CASE of BASQUE: Past, Present and Future Maria-Jose Azurmendi and Iñaki Martínez De Luna (Eds.)

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

CASE of BASQUE: Past, Present and Future Maria-Jose Azurmendi and Iñaki Martínez De Luna (Eds.) Maria-Jose Azurmendi and Iñaki Martinez de Luna (eds.) 5 THE CASE OF BASQUE: Past, Present and Future Maria-Jose Azurmendi and Iñaki Martínez de Luna (eds.) CONTENTS The Contributors ................................................................................................. 7 Introduction ...................................................................................................... 13 Maria-Jose Azurmendi and Iñaki Martínez de Luna 1. History of the Basque Language: From the Discours of its Death to its Maintenance .............................................. 19 Xabier Erize 2. Basque Language Corpus Planning .................................................................. 43 Koro Urkizu 3. The Social Movement in Favour of the Normalization of the Basque Language ............................................................ 53 Xabier Mendiguren and Joxe I. Iñigo 4. Use of the Basque Language, Key to Language Normalization ............................... 67 Iñaki Martínez de Luna, Xabier Isasi and Olatz Altuna 5. Economic Development and the Basque Language: A sign of hope ......................... 89 Jose M. Zendoia 6. Theoretical, Social and Political Discourses on the Basque Language .................... 103 Jone M. Hernández, Olatz Olaso and Iñaki Martínez de Luna 7. The Future of Basque in RLS Perspective ......................................................... 117 Mikel Zalbide, Nicholas Gardner, Xabier Erize and Maria-Jose Azurmendi 8. Language Policies of the European Union with Reference to Regional or Minority Languages ................................................... 141 Bojan Brezigar 6 7 The Contributors (2003) Olatz Altuna: She holds a degree in Sociology. Director of Research of the ‘Euskararen Kale Erabilera, 1997 & 2001’ (Street use of Basque 1997 & 2001). Member of SEI (Soziolinguistika Institutua sortzen) [Sociolinguistics Institute]. She conducts research specialising in indi- cators for measuring use and offer of services in Basque. She has published articles on Basque sociolinguistics. [email protected] Maria-Jose Azurmendi: She holds a PhD in Arts. Professor of the UPV/EHU (Universidad del País Vasco/Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea) [University of the Basque Country]. She is involved in the Universidad Pública de Navarra [Public University of Navarre], the UEU (Udako Euskal Unibertsitatea) [Basque Summer University], the EI/SEV (Eusko Ikaskuntza/Sociedad de Estudios Vascos) [Basque Studies Society], SEI (Soziolinguistika Institutua sortzen) [Sociolinguistics Institute] and in the HIZNET postgraduate course on language planning. Editor of BAT. Soziolinguistika aldizkaria, the quarterly journal on Basque sociolinguistics. She has published books, chapters and articles on sociolinguistics, psycholinguistics, and psycho-sociolinguistics relating to the Basque language. Book: (2000) Psicosociolingüística. Bilbao: UPV/EHU. [email protected] Bojan Brezigar: Journalist. President of the European Bureau for Lesser Used Languages. He lectures at the Universities of Trieste and Ljubljana as well as at many international conferences. Lecturer as expert in initiatives organised by the European Commission and by the Council of Europe. He has produced articles on Minority Languages, in English, Slovene and Italian. [email protected] 8 The Contributors (2003) Xabier Erize: He holds a PhD in Basque Philology. He participates in the UEU (Udako Euskal Unibertsitatea)[Basque Summer University), in the HIZNET postgraduate course on lan- guage planning and in the EI/SEV (Eusko Ikaskuntza/Sociedad de Estudios Vascos) [Basque Studies Society). He has published books and papers on Basque sociolinguistics. Book: (1999) Vascohablantes y castellanohablantes en la historia del euskara de Navarra. Pamplona/Iruñea: Gobierno de Navarra. Editor of the J.A. Fishman collection: Llengua i identitat. Alzira: Bromera. [email protected] Nicholas Gardner: He holds an M.A. He is the Language Planning Official in the Education Department of the Government of the Autonomous Community of the Basque Country. He has published chapters and papers in English on Basque language planning and Basque education. Book: (2000) Basque in education in the Basque Autonomous Community. Vitoria/Gasteiz: Gobierno Vasco. [email protected] Jone M. Hernández: She holds a degree in Sociology and Information Sciences. She sits on the Editorial Board of the quarterly journal on Basque sociolinguistics BAT. Soziolinguistika aldizkaria. She has published articles on Basque sociolinguistics. [email protected] Joxe J. Iñigo: He has a degree in Basque Philology. He is the Planning Director of Kontseilua (Council of Social Organisations in favour of Basque). He participates in the HIZNET postgraduate course on Language Planning. He has published articles and compiled reports on Basque sociolinguistics. [email protected] The Contributors (2003) 9 Xabier Isasi: He holds a PhD in Psychology. He lectures at the UPV/EHU (Universidad del País Vasco/Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea) [University of the Basque Country]. Director of the UEU (Udako Euskal Unibertsitatea) [Basque Summer University]. He is a founder member of SEI (Soziolinguistika Institutua sortzen) [Sociolinguistics Institute). He has published books, chapters and papers on Basque sociolinguistics and on methodology for the social sciences. Book: Alvarez Enparantza, J.L. and Isasi Balantzategi, X. (1994) Soziolinguistika matematikoa. Bilbo: UEU. [email protected] Iñaki Martínez de Luna: He holds a PhD in Sociology. He lectures at the UPV/EHU (Universidad del País Vasco/Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea) [University of the Basque Country]. Director of the HIZNET postgraduate course on Language Planning. He is a founder member of SEI (Soziolinguistika Institutua sortzen) [Sociolinguistics Institute]. He sits on the Editorial Board of the quarterly journal on Basque sociolinguistics BAT. Soziolinguistika aldizkaria. He has published chapters and papers on Basque sociolinguistics. Book: (2000) Etorkizuna Aurreikusten 99: Euskal Herriko gaztetxoak eta euskara. I. Martínez de Luna ed. [email protected] Xabier Mendiguren: He holds a degree in Arts. General Secretary of Kontseilua (Council of Social Organisations in favour of Basque). He participates in courses leading to an M.A. in Translation at the UPV/EHU (Universidad del País Vasco/Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea) [University of the Basque Country] and at the University of Deusto. He has compiled reports on the soci- olinguistic normalisation of the Basque language and has published works on translation and terminology. [email protected] Olatz Olaso: She is a Sociology graduate. Basque Language Planner in the sphere of companies. She takes part in the HIZNET postgraduate course on Language Planning. She has published articles on Basque sociolinguistics. [email protected] 10 The Contributors (2003) Koro Urkizu: She holds a degree in Basque Philology. Basque Language Standardisation Official of the Sub-Ministry for Linguistic Policy of the Government of the Autonomous Community of the Basque Country. She has taught Basque in the civil service. [email protected] Mikel Zalbide: He is an Industrial Engineer. Director of the Basque Language Service of the Department of Education, Universities and Research of the Government of the Autonomous Community of the Basque Country. He is involved in the HIZNET postgraduate course on language planning. He has published chapters and articles and compiled reports on Basque soci- olinguistics, in the education field, in particular. [email protected] Jose M. Zendoia: He holds a PhD in Economic Sciences. Lecturer at the UPV/EHU (Universidad del País Vasco/Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea) [University of the Basque Country]. Member of the Basque Language Committee of the UPV/EHU. He has published articles on economics and the Basque language. [email protected] 11 12 13 INTRODUCTION Maria-Jose Azurmendi and Iñaki Martínez de Luna Abstract To contribute towards understanding the chapters included in this book, the introduction aims to present the context of the Basque case by providing some of the basic features of its location and size in the European Union. This book is the continuation or second part of monographic issue 174 (2005) of the IJSL devoted to Euskara (the Basque language) aimed at taking stock of the current social situ- ation of the language. The aim coincides with that of the chapter on Euskara (Azurmendi, Bachoc and Zabaleta, 2001) included in the publication Can threatened languages be saved? edited by Fishman (2001); at that time the perspective was one which depended more on the RLS (Reversing Language Shift) theoretical-empirical model propounded by Fishman (1991), but the perspective now is a freer one. We are deeply grateful to Joshua A. Fishman for providing us with this new opportunity through this prestigious journal, which he directs and edits, to show the recent evolution and current situation of Euskara to the fields of the sociology of language, of languages and of sociolinguistics in general; we have taken advantage of this invitation Fishman has extended to us to provide a broader overview of the situation of Euskara than that which can be included in a monographic issue of the IJSL, so that this book can be regarded as the complementary continuation of the said monographic issue. To contribute towards an understanding of “the Case of Basque”, we have believed it necessary to provide some data on Euskara (the Basque language) and on Euskal Herria (the
Recommended publications
  • The Lehendakari
    E.ETXEAK montaje ENG 3/5/01 16:08 P‡gina 1 Issue 49 YEAR 2001 TheThe LehendakariLehendakari callscalls forfor anan electionelection inin thethe BasqueBasque CountryCountry onon MayMay 13th13th E.ETXEAK montaje ENG 4/5/01 08:53 P‡gina 2 Laburpena SUMMARY Laburpena SUMMARY EDITORIALA■EDITORIAL – Supplementary statement to the Decree dissolving Parliament ...................... 3 GAURKO GAIAK■CURRENT EVENTS – Instructions for voting by mail .................................................................................. 5 – Basque election predictions according to surveys................................................ 6 PERTSONALITATEAK■PERSONALITIES – The Sabino Arana Awards for the year 2000........................................................ 8 EUSKAL ETXEAK – The Human Rights Commissioner visited the Basque Country ....................... 8 ISSUE 49 - YEAR 2001 URTEA – Francesco Cossiga received the "Lagun Onari" honor ...................................... 9 EGILEA AUTHOR Eusko Jaurlaritza-Kanpo – The Government of Catalonia receives part of its history Harremanetarako Idazkaritza Nagusia from the Sabino Arana Foundation ....................................................................... 10 Basque Government-Secretary General for Foreign Action – The Secretary of State of Idaho calls for the U.S. C/ Navarra, 2 to mediate in the Basque Country......................................................................... 11 01007 VITORIA-GASTEIZ Phone: 945 01 79 00 ■ [email protected] ERREPORTAIAK ARTICLES ZUZENDARIA DIRECTOR – The
    [Show full text]
  • The Case of Eta
    Cátedra de Economía del Terrorismo UNIVERSIDAD COMPLUTENSE DE MADRID Facultad de Ciencias Económicas y Empresariales DISMANTLING TERRORIST ’S ECONOMICS : THE CASE OF ETA MIKEL BUESA* and THOMAS BAUMERT** *Professor at the Universidad Complutense of Madrid. **Professor at the Catholic University of Valencia Documento de Trabajo, nº 11 – Enero, 2012 ABSTRACT This article aims to analyze the sources of terrorist financing for the case of the Basque terrorist organization ETA. It takes into account the network of entities that, under the leadership and oversight of ETA, have developed the political, economic, cultural, support and propaganda agenda of their terrorist project. The study focuses in particular on the periods 1993-2002 and 2003-2010, in order to observe the changes in the financing of terrorism after the outlawing of Batasuna , ETA's political wing. The results show the significant role of public subsidies in finance the terrorist network. It also proves that the outlawing of Batasuna caused a major change in that funding, especially due to the difficulty that since 2002, the ETA related organizations had to confront to obtain subsidies from the Basque Government and other public authorities. Keywords: Financing of terrorism. ETA. Basque Country. Spain. DESARMANDO LA ECONOMÍA DEL TERRORISMO: EL CASO DE ETA RESUMEN Este artículo tiene por objeto el análisis de las fuentes de financiación del terrorismo a partir del caso de la organización terrorista vasca ETA. Para ello se tiene en cuenta la red de entidades que, bajo el liderazgo y la supervisión de ETA, desarrollan las actividades políticas, económicas, culturales, de propaganda y asistenciales en las que se materializa el proyecto terrorista.
    [Show full text]
  • El Caso Bildu: Un Supuesto De Extralimitación De
    EL CASO BILDU: UN SUPUESTO DE EXTRALIMITACIÓN DE FUNCIONES DEL TRIBUNAL CONSTITUCIONAL Comentario de la Sentencia de la Sala Especial del Tribunal Supremo de 1 de mayo de 2011 y de la Sentencia del Tribunal Constitucional de 5 de mayo de 2011 JAVIER Tajadura Tejada I. Introducción.—II. LA SENTENCIA DE LA SALA ESPECIAL DEL Tribunal SUPREMO DE 1 DE MAYO DE 2011: 1. Las demandas de la Abogacía del Estado y del Ministerio Fiscal. 2. Las alegaciones de Bildu. 3. La fundamentación del fallo mayoritario de la Sala Especial: 3.1. Nor- mativa aplicable. 3.2. Análisis y valoración de la prueba. 3.3. Conclusiones. 3.4. El «contraindi- cio». 3.5. El principio de proporcionalidad. 4. Análisis del Voto particular.—III. LA SENTENCIA DEL Tribunal Constitucional DE 5 DE MAYO DE 2011: 1. La fundamentación del recurso de amparo. 2. Las alegaciones de la Abogacía del Estado y del Ministerio Fiscal. 3. Los Fundamen- tos Jurídicos de la sentencia. 4. El Voto particular del profesor Manuel Aragón.—IV. CONSIDE- raciones finales. I. Introducción El día 5 de mayo de 2011, por una exigua mayoría de seis votos frente a cinco, el Pleno del Tribunal Constitucional, tras una deliberación de urgencia de menos de cuatro horas, dictó una de las sentencias más importantes de toda su historia. En ella estimó el recurso de amparo de la coalición electoral Bildu contra la sentencia de la Sala Especial del Tribunal Supremo que cuatro días atrás había anulado todas las candidaturas presentadas a los comicios del 22 de mayo. Desde el punto de vista jurídico, la principal objeción que cabe formular a esta sentencia es la de haberse extralimitado en sus funciones y haber invadido, de forma clara y notoria, el ámbito competencial propio del Tribunal Supremo.
    [Show full text]
  • The Basques of Lapurdi, Zuberoa, and Lower Navarre Their History and Their Traditions
    Center for Basque Studies Basque Classics Series, No. 6 The Basques of Lapurdi, Zuberoa, and Lower Navarre Their History and Their Traditions by Philippe Veyrin Translated by Andrew Brown Center for Basque Studies University of Nevada, Reno Reno, Nevada This book was published with generous financial support obtained by the Association of Friends of the Center for Basque Studies from the Provincial Government of Bizkaia. Basque Classics Series, No. 6 Series Editors: William A. Douglass, Gregorio Monreal, and Pello Salaburu Center for Basque Studies University of Nevada, Reno Reno, Nevada 89557 http://basque.unr.edu Copyright © 2011 by the Center for Basque Studies All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America Cover and series design © 2011 by Jose Luis Agote Cover illustration: Xiberoko maskaradak (Maskaradak of Zuberoa), drawing by Paul-Adolph Kaufman, 1906 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Veyrin, Philippe, 1900-1962. [Basques de Labourd, de Soule et de Basse Navarre. English] The Basques of Lapurdi, Zuberoa, and Lower Navarre : their history and their traditions / by Philippe Veyrin ; with an introduction by Sandra Ott ; translated by Andrew Brown. p. cm. Translation of: Les Basques, de Labourd, de Soule et de Basse Navarre Includes bibliographical references and index. Summary: “Classic book on the Basques of Iparralde (French Basque Country) originally published in 1942, treating Basque history and culture in the region”--Provided by publisher. ISBN 978-1-877802-99-7 (hardcover) 1. Pays Basque (France)--Description and travel. 2. Pays Basque (France)-- History. I. Title. DC611.B313V513 2011 944’.716--dc22 2011001810 Contents List of Illustrations..................................................... vii Note on Basque Orthography.........................................
    [Show full text]
  • Dative (First) Complements in Basque
    Dative (first) complements in Basque BEATRIZ FERNÁNDEZ JON ORTIZ DE URBINA Abstract This article examines dative complements of unergative verbs in Basque, i.e., dative arguments of morphologically “transitive” verbs, which, unlike ditransitives, do not co-occur with a canonical object complement. We will claim that such arguments fall under two different types, each of which involves a different type of non-structural licensing of the dative case. The presence of two different types of dative case in these constructions is correlated with the two different types of complement case alternations which many of these predicates exhibit, so that alternation patterns will provide us with clues to identify different sources for the dative marking. In particular, we will examine datives alternating with absolutives (i.e., with the regular object structural case in an ergative language) and datives alternating with postpositional phrases. We will first examine an approach to the former which relies on current proposals that identify a low applicative head as case licenser. Such approach, while accounting for the dative case, raises a number of issues with respect to the absolutive variant. As for datives alternating with postpositional phrases, we claim that they are lexically licensed by the lower verbal head V. Keywords Dative, conflation, lexical case, inherent case, case alternations 1. Preliminaries: bivalent unergatives Bivalent unergatives, i.e., unergatives with a dative complement, have remained largely ignored in traditional Basque studies, perhaps due to the Journal of Portuguese Linguistics, 11-1 (2012), 83-98 ISSN 1645-4537 84 Beatriz Fernández & Jon Ortiz de Urbina identity of their morphological patterns of case marking and agreement with those of ditransitive configurations.
    [Show full text]
  • Basque Studies
    Center for BasqueISSN: Studies 1537-2464 Newsletter Center for Basque Studies N E W S L E T T E R Basque Literature Series launched at Frankfurt Book Fair FALL Reported by Mari Jose Olaziregi director of Literature across Frontiers, an 2004 organization that promotes literature written An Anthology of Basque Short Stories, the in minority languages in Europe. first publication in the Basque Literature Series published by the Center for NUMBER 70 Basque Studies, was presented at the Frankfurt Book Fair October 19–23. The Basque Editors’ Association / Euskal Editoreen Elkartea invited the In this issue: book’s compiler, Mari Jose Olaziregi, and two contributors, Iban Zaldua and Lourdes Oñederra, to launch the Basque Literature Series 1 book in Frankfurt. The Basque Government’s Minister of Culture, Boise Basques 2 Miren Azkarate, was also present to Kepa Junkera at UNR 3 give an introductory talk, followed by Olatz Osa of the Basque Editors’ Jauregui Archive 4 Association, who praised the project. Kirmen Uribe performs Euskal Telebista (Basque Television) 5 was present to record the event and Highlights 6 interview the participants for their evening news program. (from left) Lourdes Oñederra, Iban Zaldua, and Basque Country Tour 7 Mari Jose Olaziregi at the Frankfurt Book Fair. Research awards 9 Prof. Olaziregi explained to the [photo courtesy of I. Zaldua] group that the aim of the series, Ikasi 2005 10 consisting of literary works translated The following day the group attended the Studies Abroad in directly from Basque to English, is “to Fair, where Ms. Olaziregi met with editors promote Basque literature abroad and to and distributors to present the anthology and the Basque Country 11 cross linguistic and cultural borders in order discuss the series.
    [Show full text]
  • Aramaioko Hizkera*
    Aramaioko hizkera* JOSE LUIS ORMAETXEA LASAGA** ATARIKOA ramaioko euskara aztertzea aspaldiko asmoa banuen ere, oraintsu arte ez Adut asmo hori burutu. Gaztetatik hasia nintzen gurasoei (batez ere ama- ri) entzuten nizkien bitxikeriak apuntatzen. Baina lexikoari zegozkion kon- tuak ziren ia erabat. Eta urrats bat gehiago eman beharra zegoen. Eta hasi nintzen, hasi, baina baita ere garbatu zitzaidan lehenago ez ekin izana. Izan ere, lan honen helburua adinekoen euskara jasotzea eta aztertzea izanda, due- la 20-25 urte egin izatera, ziur asko zerbait desberdina zatekeen. Ezaugarri na- gusietan, beharbada, ez da aldaketa handirik gertatu Aramaioko euskaran be- launaldi batean, baina bizimodu-aldaketak eta erdararen eraginak bere lana egingo zutela ez dut dudarik. Hori adinekoen artean. Zer esanik ez belaunal- di gazteagoen artean, horiengan euskara batuak ere eragin eskerga izan duke- elarik. Azterketa honetan ez da egin gaur egun Aramaioko hiztun guztiek egiten duten euskararen argazkia. Argazki partziala da: soilik adinekoen euskara az- tertu da. Beraz, desagertzear den eta neurri handi batean desagertu den bizi- modu baten lekuko izan direnen euskara. Arkeologia-lana, hein handi batean. Sarreran, Aramaiori buruzko zenbait datu eman ondoren, lana egiteko erabili den metodologia eta oinarri teorikoak erakusten dira. Ondoren dator Aramaioko hizkeraren azterketa linguistikoa, honelako la- netan bereizten diren atalak landuz: 1 Fonologia, 2 Izenaren morfologia, 3 Aditzaren morfologia, 4 Morfosintaxia. Hemen, labur-beharrez, ezaugarri na- gusiak baino ez ditugu aipatuko. Azkenik, ondorio nagusiak ematen ditut, atal hauek bereiziz: Aramaioko hizkeraren kokagunea, eta Aramaioko euskararen eta Oletakoaren arteko des- berdintasunak. * Artikulu honetan 2005eko ekainean Gasteizko Filologia Fakultatean irakurritako tesiaren labur- pena eskaintzen da. Tesiaren izenburua: Aramaioko euskara (azterketa dialektologikoa).
    [Show full text]
  • The Basquebasque Archives,Archives, Aa Sourcesource Ofof Identityidentity TABLE of CONTENTS
    Issue 68 Year 2005 TheThe BasqueBasque archives,archives, aa sourcesource ofof identityidentity TABLE OF CONTENTS GAURKO GAIAK / CURRENT EVENTS: The Basque archives, a source of identity Issue 68 Year 3 • Josu Legarreta, Basque Director of Relations with Basque Communities. The BasqueThe archives,Basque 4 • An interview with Arantxa Arzamendi, a source of identity Director of the Basque Cultural Heritage Department 5 • The Basque archives can be consulted from any part of the planet 8 • Classification and digitalization of parish archives 9 • Gloria Totoricagüena: «Knowledge of a common historical past is essential to maintaining a people’s signs of identity» 12 • Urazandi, a project shining light on Basque emigration 14 • Basque periodicals published in Venezuela and Mexico Issue 68. Year 2005 ARTICLES 16 • The Basque "Y", a train on the move 18 • Nestor Basterretxea, sculptor. AUTHOR A return traveller Eusko Jaurlaritza-Kanpo Harremanetarako Idazkaritza 20 • Euskaditik: The Bishop of Bilbao, elected Nagusia President of the Spanish Episcopal Conference Basque Government-General 21 • Euskaditik: Election results Secretariat for Foreign Action 22 • Euskal gazteak munduan / Basque youth C/ Navarra, 2 around the world 01007 VITORIA-GASTEIZ Nestor Basterretxea Telephone: 945 01 7900 [email protected] DIRECTOR EUSKAL ETXEAK / ETXEZ ETXE Josu Legarreta Bilbao COORDINATION AND EDITORIAL 24 • Proliferation of programs in the USA OFFICE 26 • Argentina. An exhibition for the memory A. Zugasti (Kazeta5 Komunikazioa) 27 • Impressions of Argentina
    [Show full text]
  • Comparing the Basque Diaspora
    COMPARING THE BASQUE DIASPORA: Ethnonationalism, transnationalism and identity maintenance in Argentina, Australia, Belgium, Peru, the United States of America, and Uruguay by Gloria Pilar Totoricagiiena Thesis submitted in partial requirement for Degree of Doctor of Philosophy The London School of Economics and Political Science University of London 2000 1 UMI Number: U145019 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Dissertation Publishing UMI U145019 Published by ProQuest LLC 2014. Copyright in the Dissertation held by the Author. Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. ProQuest LLC 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 Theses, F 7877 7S/^S| Acknowledgments I would like to gratefully acknowledge the supervision of Professor Brendan O’Leary, whose expertise in ethnonationalism attracted me to the LSE and whose careful comments guided me through the writing of this thesis; advising by Dr. Erik Ringmar at the LSE, and my indebtedness to mentor, Professor Gregory A. Raymond, specialist in international relations and conflict resolution at Boise State University, and his nearly twenty years of inspiration and faith in my academic abilities. Fellowships from the American Association of University Women, Euskal Fundazioa, and Eusko Jaurlaritza contributed to the financial requirements of this international travel.
    [Show full text]
  • White, Linda; Batua and Euskaltzaindia, a Unified Basque
    Batua and Euskaltzaindia. A Unified Basque Language and Its Creators * * * Linda White Center for Basque Studies University of Nevada Reno (U.S.A.) The word euskaldun literally means possessor of the Basque language. Although today it is possible to proclaim one's Basqueness and maintain a certain level of Basque ethnicity without speaking euskara, for many the language is still the foundation of the Basque cultural heritage. There are many theories concerning the origin of the Basque language, but they remain only theories. No one really knows if the language sprang up among the ancient inhabitants of what today we call the Basque Country, or if it was imported by immigrants to the region from some other part of the world. We do know that euskara is a language family unto itself. It is not a member of the Indo-European language family, a large group that embraces the Romance, Slavic, and Germanic languages, including English. Because of the lengthy history of the Basques on the Iberian Peninsula, one of the strongest theories about the language is that the Basques and their tongue originated in situ . Basque would then be one of the oldest languages of the region and possibly the original Iberian tongue. On the more fanciful side, popular theories date the language from the Tower of Babel or even link it to the lost continent of Atlantis. Anyone who has attempted to learn Basque as a second language is familiar with some of the more obvious difficulties that arise when dealing with a language that is as different from English as Japanese or Swahili.
    [Show full text]
  • 1 Centro Vasco New York
    12 THE BASQUES OF NEW YORK: A Cosmopolitan Experience Gloria Totoricagüena With the collaboration of Emilia Sarriugarte Doyaga and Anna M. Renteria Aguirre TOTORICAGÜENA, Gloria The Basques of New York : a cosmopolitan experience / Gloria Totoricagüena ; with the collaboration of Emilia Sarriugarte Doyaga and Anna M. Renteria Aguirre. – 1ª ed. – Vitoria-Gasteiz : Eusko Jaurlaritzaren Argitalpen Zerbitzu Nagusia = Servicio Central de Publicaciones del Gobierno Vasco, 2003 p. ; cm. – (Urazandi ; 12) ISBN 84-457-2012-0 1. Vascos-Nueva York. I. Sarriugarte Doyaga, Emilia. II. Renteria Aguirre, Anna M. III. Euskadi. Presidencia. IV. Título. V. Serie 9(1.460.15:747 Nueva York) Edición: 1.a junio 2003 Tirada: 750 ejemplares © Administración de la Comunidad Autónoma del País Vasco Presidencia del Gobierno Director de la colección: Josu Legarreta Bilbao Internet: www.euskadi.net Edita: Eusko Jaurlaritzaren Argitalpen Zerbitzu Nagusia - Servicio Central de Publicaciones del Gobierno Vasco Donostia-San Sebastián, 1 - 01010 Vitoria-Gasteiz Diseño: Canaldirecto Fotocomposición: Elkar, S.COOP. Larrondo Beheko Etorbidea, Edif. 4 – 48180 LOIU (Bizkaia) Impresión: Elkar, S.COOP. ISBN: 84-457-2012-0 84-457-1914-9 D.L.: BI-1626/03 Nota: El Departamento editor de esta publicación no se responsabiliza de las opiniones vertidas a lo largo de las páginas de esta colección Index Aurkezpena / Presentation............................................................................... 10 Hitzaurrea / Preface.........................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Can Threatened Languages Be Saved? Reversing Language Shift, Revisited: a 21St Century Perspective
    MULTILINGUAL MATTERS 116 Series Editor: John Edwards Can Threatened Languages Be Saved? Reversing Language Shift, Revisited: A 21st Century Perspective Edited by Joshua A. Fishman MULTILINGUAL MATTERS LTD Clevedon • Buffalo • Toronto • Sydney Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Can Threatened Languages Be Saved? Reversing Language Shift Revisited: A 21st Century Perspective/Edited by Joshua A. Fishman. Multilingual Matters: 116 Includes bibliographical references and index. 1. Language attrition. I. Fishman, Joshua A. II. Multilingual Matters (Series): 116 P40.5.L28 C36 2000 306.4’4–dc21 00-024283 British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A CIP catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. ISBN 1-85359-493-8 (hbk) ISBN 1-85359-492-X (pbk) Multilingual Matters Ltd UK: Frankfurt Lodge, Clevedon Hall, Victoria Road, Clevedon BS21 7HH. USA: UTP, 2250 Military Road, Tonawanda, NY 14150, USA. Canada: UTP, 5201 Dufferin Street, North York, Ontario M3H 5T8, Canada. Australia: P.O. Box 586, Artarmon, NSW, Australia. Copyright © 2001 Joshua A. Fishman and the authors of individual chapters. All rights reserved. No part of this work may be reproduced in any form or by any means without permission in writing from the publisher. Index compiled by Meg Davies (Society of Indexers). Typeset by Archetype-IT Ltd (http://www.archetype-it.com). Printed and bound in Great Britain by Biddles Ltd. In memory of Charles A. Ferguson 1921–1998 thanks to whom sociolinguistics became both an intellectual and a moral quest Contents Contributors . vii Preface . xii 1 Why is it so Hard to Save a Threatened Language? J.A.
    [Show full text]