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Persian* Introduction CHAPTER 8—PERSIAN* INTRODUCTION. INDIA AND PERSIA WERE COMMERCIALLY, POLITICALLY AND CULTURALLY connected from ancient times. Even as early as the Achaemenian period, the hordes of Emperor Darius the Great had swept over the Indus Valley and later in the time of Bahram II, the Sassanian Empire comprised "the lands at the middle course of the Indus and its mouth, Katch, Kathiawar, Malwa and the adjoining hinterland of these countries."1 Connections between India and the Islamic countries, however, date back to A.H. 15/A.D. 636-37, when in the time of Caliph Umar I, a pillaging band of Arabs came upto Tana (Thana)2. Muhammad ibn Qasim, the Commander of Caliph Walid I, the Umayyad, undertook the first systematic invasion of Sind in A.H. 93/A.D. 711. Around the same time, in about A.H. 98/A.D. 716, the first group of Zoroastrian Iranian emigrants landed somewhere near Sanjan in Western India.3 These earlier Arab conquests did not have much of historical importance because the real founders of the Muslim empire in India were Turks.4 Mahmud Ghaznawi invaded India for the first time in A.H. 392/A.D. 1000-1 and during the last year of his career he annexed the Panjab in A.H. 417/A.D. 10265. After Muhammad Ghori's victory in A.H. 571/A.D. 1175, he appointed Qutbud Din Aibak, his faithful Turkish officer, as the Viceroy of the Indian dominions. It was Aibak, who was the "real founder of Muslim dominion in India"6. During A.H. 588-595/A.D. 1192-98, he extended his sway in the Indian peninsula and his conquests in Gujarat and other places culminated in his accession in India in A.H. 603/A.D. 1206. Gujarat, "the richest kingdom of India", was however, finally subjugated in A.H. 696/A.D. 1296 in the time of Alauddin Khilji and a century later in A.H. 806/A.D. 1403, Muzaffar Shah I established his independent kingdom in Gujarat. * This Chapter is contributed by Dr. B. M. Gai, M. A., Ph. D., Ismail Yusuf College, Bombay- 60. 1 Commissariat—History of Gujarat, Vol. 1, 1. 2 Lane Poole—Mediaeval India, 5. 3 Commissariat—History of Gujarat, Int. Xliv. 4 Haig—Cambridge History of India, Vol. III, 10. 5 Ibid 26. 6 Ibid-41. 468 MAHARASHTRA STATE GAZETTEER Two other historical events which are conspicuous and had far reaching effect on the problem under study are the invasion of India in A.H. 801/A.D. 1398 by Taimur Lang and the defeat of Ibrahim Lodhi in the battle of Panipat in A.H. 933/A.D. 1526, resulting in the subsequent enthronement of Babar at Delhi and the establishment of the Moghal dynasty of India. It is difficult to determine with any fixity of time the exact manner of the advent of Persian language into India. Regular infiltration of fresh bands of Persians and Turks into India and their day-to-day association with the Indians must have resulted into a mutual acquisition of languages. Though Persian was not the native tongue either of the Turks or of the Moghals, who ruled over India for centuries, it had become so popular with the Taimurid princes during their stay in Central Asia, that they used it in preference to their own mother-tongue which was Turkish. Royal impetus, even before the Moghals, was responsible for instilling in the Indians a love for Persian language. According to Firishta,1 Sikandar Lodhi, in A.H. 895/A.D. 1489, preferred those of his subjects for court service who had a knowledge of Persian and thus the non-Muslims devoted themselves to the study of Persian.2 Moghals, the lineal descendants of Taimur, played a great role in the popularisation of Persian. Humayun, on account of his pro-Persian leanings, neglected Turkish and encouraged Persian at the court, making it the main medium of expression.3 It must, however, be admitted that the development of Persian as a language was restricted up to the time of Akbar. The study of Persian, which was not so current among the Indians during the long period of six centuries from the conquest of Mahmud Ghaznawi to the time of Akbar, received a fillip in A.H. 990/A.D. 1582, with the enactment of Todarmal, that, "all government accounts should be kept in Persian instead of in Hindi as heretofore", which enforced the study of Persian on the Indians, at least for pecuniary considerations, if not for anything else. Persian maintained its status during the reigns of Jahangir, Shahjahan and Aurangzeb and by A.H. 1215/A.D. 1800, the "Persianisation" of the Indians was complete. The impact and influence of Persian on the two main regional languages of Western India—Marathi and Gujarati is noteworthy. The influence of Persian began to wane when it was decided in A.H. 1245/A.D. 1829 to replace Persian by English as the official and Court language. Coming to the problem under study, we find in the Deccan, a prominent nursery of Persian language and literature in the State of Maharashtra. On account of the dearth of patronage in Persia, during the Safawid regime, Persian poets and writers were inclined to migrate to India and attach themselves either to the courts of the Muslim kings of the North or of the Deccan. In the Deccan, the Bahmanis ruled for nearly two centuries from A.H. 748-934/A.D. 1347-1527. Independent kingdoms were established in A.H. 896/ A.D. 1490 by Ahmad Nizamul Mulk at Ahmadnagar, Yusuf Adil 1 Firisnta— Tarikh i Firishta, Vol. I, 344. 2 Ghani—History of Persian Language and Literature at the Mughal Court, Vol, 1, 73. 3 Ibid-46. LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE 469 Shah at Bijapur and Fathullah Imadul Mulk at Berar. The Qutbshahis ruled at Golconda from A.H. 924— 1098/A.D. 1519-1687. HISTORIOGRAPHY. The Persian writers of the Maharashtra State devoted their attention to several branches of literature such as poetry, biography, history, Insha and religio-mystical writings. To begin with Historiography: Several works on History were written and/or published in the State of Maharashtra during the last two centuries. With the conquest and annexation of the Ahmadnagar kingdom in A.H. 1056/A.D. 1646, Aurangabad became the capital of the Moghal province of the Deccan. The city very soon became a centre of poets and writers in Persian and Urdu. Bhimsen Raghunathdas Saksena was born at Burhanpur in A.H. 1059/A.D. 1649. He arrived at Aurangabad at the tender age of eight and received his education in Persian under his learned father, who was then working there as Qaim-Muqam. Bhimsen later took over his father's position and afterwards worked in the attendance of Dalpat Rai Bundela. He was the author of "Tarikh-i- Dilkusha", a contemporary history of the events in the Deccan from A.H. 1069/A.D. 1658 to A.H. 1119/A.D. 1707. Bhimsen stayed in Aurangabad for over forty years.1 Another important historian of Aurangabad was Munim Khan al-Hamadani al-Aurangabadi. His grandfather Abdul Latif had settled down in Aurangabad. The title of Munim uddawlah Qudrat Jang was conferred upon Munim Khan. He wrote "Sawanih-i-Dakan", a historical account of the six subhas of Deccan and of the Nizams of the Asafi dynasty from its origin to A.H. 1197/A.D. 1773. It was written in A.H. 1197/A.D. 1773 in the reign of Nizam Ali Khan, when the author was forty seven years of age.2 Lala Mansaram, the Secretary of Nawab Nizamul Mulk, the first Nizam, was an old resident of Aurangabad. His father Lala Bhawanidas had migrated from Lahore to Aurangabad. Mansaram compiled two historical works—"Risala-i-Darbar-i-Asafi" and "Maathir-i-Nizami". Both these histories deal with the life and times of Nizamul Mulk. Lachhmi Narayan "Shafiq" Aurangabadi, the son of Lala Mansaram, was born in Aurangabad on the 2nd of Safar in the year A.H. 1158/A.D. 1745. He entered the service of Alijah b. Nizam Ali Khan and held the office of his Pishkar for forty years. Shafiq was a pupil of the well-known oriental scholar and writer "Azad" Bilgrami. Shafiq wrote Persian and Urdu verses and at the instance of his master Azad, he changed his nom-de-plume from Sahib to Shafiq. He wrote several works of a historical and biographical nature. Among his historical works, the most important is "Bisat-ul-Ghanaim", a history of the Marathas from their origin to the Battle of Panipat. It was written in about A.H. 1214/A.D. 1799 at the instance of Sir John Malcolm and was dedicated to him. The title Bisat-ul-Ghanaim indicates the year of the completion 1 Syed Abdullah—Farsi Adab me Hinduon Ka Hissa—69-70. 2 Rieu—British Museum Mss. Catalogue, Vol. I, 322; Zor—Tezse a i Makhtulat I, 121. 470 MAHARASHTRA STATE GAZETTEER of the work, i.e., A.H. 1214. Another important work of Shafiq is "Haqiqat-ha-i Hindustan"; it contains the time-worn revenue-returns and military statistics, prepared by his grandfather and Lala Mansaram and signed by Nawab Nizam-ul-Mulk. Shafiq recast the contents in an intelligible form and added thereto useful information. The work was dedicated, according to Rieu, to Captain William Patrick. His other historical works are "Maathir-i-Asafi ", "Tanmiq-i-Shagarf", a history of the Deccan from A.H.
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