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Edible Medicinal and Non-Medicinal Plants Volume 11, Modifi Ed Stems, Roots, Bulbs Edible Medicinal and Non-Medicinal Plants T. K. Lim Edible Medicinal and Non-Medicinal Plants Volume 11, Modifi ed Stems, Roots, Bulbs Edible Medicinal and Non-Medicinal Plants T. K. Lim Edible Medicinal and Non-Medicinal Plants Volume 11, Modifi ed Stems, Roots, Bulbs ISBN 978-3-319-26061-7 ISBN 978-3-319-26062-4 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-26062-4 Library of Congress Control Number: 2011932982 Springer Cham Heidelberg New York Dordrecht London © Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2016 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifi cally the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfi lms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specifi c statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. Printed on acid-free paper Springer International Publishing AG Switzerland is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com) Acknowledgements Special thanks for the use of digital images are accorded to Cecilia Lafosse (CIP) and Ezeta Fernando (ex CIP), International Potato Centre (CIP) for oca ( Oxalis tuberosa ). Frank Van Keirsbilck for mauka ( Mirabilis expansa) and GF Chung for Indian goosegrass ( Eleusine indica). v Discl aimer The author and publisher of this work have checked with sources believed to be reliable in their efforts to confi rm the accuracy and completeness of the information presented herein and that the information is in accordance with the standard practices accepted at the time of publication. However, neither the author nor publishers warrant that information is in every aspect accurate and complete and they are not responsible for errors or omissions or for con- sequences from the application of the information in this work. This book is a work of reference and is not intended to supply nutritive or medical advice to any individual. The information contained in the notes on edibility, uses, nutritive values, medicinal attributes and medicinal uses and suchlike included here are recorded information and do not constitute recommendations. No responsibility will be taken for readers’ own actions. vii Contents Introduction ........................................................................................... 1 Iridaceae Iris x germanica ..................................................................................... 27 Lamiaceae Stachys affinis ........................................................................................ 41 Marantaceae Maranta arundinacea ............................................................................ 47 Nelumbonaceae Nelumbo nucifera .................................................................................. 55 Nyctaginaceae Mirabilis expansa ................................................................................... 110 Nymphaeaceae Nymphaea odorata ................................................................................. 114 Nymphaea x rubra ................................................................................. 118 Victoria amazonica ................................................................................. 123 Orchidaceae Diuris semilunulata................................................................................ 128 Diuris sulphurea .................................................................................... 130 Pterostylis curta ...................................................................................... 133 Pterostylis pedunculata .......................................................................... 136 ix x Contents Oxalidaceae Oxalis tuberosa ....................................................................................... 139 Piperaceae Piper methysticum .................................................................................. 147 Poaceae Chrysopogon zizanioides........................................................................ 197 Eleusine indica ....................................................................................... 228 Rubiaceae Morinda officinalis ................................................................................ 237 Simaroubaceae Eurycoma longifolia .............................................................................. 250 Medical Glossary ................................................................................... 277 Scientific Glossary ................................................................................. 354 Common Name Index ........................................................................... 378 Scientific Name Index ........................................................................... 385 Introduction This book continues as volume eleven of a multi- edible fruits or fl owers have been covered in ear- compendium on Edible Medicinal and Non - lier volumes and for those better known for other Medicinal Plants . It covers plants with edible non-reproductive plant parts will be covered in modifi ed storage subterranean stems (corms, rhi- latter volumes. zomes, stem tubers) and unmodifed subterranean As in the preceding ten volumes, topics cov- stem stolons, above-ground swollen stems and ered include: taxonomy (botanical name and syn- hypocotyls, storage roots (tap root, lateral roots, onyms); common English and vernacular names; root tubers) and bulbs that are eaten as conven- origin and distribution; agro-ecological require- tional or functional food as vegetables and spices, ments; edible plant part and uses; plant botany; as herbal teas, and may provide a source of food nutritive and medicinal/pharmacological proper- additive or neutraceuticals. A list of such edible ties with up-to-date research fi ndings;traditional plant species from families Acanthaceae to medicinal uses; other non-edible uses; and Zygophyllaceae are presented in a tabular form selected/cited references for further reading. and 32 such edible species from the families A corm or bulbotuber is defi ned as a short, Alismataceae, Amaryllidaceae, Apiaceae, vertical, swollen underground plant stem that Araceae, Araliaceae, Asparagaceae, Asteraceae, serves as a storage organ used by some plants to Basellaceae, Brassicaceae and Campanulaceae survive unfavourable adverse periods. It bears had been covered in detail in preceding volume 9. membranous or scaly leaves and buds. Some Nineteen edible species from the families examples of plants with edible corms are found Amaranthaceae, Cannaceae, Cibotiaceae, in Amorphophallus spp., Colocasia esculenta Convolvulaceae, Cyperaceae, Dioscoreaceae, (taro), Eleocharis dulcis (Chinese water chest- Euphorbiaceae and Fabaceae had been covered in nut), Sagittaria spp. (arrowhead or wapato) and detail in volume 10. This volume 11 covers in Xanthosoma spp. (cocoyam or tannia). Corms detail 18 edible species in the families Iridaceae often give rise to many small secondary corms or (1), Lamiaceae (1), Marantaceae (1), cormlet called cormels at the end of very short Nelumbonaceae (1), Nyctaginaceae (1), stolons. Nymphaeaceae (3), Orchidaceae (4), Oxalidaceae Rhizome is a modifi ed subterranean stem of a (1), Piperaceae (1), Poaceae (2), Rubiaceae (1) plant that is usually found underground, produc- and Simaroubaceae (1). Other species from these ing roots and shoots. It is used by the plant as families with edible modifi ed stems, roots and storage organ and whole rhizome or pieces of the bulbs are listed in Table 1 . Many plants with such rhizome serves as vegetative propagules to give edible plant parts that are better known for their rise to new plants. Examples of plants with edible © Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2016 1 T.K. Lim, Edible Medicinal and Non-Medicinal Plants: Volume 11, Modifi ed Stems, Roots, Bulbs, DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-26062-4_1 2 Introduction rhizomes include gingers ( Zingibe r spp.), tur- leaves or leaf bases that serve as food storage meric ( Cucurma longa ), greater galangal (Alpinia organs during dormancy and enable the plant to galanga ), lesser galangal Alpinia offi cinarum), survive through adverse periods. The fl eshy sand ginger or kencur ( Kampferia galanga ), lotus leaves are arranged in a concentric manner. Bulbs root ( Nelumbo nucifera ), Typha spp., fi ngerroot can be tunicate i.e. with membranous papery cov- ( Boesenbergia rotunda ) and arrowroot ( Maranta ering (scale leaves) or tunic that protects the inner arundinacea ). fl eshy scale leaves from drying and mechanical A stem tuber is a modifi ed plant storage organ injury. Examples of tunicate bulbs are the that is formed from thickened rhizome or stolon. Alliums, onions, leeks, hyacinth and tulips. In The tops or sides of the tuber produce shoots that imbricate or non-tunicate bulbs, the fl eshy scale grow into typical stems and
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