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CASE of BASQUE: Past, Present and Future Maria-Jose Azurmendi and Iñaki Martínez De Luna (Eds.)

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CASE of BASQUE: Past, Present and Future Maria-Jose Azurmendi and Iñaki Martínez De Luna (Eds.) Maria-Jose Azurmendi and Iñaki Martinez de Luna (eds.) 5 THE CASE OF BASQUE: Past, Present and Future Maria-Jose Azurmendi and Iñaki Martínez de Luna (eds.) CONTENTS The Contributors ................................................................................................. 7 Introduction ...................................................................................................... 13 Maria-Jose Azurmendi and Iñaki Martínez de Luna 1. History of the Basque Language: From the Discours of its Death to its Maintenance .............................................. 19 Xabier Erize 2. Basque Language Corpus Planning .................................................................. 43 Koro Urkizu 3. The Social Movement in Favour of the Normalization of the Basque Language ............................................................ 53 Xabier Mendiguren and Joxe I. Iñigo 4. Use of the Basque Language, Key to Language Normalization ............................... 67 Iñaki Martínez de Luna, Xabier Isasi and Olatz Altuna 5. Economic Development and the Basque Language: A sign of hope ......................... 89 Jose M. Zendoia 6. Theoretical, Social and Political Discourses on the Basque Language .................... 103 Jone M. Hernández, Olatz Olaso and Iñaki Martínez de Luna 7. The Future of Basque in RLS Perspective ......................................................... 117 Mikel Zalbide, Nicholas Gardner, Xabier Erize and Maria-Jose Azurmendi 8. Language Policies of the European Union with Reference to Regional or Minority Languages ................................................... 141 Bojan Brezigar 6 7 The Contributors (2003) Olatz Altuna: She holds a degree in Sociology. Director of Research of the ‘Euskararen Kale Erabilera, 1997 & 2001’ (Street use of Basque 1997 & 2001). Member of SEI (Soziolinguistika Institutua sortzen) [Sociolinguistics Institute]. She conducts research specialising in indi- cators for measuring use and offer of services in Basque. She has published articles on Basque sociolinguistics. [email protected] Maria-Jose Azurmendi: She holds a PhD in Arts. Professor of the UPV/EHU (Universidad del País Vasco/Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea) [University of the Basque Country]. She is involved in the Universidad Pública de Navarra [Public University of Navarre], the UEU (Udako Euskal Unibertsitatea) [Basque Summer University], the EI/SEV (Eusko Ikaskuntza/Sociedad de Estudios Vascos) [Basque Studies Society], SEI (Soziolinguistika Institutua sortzen) [Sociolinguistics Institute] and in the HIZNET postgraduate course on language planning. Editor of BAT. Soziolinguistika aldizkaria, the quarterly journal on Basque sociolinguistics. She has published books, chapters and articles on sociolinguistics, psycholinguistics, and psycho-sociolinguistics relating to the Basque language. Book: (2000) Psicosociolingüística. Bilbao: UPV/EHU. [email protected] Bojan Brezigar: Journalist. President of the European Bureau for Lesser Used Languages. He lectures at the Universities of Trieste and Ljubljana as well as at many international conferences. Lecturer as expert in initiatives organised by the European Commission and by the Council of Europe. He has produced articles on Minority Languages, in English, Slovene and Italian. [email protected] 8 The Contributors (2003) Xabier Erize: He holds a PhD in Basque Philology. He participates in the UEU (Udako Euskal Unibertsitatea)[Basque Summer University), in the HIZNET postgraduate course on lan- guage planning and in the EI/SEV (Eusko Ikaskuntza/Sociedad de Estudios Vascos) [Basque Studies Society). He has published books and papers on Basque sociolinguistics. Book: (1999) Vascohablantes y castellanohablantes en la historia del euskara de Navarra. Pamplona/Iruñea: Gobierno de Navarra. Editor of the J.A. Fishman collection: Llengua i identitat. Alzira: Bromera. [email protected] Nicholas Gardner: He holds an M.A. He is the Language Planning Official in the Education Department of the Government of the Autonomous Community of the Basque Country. He has published chapters and papers in English on Basque language planning and Basque education. Book: (2000) Basque in education in the Basque Autonomous Community. Vitoria/Gasteiz: Gobierno Vasco. [email protected] Jone M. Hernández: She holds a degree in Sociology and Information Sciences. She sits on the Editorial Board of the quarterly journal on Basque sociolinguistics BAT. Soziolinguistika aldizkaria. She has published articles on Basque sociolinguistics. [email protected] Joxe J. Iñigo: He has a degree in Basque Philology. He is the Planning Director of Kontseilua (Council of Social Organisations in favour of Basque). He participates in the HIZNET postgraduate course on Language Planning. He has published articles and compiled reports on Basque sociolinguistics. [email protected] The Contributors (2003) 9 Xabier Isasi: He holds a PhD in Psychology. He lectures at the UPV/EHU (Universidad del País Vasco/Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea) [University of the Basque Country]. Director of the UEU (Udako Euskal Unibertsitatea) [Basque Summer University]. He is a founder member of SEI (Soziolinguistika Institutua sortzen) [Sociolinguistics Institute). He has published books, chapters and papers on Basque sociolinguistics and on methodology for the social sciences. Book: Alvarez Enparantza, J.L. and Isasi Balantzategi, X. (1994) Soziolinguistika matematikoa. Bilbo: UEU. [email protected] Iñaki Martínez de Luna: He holds a PhD in Sociology. He lectures at the UPV/EHU (Universidad del País Vasco/Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea) [University of the Basque Country]. Director of the HIZNET postgraduate course on Language Planning. He is a founder member of SEI (Soziolinguistika Institutua sortzen) [Sociolinguistics Institute]. He sits on the Editorial Board of the quarterly journal on Basque sociolinguistics BAT. Soziolinguistika aldizkaria. He has published chapters and papers on Basque sociolinguistics. Book: (2000) Etorkizuna Aurreikusten 99: Euskal Herriko gaztetxoak eta euskara. I. Martínez de Luna ed. [email protected] Xabier Mendiguren: He holds a degree in Arts. General Secretary of Kontseilua (Council of Social Organisations in favour of Basque). He participates in courses leading to an M.A. in Translation at the UPV/EHU (Universidad del País Vasco/Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea) [University of the Basque Country] and at the University of Deusto. He has compiled reports on the soci- olinguistic normalisation of the Basque language and has published works on translation and terminology. [email protected] Olatz Olaso: She is a Sociology graduate. Basque Language Planner in the sphere of companies. She takes part in the HIZNET postgraduate course on Language Planning. She has published articles on Basque sociolinguistics. [email protected] 10 The Contributors (2003) Koro Urkizu: She holds a degree in Basque Philology. Basque Language Standardisation Official of the Sub-Ministry for Linguistic Policy of the Government of the Autonomous Community of the Basque Country. She has taught Basque in the civil service. [email protected] Mikel Zalbide: He is an Industrial Engineer. Director of the Basque Language Service of the Department of Education, Universities and Research of the Government of the Autonomous Community of the Basque Country. He is involved in the HIZNET postgraduate course on language planning. He has published chapters and articles and compiled reports on Basque soci- olinguistics, in the education field, in particular. [email protected] Jose M. Zendoia: He holds a PhD in Economic Sciences. Lecturer at the UPV/EHU (Universidad del País Vasco/Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea) [University of the Basque Country]. Member of the Basque Language Committee of the UPV/EHU. He has published articles on economics and the Basque language. [email protected] 11 12 13 INTRODUCTION Maria-Jose Azurmendi and Iñaki Martínez de Luna Abstract To contribute towards understanding the chapters included in this book, the introduction aims to present the context of the Basque case by providing some of the basic features of its location and size in the European Union. This book is the continuation or second part of monographic issue 174 (2005) of the IJSL devoted to Euskara (the Basque language) aimed at taking stock of the current social situ- ation of the language. The aim coincides with that of the chapter on Euskara (Azurmendi, Bachoc and Zabaleta, 2001) included in the publication Can threatened languages be saved? edited by Fishman (2001); at that time the perspective was one which depended more on the RLS (Reversing Language Shift) theoretical-empirical model propounded by Fishman (1991), but the perspective now is a freer one. We are deeply grateful to Joshua A. Fishman for providing us with this new opportunity through this prestigious journal, which he directs and edits, to show the recent evolution and current situation of Euskara to the fields of the sociology of language, of languages and of sociolinguistics in general; we have taken advantage of this invitation Fishman has extended to us to provide a broader overview of the situation of Euskara than that which can be included in a monographic issue of the IJSL, so that this book can be regarded as the complementary continuation of the said monographic issue. To contribute towards an understanding of “the Case of Basque”, we have believed it necessary to provide some data on Euskara (the Basque language) and on Euskal Herria (the
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