DOCSLIB.ORG

SGM Meeting Abstracts: Trinity College Dublin, 8-11 September 2008

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
SGM Meeting Abstracts: Trinity College Dublin, 8-11 September 2008 Behaviour of biofilm bacteria: from co-operation and communication to control 3 Plenary Session Innate immunity systems 7 Cells & Cell Surfaces / Microbial Infection Groups Joint Session Contents Biofilm infection of medical devices 10 Clinical Microbiology Group Session Infective endocarditis 12 Clinical Microbiology Group Session Industrial bioremediation: from contamination to clean-up 14 Environmental Microbiology Group / Irish Branch Joint Session Nucleic acid packaging and processing 18 Eukaryotic Microbiology Group Session Fuels and chemicals from renewable feedstocks 23 Fermentation & Bioprocessing Group Session sponsored by Bioscience for Business Knowledge Transfer Network Microbial adhesion to food matrices 25 Food & Beverages Group Session Sealed membranes; the structural basis of transport and energetic processes 28 Physiology, Biochemistry & Molecular Genetics Group / Irish Branch Joint Session Young Microbiologist of the Year Competition 31 Peter Wildy Prize Lecture 34 Posters 35 Authors 77 Late Abstracts 81 Please note: Abstracts are printed as received from the authors and are not subjected to editing. Plenary Session Behaviour of biofilm bacteria: from co-operation and communication to control Plenary Laboratory models for biofilm maintenance and growth-rate The use of model systems and image analysis techniques to study control the Saptio-temporal development of biofilms A. McBain Alexander H. Rickard University of Manchester, M13 9PT Binghamton University, Binghamton, NY, USA The ubiquity, variety and complexity of biofilms has become part Biofilms are ubiquitous and typically composed of many bacterial of the perceived wisdom amongst specialists. We know that most species. How these communities develop and contribute to health, biofilms are composed of multiple species, genera and often, kingdoms disease or an undesirable activity has been the focus of thousands of and that there is arguably no unifying biofilm architecture: each research papers. However, only with recent technological and biofilm reflects its particular niche. Whilst observing biofilms in situ or conceptual advances have we been able to switch from single-species ex situ has revealed the wide distribution and function of sessile biofilm studies to those which study complex multi-species biofilm bacterial communities, much of our understanding of biofilm development and behavior. physiology and micro-ecology has been gleaned from experiments It is the aim of this presentation to introduce the audience to using in vitro biofilm models. The concerted effort to study biofilms various model systems and microscopic techniques to study the has led to the development of a wide range of models in a relatively spatio-temporal development of single, dual and tri-partite biofilm short time. Broadly speaking, biofilm models can be designed to either communities. The importance of such an understanding is clear when replicate environmental conditions in the laboratory or to investigate one considers that many multi-species biofilms develop through selected variables using simplified model systems. This presentation ordered successional integrations of species. Discussion of model will give an overview of some commonly-used biofilm models and systems will include flowcells, Modified Robbins devices, sorbarod their applications. These include the constant depth film fermenter, systems and 96-well plate assay systems. Microscopic techniques that flow cells, single and multiple Sorbarod systems, perfused membrane will be discussed include epifluorescence microscopy and Confocal biofilm rectors and rotating reactors. Perfused membrane reactors, in Laser Scanning Microscopy. The advantages and disadvantages of each particular, enable growth rate to be controlled within thin, relatively system and suitability for studying medically and environmentally homogenous biofilms through modulation of flow rate and medium relevant biofilms will be compared and discussed. Considering recent nutrient composition. A high degree of division synchronicity within advances in computer-based image analysis software, attention will eluted cells can be achieved, which is particularly useful for also be drawn to various methods and approached to examine spatio- physiological and gene-expression analysis. temporal relationships, such as total and species-specific biofilm biomass and analysis of juxtaposition and co-localization of species within biofilms. When explaining various model systems and techniques to study biofilms, focus will be drawn to studying dental plaque biofilms as Exploring biofilms using molecular methods well as freshwater biofilms and relating biofilm development to inter- Mathew Upton species communication. Medical Microbiology, Translational Medicine, University of Manchester School of Medicine, Clinical Sciences Building 1, Manchester Royal Biofilms: The Hypertextbook Infirmary, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9WL Rockford J. Ross The nature of a biofilm can be greatly influenced by the environment Computer Science Dept, Montana State University, USA in which it forms and, although these communities are classically viewed as being complex, multi-species systems, biofilms causing Only occasionally does research generate a revolutionary body of human infection commonly contain only a single species. The variety knowledge so extensive that it compels fundamental changes in of techniques that can be employed in the study of biofilms is content across many science curricula. Such is the case with the probably as wide ranging as the complexity of biofilms themselves, emerging discipline of biofilms. The recognition that micro-organisms and the most appropriate methods for analysis will vary in relation on surfaces generally live in heterogeneous colonies (i.e., biofilms) with to the population diversity. inherent defense mechanisms and other characteriztics not found in those same micro-organisms in aqueous solution is radically changing This presentation will introduce some of the molecular methods more our view of microbiology and profoundly affecting practice and widely used for examination of biofilm communities, indicating how research in academia, industry, medicine, and dentistry. Important as the methods are integrated into the model systems being described in this topic is, however, there are very few courses and educational this overview session. resources (e.g., textbooks) that incorporate biofilm topics. Biofilms: The The nucleic acid detection and characterization methods introduced Hypertextbook represents a unique teaching and learning resource, will include amplification based approaches for single gene target constructed around Web 2.0 technologies and authored by many detection, microarrays, reverse-transcriptase PCR and real-time PCR biofilm experts working in collaboration. Subject material in the for examination of gene expression and denaturing gradient gel Hypertextbook is presented in parallel in distinct forms for students at electrophoresis (DGGE), denaturing high-performance liquid different academic levels. In addition to standard textual presentations chromatography (DHPLC) and terminal restriction fragment length of a subject, the Hypertextbook incorporates high-resolution images, polymorphism (T-RFLP) analysis for examination of mixed DNA slide shows, videos, audio, active learning models of important samples. processes that require active learning on the part of the student, and The material covered will conclude with a look to the future and interactive feedback quizzes—all interwoven into a seamless comment on the potential impact new, high throughput, DNA presentation. A Hypertextbook disseminated on the Web or on DVD sequencing methods and metagenomics will have on our can be accessed by virtually anyone, virtually anywhere, by means of understanding of biofilm biology. ubiquitous Web browsers. 3 Biofilm dissemination: learning resources associated with natural detachment or exposure to elevated shear stress. We have also used novel staining and imaging techniques to 1 2 Joanna Verran & Rocky Ross visualize tertiary structures in biofilm EPS. 1Manchester Metropolitan University, M1 5GD; 2Montana State University, USA Temporal gene expression in biofilms using proteomic approaches Biofilm research is a dynamic and vibrant subject. The diverse but Karin Sauer related topics addressed at this plenary, and at other symposia during Plenary Binghamton University, Dept of Biological Sciences, Binghamton, the meeting (and at other meetings) reflect the importance of the NY 13902, USA subject to pure and applied microbiology. However, in the undergraduate setting, textbooks do not provide a significant amount Biofilm cells differ from their planktonic counterparts in the genes of information for students, who therefore rely on searches, and proteins that they express. Using proteomic approaches, we were recommended reviews, references and websites (of repute, naturally!) to able to demonstrate that in vitro and in vivo biofilm formation by obtain updated and relevant works. Some of these resources will be P. aeruginosa occurs in a progressive and stage-specific manner with described during the presentation. Biofilms – The Hypertextbook, is an each developmental stage displaying a unique phenotype. To elucidate important new resource that will also be demonstrated (Ross). the mechanisms involved in the stage-specific formation of biofilms, we have begun to identify regulatory proteins and pathways that are The Education and Training
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Apicoplast: a Review of the Derived Plastid of Apicomplexan Parasites
    Curr. Issues Mol. Biol. 7: 57-80. Online journalThe Apicoplastat www.cimb.org 57 The Apicoplast: A Review of the Derived Plastid of Apicomplexan Parasites Ross F. Waller1 and Geoffrey I. McFadden2,* way to apicoplast discovery with studies of extra- chromosomal DNAs recovered from isopycnic density 1Botany, University of British Columbia, 3529-6270 gradient fractionation of total Plasmodium DNA. This University Boulevard, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada group recovered two DNA forms; one a 6kb tandemly 2Plant Cell Biology Research Centre, Botany, University repeated element that was later identifed as the of Melbourne, 3010, Australia mitochondrial genome, and a second, 35kb circle that was supposed to represent the DNA circles previously observed by microscopists (Wilson et al., 1996b; Wilson Abstract and Williamson, 1997). This molecule was also thought The apicoplast is a plastid organelle, homologous to to be mitochondrial DNA, and early sequence data of chloroplasts of plants, that is found in apicomplexan eubacterial-like rRNA genes supported this organellar parasites such as the causative agents of Malaria conclusion. However, as the sequencing effort continued Plasmodium spp. It occurs throughout the Apicomplexa a new conclusion, that was originally embraced with and is an ancient feature of this group acquired by the some awkwardness (“Have malaria parasites three process of endosymbiosis. Like plant chloroplasts, genomes?”, Wilson et al., 1991), began to emerge. apicoplasts are semi-autonomous with their own genome Gradually, evermore convincing character traits of a and expression machinery. In addition, apicoplasts import plastid genome were uncovered, and strong parallels numerous proteins encoded by nuclear genes. These with plastid genomes from non-photosynthetic plants nuclear genes largely derive from the endosymbiont (Epifagus virginiana) and algae (Astasia longa) became through a process of intracellular gene relocation.
    [Show full text]
  • Plastid-Targeting Peptides from the Chlorarachniophyte Bigelowiella Natans
    J. Eukaryot. Microbiol., 51(5), 2004 pp. 529±535 q 2004 by the Society of Protozoologists Plastid-Targeting Peptides from the Chlorarachniophyte Bigelowiella natans MATTHEW B. ROGERS,a JOHN M. ARCHIBALD,a,1 MATTHEW A. FIELD,a CATHERINE LI,b BORIS STRIEPENb and PATRICK J. KEELINGa aCanadian Institute for Advanced Research, Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, 3529-6270 University Boulevard, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada, and bCenter for Tropical & Emerging Global Diseases & Department of Cellular Biology, University of Georgia, 724 Biological Sciences Building, Athens, Georgia 30602, USA ABSTRACT. Chlorarachniophytes are marine amoebo¯agellate protists that have acquired their plastid (chloroplast) through secondary endosymbiosis with a green alga. Like other algae, most of the proteins necessary for plastid function are encoded in the nuclear genome of the secondary host. These proteins are targeted to the organelle using a bipartite leader sequence consisting of a signal peptide (allowing entry in to the endomembrane system) and a chloroplast transit peptide (for transport across the chloroplast envelope mem- branes). We have examined the leader sequences from 45 full-length predicted plastid-targeted proteins from the chlorarachniophyte Bigelowiella natans with the goal of understanding important features of these sequences and possible conserved motifs. The chemical characteristics of these sequences were compared with a set of 10 B. natans endomembrane-targeted proteins and 38 cytosolic or nuclear proteins, which show that the signal peptides are similar to those of most other eukaryotes, while the transit peptides differ from those of other algae in some characteristics. Consistent with this, the leader sequence from one B.
    [Show full text]
  • Complete Nucleotide Sequence of the Chlorarachniophyte Nucleomorph: Nature’S Smallest Nucleus
    Complete nucleotide sequence of the chlorarachniophyte nucleomorph: Nature’s smallest nucleus Paul R. Gilson*†, Vanessa Su†‡, Claudio H. Slamovits§, Michael E. Reith¶, Patrick J. Keeling§, and Geoffrey I. McFadden‡ʈ *Infection and Immunity Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville 3050, Australia; ‡School of Botany, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia; ¶Institute for Marine Biosciences, National Research Council, Halifax, NS, Canada B3H 3Z1; and §Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z4 Edited by Jeffrey D. Palmer, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, and approved April 19, 2006 (received for review January 26, 2006) The introduction of plastids into different heterotrophic protists created lineages of algae that diversified explosively, proliferated in marine and freshwater environments, and radically altered the biosphere. The origins of these secondary plastids are usually inferred from the presence of additional plastid membranes. How- ever, two examples provide unique snapshots of secondary- endosymbiosis-in-action, because they retain a vestige of the endosymbiont nucleus known as the nucleomorph. These are chlorarachniophytes and cryptomonads, which acquired their plas- tids from a green and red alga respectively. To allow comparisons between them, we have sequenced the nucleomorph genome from the chlorarachniophyte Bigelowiella natans: at a mere 373,000 bp Fig. 1. Evolution of chlorarachniophytes such as B. natans by sequential endosymbioses. Enslavement of a photosynthetic, cyanobacterium-like pro- and with only 331 genes, the smallest nuclear genome known and karyote (Cb) introduces photosynthesis into a eukaryotic host (Euk 1), whose a model for extreme reduction. The genome is eukaryotic in nature, nucleus (Nu1) acquires at least 1,000 cyanobacterial genes over time.
    [Show full text]
  • Living Organisms Author Their Read-Write Genomes in Evolution
    biology Review Living Organisms Author Their Read-Write Genomes in Evolution James A. Shapiro ID Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Chicago GCIS W123B, 979 E. 57th Street, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; [email protected]; Tel.: +1-773-702-1625 Academic Editor: Andrés Moya Received: 23 August 2017; Accepted: 28 November 2017; Published: 6 December 2017 Abstract: Evolutionary variations generating phenotypic adaptations and novel taxa resulted from complex cellular activities altering genome content and expression: (i) Symbiogenetic cell mergers producing the mitochondrion-bearing ancestor of eukaryotes and chloroplast-bearing ancestors of photosynthetic eukaryotes; (ii) interspecific hybridizations and genome doublings generating new species and adaptive radiations of higher plants and animals; and, (iii) interspecific horizontal DNA transfer encoding virtually all of the cellular functions between organisms and their viruses in all domains of life. Consequently, assuming that evolutionary processes occur in isolated genomes of individual species has become an unrealistic abstraction. Adaptive variations also involved natural genetic engineering of mobile DNA elements to rewire regulatory networks. In the most highly evolved organisms, biological complexity scales with “non-coding” DNA content more closely than with protein-coding capacity. Coincidentally, we have learned how so-called “non-coding” RNAs that are rich in repetitive mobile DNA sequences are key regulators of complex phenotypes. Both biotic and abiotic ecological challenges serve as triggers for episodes of elevated genome change. The intersections of cell activities, biosphere interactions, horizontal DNA transfers, and non-random Read-Write genome modifications by natural genetic engineering provide a rich molecular and biological foundation for understanding how ecological disruptions can stimulate productive, often abrupt, evolutionary transformations.
    [Show full text]
  • The Miniaturized Nuclear Genome of a Eukaryotic Endosymbiont Contains
    Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA Vol. 93, pp. 7737-7742, July 1996 Evolution The miniaturized nuclear genome of a eukaryotic endosymbiont contains genes that overlap, genes that are cotranscribed, and the smallest known spliceosomal introns (eukaryotic operons/S13/S4/small nuclear RNP E/clp protease) PAUL R. GILSON* AND GEOFFREY I. MCFADDEN Plant Cell Biology Research Centre, School of Botany, University of Melbourne, Parkville, 3052 Victoria, Australia Communicated by Adrienne E. Clarke, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Austrialia, February 12, 1996 (received for review December 1, 1995) ABSTRACT Chlorarachniophyte algae contain a com- (8). The nucleomorph telomere motif (TCTAGGGn) is dif- plex, multi-membraned chloroplast derived from the endo- ferent to that of the host nucleus chromosomes (TTAGGGn) symbiosis of a eukaryotic alga. The vestigial nucleus of the (8), which is consiStent with the nucleomorph being the endosymbiont, called the nucleomorph, contains only three genome of a phylogenetically unrelated endosymbiont. small linear chromosomes with a haploid genome size of 380 Previously, chlorarachniophyte nucleomorph DNA has only kb and is the smallest known eukaryotic genome. Nucleotide been shown to encode eukaryotic rRNAs that are incorpo- sequence data from a subtelomeric fragment of chromosome rated into the ribosomes in the vestigial cytoplasm surrounding III were analyzed as a preliminary investigation of the coding the nucleomorph (2). We earlier speculated the nucleomorph's capacity of this vestigial genome. Several housekeeping genes raison d'etre is to provide proteins for the maintenance of the including U6 small nuclear RNA (snRNA), ribosomal proteins chloroplast (2, 7). To synthesize these chloroplast proteins, the S4 and S13, a core protein of the spliceosome [small nuclear nucleomorph may also have to maintain genes that encode ribonucleoprotein (snRNP) E], and a clp-like protease (clpP) expression, translation and self-replication machinery (2, 7).
    [Show full text]
  • Red Algal Parasites: Models for a Life History Evolution That Leaves Photosynthesis Behind Again and Again
    Prospects & Overviews Review essays Red algal parasites: Models for a life history evolution that leaves photosynthesis behind again and again Nicolas A. Blouinà and Christopher E. Lane Many of the most virulent and problematic eukaryotic Introduction pathogens have evolved from photosynthetic ancestors, such as apicomplexans, which are responsible for a Parasitology is one of the oldest fields of medical research and continues to be an essential area of study on organisms wide range of diseases including malaria and toxoplas- that kill millions annually, either directly or through mosis. The primary barrier to understanding the early agricultural loss. In the early genomics era, parasites were stages of evolution of these parasites has been the diffi- some of the initial eukaryotes to have their genomes culty in finding parasites with closely related free-living sequenced. The combination of medical interest and small lineages with which to make comparisons. Parasites genome size (due to genome compaction [1]) has resulted found throughout the florideophyte red algal lineage, in a relatively large number of sequenced genomes from these taxa. The range of relationships that exist between however, provide a unique and powerful model to inves- parasites and comparative free-living taxa, however, compli- tigate the genetic origins of a parasitic lifestyle. This is cates understanding the evolution of eukaryotic parasitism. because they share a recent common ancestor with an In some cases (such as apicomplexans, which cause extant free-living red algal species and parasitism has malaria, cryptosporidiosis and toxoplasmosis, among other independently arisen over 100 times within this group. diseases) entire lineages appear to have a common parasitic ancestor [2].
    [Show full text]
  • Systema Naturae. the Classification of Living Organisms
    Systema Naturae. The classification of living organisms. c Alexey B. Shipunov v. 5.601 (June 26, 2007) Preface Most of researches agree that kingdom-level classification of living things needs the special rules and principles. Two approaches are possible: (a) tree- based, Hennigian approach will look for main dichotomies inside so-called “Tree of Life”; and (b) space-based, Linnaean approach will look for the key differences inside “Natural System” multidimensional “cloud”. Despite of clear advantages of tree-like approach (easy to develop rules and algorithms; trees are self-explaining), in many cases the space-based approach is still prefer- able, because it let us to summarize any kinds of taxonomically related da- ta and to compare different classifications quite easily. This approach also lead us to four-kingdom classification, but with different groups: Monera, Protista, Vegetabilia and Animalia, which represent different steps of in- creased complexity of living things, from simple prokaryotic cell to compound Nature Precedings : doi:10.1038/npre.2007.241.2 Posted 16 Aug 2007 eukaryotic cell and further to tissue/organ cell systems. The classification Only recent taxa. Viruses are not included. Abbreviations: incertae sedis (i.s.); pro parte (p.p.); sensu lato (s.l.); sedis mutabilis (sed.m.); sedis possi- bilis (sed.poss.); sensu stricto (s.str.); status mutabilis (stat.m.); quotes for “environmental” groups; asterisk for paraphyletic* taxa. 1 Regnum Monera Superphylum Archebacteria Phylum 1. Archebacteria Classis 1(1). Euryarcheota 1 2(2). Nanoarchaeota 3(3). Crenarchaeota 2 Superphylum Bacteria 3 Phylum 2. Firmicutes 4 Classis 1(4). Thermotogae sed.m. 2(5).
    [Show full text]
  • The Maintenance and Replication of the Apicoplast Genome In
    THE MAINTENANCE AND REPLICATION OF THE APICOPLAST GENOME IN TOXOPLASMA GONDII by SARAH BAKER REIFF (Under the Direction of Boris Striepen) ABSTRACT The phylum Apicomplexa comprises a group of intracellular parasites of significant global health and economic concern. Most apicomplexan parasites possess a relict plastid organelle, which no longer performs photosynthesis but still retains important metabolic functions. This organelle, known as the apicoplast, also contains its own genome which is required for parasite viability. The apicoplast and its genome have been shown to be useful as therapeutic targets. However, limited information is available about the replication and maintenance of plastid DNA, not just in apicomplexan parasites but also in plants and algae. Here we use the genetic tools available in the model apicomplexan Toxoplasma gondii to examine putative apicoplast DNA replication and condensation factors, including homologs of DNA polymerase I, single-stranded DNA binding protein, DNA gyrase, and the histone-like protein HU. We confirm targeting to the apicoplast of these candidates, which are all encoded in the nucleus and must be imported. We created a genetic knockout of the Toxoplasma HU gene, which encodes a homolog of a bacterial protein that helps condense the bacterial nucleoid. We show that loss of HU in Toxoplasma results in a strong decrease in apicoplast DNA content, accompanied by biogenesis and segregation defects of the organelle. We were also interested in examining the roles of enzymes that might be more directly involved in DNA replication. To this end we constructed conditional mutants of the Toxoplasma gyrase B homolog and the DNA polymerase I homolog, which appears to be the result of a gene fusion and contains multiple different catalytic domains.
    [Show full text]
  • Going Green: the Evolution of Photosynthetic Eukaryotes Saul Purton
    Going green: the evolution of photosynthetic eukaryotes Saul Purton The chloroplast Look around our macroscopic world and evolutionary time. Ultimately, the once autonomous is the site of Gyou see a rich diversity of photosynthetic cyanobacterium became an integral and essential photosynthesis eukaryotes. A fantastic range of plants covers component of the eukaryotic cell – the chloroplast (see in plant and algal our land and numerous different macroalgae (seaweeds) Figs 1 and 2). This first truly photosynthetic eukaryote abound in our seas. Similarly, the microscopic world is almost certainly the common ancestor of three major cells. Saul Purton is filled with a wealth of exotic microalgae. However, photosynthetic groups found today: the chlorophytes explains how this all of these organisms share a common legacy – the (green algae and all plants), the rhodophytes (red algae) important organelle chlorophyll-containing plastid (=chloroplast) that is and the glaucophytes. The divergent evolution of these evolved from a the site of photosynthesis. This organelle has its three groups from the common ancestor has resulted in photosynthetic ancestral origins as a free-living photosynthetic chloroplasts with different pigment composition and bacterium. bacterium that became entrapped inside a primitive ultrastructure. The chlorophytes have lost the phyco- eukaryotic cell. The bacterium was retained rather bilins, but retained chlorophyll a and b, whereas the red than digested as food and a symbiosis was established algae and glaucophytes have chlorophyll a only, together in which the host cell provided a protected and nutrient- with phycobilins. Interestingly, the glaucophytes rich niche in return for the photosynthetic products have also retained the cell wall of the bacterium and generated by the bacterium.
    [Show full text]
  • Nucleomorph Genome
    Nucleomorph Genome http://tolweb.org/Cryptomonads/2396 Crypt of the cryptophytes V – Vestibulum (vestíbulo) F – Furrow (sulco) G – Gullet (garganta) Brett et al. (1994) Protoplasma 181, 106. Types of periplasts Brett et al. (1994) Protoplasma 181, 106. Features of the cryptophytes • Biflagellated cells • Live in marine and freshwater habitats • Survive at low light levels • They have phycobiliproteins • Great importance in the food chain • They have chloroplasts with 4 membranes • They have a crypt that is structurally supported by a periplast • They have chlorophyll c2 instead of chlorophyll b • They do not have allophycocyanin • Periplastidial starch • Thylakoids grouped in pairs Cryptophytes vs. Chloraracniophytes Chlorarachniophyta Cryptophyta Photosynthetic pigments: Photosynthetic pigments: chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b chlorophyll a and c2 as well as other pigments evolutionarily related to phycoerythrins Do not have phycobilissomes Biliproteins within the thylakoid or biliproteins lumen; thylakoids grouped in pairs Uniflagellar ameboid cells with 2 flagella inserted near a crypt filamentous pseudopodia and asymmetric ellipsoidal cells Starch in cytoplasmic vesicles Periplastic starch (between the plastid envelope and the two outer membranes) Chloroplast surrounded by 4 Chloroplast surrounded by 4 membranes membranes ER not associated with the ER associated with the chloroplast chloroplast http://www.laborjournal.de/blog/?p=5529 Lineage Stramenopiles http://tolweb.org/Eukaryotes/3 Lineage Heterokonts Lineage Heterokonts • Heterokonts ≈ Stramenopiles • Biflagellated eukaryotic cells • Previous flagellum with mastigonemes (tripartite tubular hairs) • Hairless posterior flagellum • Chloroplasts surrounded by 4 membranes (photoautotrophic sub-lineage: Ochrophyta ≈ Heterokontophyta) • However, there are cells that have lost one or more flagella Lineage Heterokonts • Diatoms (> 100,000 species) • Brown seaweeds (Phaeophyceae) • Chrysophytes (golden algae) • Pseudofungi: Oomycetes (heterotrophic sub-lineage) • etc..
    [Show full text]
  • The Puzzling Conservation and Diversification of Lipid Droplets from Bacteria to Eukaryotes Josselin Lupette, Eric Marechal
    The Puzzling Conservation and Diversification of Lipid Droplets from Bacteria to Eukaryotes Josselin Lupette, Eric Marechal To cite this version: Josselin Lupette, Eric Marechal. The Puzzling Conservation and Diversification of Lipid Droplets from Bacteria to Eukaryotes. Kloc M. Symbiosis: Cellular, Molecular, Medical and Evolutionary Aspects. Results and Problems in Cell Differentiation, 69, Springer, pp.281-334, 2020, 978-3-030- 51848-6. 10.1007/978-3-030-51849-3_11. hal-03048110 HAL Id: hal-03048110 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-03048110 Submitted on 9 Dec 2020 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Chapter 11 1 The Puzzling Conservation 2 and Diversification of Lipid Droplets from 3 Bacteria to Eukaryotes 4 Josselin Lupette and Eric Maréchal 5 Abstract Membrane compartments are amongst the most fascinating markers of 6 cell evolution from prokaryotes to eukaryotes, some being conserved and the others 7 having emerged via a series of primary and secondary endosymbiosis events. 8 Membrane compartments comprise the system limiting cells (one or two membranes 9 in bacteria, a unique plasma membrane in eukaryotes) and a variety of internal 10 vesicular, subspherical, tubular, or reticulated organelles.
    [Show full text]
  • Genome Biol Evol-2011-Tanifuji-Gbe Evq082.Pdf
    GBE Complete Nucleomorph Genome Sequence of the Nonphotosynthetic Alga Cryptomonas paramecium Reveals a Core Nucleomorph Gene Set Goro Tanifuji1, Naoko T. Onodera1, Travis J. Wheeler2, Marlena Dlutek1, Natalie Donaher1, and John M. Archibald*,1 1Integrated Microbial Biodiversity Program, Canadian Institute for Advanced Research, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada 2Janelia Farm Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute *Corresponding author: E-mail: [email protected]. Data deposition: The Cryptomonas paramecium nucleomorph genome sequences have been deposited in GenBank under the following accession numbers: CP002172 (chromosome 1), CP002173 (chromosome 2), and CP002174 (chromosome 3). Accepted: 2 December 2010 Downloaded from Abstract Nucleomorphs are the remnant nuclei of algal endosymbionts that were engulfed by nonphotosynthetic host eukaryotes. These peculiar organelles are found in cryptomonad and chlorarachniophyte algae, where they evolved from red and green http://gbe.oxfordjournals.org/ algal endosymbionts, respectively. Despite their independent origins, cryptomonad and chlorarachniophyte nucleomorph genomes are similar in size and structure: they are both ,1 million base pairs in size (the smallest nuclear genomes known), comprised three chromosomes, and possess subtelomeric ribosomal DNA operons. Here, we report the complete sequence of one of the smallest cryptomonad nucleomorph genomes known, that of the secondarily nonphotosynthetic cryptomonad Cryptomonas paramecium. The genome is 486 kbp in size and contains 518 predicted genes, 466 of which are protein coding. Although C. paramecium lacks photosynthetic ability, its nucleomorph genome still encodes 18 plastid-associated proteins. More than 90% of the ‘‘conserved’’ protein genes in C. paramecium (i.e., those with clear homologs in other eukaryotes) are also present in the nucleomorph genomes of the cryptomonads Guillardia theta and Hemiselmis andersenii.
    [Show full text]