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A Ahmad Raza Khan 9th Month of Lunar Calendar Aḥmadābād ‘Abd al-Qadir Bada’uni ‘Abd’l-RaḥīmKhān-i-Khānān Aibak (Aybeg), Quṭb al-Dīn Abd al-Rahim Aibek Abdul Aleem Akbar Abdul Qadir Badauni Akbar I Abdur Rahim Akbar the Great Abdurrahim Al Hidaya Abū al-Faḍl ‘Alā’ al-Dīn Ḥusayn (Ghūrid) Abū al-Faḍl ‘Allāmī ʿAlāʾ al-Dīn Khaljī Abū al-Faḍl al-Bayhaqī ʿAlāʾ al-DīnMuḥammad Shāh Khaljī Abū al-Faḍl ibn Mubarak ‘Alā’ ud-Dīn Ḥusain Abu al-Fath Jalaluddin Akbar ʿAlāʾ ud-Dīn Khiljī Abū al-KalāmAzād AlBeruni Abū al-Mughīth al-Ḥusayn ibn Manṣūr al-Ḥallāj Al-Beruni Abū Ḥafṣ ʿUmar al-Suhrawardī AlBiruni Abu’l Fazl Al-Biruni Abu’l Fazl ‘Allāmī Alfī Movements Abu’l Fazl ibn Mubarak al-Hojvīrī Abū’l Kalām Āzād Al-Huda International Abū’l-Fażl Bayhaqī Al-Huda International Institute of Islamic Educa- Abul tion for Women al-Hujwīrī Accusing (Nafs-e Lawwāma) ʿAlī Garshāsp Adaran Āl-i Sebüktegīn Afghan Claimants of Israelite Descent Āl-i Shansab Aliah Madrasah Aga Khan Development Network Aga Khan Foundation Aligarh Muslim University Aga Khanis Aligarh Muslim University, AMU Agyaris Allama Ahl al-Malāmat Allama Inayatullah Khan Al-Mashriqi Aḥmad Khān Allama Mashraqi Ahmad Raza Khan Allama Mashraqui

# Springer Science+Business Media B.V., part of Springer Nature 2018 827 Z. R. Kassam et al. (eds.), , , and Zoroastrianism, Encyclopedia of Indian Religions, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-024-1267-3 828 List of Entries

Allama Mashriqi Jamaati-e-Islam Allama Shibili Nu’mani Baranī, Żiyāʾ al-Dīn Allāmah Naqqan Barelvīs Sir Barelwīs Almaniyya BāyazīdAnṣārī (Pīr-i Rōshan) Almsgiving Bāyezīd al-Qannawjī,Muḥammad Ṣiddīq Ḥasan Bayhaqī,Abūl-Fażl Bāzīd Al-Tawḥīd Bedil Amīr ‘Alī Bene Israel Amīr Khusrau Benei Manasseh Amir Khusraw (Islam and ) Anglo-Mohammedan Law Bhutto, Benazir ʿAqīqa Bhutto, Zulfikar Arezu Bīdel Arkān al-I¯mān Bidil Arzu Bilgrāmī, Āzād Ārzū, Sirāj al-Dīn ‘Alī Ḳhān (d. 1756) Birādari Bīrūnī,al- Ashraf ‘Alī Thānawī Bnei Menashe Atash kadeh Bombay’s Baghdadi Avesta Burma Jews Awliyā’ Aybak C Ay-Bak Calcutta Madrasah Aybeg Caliph Ayodhya Conflict Ayodhya Dispute Cantwell Smith Azad Bilgrami Caste Chishtī Order B Chishtiyya Bābā Farīd Chughtai Baba Chuġtāʾī, ʿIṣmat Bābā Shaykh Farīd al-Dīn Ganj-i Shakar Cochin Jews Babri Colonialism Baburi Masjid Commanding Nafs (Nafs-e Ammāra) Badā’ūnī, ‘Abd al-Qādir (1540–1615) Community Badaoni Congress, Muslims Badayuni Consensus Baghdadi Jews of Constitution Bahmani Sultanate Contemporary Indian Jewish Literature Bahmanid Sultanate Coromandel Coast Baihaqī Balaban D Balban, Ghiyās al-Dīn Dār al-‘Ulūm Bangladesh (Islam and Muslims) Dara Shikoh Bangladesh Jama’at-i-Islam Dārā Shukoh List of Entries 829

DārāŠokōh Farā’īḍī Movement Dārāshikoh Fara’izi Movement Darbar-i-Aulīya Faraidi Movement Darbemeher Faraizi Movement Dare Meher Farhat Hashmi Dars-e-Niẓāmi Farīd al-Dīn al-Mas‘ūd (Farīddīn al-Mas‘ūd) Dars-e-Niẓāmiyya Dars-i-Niẓāmi Dars-i-Niẓāmiya Fasting in Ramaḍān Dars-i-Nizamiyya Fatawa al-Alamgiriyya Dātā Ganj Bakhsh (Hojvīrī) Fatawa Hindiyya De Tassy Fatāwā’l Ālamgīrā Defensive War Fatawa-i Alamgiri Deities Fatawa-i Alamgiriyya Sultanate Fatehpur Sikri Deoband Fatva Deoband School Fatwa Deobandī Fazlur Rahman, Deobandīs Festival Fetva Dewan Hasan Raja Chaudhuri Dewan Hasan Reza Fire /Zikr Fire Temples Dihli Sultanate Firoz Shah Disbeliever in God Firozshah Du‘ā’ FīrūzShāh Tughluq

E G Early Islamic Polity Gandhi and Muslims Early Zoroastrians Gandhi, Mahatma, and Muslims Eastern Medicine (Pakistan) Ganj Shakar Eid al-Aḍḥā Garcin de Tassy Eid al-Fiṭr Gēsūdarāz, Eid/’Īd Ghālib, Mirza Eltotmesh Ghaznavids Enayetpuri Ghaznawids Exerting Effort Ghorids Ghulam ‘Ali Azad F Ghulam ‘Ali Azad of Bilgram Faith in Islam Ghulam Ali Ismail Fakhr al-Dīn Mubārak Shāh Ghulamali Ismail Fakhr-i Mudabbir Ghūrids Fakhr-i-Mudabbir Gisu Daraz Fakhruddin Iraqi Gisudaraz Fakhruddin Mubarakshah Gisu-Daraz Fakr al-Dīn ʿIrāqī Graeco- Medicine Faqīr Graeco-Islamic Medicine 830 List of Entries

Grameen Bank ImāmShāhī Group -e Inqilab Gulamali Ismail I¯mān Imdad H Imdādullāh “Muhājir,” Hājji Ḥadd Haji Naji Inayat Hājī Nājī Inayat Khan Haji Shariat Allah Inayatullah Khan Haji Shariat Ullah Independent Judgment India Indian Jews Hajji Imdad Allah and Muslims Hajji Imdadullah Infidel Hajji Imdadullah Muhajir Makki Interfaith Relations Hakim al-Ummat Interpretation of Problems Hali, Altāf Ḥusayn Invocation Ḥallāj, al- Iqbāl, Allamah Sir Muḥammad Hasan Raja of Sunamganj Iraqi Jews Hasan Reza Iraqi Jews of India Hason Raja ʿIrāqī, Fakhruddīn (ca. 610–688/1213 or Ḥaydarī 1214–1289) Hazarat Shah Jalal Islamic Belief System Hazrat Inayat Khan Islamic Charity Hazrat Shāh Jalāl Islamic Education Hedaya Islamic Family Law Hidaya Islamic Festival Hidayah Islamic Jurisprudence House of Religious Debate Islamic Law Ḥudood Islamic Laws Ḥudūd Islamic Monotheism Humayun’s Mausoleum Islamic Mysticism Humayun’s Tomb Islamic Personal Law in India I Islamic Political Theory ‘Ibādat Islamic Punishment ‘Ibādat Khāna Islamic Recasting of Knowledge ‘Ibādat Khānah Islamic Saints Ibadatkhana Islamic Transformation of Knowledge Ibn ʿAbd Allāh al-Ṭanjī Ibn Baṭṭūṭa of Knowledge Ibn Battutah Ismā‘īlīs Ibn Batuta Ismā‘īl, Gulāmalī (1864–1943) Ibn Taymīyya Ismaili Muslims Ijmā‘ Ismat Chughtaai Ijtihād Ismat Chughtai Imam Ismat Chughtay List of Entries 831

Israelite Origins of Pathan/Pashtun Tribes Khattak, KhushḥālKhān Ithnā ‘Asharī Shi‘ism Khawājagān Khilāfat J Khilāfat Movement Jahan Ara Jahanara Begum Jahānārā Begum KhushḥālKhān Khatak/Khaṭak/Khattack Jahāngīr, Nūruddin Mohammad Khwaja Enayetpuri Jahānsūz Khwāja Muʿīn al-Dīn Chishtī Jalāl ad-Dīn Mujarrad Kochi Jews Jalal al- Muhammad Akbar Kochinim Jalaluddin Muhammad Akbar Koran Translation Jamā‘at-i Tablīgh Kubrāviyah Jamā‘at-Khānā Kubrāwīyah Order Jama’ati-i-Islam Bangladesh Jama’at-i-Islami Bangladesh L Jamaat-e-Islami, Sri Lanka Lahor Jamaati-e-Islam Bangladesh Jannat Makani Lal Shahbāz Jāti Lal Shahbāz Jawāliqī Laʿl Shahbāz Qalandar (d. 665/1267 or 673/1274) Jewish Authors in India Limit Jewish Literature in India Listening Jewish-Muslim Relations in South Asia Literature of Indian Jews Jews Lodīs Jews of India Luhur Jews of Jihād M Jinnah, Mahomed Ali Ma‘bar Jinnah, Muḥammad ‘Alī Jurisprudence Madrasah Just War Madrasatul Uloom Musalmanan-e-Hind Jūzjānī, Minhāj al-Dīn and Islam Mahfil K Mahfil-i-Samā‘ Kadir, Shaykh Abdul Mahmood, Justice Syed Kāfir Maḥmūd Ghaznavī Karim Al-Husseini, Shah, Aga Khan IV Malabar Jews Khāleda Jiẏā Malāmātīs Khan Malang Khān, (Nawwāb) Ṣiddīq Ḥasan Manto Khan, Liaquat Ali Mas‘ūdb.Maḥmūd Khānaqāh and Ribat Mas‘ūd Ghaznavī Khāndān-i-Ijtihād (Household of Ijtihād) Mas‘ūdI Khan-e Arzu Masjid Khan-i Arzu Maudoodi Khan-i Khanan Maulana (or Mawlana) Maududi 832 List of Entries

Maulana Abul Kalam Azad Murshid Maulana Azad Musharraf, Pervez Maulana Fazlur Rahman Ansari Music Mawdūdī Muslim Anti-semitism Mawlānā Abū’l Kalām Āzād Muslim Community Mawlana Hali Muslim Family Law Mazdaism Muslim Fasting Meer Hasan Muslim Festival Meer Hassan Muslim Nation Messianic Movements Muslim Personal Law Millenarian Movements Musulman Law Millennial Movements Mutali Ceyku Ishākku Minhāj al-Dīn b. Sirāj al-Dīn Mutali Shaykh Ishaq Minhāj-i Sirāj Myanmar Jews ī ī M r Findirisk N Mir Hasan ū ī Nab wat M r Hasan (d. 1786) Nafs Mir Hassan Nafs at-Peace (Nafs-e Muṭma’inna) Mir Mithar Ali Nagore Mirzā AsadullāhKhānGhālib ā ā Nagore Sharif Mirz Gh lib Namāz Missionaries, Islam Naqšbandiyya Modernity Naqshabandiyya Mohammedan Anglo-Oriental College, M.A.O. Naqshbandī Mohammedan College of Calcutta Naqshbandīyah Mohandas K. Naqshbandiyya Momna Naqshbandiyyah Moral Commitment Naqvī, Ayatullah ‘Alī Naqī Mosque Nationalism Mountain Jews Nawwāb Ṣiddīq Ḥasan Khān Mu‘izz al-Dīn Nizām ad-Dīn Muḥammad b. al-Qāsim Nizām al-Dīn Muḥammad b. Qāsim Nizami Muḥammad b. Sām Nizami, K. A. Muḥammad Ghūrī Nizām-ud-Dīn Muḥammad Ḥusaynī Astarābādī Nizām-ud-Dīn Awliyā Muḥammad Qāsim b. Ṣiddīq Labbai Nizārī Ismā‘īlī Muḥammad Rafī‘ Saudā Nizārī Ismā‘īlīs Muʿīn al-Dīn Sijzī Nizari Ismailis Muinuddin Chishti Nizārī Ismāʿīlīs Muir, Sir William Nizāriyya Mujarrad, Shāh Jalāl Nonbeliever Mujibur Rahman, Shaykh Noncooperation Movement Mujibur Rahman, Sheikh Mukammatukācim Cittilevvai O Multān Oneness (Islam and Muslims) Oneness of God List of Entries 833

P Religious Organizations Pahlavi Rivayats Religious Rights Parsi Economic Pre-eminence Religious Tax Parsi Educational Advancement Remembrance Parsi Zoroastrian Rituals, Ceremonies, and Repetition of Zoroastrianism Consecrations in India Restoration of Islamic Civilization Parsism Restriction Partnering with God Rind People Rite Pilgrimage Ritual Pillar of Islam Rizvi, Saeed Akhtar Pīr Rule of Law Pīr Ḥasan Kabīr al-Dīn Hasan Kabirdin S Pīr in Bangladesh Sa’id Pīr Ṣadr al-Dīn Saadat Hasan Manto Pir Sadruddin Saʿādat Ḥasan Maṅṫō Pīr-i Rōkhān/Rūkhān/Rūshān/Rowshān/Rawshān/ Saadat Hassan Manto Raushān Sadat Hassan Manto Pir-o-Murshid Hazrat Inayat Khan Saida Sulatāna Politics, Islām Saiyad Sultān Polytheism Saiyada Sulatāna Poor-Due Saiyid Ahmad Barelvi Prayer Saiyyad Sulṭān Prayer, Islam Ṣalāh Prof. KA Nizami Ṣalāt Prof. Nizami Salīm Pulavar Nāyakam Samā‘ Q Saudā Qādirīyah Order Saudā, Mirzā (d. 1781) Qalandar Ṣawm Sayed Akhtar Rizvi Qurʾān Translation in South Asia Sayyid Qutbuddin Sayyid Abū’l-aʿlā Mawdūdī Sayyid Ahmad Barelwi R Sayyid Ahmad Shaheed Rahim Sayyid Ahmad Ram Janmabhoommi Sayyid Ahmed Barelvi Ramaḍān Sayyidul ‘Ulamā’ RashīdAḥmad Gangohī Secularism Reasoning Secularization and South Asian Islam Recollection Śekha Hāsinā Religious Achievements Self-Determination Religious Festival Sephardic Jews Religious Group Seyyed Hossein Nasr Religious Minorities in India Shah Bano 834 List of Entries

Shah Jalal Mujarrad Sri Lanka Jama’ath-e-Islami Shāh Jalāl of Sylhet Striving Shah Sūfi Khwaja Yunus Ali Sūfi Shahādah Sufi Concert Shahzādī Jahānārā Bēgam Ṣāḥib Sūfi Festival Shaikh Jalaluddin Mujarrad Sūfi Islam Shaikh Muhammad Iḳbāl Sufi Music Shams al-Dīn Iltutmish Sūfi Order Shamsi Sufi Ritual Shansabānīs Sūfi Ritual Shari ‘at Sūfism Shari’atullah (d. 1840) Sūfism in Bengal Sharīʿah Laws Suhrawardī Order Shariat-Ullah Suhrawardīya Shaṭṭārīya SultānSalīm Shattariyya Supplication Shaykh Syed Aḥmad Shaykh al-Islām Syed Ameer Ali, Right Hon’ble Syed Ameer Ali Shaykh Shāh Jalāl Syed Ameer Ali, Saiyid Ameer Ali, Sayyid Amir Shaykh Shihāb al-Dīn al-Suhrawardī Ali, Right Hon Shaykhnā Pulavar Syed Mahmud Sheikh Hasina Syed Mir Nisan Ali Sheikh Hasina Wazed Syed Mir Nisar Ali Sheikh Maududi Syncretism Sheikh Mujib ShīʿaImāmī Ismāʿīlis T Tablīghī Jamā‘at Shibli Nu’mani Tablīghis Shibli Numani Tadkira Shihāb al-Dīn (Islam and Muslims) Taqiyya Lebbe, Mohammed Cassim Tarīqah Siddiqi, Maulana Abdul Aleem Tariqāh in Bangladesh Siddique Taṣawwuf Sin Tauhid Sir Sayyid Tauhidic Remolding of Knowledge Sir Sayyid Aḥmad Khān Tawheed Sir Syed Tawḥīd Siyām Tazkira Siyāsa Islāmiyya Tazkirah Smith Teachings of Prophet Zarathushtra Smith, Wilfred Cantwell Thanvi Sohravardi Order Thanwi Ṣolāt Tibb Spiritual Concert Ṭibb-i Sunnatī (Iran) Sri Lanka (Islam and Muslims) Ṭibb-i Yūnānī List of Entries 835

Titu Meer Women Titu Mir Women in Pakistan Titumir Worship Tomb of Humayun Worshipping Many Gods Traditional Islam Traditions of Israelite Descent Among the Y Afghans Yamīnids Translation of the Yūnānī Medicine Shi‘ism Two-Nation Theory Z Zakāt U Zākir Husayn ‘Ubaid Allah Sindhi Zakir Hussain ‘ Zand Avesta Ubaydullah Sindhi Ẕāt ‘Umar ibn ‘Abd-al-‘Azīz Zia ul-Haq ‘Umar II Zia, Begum Khaleda ʿUmar Sohravardī Zikr-e-Allāh Umaru Pulavar Zikr-e-Qalb Umayyad Dynasty Ziya al-Din Barani Ziya al-Din, Barani Zoroastrian Accomplishments from the Tenth to Unani Medicine the Twentieth Century Unani Tibb Zoroastrian Calendars and Festivals Unanipathy Zoroastrian Migration and Settlement in India Understanding the Rules of Sharīʿah Zoroastrian Religious History Unity of God Zoroastrian Religious Institution ‘Urs Zoroastrian Rituals in India Zoroastrian Self-Perceptions V Zoroastrian Social Progress in India Vannapparimalappulavar Zoroastrian Theology and Eschatology Zoroastrian, Scriptures W Zoroastrianism Waḥdat ul-Wujūd Zoroastrianism and Charity in Sri Lanka Zoroastrianism and in India Zoroastrianism Waḥy Zoroastrianism, Historic Correspondence Walī Zoroastrianism, History WC Smith Zoroastrianism, Temples Wilfred Smith