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016 PVAVYHL Hominoid 016 Paleontología de Vertebrados y Humana Hominoidea www.aragosaurus.com PALEONTOLOGÍA DE VERTEBRADOS Y HUMANA (PAVYH ULTIMO AÑO LICENCIATURA GEOLOGÍA 2012-2013) UNIVERSIDAD DE ZARAGOZA PROFESORES: GLORIA CUENCA JOSÉ IGNACIO CANUDO JARA PARRILLA DIEGO CASTANERA VICTOR SAUQUÉ Cercopithoidea Hominoidea Caracteres de los hominoideos. Cerebro relativamente grande Escápula con fuerte acromión Cabeza articular del húmero redondeada y orientada cola ausente medialmente En la actualidad se ha demostrado un El cráneo es movimiento cuadrúpedo tanto por el relativamente suelo como por las ramas de los árboles primitivo, con pequeños molares y largos caninos Carece de cola Proconsul es el primer hominoideo del registro fósil y el más primitivo. Se ha encontrado en el Mioceno Inferior del Este de África (Kenia). La historia evolutiva de los hominoideos comenzó en África La anatomía del codo y la muñeca es similar a las formas derivadas Hominidae se divide en dos subfamilias, los Ponginae que agrupa a los orangutanes y formas relacionadas, y Homininae que agrupa a humanos, gorilas, chimpancés, y primates cercanos. Hominini cuadrúpedos bípedos Homininae Ponginae Las dos subfamilias señalan dos diferentes tipos de locomoción. Ponginae adaptada braquiadores a la vida en los árboles (como sus ancestros). Hominidae adaptada a la vida terrestre, bien cuadrúpeda o bípeda Hominidae Para algunos autores el primer representante de los homínidos es Kenyapithecus del Mioceno inferior del Este de África. Formas cercanas agrupadas en la subfamilia Kenyapithecinae también se han encontrado en el Mioceno de Turquía y Europa. Kenyapithecus presenta dientes adaptados a comer semillas y frutos secos Los kenyapitecinos presentan adaptaciones a desplazarse sobre la cara anterior de las segundas falanges de los dedos segundo a quinto (“sobre los nudillos”). Es por tanto un desplazamiento terrestre o semiterrestre Driopitecinae. Son un grupo de homínidos primitivos Pau que se diversificaron en el Mioceno superior de Europa (España, Francia, Hungría etc.). Se considera que son el grupo hermano del resto de homínidos Son una cuarentena de fósiles, incluyendo el cráneo de un ejemplar de unos 30-35 kgs El postcraneal indica que podría desplazarse de manera vertical por los árboles Las falanges de las manos son mayores que las de los pies, como sucede en los orangutanes y no en los monos cuadrúpedos Pieralopithus catalaunicus se encontró en Hostalets de Pierola (Barcelona) en el Mioceno (13 ma). Fue descrito por el equipo del Institut Català de Paleontologia Oriopithecus bambolii es hominidae descubierto inicialmente en una mina de carbón de Italia del Mioceno superior (8 ma). Para algunos autores estaría cercano a los Driopitecidae y para otros a los gorilas. Es uno de los primates mejor representados en el registro fósil Hocico corto Fuerte aparato masticador con dientes especializados en hojas Caninos pequeños Dedos largos y esbeltos con gran movilidad Presenta adaptaciones al bipedismo y al desplazamiento suspendido de las ramas. La adaptación al bipedismo es muy temprana en la línea de los hominidae Su hábitat parece haber sido los medios pantanosos, lo que le diferencia de la mayoría de formas cercanas, bien de sabana, bien de bosque La teoría más aceptada es que la Los humanos es un grupo separado que comenzó su desforestación del Mioceno del Este de evolución hace unos 8 millones de años. Dos grupos de África fue la razón de la necesidad de caracteres son los más significativos de esta evolución: El adaptación de los hominoideos a nuevos bipedismo y el incremento del tamaño de encéfalo ecosistemas. La mayoría de los homínidos aparecieron en el este de África Poderosas escápulas Cabeza en y largos brazos posición vertical Dedo I grande y oponible Pelvis alargada Dedos curvados Pelvis corta Fémur largo y grácil Pie en forma de plataforma sin dedo oponible Comparación del esqueleto y del pie de un humano y de un gorila. Resaltando los principales cambios en la postura y los cambios anatómicos asociados con el bipedismo Mioceno Plioceno Pleistoceno Homo sapiens Los Homínidos aparecen en el Mioceno superior. Se diversifican en el Plioceno y el Pleistoceno inferior. Quedando en Homo antecessor la actualidad un único taxón: Homo Homo heidelbergensis / H. neanderthalensis Australopithecus garhi Homo ergaster / H. erectus Homo habilis Australopithecus africanus Sahelanthropus tchadensis Australopithecus Paranthropus Paranthropus boisei anamensis aethiopicus Orrorin tugenensis Australopithecus Paranthropus robustus (millennium man) afarensis Kenyanthropus platiops 7 6.5 6 5.5 5 4.5 4 3.5 3 2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5 0 millones de años Brunet et al. (2002) Nature Zollikofer et al. (2005) Nature Los primeros pasos en la evolución humana. Sahenlantropus tchadensis es un cráneo descrito por Brunet y colaboradores en el 2002 en el Mioceno Superior del Tchad Arco supraorbital continuo y sin surco similar al Homo erectus Arco supraorbital grueso, seguro que Toumai es macho Cara alta, maxilar poco proyectado hacia adelante Capacidad craneal de 350cm3, similar a un chimpancé Dientes finos y puntiagudos similares a una hembra gorila Orificio occipital hacia delante. Inicio de bipedia 7 6.5 6 5.5 5 4.5 4 3.5 3 2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5 0 millones de años Orrorin tugenensis son dientes y fragmentos de mandíbulas y huesos largos. Fue descrito por Senut y colaboradores en el 2001 en el Mioceno superior de Kenia Los dientes son similares a las de otros monos. El húmero indica una cierta habilidad arborícola El cuello de la cabeza articular del fémur está inclinado como en los humanos modernos y la articulación con la tibias es recta. Esto indica que sería bípedo Orrorin Homo sapiens 7 6.5 6 5.5 5 4.5 4 3.5 3 2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5 0 millones de años Mioceno Plioceno Pleistoceno Homo sapiens Los australopitecinos robustos Homo antecessor Homo heidelbergensis / H. neanderthalensis Australopithecus garhi Homo ergaster / H. erectus Homo habilis Australopithecus africanus Sahelanthropus tchadensis Australopithecus anamensis Paranthropus boisei Paranthropus aethiopicus Australopithecus Paranthropus Orrorin tugenensis afarensis (millennium man) robustus Kenyanthropus platiops 7 6.5 6 5.5 5 4.5 4 3.5 3 2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5 0 millones de años Los homininos basales se diversifican en el Plioceno. El taxón que se sitúa en la base de esta radiación es Australopithecus anamensis, también conocido como Praeantrhopus anamensis El holotipo proviene de Dientes con esmalte grueso sedimentos entre 3,9 y 4,1 (comedor de frutos secos) m.a. del lago Turkana (Kenia) Dimorfismo sexual y claramente bípedos Dentición inferior de A. anamensis 7 6.5 6 5.5 5 4.5 4 3.5 3 2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5 0 millones de años Australopithecus anamensis: el australopiteco del lago. Kanapoi y Alia Bay. Cerca del lago Turkana, en Kenia. La tibia indica que anamensis era mayor que ramidus y Dentición inferior afarensis Pan A. anamensis Homo De A. anamensis This hominine species was discovered in 1994 by Maeve Leakey in Kanapoi and Allia Bay, situated in North Kenya. It was named Australopithecus anamensis from "anam" meaning "lake" in the local Turkana language. The fossils (9 from Kanapoi and 12 from Allia Bay) include upper and lower jaws, cranial fragments, and the upper and lower parts of a leg bone (tibia). In addition to this, the collection includes a fragment of humerus that was found 30 years ago at the same site at Kanapoi. Kanapoi tiene una edad de 4,2 my y Allia Bay 3,9 http://www.geocities.com/palaeoanthropology/Aanamensis.html 7 6.5 6 5.5 5 4.5 4 3.5 3 2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5 0 millones de años White et al. (1994) Nature Leakey et al. (2001) Nature Kenyanthropus platyops 3,5 M.a. Orilla Oeste del Lago Turkana Kenia Australopithecus bahrelghazali (1996) 3,5 – 3 M.a. Bahr el Ghazal Chad Australopithecus anamensis (1995) 4 – 4,2 M.a. Allia Bay, Kanapoi (Lago Turkana) Kenia Aramis, Asa Isie (Middle Awash) Etiopía Mioceno Plioceno Pleistoceno Homo sapiens Los australopitecinos robustos Homo antecessor Homo heidelbergensis / H. neanderthalensis Australopithecus garhi Homo ergaster / H. erectus Homo habilis Australopithecus africanus Sahelanthropus tchadensis Australopithecus anamensis Paranthropus boisei Paranthropus aethiopicus Australopithecus Paranthropus Orrorin tugenensis afarensis (millennium man) robustus Kenyanthropus platiops 7 6.5 6 5.5 5 4.5 4 3.5 3 2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5 0 millones de años Australopithecus afarensis (Lucy) es uno de los homínidos más famosos. Fue descubierto por un equipo liderado por Donald Johanson en el Hadar (Etiopia). En ese momento era el australopitecino más completo y demostraba que estos homínidos tenían capacidad de andar erguidos. En la modernas filogenias está fuera de la línea de Homo y representaría el ancestro de los australopitecinos robustos Cara y cráneo parecidos al chimpacé, Pero las pelvis son diferentes Cerebro de 400 3 Brazos largos y 500 cm chimpacé A. afarensis Se considera que tendrían una significativa actividad arbórea Dimorfismo sexual. Macho 1,40 y 45kgs., Hembra 1m y 30 kgs. Se les asigna las huellas de Laetoli 7 6.5 6 5.5 5 4.5 4 3.5 3 2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5 0 millones de años Australopithecus afarensis, pequeño pero robusto Zeresenay Alemseged, Fred Spoor, William H. Kimbel, René Bobe, Denis Geraads, Denné Reed & Jonathan G. Wynn. 2006. A juvenile early hominin skeleton from Dikika, Ethiopia. Nature 443:296-301. Se encuentra en sedimentos fluviales, arenosos, es posible que una inundación sepultara el cadaver de la niña. Su esqueleto indica que podría andar por el suelo y desplazarse por los árboles con facilidad. Su dentición indica una dentición de leche, aún sin el remplazo de dientes permanentes. Su cerebro y capacidad craneanas se parecerían a las de un chimpancé de su edad.
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