DOCSLIB.ORG

F Viena% February 14* 19S§»

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
F Viena% February 14* 19S§» f Viena% February 14* 19S§» M : * Dear Mr. Phillips* X last wrote you on February 1 and 8* I am very glad to a«y that February 12, the anniversary of Social­ ist incident* of laat year, passed eartraordinarily quietly herft* There was only one incident in ¥1 enna on the 12th* A group of ab<nr% fifteen to eighteon Socialists ftr Communists, in any event they had a red flag, staged a minor demonstration in Vienna whieh the police dispersed and they were shot upon cod two policemen Ml a civilian were wounded and one man among the demonstrators was killed. Otherwise the city was entirely quiet and X cannot find ft single incident of any kind in the whole of the country outside of Vienna. February 13 passed equally quietly and while the police vigilance will be kept up for some days, I think we may be sure there will be no distur­ bances. This 1ft in line with what X said in my letters and telegram. Even the Government Itself la pleasantly surprised. A curious paradox in the Austrian situation la that now that the people are more quiet and the Government 1ft many waya more strongly established than for a year, some Of the leading people in thft Government are less confident than they havft been for some time. It It too bad that this is so, for it is ft very undesirable situation, but I think it is one which we have to reckon with. I gave you an indication of this in my letter of February •# in the last paragraph on page 5, in whieh I said that thft Foreign Minister had toll me that if foreign support disappeared or iftsakened, they would have to be- oome more Nazi than the Nazi*. X added the comment that if this support disappeared or really weakened there would be ft landslide her* to get into the Nazi fold in order to save as much out of the wreck as possible far Individuals. In order to appreciate the realities of the Austrian situation, one must constantly keep 1ft mind that thft men who are today direct­ ing thft Government of Austria were brought up with the idea that the closest cooperation between Austria and Germany was essential end to whoa the doctria* of political unity with Ger­ many was taught as a desirable goal. Germany was the power­ ful and ever so much bigger brother to the North* The tame men today are sincerely convinced that political union with The Honorable William Phillips, Under Secretary of State, Washington, D. 4* > m 2— Germany is undesirable, certainly as long as this regime 1c in power in Germany, and erven if a more reasonable regiae should eoaMI there. They are putting up a good fight is de- fen.se of Austria*s sovereignty. They are now iwavinced that whatever the conditions In Europe, Austria ean live as a sepa­ rate state and they wish to live as such, but they cannot get away from looking towards the North, 1&atever happens there Is of the deepest interest to them both from the point of view of Austrian sovereignty and their own personal security. They realise that in taking this stand for Jcstrian cevereignty they have taken their lives In their hands and far the Nazis have beeorae Marked men* The conversations in Rome and later in London gave a oertain additional feeling of seourity to the members of the Government. They felt that they really had a good part of Europe behind Austria* which also meant personal seourity for them. The failure of Berlin, however, to follow the path to­ wards appeasement has created new fears here. After,all, for the Aastrians the 85 millions of Germans make up a great country and they believe still a powerful one. They know the ruthless- ness and the intolerance, aa wall as the objectives of Berlin, and 111 the back of their cdnds thereis always the fear of the strong neighbor to the Norflb The recent intransigeanc© of B erlin, following the London conversations, and what seems to the Government here the clear desire of Germany tc continue to pursue her policy of asking trouble, has created, I seem to sense, a new feeling of Insecurity here* It is an indefinable sort of thing, but which I sense very clearly from my contacts and, as I have already said, we must reckon with it. These people here know that if the foreign support disappears or in any way becomes less clearly defined, their fats is sealed and will overtake them very quickly* This makes them more timor­ ous Is their attitude than the circumstances require and they do not give altogether the leadership to the Austrian people which they deserve* In other words, to return to my original statement which no* seems clearer, the Government here ia less sure of itself at a time when It really has greater popular suppert than it has had before and when it should feel *»re secure. This uncertainty finds expression, for example, in news with respect to Germany being suppressed in the local news­ papers which it is very desirable from the Austrian and the airopean point of view should be printed. The Austrians will explain that it is due to their desire not to irritate the Ger­ mans at a time when appeasement may be possible, but in feality - 5 - thers is behind It a fear. It also finis oppression in various leas important ways, but all pointing in the same direction. / I should say, however, that all this must not be taken too seriously and is, la my opinion, more or less natural. Madariaga has been spending some days here and he got, X think, a wrong impression "when he first same here. He seemed is think that the Austrians did not know what they wanted. I eonfess that this Is one of the most difficult situations to gauge that I havs ever been confronted with, but I find that behind all these surface indications and these fundamental facts there Is now in Austria a real desire for the maintenance of har sovereignty irrespective of what changes may take plaoe in Germany* I think the Socialists, and even ths CoiOKinists very largely, share this sentiment and even parts af the Nazi groups* I believe, are sincere in saying that they want Austria to remain an independent but Hasi state. Hhat a good many people here do nob realise is that no matter how Nazi the Government might become, is would serve nothing and nobody here* Perhaps more realize this than la apparent, but cling to the hope that a more tol- erant attitude may save something out of the wreck for them. As I have said, I don't think too muoh importance must be given to theas fears obviously held by some of the people in the Government here, but at the same time enough importance muss be attached to this situation to make me men­ tion it to you. It might become at a given moment, or under giva» circumstances, a very important consideration which would explain a great deal which may happen. The Austrian character la ourious and is, as you know, mild. It does not like ex­ treme measures in any direction. But as long as the support Austria now receives from London, Paris, andRome ia accorded, Austria oss be depended upon to maintain her position of defense of har sovereignty. Perhaps one of the principal factors wh ich has dis­ turbed people ia the Government here is the still somewhat un­ certain aaw'tlon of England. ^hlle It is felt hers that as a result of the London conversations England has more definitely committed herself SB ths Austrian question than before, there is s feeling of uncertainty in view of the parliamentary sit­ uation in England. Some of the English nervspapers have been grossly slsrepresanting the internal situation in Austria, • 4 of course, with an object. I saw some of the headlines in London papef» • few days ago and they were most misleading, All this, combined with the :ntransigeanee of Berlin, h«s a tendency to increase these fears ever lurking in the backe of the minds of very worthwhile people here. I have aeen my British and French eolleagues quite frequently recently and I think I correctly forecasted the real nature and ob^eot of the tendon and Faria visits of the Chancellor end the Foreign Minister in my letter to you of February 8, I gather from my colleagues that there are no particular subjects for discussion and the principal object is to strengthen the prestige of this Government. Since 1 wrote, however, it is clear that these visits alM will e» used as a definite opportunity for strengthening the backbone of the Chancellor and of the Foreign Mnister. The Chanoellor at times looks very worried and I think he would be ever so much happier if he could be Minister of Education where hie interests principally lie. Freu Sohueehnigg has the same %vorried look that Frau Dollfuss used to have. Frssu Dollfus* slsj&ys felt that her husband would be destroyed by the Hazis and she always gave me the impression of a hunted animal. I gather the same eensation now when 1 am with Frau Schusoh- nigg and I think all this is bound to work an a husband for Sehuschnigg is not quite made of tha stern stuff that Doll- fuss -was. Berger-^faldenegg is considered by quite a few people ss an amiable but ineffective person.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • CONTEMPORARY AUSTRIAN STUDIES Volume 18
    The Schüssel Era in Austria Günter Bischof, Fritz Plasser (Eds.) CONTEMPORARY AUSTRIAN STUDIES Volume 18 innsbruck university press Copyright ©2010 by University of New Orleans Press, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA. All rights reserved under International and Pan-American Copyright Conventions. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without prior permission in writing from the publisher. All inquiries should be addressed to UNO Press, University of New Orleans, ED 210, 2000 Lakeshore Drive, New Orleans, LA, 70119, USA. www.unopress.org. Printed in the United States of America. Published and distributed in the United States by Published and distributed in Europe by University of New Orleans Press: Innsbruck University Press: ISBN 978-1-60801-009-7 ISBN 978-3-902719-29-4 Library of Congress Control Number: 2009936824 Contemporary Austrian Studies Sponsored by the University of New Orleans and Universität Innsbruck Editors Günter Bischof, CenterAustria, University of New Orleans Fritz Plasser, Universität Innsbruck Production Editor Copy Editor Assistant Editor Ellen Palli Jennifer Shimek Michael Maier Universität Innsbruck Loyola University, New Orleans UNO/Vienna Executive Editors Franz Mathis, Universität Innsbruck Susan Krantz, University of New Orleans Advisory Board Siegfried Beer Sándor Kurtán Universität Graz Corvinus University Budapest Peter Berger Günther Pallaver Wirtschaftsuniversität
    [Show full text]
  • The Ends of Four Big Inflations
    This PDF is a selection from an out-of-print volume from the National Bureau of Economic Research Volume Title: Inflation: Causes and Effects Volume Author/Editor: Robert E. Hall Volume Publisher: University of Chicago Press Volume ISBN: 0-226-31323-9 Volume URL: http://www.nber.org/books/hall82-1 Publication Date: 1982 Chapter Title: The Ends of Four Big Inflations Chapter Author: Thomas J. Sargent Chapter URL: http://www.nber.org/chapters/c11452 Chapter pages in book: (p. 41 - 98) The Ends of Four Big Inflations Thomas J. Sargent 2.1 Introduction Since the middle 1960s, many Western economies have experienced persistent and growing rates of inflation. Some prominent economists and statesmen have become convinced that this inflation has a stubborn, self-sustaining momentum and that either it simply is not susceptible to cure by conventional measures of monetary and fiscal restraint or, in terms of the consequent widespread and sustained unemployment, the cost of eradicating inflation by monetary and fiscal measures would be prohibitively high. It is often claimed that there is an underlying rate of inflation which responds slowly, if at all, to restrictive monetary and fiscal measures.1 Evidently, this underlying rate of inflation is the rate of inflation that firms and workers have come to expect will prevail in the future. There is momentum in this process because firms and workers supposedly form their expectations by extrapolating past rates of inflation into the future. If this is true, the years from the middle 1960s to the early 1980s have left firms and workers with a legacy of high expected rates of inflation which promise to respond only slowly, if at all, to restrictive monetary and fiscal policy actions.
    [Show full text]
  • Austria: Europe's Center of Opportunity
    CONTENT FROM COUNTRY REPORTS AUSTRIA Austria: Europe’s center of opportunity A new government brings an investor-friendly outlook to the country Having elected a young and dynamic new government headed by Chancellor RA DU Sebastian Kurz in 2017, 2018 saw one of the world’s most important econo- A S K Y mies return to the international spotlight—Austria, a country geographically R N and ideologically located at the heart of Europe and the European Union HE / (EU) that “acts as a bridge builder between the east and west,” states Kurz. CK TO It has consistently ranked as a leading destination for foreign direct invest- ERS ment (FDI) for many years, as well as “probably the most secure and most HUTT S beautiful place to live,” he says. But international interest is increasing in a country predicted to see its economy’s success outstripping that of many other IMAGE: © IMAGE: EU countries, including Germany. Reflecting on some of the achievements his government has overseen after just a year in power, Kurz notes that Austria has reached its first budget surplus for 65 years. In addition, “We have an tation hubs are opening, and the government is investing in advancing digital economic growth rate of close to three percent and unemployment is going skills and e-government, she says. down; we are now on the right path to achieve even better results,” he says. Schramböck believes that new technologies will “help us to reindustrialize This path includes a number of major economic reforms. “We have re- Austria and Europe. As an example, the world’s most modern digital steel formed the labor law to make it more flexible and we have started to reduce factory is going to be built in Austria, creating jobs and a new type of industry the tax burden so that we become more competitive again,” explains Kurz.
    [Show full text]
  • The Provisional Government of Austria
    RICE UNIVERSITY THE PROVISIONAL GOVERNMENT OF AUSTRIA April 27 to December 12. ®y Mary Ann Pro bus Anzelmo A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS Thesis Director's Signature: Houston, Texas May, 1968 ABSTRACT THE PROVISIONAL GOVERNMENT OP AUSTRIA April 27 to December 13* 19^5 Mary Arm Probus Anzelmo Austria's future in the closing days of World War II was uncertain. The Allies had expected to find a political vacuum. Yet, like a phoenix rising from the ashes, an Austrian provisional government emerged from • the postwar rubble within one-month after Allied liber¬ ation. This study examines the atmosphere which made pos¬ sible such a rapid congealing of political forces, the . initial formation of the government, the difficulties presented by the Soviets on the one hand and the western powers on the other, and the many factors which enabled the government to overcome these difficulties. The importance of the provisional government has frequently been underestimated. For its success in lay¬ ing the foundation for viable Austrian independence, it deserves more credit than its achievements as an interim government suggest. DEDICATION This study I dedicate to those two who have always mattered most:- Sam and Margaret PREFACE The creation of the Austrian Provisional Government in the fascinating milieu, of post World War II Vienna has occupied my interests for the last two years. In the story of the evolution of this interim governmental agency per¬ haps lies the key to Austria’s emergence as an independent nation--free from the domination of any power, east or west.
    [Show full text]
  • Norm Consolidation in the European Union: the EU14-Austria Crisis in 2000
    Norm Consolidation in the European Union: The EU14-Austria Crisis in 2000 Acta Wexionensia No 75/2005 Political Science Norm Consolidation in the European Union: The EU14-Austria Crisis in 2000 Rebecka Ulfgard Växjö University Press Norm Consolidation in the European Union: The EU14-Austria Crisis in 2000. Thesis for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Växjö University, Sweden 2005 Series editors: Tommy Book and Kerstin Brodén ISSN: 1404-4307 ISBN: 91-7636-482-8 Printed by: Intellecta Docusys, Gothenburg 2005 Abstract Ulfgard, Rebecka (2005). Norm Consolidation in the European Union: The EU14-Austria Crisis in 2000. Acta Wexionensia No. 75/2005. ISSN: 1404-4307, ISBN: 91-7636-482-8. Written in English. In late January 2000, the EU14 initiated a protest co-ordinated by the Portuguese EU Presidency against the coalition between Wolfgang Schüssel’s ÖVP and Jörg Haider’s right-wing extremist/populist FPÖ, accused of violating EU fundamen- tal values expressed in Article 6(1) TEU. When the government took office on 4 February diplomatic ‘sanctions’ were launched. During spring, the EU14’s wider interpretations of the sanctions, clumsy handling of Austrian countermeasures and deficient strategy on dismantling the protest contributed to crisis escalation. The solution was the appointment of so-called ‘wise men’ to evaluate the politi- cal nature of the FPÖ and the effects of the EU14’s ‘diplomatic whipping’ on government policies. Shortly after the Wise Men Report was published the EU14 lifted the ‘sanctions’ unconditionally, but insistent question marks remained. At the informal European Council meeting in Biarritz 13-14 October, the EU14 and the Austrian government agreed on amendments to the trigger mechanisms for the ‘sanctions article’, Article 7 TEU, incorporated in the Nice Treaty from De- cember 2000.
    [Show full text]
  • The Schüssel Era in Austria Günter Bischof, Fritz Plasser (Eds.)
    The Schüssel Era in Austria Günter Bischof, Fritz Plasser (Eds.) CONTEMPORARY AUSTRIAN STUDIES Volume 18 innsbruck university press Copyright ©2010 by University of New Orleans Press, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA. All rights reserved under International and Pan-American Copyright Conventions. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without prior permission in writing from the publisher. All inquiries should be addressed to UNO Press, University of New Orleans, ED 210, 2000 Lakeshore Drive, New Orleans, LA, 70119, USA. www.unopress.org. Printed in the United States of America. Published and distributed in the United States by Published and distributed in Europe by University of New Orleans Press: Innsbruck University Press: ISBN 978-1-60801-009-7 ISBN 978-3-902719-29-4 Library of Congress Control Number: 2009936824 Contemporary Austrian Studies Sponsored by the University of New Orleans and Universität Innsbruck Editors Günter Bischof, CenterAustria, University of New Orleans Fritz Plasser, Universität Innsbruck Production Editor Copy Editor Assistant Editor Ellen Palli Jennifer Shimek Michael Maier Universität Innsbruck Loyola University, New Orleans UNO/Vienna Executive Editors Franz Mathis, Universität Innsbruck Susan Krantz, University of New Orleans Advisory Board Siegfried Beer Sándor Kurtán Universität Graz Corvinus University Budapest Peter Berger Günther Pallaver Wirtschaftsuniversität
    [Show full text]
  • Italy, Austria and the Anschluss: Italian Involvement in Austrian Political and Diplomatic Affairs, 1928-1938
    RICE UNIVERSITY ITALY, AUSTRIA AND THE ANSCHLUSS: ITALIAN INVOLVEMENT IN AUSTRIAN POLITICAL AND DIPLOMATIC AFFAIRS, 1928-1938 by Frederick R. Zuber A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS Thesis Director's signature: /£?. 6taZ)As Houston, Texas Hay, 1973 ABSTRACT ITALY, AUSTRIA AUD THE ANSCHLUSS: ITALIAN INVOLVEMENT IN AUSTRIAN POLITICAL AND DIPLOMATIC AFFAIRS, 1928-1938 Frederick R. Zuber Italy's involvement in Austrian political and dip¬ lomatic affairs during the interwar period generally has been studied in light of her acquiesence in the Austro-German Anschluss of March 15* 1938. Mussolini's acceptance of the union of these two German states is frequently interpreted as yet another manifestation of the growing cooperation between Fascist Italy and Nazi Germany which, beginning with their collaboration during the Spanish Civil War, eventually led to the events of Munich and the Second World War. While not without a degree of validity, this approach to Italy's involvement in the Anschluss tends to ignore the basic differences in policy and interests that existed between these two states. The resulting image, therefore, overemphasizes the closeness of the affinity between Rome and Berlin. ' This study seeks to present a balanced view of Italy's involvement in the Anschluss by tracing the rather complex course of Italian foreign policy in Austria during the period from 1928 to 1938. The examination of Austro-Italian relations is divided into three phases. The first, extending from the initial Italian contacts with various rightist groups in Austria in 1928 to the assassination of the Austrian chancellor, Engelbert Dollfuss, in July, 1931+j marked the development of an Italian "protectorate" over Austria and the expansive phase of Italy*s quest for hegemony in Central Europe.
    [Show full text]
  • OECD Toolkit for Mainstreaming and Implementing Gender Equality
    OECD Toolkit for Mainstreaming and Implementing Gender Equality Implementing the 2015 OECD Recommendation on Gender Equality in Public Life . 1 . 2 . Table of Contents CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................................................................................... p. 4 1.1 Why an OECD Toolkit for Mainstreaming and Implementing Gender Equality? .................................................................... p. 4 1.2 How does the Toolkit work? .................................................................................................................................................................................... p. 5 1.3 Who is the Toolkit for? ................................................................................................................................................................................................. p. 5 CHAPTER 2: INSTITUTIONAL AND GOVERNANCE FRAMEWORKS FOR GENDER EQUALITY AND MAINSTREAMING .. p. 6 2.1 Whole-of- government strategic plan for implementing gender equality ............................................................................... p. 7 2.2 Institutional mechanisms for gender equality and mainstreaming ............................................................................................... p. 15 2.3 Assessment of gender impacts of various public governance dimensions .............................................................................. p. 24 2.4 Integration of the
    [Show full text]
  • Henry Neugass (United States) V. Austria and Hungary
    REPORTS OF INTERNATIONAL ARBITRAL AWARDS RECUEIL DES SENTENCES ARBITRALES Henry Neugass (United States) v. Austria and Hungary 6 January 1928 VOLUME VI pp. 235-240 NATIONS UNIES - UNITED NATIONS Copyright (c) 2006 DECISIONS 235 On behalf of the claimant in case styled and numbered as above l an award is sought against Austria based exclusively on a savings bank deposit of 38.57 kronen to the credit of claimant in the Bohemian Savings Bank, located at Prague, which before the war was embraced in the territory of the former Austrian Empire. Prior to the coming into effect of the Treaty of St. Germain on July 16, 1920, the principal Allied and Associated Powers had recognized the existence of Czechoslovakia as an independent State, and it was a party to that Treaty as an Allied Power (see preamble to Treaty of St. Germain). The deposit upon which this claim is based is in a bank located at Prague in Czechoslovakia, which bank is not with respect to claimant an "enemy debtor" within the meaning of that term as found in the Treaty of Vienna, and the claim here asserted is not an "enemy debt" falling within the terms of that Treaty. Applying the rules announced in Administrative Decision No. II to the facts as disclosed by the record herein the Commission decrees that under the Treaty of Vienna of August 24, 1921, the Government of Austria is not obligated to pay to the Government of the United States any amount on behalf of the claimant herein. ALEXANDER KARL RUDOLPH (UNITED STATES) v.
    [Show full text]
  • The Impact of Rising Ultra-Nationalism on Global Humanitarian Assistance
    THE IMPACT OF RISING ULTRA-NATIONALISM ON GLOBAL HUMANITARIAN ASSISTANCE BY KIMEU JOSEPH NZAU A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE SCHOOL OF HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTERS OF ARTS IN INTERNATIONAL RELATION (MIR) UNITED STATES INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY-AFRICA SUMMER 2019 DECLARATION I hereby declare that all the information in this thesis is my original work and has not been presented in any other institution other than the United States International University- Africa for academic credit. Signed: ————————————————– Date: —————————————— Kimeu Joseph Nzau – 638385 This thesis has been presented for examination with my approval as the appointed supervisor. Signed: ————————————————– Date: —————————————— Dr. Fatuma Ahmed Ali Supervisor Signed: Date: Prof. Martin C. Njoroge Dean, School of Humanities and Social Sciences (SHSS) Signed: Date: Ambassador. Prof. Ruthie Rono Deputy Vice Chancellor, Academic and Student Affairs i COPYRIGHT PAGE This work is the product of the author and no part of this paper shall be reproduced or transmitted electronically, mechanically including photocopy, reprinting or redesigning without the prior permission of the author. Copyright © 2019 ii DEDICATION This thesis is dedicated to the hundreds and thousands of unnamed souls who lost their lives in the Mediterranean journey seeking a better life. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT First and foremost all thanks and praise goes to the Most High for making this academic journey bearable and possible, there were nights where I spent asking God to make this a reality and after this journey I am reminded that God is eternally faithful. I would like to give a special acknowledgement to my loving parents John and Mary Kimeu for facilitating my education and being supportive and committed to the accomplishment of my degree.
    [Show full text]
  • The Review of International Affairs ISSN 0486-6096 UDK 327 VOL
    THE REVIEW OF INTERNATIONAL I R A AFFAIRS BELGRADE, VOL. LXIX, No. 1171, JULY–SEPTEMBER 2018 INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS Ana KOSTIĆ Nenad STEKIĆ HOW DID THE NEW AUSTRIAN GOVERNMENT COALITION CHANGE ITS REFUGEE POLICY? EVERLASTING UNSETTLED SINO-EUROPEAN RELATIONS: INTERNATIONAL SECURITY IS `16+1` INITIATIVE MUTUAL BENEFIT Ksenia GALTSOVA OR POINT OF DIVERGE? Stefan JOJIĆ ARMS RACE- A STRATEGY THAT ALWAYS WORKS? TURKEY’S KURDISH CONFLICT: GENESIS AND A POLITICAL CONTEXT THE INSTITUTE OF INTERNATIONAL POLITICS AND ECONOMICS The Review of International Affairs ISSN 0486-6096 UDK 327 VOL. LXIX, No. 1171, jULy–September 2018 Publisher Institute of International politics and economics, belgrade, makedonska 25 For the Publisher branislav ĐOrĐeVIć , ph.D. Director Editor-in-Chief Sanja jeLISaVac trOšIć , ph.D. Deputy Editor-in-Chief mihajlo VUČIć, ph.D. Secretary jelica GOrDaNIć , ph.D. Editorial Council Huang pING , professor, Institute of european Studies, chinese academy of Social Sciences, beijing, china Oliver aNtIć, professor, Faculty of Law, belgrade, Serbia ( President ) yuan ZHeNGQUING, ph.D., editor-in-chief of journal China and World Economy , Institute of Worldeconomics and politics, chinese academy of Social Sciences, beijing, china Vladimir DmItrIeVIcH KUZNIcHeVSKI, ph.D., russian Institute for Strategic research, moscow, russia jouni jarVINeN, ph.D., aleksanteri Institute, Helsinki, Finland Stefano pILOttO, professor, Faculty of political Sciences, trieste, Italy armand cLeSSe, ph.D., Director, Luxembourg Institute for european and
    [Show full text]
  • From Eu Membership to the Eu-14 Sanction Measures 1995–2000
    715 VIII . FROM EU MEMBERSHIP TO THE EU-14 SANCTION MEASURES 1995–2000 1 . GENERAL INTRODUCTION: “EURO” AND EASTERN ENLARGEMENT ARE COMING – ASSUMPTION OF THE WESTERN EUROPEAN UNION TASKS The Treaty of Maastricht that was signed on February 7, 1992 provided a time- table for integration through the end of the twentieth century, while the Treaty of Amsterdam that was signed on October 2, 19971 attempted to introduce con- crete steps in order to bring the EU “closer to the citizens” and to strengthen the “ European identity” both within and from the outside. It started up where the fur- ther development of the treaty basis of the EC (the Single European Act, which en- tered into force in 1987, and Maastricht, which entered into force in 1993) had left off and continued on from there. The Treaty of Amsterdam included the Schengen Agreement (the removal of internal border controls with the strengthening of EU external borders) into the EU legal system and changed or supplemented the two main European union treaties (the ECSC and the EEC) as well as the Union Trea- ty of Maastricht upon which the Community construction was based. In addition, a “Stability Pact” at the Dublin Summit on December 13–14, 1996 was adopted for the adherence to the budgetary discipline in the European Monetary Union (EMU).2 Through this, it was possible to introduce the euro within the stipulated period of January 1, 1999. From that time forward, twelve states belonged to the euro zone (Austria, Belgium, Finland, France, Germany, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Portugal, and Spain introduced the euro as their official non-cash currency – Greece followed in 2000).
    [Show full text]