DOCSLIB.ORG

Going Green: the Evolution of Photosynthetic Eukaryotes Saul Purton

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Going Green: the Evolution of Photosynthetic Eukaryotes Saul Purton Going green: the evolution of photosynthetic eukaryotes Saul Purton The chloroplast Look around our macroscopic world and evolutionary time. Ultimately, the once autonomous is the site of Gyou see a rich diversity of photosynthetic cyanobacterium became an integral and essential photosynthesis eukaryotes. A fantastic range of plants covers component of the eukaryotic cell – the chloroplast (see in plant and algal our land and numerous different macroalgae (seaweeds) Figs 1 and 2). This first truly photosynthetic eukaryote abound in our seas. Similarly, the microscopic world is almost certainly the common ancestor of three major cells. Saul Purton is filled with a wealth of exotic microalgae. However, photosynthetic groups found today: the chlorophytes explains how this all of these organisms share a common legacy – the (green algae and all plants), the rhodophytes (red algae) important organelle chlorophyll-containing plastid (=chloroplast) that is and the glaucophytes. The divergent evolution of these evolved from a the site of photosynthesis. This organelle has its three groups from the common ancestor has resulted in photosynthetic ancestral origins as a free-living photosynthetic chloroplasts with different pigment composition and bacterium. bacterium that became entrapped inside a primitive ultrastructure. The chlorophytes have lost the phyco- eukaryotic cell. The bacterium was retained rather bilins, but retained chlorophyll a and b, whereas the red than digested as food and a symbiosis was established algae and glaucophytes have chlorophyll a only, together in which the host cell provided a protected and nutrient- with phycobilins. Interestingly, the glaucophytes rich niche in return for the photosynthetic products have also retained the cell wall of the bacterium and generated by the bacterium. The story of how this their chloroplasts are bounded by an inner membrane bacterial endosymbiont evolved into a chloroplast and derived from the bacterial cell, a cell wall of peptido- was then spread by subsequent symbiotic events to glycans and an outer membrane derived from the food other eukaryotes is a fascinating and on-going one vacuole of the eukaryote. In the chlorophytes and that involves the study of a wide range of microbial rhodophytes, the cell wall has been lost and two eukaryotes. membranes surround the chloroplast. Coloured slaves Centralization of power Early in the history of eukaryotic evolution a simple Although the cyanobacterium escaped death by rule applied. Photosynthetic bacteria were the primary digestion, it was to pay a high price for its survival as a producers, utilizing the sun’s energy to convert carbon component of the eukaryotic cell. The several thousand dioxide to complex carbohydrates, and single-cell genes the bacterium brought with it, and which allowed eukaryotes were the consumers, often acquiring their Phagotrophic eukaryote food by engulfing and digesting the bacteria or other symbiosisPrimary Secondary symbiosis eukaryotes. The cyanobacteria (also called blue-green algae) were particularly important producers since Cyanobacterium they carried out oxygenic photosynthesis in which the harvesting of light energy is coupled to the Nucleus production of molecular oxygen from water. These Green algae early cyanobacteria probably contained several different Red algae light-absorbing pigments, including chlorophylls a and Glaucophytes b and phycobilins, and could carry out photosynthesis using a wide range of light levels and wavelengths. Importantly, the cyanobacteria would still be able to photosynthesize even after being incarcerated within the colourless cell of a phagotrophic eukaryote. The normal fate of the captured bacterial cell would be death by digestion. However, for the eukaryote a continuous supply of fixed carbon and oxygen was Chlorarachniophytes perhaps an attractive alternative to a quick meal, and Cryptophytes occasionally the death sentence would be commuted to life imprisonment. Under this arrangement, the RIGHT: bacterium would be allowed to grow and divide within Nucleomorph Fig. 1. The endosymbiotic its prison cell, and would therefore be retained and origin of chloroplasts. Note that the Dinoflagellates chloroplasts of euglenophytes and inherited by the eukaryote as it itself divided. Indeed, Heterokonts dinoflagellates actually have three examples of such endosymbiotic associations are Haptophytes membranes rather than four. It is found amongst modern-day eukaryotes. For example, Euglenophytes thought this reflects an alternative feeding mechanism in which the the cyanobacterium Nostoc survives inside the cells of cell membrane of the prey alga is the filamentous fungus Geosiphon pyriforme. discarded. In one particular case, the interdependence between Loss of Loss of the Chloroplast replacement photosynthesis chloroplast by further symbioses COURTESY S.PURTON the master and his slave became closer and closer over 126 MICROBIOLOGYTODAY VOL 29/AUG 02 for food because they could synthesize it ‘in house’ LEFT: from simple precursors using the power of photo- Fig. 2. Transmission electron micrographs showing the similarity synthesis. However, this meant that the algae also in ultrastructure between (a) a became targets for any hungry phagotrophic eukaryote. modern-day cyanobacterium As with the cyanobacterial prey, the engulfed algal (Pseudanabaena) and (b) the plant cells provided new opportunities for the establishment chloroplast (in this case in a of symbioses, although in this case it was a eukaryote tobacco leaf) that evolved from the cyanobacterial endosymbiont. that was being enslaved within a eukaryote (a process PHOTOS DR KARI LOUNATMAA (a) AND termed secondary endosymbiosis; see Fig. 1). Once DR JEREMY BURGESS (b)/SCIENCE again, the endosymbiosis occasionally led to a permanent PHOTO LIBRARY association between the two organisms and the evolution of the captured alga into a bona fide organelle. And BELOW: Fig. 3. Light micrographs once again the price for survival of the endosymbiont of various microbial eukaryotes was high. Since the only important part of the alga was that possess chloroplasts. (a) its chloroplast, other cellular components were rapidly A glaucophyte (Glaucocystis), (b) discarded. Consequently, the algal cell was reduced to the red alga Porphyridium, (c) Euglena, a euglenoid alga that it to live an autonomous existence, were unceremon- a chloroplast surrounded by additional membranes obtained its chloroplast from iously stripped from it leaving only a meagre genome of derived from the algal cell membrane and the vacuolar a green alga and (d) the a few hundred genes. Genes no longer necessary for an membrane of the phagotroph. Remarkably, the nuclear dinoflagellate Ceratium that intracellular existence (for example, those required for genes for the biogenesis of the chloroplast were once obtained its chloroplast motility) were simply discarded. Others were eliminated again moved en masse, this time from the algal nucleus from a red alga. PHOTOS MICHAEL ABBEY (a), ASTRID by a process of gene substitution in which nuclear to that of the new eukaryote host. & HANNS-FRIEDER MICHLER (b), ERIC eukaryotic genes functionally replaced their bacterial Various different algal groups appear to have evolved GRAVE (c) AND LEPUS (d)/SCIENCE counterparts. Finally, and perhaps most remarkably, via this process and include the dinoflagellates, the PHOTO LIBRARY there was a mass transfer of most of the remaining genes euglenophytes, the heterokonts (which include the from the bacterial genome to the eukaryotic nucleus. The diatoms and the brown algae) and the haptophytes (see selective pressures that drove this gene exodus and the Fig. 3). The chloroplast of the euglenophytes evolved mechanism by which it occurred are poorly understood, from a green alga, whereas the chloroplast of the other but the implications for the evolving chloroplast were groups (with the exception of certain dinoflagellates – profound. First, it had lost control of its own destiny see below) is probably derived from a red alga. In all of since it now possessed only a fraction of the genes needed for chloroplast biogenesis. The nucleus now controlled the growth and division of the organelle. Second, the expression of those genes that had remained in the chloroplast (mainly genes for components of the photosynthetic apparatus and the organelle’s trans- cription/translation apparatus) needed to be tightly co-ordinated with the expression of the nuclear genes that encoded chloroplast components. The nucleus therefore developed elaborate control mechanisms in which nuclear-encoded factors were targeted into the chloroplast to regulate chloroplast gene expression. Finally, the photosynthetic eukaryote had to solve a major logistical problem. The products of the nuclear- encoded genes were now being synthesized outside the chloroplast in the cytosol, whereas previously they had been made inside the organelle. An early modification to the fledgling chloroplast was therefore the development of a protein import system able to recognize the necessary proteins and transport them across the two membranes. From master to slave The eukaryotic algae that evolved from the original endosymbiosis had an advantage over their non- photosynthetic kin. They didn’t need to go hunting MICROBIOLOGY TODAY VOL 29/AUG 02 127 Further reading these groups, the old nucleus and all of the cytosolic has attracted considerable interest as a possible target for components have been lost completely. However, in
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Basal Body Structure and Composition in the Apicomplexans Toxoplasma and Plasmodium Maria E
    Francia et al. Cilia (2016) 5:3 DOI 10.1186/s13630-016-0025-5 Cilia REVIEW Open Access Basal body structure and composition in the apicomplexans Toxoplasma and Plasmodium Maria E. Francia1* , Jean‑Francois Dubremetz2 and Naomi S. Morrissette3 Abstract The phylum Apicomplexa encompasses numerous important human and animal disease-causing parasites, includ‑ ing the Plasmodium species, and Toxoplasma gondii, causative agents of malaria and toxoplasmosis, respectively. Apicomplexans proliferate by asexual replication and can also undergo sexual recombination. Most life cycle stages of the parasite lack flagella; these structures only appear on male gametes. Although male gametes (microgametes) assemble a typical 9 2 axoneme, the structure of the templating basal body is poorly defined. Moreover, the rela‑ tionship between asexual+ stage centrioles and microgamete basal bodies remains unclear. While asexual stages of Plasmodium lack defined centriole structures, the asexual stages of Toxoplasma and closely related coccidian api‑ complexans contain centrioles that consist of nine singlet microtubules and a central tubule. There are relatively few ultra-structural images of Toxoplasma microgametes, which only develop in cat intestinal epithelium. Only a subset of these include sections through the basal body: to date, none have unambiguously captured organization of the basal body structure. Moreover, it is unclear whether this basal body is derived from pre-existing asexual stage centrioles or is synthesized de novo. Basal bodies in Plasmodium microgametes are thought to be synthesized de novo, and their assembly remains ill-defined. Apicomplexan genomes harbor genes encoding δ- and ε-tubulin homologs, potentially enabling these parasites to assemble a typical triplet basal body structure.
    [Show full text]
  • Origin of Gibberellin-Dependent Transcriptional Regulation by Molecular Exploitation of a Transactivation Domain in DELLA Proteins
    bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/398883; this version posted December 10, 2018. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-NC 4.0 International license. Article - Discoveries Origin of gibberellin-dependent transcriptional regulation by molecular exploitation of a transactivation domain in DELLA proteins Jorge Hernández-García1, Asier Briones-Moreno1, Renaud Dumas2, and Miguel A. Blázquez1 1Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (IBMCP), CSIC-Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, Campus UPV CPI 8E, Valencia, Spain 2Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire et Végétale, Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives/Biosciences and Biotechnology Institute of Grenoble, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Grenoble, France Corresponding author: Miguel A. Blázquez ([email protected]) 1 bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/398883; this version posted December 10, 2018. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-NC 4.0 International license. Abstract DELLA proteins are land-plant specific transcriptional regulators known to interact through their C-terminal GRAS domain with over 150 transcription factors in Arabidopsis thaliana. Besides, DELLAs from vascular plants can interact through the N-terminal domain with the gibberellin receptor encoded by GID1, through which gibberellins promote DELLA degradation. However, this regulation is absent in non-vascular land plants, which lack active gibberellins or a proper GID1 receptor.
    [Show full text]
  • Supplementary Table S2: New Taxonomic Assignment of Sequences of Basal Fungal Lineages
    Supplementary Table S2: New taxonomic assignment of sequences of basal fungal lineages. Fungal sequences were subjected to BLAST-N analysis and checked for their taxonomic placement in the eukaryotic guide-tree of the SILVA release 111. Sequences were classified depending on combined results from the methods mentioned above as well as literature searches. Accession Name New classification Clustering of the sequence in the Best BLAST-N hit number based on combined results eukaryotic guide tree of SILVA Name Accession number E.value Identity AB191431 Uncultured fungus Chytridiomycota Chytridiomycota Basidiobolus haptosporus AF113413.1 0.0 91 AB191432 Unculltured eukaryote Blastocladiomycota Blastocladiomycota Rhizophlyctis rosea NG_017175.1 0.0 91 AB252775 Uncultured eukaryote Chytridiomycota Chytridiomycota Blastocladiales sp. EF565163.1 0.0 91 AB252776 Uncultured eukaryote Fungi Nucletmycea_Fonticula Rhizophydium sp. AF164270.2 0.0 87 AB252777 Uncultured eukaryote Chytridiomycota Chytridiomycota Basidiobolus haptosporus AF113413.1 0.0 91 AB275063 Uncultured fungus Chytridiomycota Chytridiomycota Catenomyces sp. AY635830.1 0.0 90 AB275064 Uncultured fungus Chytridiomycota Chytridiomycota Endogone lactiflua DQ536471.1 0.0 91 AB433328 Nuclearia thermophila Nuclearia Nucletmycea_Nuclearia Nuclearia thermophila AB433328.1 0.0 100 AB468592 Uncultured fungus Basal clone group I Chytridiomycota Physoderma dulichii DQ536472.1 0.0 90 AB468593 Uncultured fungus Basal clone group I Chytridiomycota Physoderma dulichii DQ536472.1 0.0 91 AB468594 Uncultured
    [Show full text]
  • Repurposing of Conserved Autophagy-Related Protein ATG8 in a Divergent Eukaryote Maude Lévêque, Hoa Mai Nguyen, Sébastien Besteiro
    Repurposing of conserved autophagy-related protein ATG8 in a divergent eukaryote Maude Lévêque, Hoa Mai Nguyen, Sébastien Besteiro To cite this version: Maude Lévêque, Hoa Mai Nguyen, Sébastien Besteiro. Repurposing of conserved autophagy-related protein ATG8 in a divergent eukaryote. Communicative and Integrative Biology, Taylor & Francis Open, 2016, 9 (4), pp.e1197447. 10.1080/19420889.2016.1197447. hal-01824938 HAL Id: hal-01824938 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01824938 Submitted on 1 Jun 2021 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution - NonCommercial| 4.0 International License COMMUNICATIVE & INTEGRATIVE BIOLOGY 2016, VOL. 9, NO. 4, e1197447 (4 pages) http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19420889.2016.1197447 ARTICLE ADDENDUM Repurposing of conserved autophagy-related protein ATG8 in a divergent eukaryote Maude F. Lev eque,^ Hoa Mai Nguyen, and Sebastien Besteiro DIMNP- UMR5235, CNRS, Universite de Montpellier, Montpellier, France ABSTRACT ARTICLE HISTORY Toxoplasma gondii and other apicomplexan parasites contain a peculiar non-photosynthetic plastid Received 18 May 2016 called the apicoplast, which is essential for their survival. The localization of autophagy-related Accepted 30 May 2016 protein ATG8 to the apicoplast in several apicomplexan species and life stages has recently been KEYWORDS described, and we have shown this protein is essential for proper inheritance of this complex plastid apicomplexa; apicoplast; into daughter cells during cell division.
    [Show full text]
  • Eukaryote Cell Biology - Michelle Gehringer
    FUNDAMENTALS OF BIOCHEMISTRY, CELL BIOLOGY AND BIOPHYSICS – Vol. II - Eukaryote Cell Biology - Michelle Gehringer EUKARYOTE CELL BIOLOGY Michelle Gehringer Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Port Elizabeth, South Africa Keywords: cell theory, cell diversity, eukaryote cell structure, nucleus, chromatin, DNA, organelles, mitochondria, chloroplasts, transcription, RNA, translation, ribosomes, cell cycle, interphase, mitosis, meiosis, signal transduction, growth regulation, cancer, oncogenesis. Contents 1. Introduction 1.1. The first cell 2. Origin of Eukaryotes 3. Cellular differentiation in multicellular organisms 3.1. Plants 3.2. Animals 4. Eukaryotic cell structure 5. Organization of eukaryotic cells 5.1. Plasma membrane 5.2. Extracellular matrices 5.3. Protein synthesis and transport 5.4. Cytoskeleton and movement 5.5. Nucleus 5.5.1 Genomes 5.5.2 Gene expression 5.5.3 Maintaining the genome 5.6. Organelles 6. The cell cycle 6.1. Mitosis 6.2. Meiosis 7. Regulation of cell growth 7.1. Signal transduction 7.2. Programmed cell death 7.3. CancerUNESCO – EOLSS 8. Experimental Models 8.1. Yeast SAMPLE CHAPTERS 8.2. Arabidopsis 8.3. Drosophila 8.4. The mouse 8.5. Cell culture 8.6. Separation of cellular contents 8.7. Tracing biochemical pathways 9. Future Investigations Glossary Bibliography ©Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems (EOLSS) FUNDAMENTALS OF BIOCHEMISTRY, CELL BIOLOGY AND BIOPHYSICS – Vol. II - Eukaryote Cell Biology - Michelle Gehringer Biographical Sketch Summary Cells form the basic unit of life on our planet. They are well organized systems which perform all the essential tasks of eating, respiring, replicating and excreting waste products. The first cells, which are thought to have evolved about 3.8 billion years ago, much resembled present day prokaryotes.
    [Show full text]
  • Mixotrophic Protists Among Marine Ciliates and Dinoflagellates: Distribution, Physiology and Ecology
    FACULTY OF SCIENCE UNIVERSITY OF COPENHAGEN PhD thesis Woraporn Tarangkoon Mixotrophic Protists among Marine Ciliates and Dinoflagellates: Distribution, Physiology and Ecology Academic advisor: Associate Professor Per Juel Hansen Submitted: 29/04/10 Contents List of publications 3 Preface 4 Summary 6 Sammenfating (Danish summary) 8 สรุป (Thai summary) 10 The sections and objectives of the thesis 12 Introduction 14 1) Mixotrophy among marine planktonic protists 14 1.1) The role of light, food concentration and nutrients for 17 the growth of marine mixotrophic planktonic protists 1.2) Importance of marine mixotrophic protists in the 20 planktonic food web 2) Marine symbiont-bearing dinoflagellates 24 2.1) Occurrence of symbionts in the order Dinophysiales 24 2.2) The spatial distribution of symbiont-bearing dinoflagellates in 27 marine waters 2.3) The role of symbionts and phagotrophy in dinoflagellates with symbionts 28 3) Symbiosis and mixotrophy in the marine ciliate genus Mesodinium 30 3.1) Occurrence of symbiosis in Mesodinium spp. 30 3.2) The distribution of marine Mesodinium spp. 30 3.3) The role of symbionts and phagotrophy in marine Mesodinium rubrum 33 and Mesodinium pulex Conclusion and future perspectives 36 References 38 Paper I Paper II Paper III Appendix-Paper IV Appendix-I Lists of publications The thesis consists of the following papers, referred to in the synthesis by their roman numerals. Co-author statements are attached to the thesis (Appendix-I). Paper I Tarangkoon W, Hansen G Hansen PJ (2010) Spatial distribution of symbiont-bearing dinoflagellates in the Indian Ocean in relation to oceanographic regimes. Aquat Microb Ecol 58:197-213.
    [Show full text]
  • The Apicoplast: a Review of the Derived Plastid of Apicomplexan Parasites
    Curr. Issues Mol. Biol. 7: 57-80. Online journalThe Apicoplastat www.cimb.org 57 The Apicoplast: A Review of the Derived Plastid of Apicomplexan Parasites Ross F. Waller1 and Geoffrey I. McFadden2,* way to apicoplast discovery with studies of extra- chromosomal DNAs recovered from isopycnic density 1Botany, University of British Columbia, 3529-6270 gradient fractionation of total Plasmodium DNA. This University Boulevard, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada group recovered two DNA forms; one a 6kb tandemly 2Plant Cell Biology Research Centre, Botany, University repeated element that was later identifed as the of Melbourne, 3010, Australia mitochondrial genome, and a second, 35kb circle that was supposed to represent the DNA circles previously observed by microscopists (Wilson et al., 1996b; Wilson Abstract and Williamson, 1997). This molecule was also thought The apicoplast is a plastid organelle, homologous to to be mitochondrial DNA, and early sequence data of chloroplasts of plants, that is found in apicomplexan eubacterial-like rRNA genes supported this organellar parasites such as the causative agents of Malaria conclusion. However, as the sequencing effort continued Plasmodium spp. It occurs throughout the Apicomplexa a new conclusion, that was originally embraced with and is an ancient feature of this group acquired by the some awkwardness (“Have malaria parasites three process of endosymbiosis. Like plant chloroplasts, genomes?”, Wilson et al., 1991), began to emerge. apicoplasts are semi-autonomous with their own genome Gradually, evermore convincing character traits of a and expression machinery. In addition, apicoplasts import plastid genome were uncovered, and strong parallels numerous proteins encoded by nuclear genes. These with plastid genomes from non-photosynthetic plants nuclear genes largely derive from the endosymbiont (Epifagus virginiana) and algae (Astasia longa) became through a process of intracellular gene relocation.
    [Show full text]
  • Marine Algae and Land Plants Share Conserved Phytochrome Signaling Systems
    Marine algae and land plants share conserved phytochrome signaling systems Deqiang Duanmua,1, Charles Bachyb,1, Sebastian Sudekb, Chee-Hong Wongc, Valeria Jiménezb, Nathan C. Rockwella, Shelley S. Martina, Chew Yee Nganc, Emily N. Reistetterb, Marijke J. van Barenb, Dana C. Priced, Chia-Lin Weic, Adrian Reyes-Prietoe,f, J. Clark Lagariasa,2, and Alexandra Z. Wordenb,f,2 aDepartment of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616; bMonterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute, Moss Landing, CA 95039; cSequencing Technology Group, Joint Genome Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Walnut Creek, CA 94598; dDepartment of Ecology, Evolution, and Natural Resources, Institute of Marine and Coastal Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08903; eBiology Department, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, NB, Canada E3B5A3; and fIntegrated Microbial Biodiversity Program, Canadian Institute for Advanced Research, Toronto, ON, Canada M5G 1Z8 Contributed by J. Clark Lagarias, September 3, 2014 (sent for review June 18, 2014) Phytochrome photosensors control a vast gene network in duce light signals into biochemical outputs that shape overall streptophyte plants, acting as master regulators of diverse growth organismal responses (1, 13). and developmental processes throughout the life cycle. In contrast Although plant phytochromes control vast, complicated gene with their absence in known chlorophyte algal genomes and most networks, their origin, evolution, and ancestral signaling mech- sequenced prasinophyte
    [Show full text]
  • Analysis of an Improved Cyanophora Paradoxa Genome Assembly
    Analysis of an improved Cyanophora paradoxa genome assembly Dana C Price, Ursula W Goodenough, Robyn Roth, Jae-Hyeok Lee, Thamali Kariyawasam, Marek Mutwil, Camilla Ferrari, Fabio Facchinelli, Steven Ball, Ugo Cenci, et al. To cite this version: Dana C Price, Ursula W Goodenough, Robyn Roth, Jae-Hyeok Lee, Thamali Kariyawasam, et al.. Analysis of an improved Cyanophora paradoxa genome assembly. DNA Research, Oxford University Press (OUP), 2019, DNA Research, 26 (4), pp.287-299. 10.1093/dnares/dsz009. hal-03095856 HAL Id: hal-03095856 https://hal.univ-lille.fr/hal-03095856 Submitted on 14 Jan 2021 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution| 4.0 International License DNA Research, 2019, 26(4), 287–299 doi: 10.1093/dnares/dsz009 Advance Access Publication Date: 16 May 2019 Full Paper Full Paper Analysis of an improved Cyanophora paradoxa genome assembly Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/dnaresearch/article/26/4/287/5490643 by guest on 12 January 2021 Dana C. Price1, Ursula W. Goodenough2, Robyn Roth3, Jae-Hyeok Lee4, Thamali Kariyawasam4, Marek Mutwil5,6, Camilla Ferrari5, Fabio Facchinelli7, Steven G.
    [Show full text]
  • Phylogeny of Calvin Cycle Enzymes Supports Plantae Monophyly
    Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 45 (2007) 384–391 www.elsevier.com/locate/ympev Short communication Phylogeny of Calvin cycle enzymes supports Plantae monophyly Adrian Reyes-Prieto, Debashish Bhattacharya * University of Iowa, Department of Biological Sciences and the Roy J. Carver Center for Comparative Genomics, 446 Biology Building, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA Received 10 November 2006; revised 5 February 2007; accepted 13 February 2007 Available online 4 March 2007 1. Introduction these pre-existing host enzymes took over the role of the original cyanobacterial proteins that have been lost over Photosynthesis is a critical biochemical process on our evolutionary time. It is unknown whether these putative planet providing food for most life. The common ancestor gene replacements were an ancient feature of eukaryotic of plants and their algal sisters gained photosynthesis CC evolution or whether gene recruitments-replacements through the engulfment and retention of a cyanobacterial occurred more recently in different photosynthetic lineages. primary endosymbiont that evolved into a photosynthetic To gain a clearer picture of early CC enzyme evolution it is organelle, the plastid (Bhattacharya et al., 2004). In critical to analyze genome data from the three major photosynthetic eukaryotes, the essential series of reactions groups that presumably diversified from the first photosyn- that capture the products of photosynthetic light reactions thetic eukaryote: the red algae, the green algae (including (ATP and NADPH2)tofixCO2 (Fig. 1), known as the land plants), and the glaucophyte algae. These taxa, Calvin cycle (CC; Calvin and Benson, 1948), takes place referred to as the Plantae (Cavalier-Smith, 1981)or in the plastid stroma.
    [Show full text]
  • Plant Evolution and Diversity B. Importance of Plants C. Where Do Plants Fit, Evolutionarily? What Are the Defining Traits of Pl
    Plant Evolution and Diversity Reading: Chap. 30 A. Plants: fundamentals I. What is a plant? What does it do? A. Basic structure and function B. Why are plants important? - Photosynthesize C. What are plants, evolutionarily? -CO2 uptake D. Problems of living on land -O2 release II. Overview of major plant taxa - Water loss A. Bryophytes (seedless, nonvascular) - Water and nutrient uptake B. Pterophytes (seedless, vascular) C. Gymnosperms (seeds, vascular) -Grow D. Angiosperms (seeds, vascular, and flowers+fruits) Where? Which directions? II. Major evolutionary trends - Reproduce A. Vascular tissue, leaves, & roots B. Fertilization without water: pollen C. Dispersal: from spores to bare seeds to seeds in fruits D. Life cycles Æ reduction of gametophyte, dominance of sporophyte Fig. 1.10, Raven et al. B. Importance of plants C. Where do plants fit, evolutionarily? 1. Food – agriculture, ecosystems 2. Habitat 3. Fuel and fiber 4. Medicines 5. Ecosystem services How are protists related to higher plants? Algae are eukaryotic photosynthetic organisms that are not plants. Relationship to the protists What are the defining traits of plants? - Multicellular, eukaryotic, photosynthetic autotrophs - Cell chemistry: - Chlorophyll a and b - Cell walls of cellulose (plus other polymers) - Starch as a storage polymer - Most similar to some Chlorophyta: Charophyceans Fig. 29.8 Points 1. Photosynthetic protists are spread throughout many groups. 2. Plants are most closely related to the green algae, in particular, to the Charophyceans. Coleochaete 3.
    [Show full text]
  • Morphological and Molecular Evidence of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungal Associations in Costa Rican Epiphytic Bromeliads1
    BIOTROPICA 37(2): 245–250 2005 10.1111/j.1744-7429.2005.00033.x Morphological and Molecular Evidence of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungal Associations in Costa Rican Epiphytic Bromeliads1 Annette R. Rowe2 and Anne Pringle Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, 111 Koshland Hall, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-3102, U.S.A. ABSTRACT Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi influence the growth, morphology, and fitness of a variety of plant species, but little is known of the arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungal associations of plant species in forest canopies. Plant species’ associations with AM fungi are most often elucidated by examining the roots for fungal structures; however, morphological data may provide a limited resolution on a plant’s mycorrhizal status. We combined a traditional staining technique with a molecular marker (the 18S ribosomal gene) to determine whether or not a variety of epiphytic bromeliads form arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal associations. Using these methods we show that the epiphytic bromeliad Vriesea werkleana forms arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal associations with members of the genus Glomus. AM fungal sequences of this plant species formed three distinct clades nested within a larger Glomus clade; two of the clades did not group with any previously sequenced lineage of Glomus. Novel clades may represent novel species. Although Vriesea werkleana is associated with multiple AM fungal species, each individual plant is colonized by a single lineage. The combination of morphological and molecular methods provides a practical approach to the characterization of the mycorrhizal status of epiphytic bromeliads, and perhaps other tropical epiphytes. Key words: cloud forest; Costa Rica; Monteverde; symbiosis; tropical mycorrhizae; VAM fungi.
    [Show full text]