War Crimes Prosecution Watch, Vol. 17, Issue 2
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The International Response to Conflict and Genocide:Lessom from the Rwanda Experience
The International Response to Conflict and Genocide: Lessons from the Rwanda Experience March 1996 Published by: Steering Committee of the Joint Evaluation of Emergency Assistance to Rwanda Editor: David Millwood Cover illustrations: Kiure F. Msangi Graphic design: Designgrafik, Copenhagen Prepress: Dansk Klich‚, Copenhagen Printing: Strandberg Grafisk, Odense ISBN: 87-7265-335-3 (Synthesis Report) ISBN: 87-7265-331-0 (1. Historical Perspective: Some Explanatory Factors) ISBN: 87-7265-332-9 (2. Early Warning and Conflict Management) ISBN: 87-7265-333-7 (3. Humanitarian Aid and Effects) ISBN: 87-7265-334-5 (4. Rebuilding Post-War Rwanda) This publication may be reproduced for free distribution and may be quoted provided the source - Joint Evaluation of Emergency Assistance to Rwanda - is mentioned. The report is printed on G-print Matt, a wood-free, medium-coated paper. G-print is manufactured without the use of chlorine and marked with the Nordic Swan, licence-no. 304 022. 2 The International Response to Conflict and Genocide: Lessons from the Rwanda Experience Study 2 Early Warning and Conflict Management by Howard Adelman York University Toronto, Canada Astri Suhrke Chr. Michelsen Institute Bergen, Norway with contributions by Bruce Jones London School of Economics, U.K. Joint Evaluation of Emergency Assistance to Rwanda 3 Contents Preface 5 Executive Summary 8 Acknowledgements 11 Introduction 12 Chapter 1: The Festering Refugee Problem 17 Chapter 2: Civil War, Civil Violence and International Response 20 (1 October 1990 - 4 August -
UN Security Council, Children and Armed Conflict in the DRC, Report of the Secretary General, October
United Nations S/2020/1030 Security Council Distr.: General 19 October 2020 Original: English Children and armed conflict in the Democratic Republic of the Congo Report of the Secretary-General Summary The present report, submitted pursuant to Security Council resolution 1612 (2005) and subsequent resolutions, is the seventh report of the Secretary-General on children and armed conflict in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. It covers the period from 1 January 2018 to 31 March 2020 and the information provided focuses on the six grave violations committed against children, the perpetrators thereof and the context in which the violations took place. The report sets out the trends and patterns of grave violations against children by all parties to the conflict and provides details on progress made in addressing grave violations against children, including through action plan implementation. The report concludes with a series of recommendations to end and prevent grave violations against children in the Democratic Republic of the Congo and improve the protection of children. 20-13818 (E) 171120 *2013818* S/2020/1030 I. Introduction 1. The present report, submitted pursuant to Security Council resolution 1612 (2005) and subsequent resolutions, is the seventh report of the Secretary-General on children and armed conflict in the Democratic Republic of the Congo and covers the period from 1 January 2018 to 31 March 2020. It contains information on the trends and patterns of grave violations against children since the previous report (S/2018/502) and an outline of the progress and challenges since the adoption by the Working Group on Children and Armed Conflict of its conclusions on children and armed conflict in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, in July 2018 (S/AC.51/2018/2). -
Analysis Selection for JCC January 2021
Analysis selection for JCC January 2021 Further widespread inauguration-related protests likely in US following Capitol riot, opens door for limited bipartisanship on policymaking 7 Jan 2021 - Country Risk | Headline Analysis During the counting of the electoral college votes on 6 January in the United States, protesters broke into the Capitol, where they stopped the proceedings and ransacked several congressional offices. • Thousands of demonstrators had been encouraged hours earlier by President Donald Trump, who had told them in a morning rally next to the White House to march to the Capitol to voice their displeasure at the certification of president-elect Joe Biden’s victory. After breaking through police barriers, protesters broke a window and forced open doors to enter the building. During the melee, one woman died from gunshot wounds and another three from unspecified ‘separate medical emergencies’. There have been at least 52 arrests, mainly for breaking curfew and weapons charges, according to the police. Media sources have reported that pipe bombs were also found at the committee headquarters of both major political parties. About two hours after the break-in, President Trump released a video message relaying that although he empathised with the demonstrators’ desire to overturn the process, they should go home and refrain from violent activity. Congress restarted the counting hours later, with politicians from both parties condemning the rioting. • It appears that despite warnings, Capitol Hill police were underprepared for potential violence, calling for the Washington (DC) police’s backup only after the situation was out of control. While most Republican politicians denounced the rioters, right-wing media has offered more of a mixed message on the events, with several outlets casting blame on individuals associated with the left-wing Antifa movement. -
Who Belongs Where? Conflict, Displacement, Land and Identity in North Kivu, Democratic Republic of Congo
Who Belongs Where? Conflict, Displacement, Land and Identity in North Kivu, Democratic Republic of Congo CITIZENSHIP AND DISPLACEMENT IN THE GREAT LAKES REGION WORKING PAPER NO. 3 MARCH 2010 International Refugee Social Science Rights Initiative Research Council C ITIZENSHIP AND D ISPLACEMENT IN THE G REAT L AKES W ORKING P APER NO. 3 Background to the Paper This paper is the result of a co-ordinated effort between staff from the International Refugee Rights Initiative (IRRI) and the Social Science Research Council (SSRC). The field research was carried out by Joseph Okumu and Kibukila Ben Bonome, and the paper was drafted by Lucy Hovil of IRRI. Deirdre Clancy and Olivia Bueno of IRRI, Josh DeWind of SSRC, and Bronwen Manby of AfriMAP, the Africa Governance Monitoring and Advocacy Project of the Open Society Institute, reviewed and edited the material. The field research team would like to express its gratitude to all those who participated in the study, in particular those displaced by the conflict. Citizenship and Displacement in the Great Lakes Region Working Paper Series The paper is the third in a series of working papers that form part of a collaborative project between the International Refugee Rights Initiative, the Social Science Research Council, and civil society and academic partners in the Great Lakes region. The project seeks to gain a deeper understanding of the linkages between conflicts over citizenship and belonging in the Great Lakes region, and forced displacement. It employs social science research under a human rights framework in order to illuminate how identity affects the experience of the displaced before, during, and after their displacement. -
The Inside Track
THE INSIDE TRACK CONCISE INFORMATION ON THE UPCOMING SESSION OF THE HUMAN RIGHTS COUNCIL The Inside Track HRC40: the 40th regular session of the Human Rights Council Monday 25 February to Friday 22 March 2019 (4-week session), Room XX, Palais des Nations IN BRIEF Over 90 high-level dignitaries and officials are The High Commissioner will furthermore deliver (EMRIP) – from Africa; Central and Eastern expected to attend the three-day High-Level oral updates on the situations in Eritrea, and the Europe, the Russian Federation, Central Asia, and Segment of HRC40, including, inter alia: the Kasaï region of the Democratic Republic of Congo Transcaucasia; the Caribbean, Central and South President of Tunisia, Mr Béji Caïd Essebsi; the before and after the December elections. America; and the Pacific. Prime Minister of Fiji, Rear Admiral (ret) Josaia Voreqe Bainimarama; and the Prime Minister It will also consider High-Commissioner/UN of Yemen, Maeen Abdulmalik Saeed. So far, a Secretary-General reports on a number of thematic total of five heads or deputy heads of State, and issues, including inter alia: measures taken to 69 ministers or vice-ministers are scheduled to implement Council resolution 9/8, including address the Council. reforming the Treaty Body system; the Special Fund established by the Optional Protocol to the On 6 March, Ms Michelle Bachelet, the High Convention against Torture; UN Voluntary Fund for Commissioner for Human Rights, will give an oral Victims of Torture; missing persons; empowering update on the human rights situation around the children with disabilities; the protection of human world. This will provide the basis for an interactive rights while countering terrorism; rights of persons dialogue with the High Commissioner on 7 March. -
Priorities for Government Policy in Yemen
No: 10 Date: February 5, 2019 PRIORITIES FOR GOVERNMENT POLICY IN YEMEN EXECUTIVE SUMMARY This policy brief outlines recommendations for the immediate priorities of the Government of Yemen, both to achieve quick wins and to prepare the ground for medium and long-term suc- cess. These recommendations are the outcomes of in-depth discussions held during the fourth Development Champions Forum convened on December 8-11, 2018, in Amman, Jordan. They are designed to offer Prime Minister Maeen Abdulmalik Saeed and his cabinet a set of practical measures to help the government build on the momentum and increased visibility it achieved in the final quarter of 2018. The immediate priorities recommended by the Development Champions include steps to sup- port the stabilization of the local currency. an area in which tangible progress has already been made. The Champions also urge the government to regularize the payment of public sector sal- aries and pensions. Another immediate priority for the government should be to take steps to stabilize and transform Aden, the Champions suggest, based on the shared consensus that the southern coastal city could become a model for the rest of Yemen. The Champions emphasized that developing Aden would depend on improving the level of security across the governorate. While recognizing that the government faces immediate challenges that demand attention in Aden and across the country, the Development Champions urge the government to plan and im- plement procedures to prepare for the country’s medium and long-term future. These strategies should address the root causes of Yemen’s socio-economic instability, and not just its symptoms. -
Kitona Operations: Rwanda's Gamble to Capture Kinshasa and The
Courtesy of Author Courtesy of Author of Courtesy Rwandan Patriotic Army soldiers during 1998 Congo war and insurgency Rwandan Patriotic Army soldiers guard refugees streaming toward collection point near Rwerere during Rwanda insurgency, 1998 The Kitona Operation RWANDA’S GAMBLE TO CAPTURE KINSHASA AND THE MIsrEADING OF An “ALLY” By JAMES STEJSKAL One who is not acquainted with the designs of his neighbors should not enter into alliances with them. —SUN TZU James Stejskal is a Consultant on International Political and Security Affairs and a Military Historian. He was present at the U.S. Embassy in Kigali, Rwanda, from 1997 to 2000, and witnessed the events of the Second Congo War. He is a retired Foreign Service Officer (Political Officer) and retired from the U.S. Army as a Special Forces Warrant Officer in 1996. He is currently working as a Consulting Historian for the Namib Battlefield Heritage Project. ndupress.ndu.edu issue 68, 1 st quarter 2013 / JFQ 99 RECALL | The Kitona Operation n early August 1998, a white Boeing remain hurdles that must be confronted by Uganda, DRC in 1998 remained a safe haven 727 commercial airliner touched down U.S. planners and decisionmakers when for rebels who represented a threat to their unannounced and without warning considering military operations in today’s respective nations. Angola had shared this at the Kitona military airbase in Africa. Rwanda’s foray into DRC in 1998 also concern in 1996, and its dominant security I illustrates the consequences of a failure to imperative remained an ongoing civil war the southwestern Bas Congo region of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). -
Country Fact Sheet, Democratic Republic of the Congo
Issue Papers, Extended Responses and Country Fact Sheets file:///C:/Documents and Settings/brendelt/Desktop/temp rir/Country Fact... Français Home Contact Us Help Search canada.gc.ca Issue Papers, Extended Responses and Country Fact Sheets Home Country Fact Sheet DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO April 2007 Disclaimer This document was prepared by the Research Directorate of the Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada on the basis of publicly available information, analysis and comment. All sources are cited. This document is not, and does not purport to be, either exhaustive with regard to conditions in the country surveyed or conclusive as to the merit of any particular claim to refugee status or asylum. For further information on current developments, please contact the Research Directorate. Table of Contents 1. GENERAL INFORMATION 2. POLITICAL BACKGROUND 3. POLITICAL PARTIES 4. ARMED GROUPS AND OTHER NON-STATE ACTORS 5. FUTURE CONSIDERATIONS ENDNOTES REFERENCES 1. GENERAL INFORMATION Official name Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) Geography The Democratic Republic of the Congo is located in Central Africa. It borders the Central African Republic and Sudan to the north; Rwanda, Burundi, Uganda and Tanzania to the east; Zambia and Angola to the south; and the Republic of the Congo to the northwest. The country has access to the 1 of 26 9/16/2013 4:16 PM Issue Papers, Extended Responses and Country Fact Sheets file:///C:/Documents and Settings/brendelt/Desktop/temp rir/Country Fact... Atlantic Ocean through the mouth of the Congo River in the west. The total area of the DRC is 2,345,410 km². -
YEMEN Risk Overview 15 April 2021 Outlook for December 2020–May 2021 (March Update)
Risk update YEMEN risk overview 15 April 2021 Outlook for December 2020–May 2021 (March update) This is an update of the Yemen risk overview published in December 2020. Although food imports will continue, food prices are expected to follow the exchange rate and are therefore likely to increase and diverge among different geographic areas of control. Price inflation remains the most commonly reported constraint when accessing food and WASH items, fuel, and water trucking services (REACH 06/04/2021). The increase in food prices has Risk 1 led the Yemeni people to adopt negative coping strategies, such as reducing the number and/ or size of meals, borrowing food or requesting help from friends and relatives, and relying Depletion of foreign currency reserves drives inflation up; eroded purchasing on less expensive food (IRC 26/03/2021). In the long term, these behaviours are likely to have power and high food prices result in increased levels of food insecurity. a detrimental effect on people’s health, making them more vulnerable to food insecurity, malnutrition, waterborne diseases, and other disease outbreaks. Sources of foreign currency inflow in Yemen – especially oil exports, humanitarian funding, and bilateral financial support – remain constrained. The average exchange rate for the new Yemeni rial (YER) banknotes under the Internationally Recognized Government (IRG) was higher in March than in February. Remittances also remain below pre-COVID-19 levels, although they Risk 2 are likely to increase during Ramadan. IRG revenues from oil exports are expected to remain limited because of global crude oil prices decreasing again at the end of March, along with Reduced capacity to deliver assistance – because of further cuts in limited exports from Yemen. -
CR 2005/7 Cour Internationale International Court De Justice Of
CR 2005/7 Cour internationale International Court de Justice of Justice LA HAYE THE HAGUE ANNÉE 2005 Audience publique tenue le lundi 18 avril 2005, à 10 heures, au Palais de la Paix, sous la présidence de M. Shi, président, en l’affaire des Activités armées sur le territoire du Congo (République démocratique du Congo c. Ouganda) ________________ COMPTE RENDU ________________ YEAR 2005 Public sitting held on Monday 18 April 2005, at 10 a.m., at the Peace Palace, President Shi presiding, in the case concerning Armed Activities on the Territory of the Congo (Democratic Republic of the Congo v. Uganda) ____________________ VERBATIM RECORD ____________________ - 2 - Présents : M. Shi, président M. Ranjeva, vice-président MM. Koroma Vereshchetin Mme Higgins MM. Parra-Aranguren Kooijmans Rezek Al-Khasawneh Owada Simma Tomka Abraham, juges MM. Verhoeven, Kateka, juges ad hoc M. Couvreur, greffier ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ - 3 - Present: President Shi Vice-President Ranjeva Judges Koroma Vereshchetin Higgins Parra-Aranguren Kooijmans Rezek Al-Khasawneh Owada Simma Tomka Abraham Judges ad hoc Verhoeven Kateka Registrar Couvreur ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ - 4 - Le Gouvernement de la République du Congo est représenté par : S. Exc. M. Honorius Kisimba Ngoy Ndalewe, ministre de la justice et garde des sceaux de la République démocratique du Congo, comme chef de la délégation; S. Exc. M. Jacques Masangu-a-Mwanza, ambassadeur extraordinaire et plénipotentiaire auprès du Royaume des Pays-Bas, comme agent; M. Tshibangu Kalala, avocat aux barreaux de Kinshasa et de Bruxelles, comme coagent et avocat; M. Olivier Corten, professeur de droit international à l’Université libre de Bruxelles, M. Pierre Klein, professeur de droit international, directeur du centre de droit international de l’Université libre de Bruxelles, M. -
Violence and Instability in Ituri
Violence and Instability in Ituri DJUGU’S MYSTIC CRISIS AND THE CAMOUFLAGE OF ETHNIC CONFLICT Amir Sungura, Limbo Kitonga, Bernard van Soest and Ndakasi Ndeze INSECURE LIVELIHOODS SERIES / JULY 2020 Photo cover: Internally displaced people in Drodro, Ituri ©️ John Wessels Violence and Instability in Ituri DJUGU’S MYSTIC CRISIS AND THE CAMOUFLAGE OF ETHNIC CONFLICT Amir Sungura, Limbo Kitonga, Bernard van Soest and Ndakasi Ndeze Executive summary This report analyses the string of attacks in and around Djugu territory in Ituri since late 2017. Based on both historical and recent conflict analysis, it finds recent and concrete triggers of the ongoing crisis, nonetheless rooted in protracted tension over land, livelihood and territory, often framed in ethnic binaries. Situated in a geopolitically strategic – but contested – area and shaped by eastern Congo’s broader security challenges, the Djugu crisis quickly escalated, with hundreds killed and half a million displaced. While the bulk of the violence seem to be driven by CODECO, an opaque mystico- armed movement, the government-led response rather com- plicated than attenuated violence. This report demonstrates that peace building in Djugu depends on deeper understanding of conflict dynamics and requires addressing political manipulation. Stabilisation efforts thus need to be embedded in broad strategies to address longstanding tension over land and identity. VIOLENCE AND INSTABILITY IN ITURI 4 Table of Contents 1 | INTRODUCTION 6 2 | BACKGROUND TO THE CURRENT CONFLICT 8 2.1 Ituri in -
Writenet Democratic Republic of The
writenet is a network of researchers and writers on human rights, forced migration, ethnic and political conflict WRITENET writenet is the resource base of practical management (uk) e-mail: [email protected] independent analysis DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO: PROSPECTS FOR PEACE AND NORMALITY A Writenet Report by François Misser commissioned by United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, Emergency and Security Services March 2006 Caveat: Writenet papers are prepared mainly on the basis of publicly available information, analysis and comment. The papers are not, and do not purport to be, either exhaustive with regard to conditions in the country surveyed, or conclusive as to the merits of any particular claim to refugee status or asylum. The views expressed in the paper are those of the author and are not necessarily those of Writenet or Practical Management. TABLE OF CONTENTS Acronyms ................................................................................................... i Executive Summary ................................................................................. ii 1 Introduction........................................................................................1 2 Recent Developments.........................................................................1 2.1 Political Developments.................................................................................1 2.2 Humanitarian and Security Developments ...............................................2 3 Overview of Political and Security Risk Factors