre disponibilité, votre soutien et votre implication dans ce travail. Soyez assurée, Madame, de mon plus grand respect et de toute ma gratitude. Madame Thi Hanh DUFAT : Maître de conférences (Université Paris Descartes) Pour avoir eu la gentillesse d’accepter de juger cette thèse. Veuillez trouver ici, Madame, le témoignage de mes plus vifs remerciements et de ma profonde reconnaissance. A ma famille : Pour votre soutien et votre amour. Je suis heureux de vous avoir dans ma vie. A mes amis : A tous mes amis rencontrés au cours de mes études à la faculté, pour tous les bons moments que nous avons partagés, soyez assurés de la place importante que vous tenez dans ma vie. A mes amis de toujours, pour être là depuis toutes ces années et pour le soutien que vous m’avez apporté. Vous êtes et serez toujours dans mon cœur. A Adeline : Pour être à mes côtés depuis plusieurs mois… Je suis si heureux de t’avoir rencontrée. Merci de m’avoir soutenu tout au long de la dernière ligne droite, ce qui j’en suis sûr, n’a pas dû être facile tous les jours. Sois convaincue de mon amour pour toi. 2 SOMMAIRE INTRODUCTION PARTIE I : ORIGINES 1 - LES CONVOLVULACEES DANS LE MONDE 2 - ORIGINE DES RECHERCHES SUR IPOMOEA TRICOLOR PARTIE II : ETUDE BOTANIQUE 1 - CARACTERISTIQUES DE LA FAMILLE DES CONVOLVULACEAE 1.1 Généralités 1.2 Le caractère volubile 1.3 Appareil végétatif 1.4 Appareil reproducteur 1.4.1 Les fleurs 1.4.2 Les fruits 1.5 Répartition géographique et habitats 1.5.1 Répartition géographique 1.5.2 Habitats 2 - IPOMOEA TRICOLOR 3.1 Répartition géographique 3.2 Appareil végétatif 3.3 Appareil reproducteur 3.3.1 L’inflorescence 3.3.2 Les fruits 3 PARTIE III : ETUDE CHIMIQUE 1 - EXTRACTION DES ALCALOÏDES CONTENUS DANS LES GRAINES D’IPOMOEA TRICOLOR 1.1 Dégraissage 1.2 Extraction proprement dite des alcaloïdes 2 - ANALYSE QUALITATIVE DES GRAINES D’IPOMOEA TRICOLOR 2.1 Méthode d’analyse qualitative 2.2 Identification et structure chimique des alcaloïdes contenus dans les graines d’Ipomoea tricolor 2.2.1 Les amides de l’acide lysergique (ou isolysergique) 2.2.2 Les clavines 2.2.2.1 Les 9-ergolènes 2.2.2.2 Les 8-ergolènes 2.2.2.3 Les ergolines 2.2.2.4 Les sécoergolines 2.3 Identification et structure chimique de la tricolorine A 2.4 Comparaison avec la composition chimique des graines d’autres espèces de genres différents (Argyreia, Rivea, Cuscuta et Stictocardia) 3 - ANALYSE QUANTITATIVE 3.1 Méthodes d’analyse quantitative 3.2 Détermination de la teneur en alcaloïdes totaux 3.3 Détermination des teneurs individuelles en alcaloïdes 3.4 Variation dans les teneurs en alcaloïdes 4 - BIOGENESE 4.1 Recherche sur la biogenèse 4.2 Schémas de biogenèse 4.3 Principaux sites de biosynthèse des alcaloïdes 5 - RELATION STRUCTURE-ACTIVITE 5.1 Parentés structurales 5.2 Conséquences pharmacologiques 4 PARTIE IV : EFFETS PHARMACOLOGIQUES ET APPROCHE TOXICOLOGIQUE 1 - GENERALITES SUR LES HALLUCINOGENES 2 - ACTIVITE PHARMACOLOGIQUE DES PRINCIPAUX ALCALOÏDES CONTENUS DANS LES GRAINES D’IPOMOEA TRICOLOR 2.1 Amides des acides lysergique et isolysergique 2.1.1 Isoergine 2.1.2 Ergine (LSA) 2.1.3 Ergométrine 2.1.4 Hydroxyéthylamide de l’acide lysergique 2.1.5 Mode d’action des amides des acides lysergique et isolysergique 2.2 Autres clavines 3 - EFFETS GENERAUX DES GRAINES D’IPOMOEA TRICOLOR 3.1 Effets physiques 3.1.1 Signes vitaux 3.1.2 Effets oculaires 3.1.3 Effets cardiovasculaires 3.1.4 Effets respiratoires 3.1.5 Effets neurologiques 3.1.6 Effets gastroduodénaux 3.1.7 Effets gynécologiques 3.2 Effets psychiques 3.2.1 Distorsions sensorielles 3.2.2 Modifications de l’humeur 3.2.3 Différences entre illusion, délire et hallucination 3.3 Expérience hallucinogène sous Ipomoea tricolor 3.3.1 Déroulement de l’expérience hallucinogène : chronologie des effets 3.3.2 Récit d’expérience hallucinogène 4 - APPROCHE TOXICOLOGIQUE DES GRAINES D’IPOMOEA TRICOLOR 4.1 Les graines d’Ipomoea tricolor : un puissant hallucinogène 4.2 Effets cliniques indésirables 4.2.1 Effets indésirables de type digestif 4.2.2 Autres effets indésirables 5 4.3 Complications et dangers liés à l’usage des graines d’Ipomoea tricolor 4.3.1 Réactions aiguës et mauvais « voyages » 4.3.1.1 Réactions aiguës d’allure psychotique 4.3.1.2 Réactions non psychotiques de panique 4.3.1.3 Réactions agressives 4.3.2 Désordres chroniques 4.3.2.1 Psychoses chroniques 4.3.2.2 Etats dépressifs 4.3.3 Flashbacks 4.3.4 Suicides 4.4 Mise en garde et contre-indications à l’ingestion d’Ipomoea tricolor 4.5 Traitement des intoxications par les graines d’Ipomoea tricolor PARTIE V : USAGES TRADITIONNELS ET ACTUELS 1 – UTILISATION TRADITIONNELLE 1.1 Comme enthéogène 1.1.1 Quelques définitions 1.1.2 Ipomoea tricolor et chamanisme 1.1.3 Volubilis sacrés du Mexique 1.2 Utilisation en médecine 1.2.1 Potentiel thérapeutique dans les algies vasculaires de la face en médecine moderne occidentale 1.2.2 Utilisations diverses d’Ipomoea tricolor en médecine traditionnelle 2 – USAGES ACTUELS 2.1 Le grand « boom » des années 1960 2.2 Les différents modes de préparation 2.2.1 Avec extraction préalable des principes hallucinogènes 2.2.2 Sans extraction préalable des principes hallucinogènes 2.2.3 Associations possibles 6 2.3 Dose et prix 2.4 l’accès aux hallucinogènes sur Internet 2.5 Réglementation 2.5.1 Statut juridique des graines d’Ipomoea tricolor 2.5.2 L’Ergométrine : un psychotrope sous contrôle international 2.5.2.1 Classification internationale des substances stupéfiantes et psychotropes 2.5.2.2 Intérêt d’une liste internationale des substances pouvant servir à la fabrication de stupéfiants et psychotropes 2.5.2.3 Commande de stupéfiants et psychotropes CONCLUSION BIBLIOGRAPHIE 7 INTRODUCTION L’utilisation festive et illicite de produits hallucinogènes divers connaît aujourd’hui un véritable boom. A titre d’exemple, l’enquête ESCAPAD 2002-2003 (Beck, Legleye et Spilka, 2005) conduite par l’Observatoire français des drogues et des toxicomanies (OFDT) auprès des jeunes de dix-sept ans lors de la Journée d’appel de préparation à la défense (JAPD) montre qu’une proportion non négligeable d’entre eux a déjà fait l’expérience des champignons hallucinogènes (4,2 % de la population interrogée, 5,8 % chez les seuls garçons). En cause, l’explosion d’Internet qui a contribué très fortement à la diffusion des informations et connaissances liées à l’usage des hallucinogènes dit « naturels », et à leur accès. (1) Si l’intérêt pour les propriétés des plantes à des fins thérapeutiques, religieuses ou encore magiques remonte déjà aux peuplades primitives, l’engouement de la recherche sur les hallucinogènes se développe de manière plus scientifique au début des années 1960, et sera notamment popularisée au travers des groupements hippies fleurissant à cette période, qui pensaient trouver un substitut totalement naturel au LSD. Les recherches ont porté sur l’« Ololiuqui », nom donné aux graines de Turbina corymbosa, plante de la famille des Convolvulaceae, utilisée comme hallucinogène sacré depuis des centaines d’années par les différentes tribus d’Amérique centrale, et notamment les tribus mexicaines d’Oaxaca. Elles révèlent la présence d’alcaloïdes indoliques (clavines et amides à noyau lysergique), isolés initialement à partir de l’ergot de seigle. C’est l’étude de l’« Ololiuqui » qui a ensuite poussé les chercheurs à s’intéresser à l’ensemble de la famille des Convolvulaceae, et notamment à une plante moins connue, Ipomoea tricolor. Cette thèse propose un point de vue général sur la somme des connaissances actuelles et des recherches consacrées à Ipomoea tricolor : Origines, étude botanique, chimique, pharmacologique et toxicologique, ainsi que de ses usages traditionnels mais aussi actuels. 8 PARTIE I : ORIGINES 9 1 - Les Convolvulaceae dans le monde Ipomoea tricolor fait partie de la famille des Convolvulaceae, issue du latin convolvere, verbe signifiant enrouler, dont une des caractéristiques principales est l’enroulement des tiges autour d’un support, lui conférant un caractère volubile, elles sont alors appelées Volubilis. Les Convolvulaceae ont toujours été présentes dans les différentes cultures à travers le monde, non seulement par leur large distribution cosmopolite allant de l’Amérique jusqu’en Asie, en passant par l’Europe, et l’Afrique, mais également par les différentes utilisations possibles de cette famille botanique, que ce soit à des fins alimentaires, médicinales ou encore ornementales de nombreuses espèces. Les cultures européennes et japonaises accordèrent aux Convolvulaceae une symbolique liée à l’humilité et à la simplicité, mais les plus respectueuses de cette famille botanique furent les cultures africaines et australiennes, respect poussé à son paroxysme par les cultures mexicaines et nord-américaines qui allèrent jusqu’à leur conférer un aspect « sacré ».
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