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The Executive Survey General Information and Guidelines

Dear Country Expert, In this section, we distinguish between the (HOS) and the head of government (HOG). • The Head of State (HOS) is an individual or collective body that serves as the chief public representative of the country; his or her function could be purely ceremonial. • The Head of Government (HOG) is the chief officer(s) of the executive branch of government; the HOG may also be HOS, in which case the executive survey only pertains to the HOS. • The executive survey applies to the person who effectively holds these positions in practice. • The HOS/HOG pair will always include the effective ruler of the country, even if for a period this is the commander of foreign occupying forces. • The HOS and/or HOG must rule over a significant part of the country’s territory. • The HOS and/or HOG must be a resident of the country — governments in exile are not listed. • By implication, if you are considering a semi-sovereign territory, such as a colony or an annexed territory, the HOS and/or HOG will be a person located in the territory in question, not in the capital of the colonizing/annexing country. • Only HOSs and/or HOGs who stay in power for 100 consecutive days or more will be included in the surveys. • A country may go without a HOG but there will be no period listed with only a HOG and no HOS. • If a HOG also becomes HOS (interim or full), s/he is moved to the HOS list and removed from the HOG list for the duration of their tenure. • The HOG is not necessarily the Prime Minister, and the HOS not neces- sarily the President. For more details please see section 3.4 Executive from the Codebook.

www.v-dem.net [email protected] Historical Country HOS Title HOS Name Date HOG Title HOG Name Afghanistan President Hamid Karzai 2005-12-31 Afghanistan President Hamid Karzai 2006-12-31 Afghanistan President Hamid Karzai 2007-12-31 Afghanistan President Hamid Karzai 2008-12-31 Afghanistan President Hamid Karzai 2009-12-31 Afghanistan President Hamid Karzai 2010-12-31 Afghanistan President Hamid Karzai 2011-12-31 Afghanistan President Hamid Karzai 2012-12-31 Afghanistan President Hamid Karzai 2013-12-31 Afghanistan President Ashraf Ghani 2014-09-29 Ahmadzai Afghanistan President Ashraf Ghani 2014-12-31 Ahmadzai Afghanistan President Ashraf Ghani 2015-12-31 Ahmadzai Afghanistan President Ashraf Ghani 2016-12-31 Ahmadzai Afghanistan President Ashraf Ghani 2017-12-31 Ahmadzai Afghanistan President Ashraf Ghani 2018-12-31 Ahmadzai Afghanistan President Ashraf Ghani 2019-12-31 Ahmadzai Albania 2005-09-11 Prime Minister Albania President Alfred Spiro 2005-12-31 Prime Minister Sali Berisha Moisiu Albania President Alfred Spiro 2006-12-31 Prime Minister Sali Berisha Moisiu Albania President Bamir Myrteza 2007-07-24 Topi Albania President Bamir Myrteza 2007-12-31 Prime Minister Sali Berisha Topi Albania President Bamir Myrteza 2008-12-31 Prime Minister Sali Berisha Topi Albania President Bamir Myrteza 2009-12-31 Prime Minister Sali Berisha Topi Albania President Bamir Myrteza 2010-12-31 Prime Minister Sali Berisha Topi Albania President Bamir Myrteza 2011-12-31 Prime Minister Sali Berisha Topi Albania President Bujar Faik 2012-07-24 Nishani Albania President Bujar Faik 2012-12-31 Prime Minister Sali Berisha Nishani Albania 2013-09-15 Prime Minister Edi Rama Albania President Bujar Faik 2013-12-31 Prime Minister Edi Rama Nishani

www.v-dem.net [email protected] Historical Country HOS Title HOS Name Date HOG Title HOG Name Albania President Bujar Faik 2014-12-31 Prime Minister Edi Rama Nishani Albania President Bujar Faik 2015-12-31 Prime Minister Edi Rama Nishani Albania President Bujar Faik 2016-12-31 Prime Minister Edi Rama Nishani Albania President Ilir Rexhep Meta 2017-07-24 Albania President Ilir Rexhep Meta 2017-12-31 Prime Minister Edi Rama Albania President Ilir Rexhep Meta 2018-12-31 Prime Minister Edi Rama Albania President Ilir Rexhep Meta 2019-12-31 Prime Minister Edi Rama President Abdelaziz 2005-12-31 Prime Minister Bouteflika Algeria 2006-05-24 Prime Minister Algeria President Abdelaziz 2006-12-31 Prime Minister Abdelaziz Belkhadem Bouteflika Algeria President Abdelaziz 2007-12-31 Prime Minister Abdelaziz Belkhadem Bouteflika Algeria 2008-06-23 Prime Minister Ahmed Ouyahia Algeria President Abdelaziz 2008-12-31 Prime Minister Ahmed Ouyahia Bouteflika Algeria President Abdelaziz 2009-12-31 Prime Minister Ahmed Ouyahia Bouteflika Algeria President Abdelaziz 2010-12-31 Prime Minister Ahmed Ouyahia Bouteflika Algeria President Abdelaziz 2011-12-31 Prime Minister Ahmed Ouyahia Bouteflika Algeria 2012-09-03 Prime Minister Algeria President Abdelaziz 2012-12-31 Prime Minister Abdelmalek Sellal Bouteflika Algeria President Abdelaziz 2013-12-31 Prime Minister Abdelmalek Sellal Bouteflika Algeria 2014-03-14 Prime Minister Abdelmalek Sellal Algeria 2014-04-28 Prime Minister Abdelmalek Sellal Algeria President Abdelaziz 2014-12-31 Prime Minister Abdelmalek Sellal Bouteflika Algeria President Abdelaziz 2015-12-31 Prime Minister Abdelmalek Sellal Bouteflika Algeria President Abdelaziz 2016-12-31 Prime Minister Abdelmalek Sellal Bouteflika Algeria 2017-08-16 Prime Minister Ahmed Ouyahia Algeria President Abdelaziz 2017-12-31 Prime Minister Ahmed Ouyahia Bouteflika Algeria President Abdelaziz 2018-12-31 Prime Minister Ahmed Ouyahia Bouteflika Algeria 2019-03-11 Prime Minister Algeria President Abdelkader 2019-04-09 Bensalah

www.v-dem.net [email protected] Historical Country HOS Title HOS Name Date HOG Title HOG Name Algeria President Abdelmadjid 2019-12-19 Tebboune Algeria 2019-12-28 Prime Minister Algeria President Abdelmadjid 2019-12-31 Prime Minister Abdelaziz Djerad Tebboune President José Eduardo dos 2005-12-31 Santos Angola President José Eduardo dos 2006-12-31 Santos Angola President José Eduardo dos 2007-12-31 Santos Angola President José Eduardo dos 2008-12-31 Santos Angola President José Eduardo dos 2009-12-31 Santos Angola President José Eduardo dos 2010-12-31 Santos Angola President José Eduardo dos 2011-12-31 Santos Angola President José Eduardo dos 2012-12-31 Santos Angola President José Eduardo dos 2013-12-31 Santos Angola President José Eduardo dos 2014-12-31 Santos Angola President José Eduardo dos 2015-12-31 Santos Angola President José Eduardo dos 2016-12-31 Santos Angola President João Lourenço 2017-09-26 Angola President João Lourenço 2017-12-31 Angola President João Lourenço 2018-12-31 Angola President João Lourenço 2019-12-31 President Néstor Carlos 2005-12-31 Kirchner Ostoic Argentina President Néstor Carlos 2006-12-31 Kirchner Ostoic Argentina President Cristina 2007-12-10 Fernández de Kirchner Argentina President Cristina 2007-12-31 Fernández de Kirchner Argentina President Cristina 2008-12-31 Fernández de Kirchner

www.v-dem.net [email protected] Historical Country HOS Title HOS Name Date HOG Title HOG Name Argentina President Cristina 2009-12-31 Fernández de Kirchner Argentina President Cristina 2010-12-31 Fernández de Kirchner Argentina President Cristina 2011-12-31 Fernández de Kirchner Argentina President Cristina 2012-01-24 Fernández de Kirchner Argentina President Cristina 2012-12-31 Fernández de Kirchner Argentina President Cristina 2013-12-31 Fernández de Kirchner Argentina President Cristina 2014-12-31 Fernández de Kirchner Argentina President 2015-12-10 Argentina President Mauricio Macri 2015-12-31 Argentina President Mauricio Macri 2016-12-31 Argentina President Mauricio Macri 2017-12-31 Argentina President Mauricio Macri 2018-12-31 Argentina President Alberto Fernández 2019-12-10 Argentina President Alberto Fernández 2019-12-31 President Robert Sedraki 2005-12-31 Prime Minister Andranik Nakhapeti Kocharyan Margaryan Armenia President Robert Sedraki 2006-12-31 Prime Minister Andranik Nakhapeti Kocharyan Margaryan Armenia 2007-03-26 Prime Minister Serzh Azati Sargsyan Armenia President Robert Sedraki 2007-12-31 Prime Minister Serzh Azati Sargsyan Kocharyan Armenia President Serzh Azati 2008-04-09 Prime Minister Tigran Sureni Sargsyan Sargsyan Armenia President Serzh Azati 2008-12-31 Prime Minister Tigran Sureni Sargsyan Sargsyan Armenia President Serzh Azati 2009-12-31 Prime Minister Tigran Sureni Sargsyan Sargsyan Armenia President Serzh Azati 2010-12-31 Prime Minister Tigran Sureni Sargsyan Sargsyan Armenia President Serzh Azati 2011-12-31 Prime Minister Tigran Sureni Sargsyan Sargsyan Armenia President Serzh Azati 2012-12-31 Prime Minister Tigran Sureni Sargsyan Sargsyan

www.v-dem.net [email protected] Historical Country HOS Title HOS Name Date HOG Title HOG Name Armenia President Serzh Azati 2013-12-31 Prime Minister Tigran Sureni Sargsyan Sarkisyan Armenia 2014-04-13 Prime Minister Hovik Abrahamyan Armenia President Serzh Azati 2014-12-31 Prime Minister Hovik Abrahamyan Sarkisyan Armenia President Serzh Azati 2015-12-31 Prime Minister Hovik Abrahamyan Sarkisyan Armenia 2016-09-13 Prime Minister Karen Vilhelmi Karapetyan Armenia President Serzh Azati 2016-12-31 Prime Minister Karen Vilhelmi Sarkisyan Karapetyan Armenia President Serzh Azati 2017-12-31 Prime Minister Karen Vilhelmi Sarkisyan Karapetyan Armenia President Armen Sarkissian 2018-04-09 Armenia 2018-05-08 Prime Minister Nikol Pashinyan Armenia President Armen Sarkissian 2018-12-31 Prime Minister Nikol Pashinyan Armenia President Armen Sarkissian 2019-12-31 Prime Minister Nikol Pashinyan Australia Governor- Philip Michael 2005-12-31 Prime Minister John Winston Howard General of the Jeffery Commonwealth of Australia Australia Governor- Philip Michael 2006-12-31 Prime Minister John Winston Howard General of the Jeffery Commonwealth of Australia Australia 2007-12-03 Prime Minister Kevin Michael Rudd Australia Governor- Philip Michael 2007-12-31 Prime Minister Kevin Michael Rudd General of the Jeffery Commonwealth of Australia Australia Governor- Quentin Alice 2008-09-05 General of the Louise Bryce Commonwealth of Australia Australia Governor- Quentin Alice 2008-12-31 Prime Minister Kevin Michael Rudd General of the Louise Bryce Commonwealth of Australia Australia Governor- Quentin Alice 2009-12-31 Prime Minister Kevin Michael Rudd General of the Louise Bryce Commonwealth of Australia Australia 2010-06-24 Prime Minister Julia Eileen Gillard Australia Governor- Quentin Alice 2010-12-31 Prime Minister Julia Eileen Gillard General of the Louise Bryce Commonwealth of Australia

www.v-dem.net [email protected] Historical Country HOS Title HOS Name Date HOG Title HOG Name Australia Governor- Quentin Alice 2011-12-31 Prime Minister Julia Eileen Gillard General of the Louise Bryce Commonwealth of Australia Australia Governor- Quentin Alice 2012-12-31 Prime Minister Julia Eileen Gillard General of the Louise Bryce Commonwealth of Australia Australia 2013-06-27 Prime Minister Kevin Michael Rudd Australia 2013-09-18 Prime Minister Anthony Abbott Australia Governor- Quentin Alice 2013-12-31 Prime Minister Kevin Michael Rudd General of the Louise Bryce Commonwealth of Australia Australia Governor- Sir Peter John 2014-03-28 General of the Cosgrove Commonwealth of Australia Australia Governor- Sir Peter John 2014-03-29 General of the Cosgrove Commonwealth of Australia Australia Governor- Sir Peter John 2014-12-31 Prime Minister Anthony Abbott General of the Cosgrove Commonwealth of Australia Australia 2015-09-15 Prime Minister Malcolm Turnbull Australia Governor- Sir Peter John 2015-12-31 Prime Minister Malcolm Turnbull General of the Cosgrove Commonwealth of Australia Australia Governor- Sir Peter John 2016-12-31 Prime Minister Malcolm Turnbull General of the Cosgrove Commonwealth of Australia Australia Governor- Sir Peter John 2017-12-31 Prime Minister Malcolm Turnbull General of the Cosgrove Commonwealth of Australia Australia 2018-08-24 Prime Minister Australia Governor- Sir Peter John 2018-12-31 Prime Minister Scott Morrison General of the Cosgrove Commonwealth of Australia

www.v-dem.net [email protected] Historical Country HOS Title HOS Name Date HOG Title HOG Name Australia Governor- 2019-07-01 General of the Commonwealth of Australia Australia Governor- David Hurley 2019-12-31 Prime Minister Scott Morrison General of the Commonwealth of Australia President Heinz Fischer 2005-12-31 Chancellor Wolfgang Schüssel Austria President Heinz Fischer 2006-12-31 Chancellor Wolfgang Schüssel Austria 2007-01-11 Chancellor Alfred Gusenbauer Austria President Heinz Fischer 2007-12-31 Chancellor Alfred Gusenbauer Austria 2008-12-02 Chancellor Werner Faymann Austria President Heinz Fischer 2008-12-31 Chancellor Werner Faymann Austria President Heinz Fischer 2009-12-31 Chancellor Werner Faymann Austria President Heinz Fischer 2010-12-31 Chancellor Werner Faymann Austria President Heinz Fischer 2011-12-31 Chancellor Werner Faymann Austria President Heinz Fischer 2012-12-31 Chancellor Werner Faymann Austria President Heinz Fischer 2013-12-31 Chancellor Werner Faymann Austria President Heinz Fischer 2014-12-31 Chancellor Werner Faymann Austria President Heinz Fischer 2015-12-31 Chancellor Werner Faymann Austria 2016-05-17 Chancellor Christian Kern Austria President [Collective Body] 2016-07-08 Austria President [Collective Body] 2016-12-31 Chancellor Christian Kern Austria President Alexander Van 2017-01-26 der Bellen Austria 2017-12-18 Chancellor Christian Kern Austria President Alexander Van 2017-12-31 Chancellor der Bellen Austria President Alexander Van 2018-12-31 Chancellor Sebastian Kurz der Bellen Austria 2019-06-03 Chancellor Brigitte Bierlein Austria President Alexander Van 2019-12-31 Chancellor Brigitte Bierlein der Bellen President Ilham Heydar 2005-12-31 Prime Minister Artur Tairogly Rasizade oglu Aliyev Azerbaijan President Ilham Heydar 2006-12-31 Prime Minister Artur Tairogly Rasizade oglu Aliyev Azerbaijan President Ilham Heydar 2007-12-31 Prime Minister Artur Tairogly Rasizade oglu Aliyev Azerbaijan President Ilham Heydar 2008-12-31 Prime Minister Artur Tairogly Rasizade oglu Aliyev Azerbaijan President Ilham Heydar 2009-12-31 Prime Minister Artur Tairogly Rasizade oglu Aliyev Azerbaijan President Ilham Heydar 2010-12-31 Prime Minister Artur Tairogly Rasizade oglu Aliyev

www.v-dem.net [email protected] Historical Country HOS Title HOS Name Date HOG Title HOG Name Azerbaijan President Ilham Heydar 2011-12-31 Prime Minister Artur Tairogly Rasizade oglu Aliyev Azerbaijan President Ilham Heydar 2012-12-31 Prime Minister Artur Tairogly Rasizade oglu Aliyev Azerbaijan President Ilham Heydar 2013-12-31 Prime Minister Artur Tairogly Rasizade oglu Aliyev Azerbaijan President Ilham Heydar 2014-12-31 Prime Minister Artur Tairogly Rasizade oglu Aliyev Azerbaijan President Ilham Heydar 2015-12-31 Prime Minister Artur Tairogly Rasizade oglu Aliyev Azerbaijan President Ilham Heydar 2016-12-31 Prime Minister Artur Tairogly Rasizade ogly Aliyev Azerbaijan President Ilham Heydar 2017-12-31 Prime Minister Artur Tairogly Rasizade ogly Aliyev Azerbaijan 2018-04-21 Prime Minister Novruz Mammadov Azerbaijan President Ilham Heydar 2018-12-31 Prime Minister Novruz Mammadov ogly Aliyev Azerbaijan President Ilham Heydar 2019-12-31 Prime Minister Novruz Mammadov ogly Aliyev Hamad bin Isa Al 2005-12-31 Prime Minister Khalifa bin Khalifa Salman Al Khalifa Bahrain King Hamad bin Isa Al 2006-12-31 Prime Minister Prince Khalifa bin Khalifa Salman Al Khalifa Bahrain King Hamad bin Isa Al 2007-12-31 Prime Minister Prince Khalifa bin Khalifa Salman Al Khalifa Bahrain King Hamad bin Isa Al 2008-12-31 Prime Minister Prince Khalifa bin Khalifa Salman Al Khalifa Bahrain King Hamad bin Isa Al 2009-12-31 Prime Minister Prince Khalifa bin Khalifa Salman Al Khalifa Bahrain King Hamad bin Isa Al 2010-12-31 Prime Minister Prince Khalifa bin Khalifa Salman Al Khalifa Bahrain King Hamad bin Isa Al 2011-12-31 Prime Minister Prince Khalifa bin Khalifa Salman Al Khalifa Bahrain King Hamad bin Isa Al 2012-12-31 Prime Minister Prince Khalifa bin Khalifa Salman Al Khalifa Bahrain King Hamad bin Isa Al 2013-12-31 Prime Minister Prince Khalifa bin Khalifa Salman Al Khalifa Bahrain King Hamad bin Isa Al 2014-12-31 Prime Minister Prince Khalifa bin Khalifa Salman Al Khalifa Bahrain King Hamad bin Isa Al 2015-12-31 Prime Minister Prince Khalifa bin Khalifa Salman Al Khalifa Bahrain King Hamad bin Isa Al 2016-12-31 Prime Minister Prince Khalifa bin Khalifa Salman Al Khalifa Bahrain King Hamad bin Isa Al 2017-12-31 Prime Minister Prince Khalifa bin Khalifa Salman Al Khalifa Bahrain King Hamad bin Isa Al 2018-12-31 Prime Minister Prince Khalifa bin Khalifa Salman Al Khalifa

www.v-dem.net [email protected] Historical Country HOS Title HOS Name Date HOG Title HOG Name Bahrain King Hamad bin Isa Al 2019-12-31 Prime Minister Prince Khalifa bin Khalifa Salman Al Khalifa President Iajuddin Ahmed 2005-12-31 Prime Minister Khaleda Zia Bangladesh President Iajuddin Ahmed 2006-12-31 Prime Minister Khaleda Zia Bangladesh 2007-01-12 Chief Adviser Fakhruddin Ahmed Bangladesh President Iajuddin Ahmed 2007-12-31 Chief Adviser Fakhruddin Ahmed Bangladesh President Iajuddin Ahmed 2008-12-31 Chief Adviser Fakhruddin Ahmed Bangladesh 2009-01-06 Prime Minister Wajed Bangladesh President Zillur Rahman 2009-02-12 Bangladesh President Zillur Rahman 2009-12-31 Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina Wajed Bangladesh President Zillur Rahman 2010-12-31 Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina Wajed Bangladesh President Zillur Rahman 2011-12-31 Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina Wajed Bangladesh President Zillur Rahman 2012-12-31 Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina Wajed Bangladesh President 2013-03-14 Bangladesh President Abdul Hamid 2013-12-31 Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina Wajed Bangladesh President Abdul Hamid 2014-12-31 Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina Wajed Bangladesh President Abdul Hamid 2015-12-31 Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina Wajed Bangladesh President Abdul Hamid 2016-12-31 Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina Wajed Bangladesh President Abdul Hamid 2017-12-31 Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina Wajed Bangladesh President Abdul Hamid 2018-12-31 Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina Wajed Bangladesh President Abdul Hamid 2019-12-31 Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina Wajed Governor-general Sir Clifford 2005-12-31 Prime Minister Owen Seymour Arthur Straughn Husbands Barbados Governor-general Sir Clifford 2006-12-31 Prime Minister Owen Seymour Arthur Straughn Husbands Barbados Governor-general Sir Clifford 2007-12-31 Prime Minister Owen Seymour Arthur Straughn Husbands Barbados 2008-01-16 Prime Minister David Thompson Barbados Governor-general Sir Clifford 2008-12-31 Prime Minister David Thompson Straughn Husbands Barbados Governor-general Sir Clifford 2009-12-31 Prime Minister David Thompson Straughn Husbands Barbados 2010-10-23 Prime Minister Barbados Governor-general Sir Clifford 2010-12-31 Prime Minister Freundel Stuart Straughn Husbands Barbados Governor-general Sir Elliot Fitzroy 2011-11-02 Belgrave Barbados Governor-general Sir Elliot Fitzroy 2011-12-31 Prime Minister Freundel Stuart Belgrave Barbados Governor-general Sir Elliot Fitzroy 2012-06-01 Belgrave

www.v-dem.net [email protected] Historical Country HOS Title HOS Name Date HOG Title HOG Name Barbados Governor-general Sir Elliot Fitzroy 2012-12-31 Prime Minister Freundel Stuart Belgrave Barbados Governor-general Sir Elliot Fitzroy 2013-12-31 Prime Minister Freundel Stuart Belgrave Barbados Governor-general Sir Elliot Fitzroy 2014-12-31 Prime Minister Freundel Stuart Belgrave Barbados Governor-general Sir Elliot Fitzroy 2015-12-31 Prime Minister Freundel Stuart Belgrave Barbados Governor-general Sir Elliot Fitzroy 2016-12-31 Prime Minister Freundel Stuart Belgrave Barbados Governor-general Sir Philip 2017-07-01 Marlowe Greaves Barbados Governor-general Sir Philip 2017-12-31 Prime Minister Freundel Stuart Marlowe Greaves Barbados Governor-general 2018-01-08 Barbados 2018-05-25 Prime Minister Barbados Governor-general Sandra Mason 2018-12-31 Prime Minister Mia Mottley Barbados Governor-general Sandra Mason 2019-12-31 Prime Minister Mia Mottley President Alyaksandr 2005-12-31 Prime Minister Syarhey Syarheyevich Ryhoravich Sidorski Lukashenka Belarus President Alyaksandr 2006-12-31 Prime Minister Syarhey Syarheyevich Ryhoravich Sidorski Lukashenka Belarus President Alyaksandr 2007-12-31 Prime Minister Syarhey Syarheyevich Ryhoravich Sidorski Lukashenka Belarus President Alyaksandr 2008-12-31 Prime Minister Syarhey Syarheyevich Ryhoravich Sidorski Lukashenka Belarus President Alyaksandr 2009-12-31 Prime Minister Syarhey Syarheyevich Ryhoravich Sidorski Lukashenka Belarus 2010-12-28 Prime Minister Mikhail Uladzimiravich Myasnikovich Belarus President Alyaksandr 2010-12-31 Prime Minister Mikhail Uladzimiravich Ryhoravich Myasnikovich Lukashenka Belarus President Alyaksandr 2011-12-31 Prime Minister Mikhail Uladzimiravich Ryhoravich Myasnikovich Lukashenka Belarus President Alyaksandr 2012-12-31 Prime Minister Mikhail Uladzimiravich Ryhoravich Myasnikovich Lukashenka Belarus President Alyaksandr 2013-12-31 Prime Minister Mikhail Uladzimiravich Ryhoravich Myasnikovich Lukashenka

www.v-dem.net [email protected] Historical Country HOS Title HOS Name Date HOG Title HOG Name Belarus 2014-12-27 Prime Minister Andrey Uladzimiravich Kabyakow Belarus President Alyaksandr 2014-12-31 Prime Minister Andrey Uladzimiravich Ryhoravich Kabyakow Lukashenka Belarus President Alyaksandr 2015-12-31 Prime Minister Andrey Uladzimiravich Ryhoravich Kabyakow Lukashenka Belarus President Alyaksandr 2016-12-31 Prime Minister Andrey Uladzimiravich Ryhoravich Kabyakow Lukashenka Belarus President Alyaksandr 2017-12-31 Prime Minister Andrey Uladzimiravich Ryhoravich Kabyakow Lukashenka Belarus 2018-08-18 Prime Minister Sergei Rumas Belarus President Alyaksandr 2018-12-31 Prime Minister Sergei Rumas Ryhoravich Lukashenka Belarus President Alyaksandr 2019-12-31 Prime Minister Sergei Rumas Ryhoravich Lukashenka King Albert II 2005-12-31 Prime Minister Guy Maurice Marie-Louise Verhofstadt Belgium King Albert II 2006-12-31 Prime Minister Guy Maurice Marie-Louise Verhofstadt Belgium King Albert II 2007-12-31 Prime Minister Guy Maurice Marie-Louise Verhofstadt Belgium 2008-03-20 Prime Minister Yves Camille Désiré Leterme Belgium 2008-12-30 Prime Minister Herman Achille Van Rompuy Belgium King Albert II 2008-12-31 Prime Minister Herman Achille Van Rompuy Belgium 2009-11-25 Prime Minister Yves Camille Désiré Leterme Belgium King Albert II 2009-12-31 Prime Minister Yves Camille Désiré Leterme Belgium King Albert II 2010-12-31 Prime Minister Yves Camille Désiré Leterme Belgium 2011-12-06 Prime Minister Belgium King Albert II 2011-12-31 Prime Minister Elio Di Rupo Belgium King Albert II 2012-12-31 Prime Minister Elio Di Rupo Belgium King Philippe 2013-07-21 Belgium King Philippe 2013-12-31 Prime Minister Elio Di Rupo Belgium 2014-10-11 Prime Minister Belgium King Philippe 2014-12-31 Prime Minister Charles Michel

www.v-dem.net [email protected] Historical Country HOS Title HOS Name Date HOG Title HOG Name Belgium King Philippe 2015-12-31 Prime Minister Charles Michel Belgium King Philippe 2016-12-31 Prime Minister Charles Michel Belgium King Philippe 2017-12-31 Prime Minister Charles Michel Belgium King Philippe 2018-12-31 Prime Minister Charles Michel Belgium 2019-10-27 Prime Minister Sophie Wilmès Belgium King Philippe 2019-12-31 Prime Minister Sophie Wilmès Benin President Mathieu Kérékou 2005-12-31 Benin President Thomas Yayi Boni 2006-04-06 Benin President Thomas Yayi Boni 2006-12-31 Benin President Thomas Yayi Boni 2007-12-31 Benin President Thomas Yayi Boni 2008-12-31 Benin President Thomas Yayi Boni 2009-12-31 Benin President Thomas Yayi Boni 2010-12-31 Benin President Thomas Yayi Boni 2011-12-31 Benin President Thomas Yayi Boni 2012-12-31 Benin President Thomas Yayi Boni 2013-12-31 Benin President Thomas Yayi Boni 2014-12-31 Benin President Thomas Yayi Boni 2015-12-31 Benin President Patrice Athanase 2016-04-06 Guillaume Talon Benin President Patrice Athanase 2016-12-31 Guillaume Talon Benin President Patrice Athanase 2017-12-31 Guillaume Talon Benin President Patrice Athanase 2018-12-31 Guillaume Talon Benin President Patrice Athanase 2019-12-31 Guillaume Talon 2005-09-05 Prime Minister Lyonpo Sangay Ngedup Bhutan King Jigme Singye 2005-12-31 Prime Minister Lyonpo Sangay Ngedup Wangchuk Bhutan 2006-09-07 Prime Minister Lyonpo Khandu Wangchuk Bhutan King Jigme Khesar 2006-12-14 Namgyal Wangchuk Bhutan King Jigme Khesar 2006-12-31 Prime Minister Lyonpo Khandu Namgyal Wangchuk Wangchuk Bhutan 2007-07-31 Prime Minister Lyonpo Kinzang Dorji Bhutan King Jigme Khesar 2007-12-31 Prime Minister Lyonpo Kinzang Dorji Namgyal Wangchuk Bhutan 2008-04-09 Prime Minister Lyonchen Jigmi Thinley Bhutan King Jigme Khesar 2008-12-31 Prime Minister Lyonchen Jigmi Thinley Namgyal Wangchuk

www.v-dem.net [email protected] Historical Country HOS Title HOS Name Date HOG Title HOG Name Bhutan King Jigme Khesar 2009-12-31 Prime Minister Lyonchen Jigmi Thinley Namgyal Wangchuk Bhutan King Jigme Khesar 2010-12-31 Prime Minister Lyonchen Jigmi Thinley Namgyal Wangchuk Bhutan King Jigme Khesar 2011-12-31 Prime Minister Lyonchen Jigmi Thinley Namgyal Wangchuk Bhutan King Jigme Khesar 2012-12-31 Prime Minister Lyonchen Jigmi Thinley Namgyal Wangchuk Bhutan 2013-07-27 Prime Minister Lyonchen Tshering Tobgay Bhutan King Jigme Khesar 2013-12-31 Prime Minister Lyonchen Tshering Namgyal Tobgay Wangchuk Bhutan King Jigme Khesar 2014-12-31 Prime Minister Lyonchen Tshering Namgyal Tobgay Wangchuk Bhutan King Jigme Khesar 2015-12-31 Prime Minister Lyonchen Tshering Namgyal Tobgay Wangchuk Bhutan King Jigme Khesar 2016-12-31 Prime Minister Lyonchen Tshering Namgyal Tobgay Wangchuk Bhutan King Jigme Khesar 2017-12-31 Prime Minister Lyonchen Tshering Namgyal Tobgay Wangchuk Bhutan 2018-11-07 Prime Minister Lotay Tshering Bhutan King Jigme Khesar 2018-12-31 Prime Minister Lotay Tshering Namgyal Wangchuk Bhutan King Jigme Khesar 2019-12-31 Prime Minister Lotay Tshering Namgyal Wangchuk Bolivia President Enrique Eduardo 2005-06-09 Rodríguez Veltzé Bolivia President Enrique Eduardo 2005-12-31 Rodríguez Veltzé Bolivia President Juan Evo Morales 2006-01-22 Ayma Bolivia President Juan Evo Morales 2006-12-31 Ayma Bolivia President Juan Evo Morales 2007-12-31 Ayma

www.v-dem.net [email protected] Historical Country HOS Title HOS Name Date HOG Title HOG Name Bolivia President Juan Evo Morales 2008-12-31 Ayma Bolivia President of the Juan Evo Morales 2009-02-07 Plurinational Ayma State Bolivia President of the Juan Evo Morales 2009-12-31 Plurinational Ayma State Bolivia President of the Juan Evo Morales 2010-12-31 Plurinational Ayma State Bolivia President of the Juan Evo Morales 2011-12-31 Plurinational Ayma State Bolivia President of the Juan Evo Morales 2012-12-31 Plurinational Ayma State Bolivia President of the Juan Evo Morales 2013-12-31 Plurinational Ayma State Bolivia President of the Juan Evo Morales 2014-12-31 Plurinational Ayma State Bolivia President of the Juan Evo Morales 2015-12-31 Plurinational Ayma State Bolivia President of the Juan Evo Morales 2016-12-31 Plurinational Ayma State Bolivia President of the Juan Evo Morales 2017-12-31 Plurinational Ayma State Bolivia President of the Juan Evo Morales 2018-12-31 Plurinational Ayma State Bolivia President of the Jeanine Áñez 2019-11-12 Plurinational Chávez State Bolivia President of the Jeanine Áñez 2019-12-31 Plurinational Chávez State Bosnia and Chairmen of the [Collective Body] 2005-12-31 Chairmen of the Adnan Terzić Herzegovina Presidency council of ministers

www.v-dem.net [email protected] Historical Country HOS Title HOS Name Date HOG Title HOG Name Bosnia and Chairmen of the [Collective Body] 2006-12-31 Chairmen of the Adnan Terzić Herzegovina Presidency council of ministers Bosnia and 2007-01-11 Chairmen of the Nikola Špirić Herzegovina council of ministers Bosnia and Chairmen of the [Collective Body] 2007-12-31 Chairmen of the Nikola Špirić Herzegovina Presidency council of ministers Bosnia and Chairmen of the [Collective Body] 2008-12-31 Chairmen of the Nikola Špirić Herzegovina Presidency council of ministers Bosnia and Chairmen of the [Collective Body] 2009-12-31 Chairmen of the Nikola Špirić Herzegovina Presidency council of ministers Bosnia and Chairmen of the [Collective Body] 2010-12-31 Chairmen of the Nikola Špirić Herzegovina Presidency council of ministers Bosnia and Chairmen of the [Collective Body] 2011-12-31 Chairmen of the Nikola Špirić Herzegovina Presidency council of ministers Bosnia and 2012-01-12 Chairmen of the Vjekoslav Bevanda Herzegovina council of ministers Bosnia and Chairmen of the [Collective Body] 2012-12-31 Chairmen of the Vjekoslav Bevanda Herzegovina Presidency council of ministers Bosnia and Chairmen of the [Collective Body] 2013-12-31 Chairmen of the Vjekoslav Bevanda Herzegovina Presidency council of ministers Bosnia and Chairmen of the [Collective Body] 2014-12-31 Chairmen of the Vjekoslav Bevanda Herzegovina Presidency council of ministers Bosnia and 2015-02-11 Chairmen of the Denis Zvizdić Herzegovina council of ministers Bosnia and Chairmen of the [Collective Body] 2015-12-31 Chairmen of the Denis Zvizdić Herzegovina Presidency council of ministers Bosnia and Chairmen of the [Collective Body] 2016-12-31 Chairmen of the Denis Zvizdić Herzegovina Presidency council of ministers Bosnia and Chairmen of the [Collective Body] 2017-12-31 Chairmen of the Denis Zvizdić Herzegovina Presidency council of ministers

www.v-dem.net [email protected] Historical Country HOS Title HOS Name Date HOG Title HOG Name Bosnia and Chairmen of the [Collective Body] 2018-12-31 Chairmen of the Denis Zvizdić Herzegovina Presidency council of ministers Bosnia and Chairmen of the [Collective Body] 2019-12-31 Chairmen of the Denis Zvizdić Herzegovina Presidency council of ministers President Festus 2005-12-31 Gontebanye Mogae Botswana President Festus 2006-12-31 Gontebanye Mogae Botswana President Festus 2007-12-31 Gontebanye Mogae Botswana President Seretse Khama 2008-04-01 Ian Khama Botswana President Seretse Khama 2008-12-31 Ian Khama Botswana President Seretse Khama 2009-12-31 Ian Khama Botswana President Seretse Khama 2010-12-31 Ian Khama Botswana President Seretse Khama 2011-12-31 Ian Khama Botswana President Seretse Khama 2012-12-31 Ian Khama Botswana President Seretse Khama 2013-12-31 Ian Khama Botswana President Seretse Khama 2014-12-31 Ian Khama Botswana President Seretse Khama 2015-12-31 Ian Khama Botswana President Seretse Khama 2016-12-31 Ian Khama Botswana President Seretse Khama 2017-12-31 Ian Khama Botswana President Mokgweetse Eric 2018-04-01 Masisi Botswana President Mokgweetse Eric 2018-12-31 Masisi Botswana President Mokgweetse Eric 2019-12-31 Masisi Brazil President Luiz Inácio Lula 2005-12-31 da Silva Brazil President Luiz Inácio Lula 2006-12-31 da Silva

www.v-dem.net [email protected] Historical Country HOS Title HOS Name Date HOG Title HOG Name Brazil President Luiz Inácio Lula 2007-12-31 da Silva Brazil President Luiz Inácio Lula 2008-12-31 da Silva Brazil President Luiz Inácio Lula 2009-12-31 da Silva Brazil President Luiz Inácio Lula 2010-12-31 da Silva Brazil President Dilma Vana 2011-01-01 Rousseff Brazil President Dilma Vana 2011-12-31 Rousseff Brazil President Dilma Vana 2012-12-31 Rousseff Brazil President Dilma Vana 2013-12-31 Rousseff Brazil President Dilma Vana 2014-12-31 Rousseff Brazil President Dilma Vana 2015-12-31 Rousseff Brazil President Michel Miguel 2016-05-12 Elias Temer Lulia Brazil President Michel Miguel 2016-12-31 Elias Temer Lulia Brazil President Michel Miguel 2017-12-31 Elias Temer Lulia Brazil President Michel Miguel 2018-12-31 Elias Temer Lulia Brazil President Jair Messias 2019-01-01 Bolsonaro Brazil President Jair Messias 2019-12-31 Bolsonaro 2005-08-17 Prime Minister Sergey Dimitryvich Stanishev Bulgaria President Georgi Sedefchov 2005-12-31 Prime Minister Sergey Dimitryvich Purvanov Stanishev Bulgaria President Georgi Sedefchov 2006-12-31 Prime Minister Sergey Dimitryvich Purvanov Stanishev Bulgaria President Georgi Sedefchov 2007-12-31 Prime Minister Sergey Dimitryvich Purvanov Stanishev Bulgaria President Georgi Sedefchov 2008-12-31 Prime Minister Sergey Dimitryvich Purvanov Stanishev Bulgaria 2009-07-27 Prime Minister Boyko Metodiev Borisov Bulgaria President Georgi Sedefchov 2009-12-31 Prime Minister Boyko Metodiev Borisov Purvanov Bulgaria President Georgi Sedefchov 2010-12-31 Prime Minister Boyko Metodiev Borisov Purvanov

www.v-dem.net [email protected] Historical Country HOS Title HOS Name Date HOG Title HOG Name Bulgaria President Georgi Sedefchov 2011-12-31 Prime Minister Boyko Metodiev Borisov Purvanov Bulgaria President Rosen Plevneliev 2012-01-22 Bulgaria President Rosen Plevneliev 2012-12-31 Prime Minister Boyko Metodiev Borisov Bulgaria 2013-03-13 Prime Minister Marin Raikov Bulgaria 2013-05-29 Prime Minister Plamen Vasilev Oresharski Bulgaria President Rosen Plevneliev 2013-12-31 Prime Minister Plamen Vasilev Oresharski Bulgaria 2014-08-05 Prime Minister Georgi Petkov Bliznashki Bulgaria 2014-11-07 Prime Minister Boyko Metodiev Borisov Bulgaria President Rosen Plevneliev 2014-12-31 Prime Minister Boyko Metodiev Borisov Bulgaria President Rosen Plevneliev 2015-12-31 Prime Minister Boyko Metodiev Borisov Bulgaria President Rosen Plevneliev 2016-12-31 Prime Minister Boyko Metodiev Borisov Bulgaria President Rumen Georgiev 2017-01-22 Radev Bulgaria President Rumen Georgiev 2017-12-31 Prime Minister Boyko Metodiev Borisov Radev Bulgaria President Rumen Georgiev 2018-12-31 Prime Minister Boyko Metodiev Borisov Radev Bulgaria President Rumen Georgiev 2019-12-31 Prime Minister Boyko Metodiev Borisov Radev Burkina Faso Head of State Blaise Compaoré 2005-12-31 Prime Minister Paramanga Ernest Yonli Burkina Faso Head of State Blaise Compaoré 2006-12-31 Prime Minister Paramanga Ernest Yonli Burkina Faso 2007-06-11 Prime Minister Tertius Zongo Burkina Faso Head of State Blaise Compaoré 2007-12-31 Prime Minister Tertius Zongo Burkina Faso Head of State Blaise Compaoré 2008-12-31 Prime Minister Tertius Zongo Burkina Faso Head of State Blaise Compaoré 2009-12-31 Prime Minister Tertius Zongo Burkina Faso Head of State Blaise Compaoré 2010-12-31 Prime Minister Tertius Zongo Burkina Faso 2011-04-18 Prime Minister Luc Adolphe Tiao Burkina Faso Head of State Blaise Compaoré 2011-12-31 Prime Minister Luc Adolphe Tiao Burkina Faso Head of State Blaise Compaoré 2012-12-31 Prime Minister Luc Adolphe Tiao Burkina Faso President Blaise Compaoré 2013-12-31 Prime Minister Luc Adolphe Tiao Burkina Faso President Michel Kafando 2014-11-18 Burkina Faso 2014-11-19 Prime Minister Isaac Yacouba Zida Burkina Faso President Michel Kafando 2014-12-31 Prime Minister Isaac Yacouba Zida Burkina Faso President Michel Kafando 2015-09-23 Prime Minister Isaac Yacouba Zida Burkina Faso President Roch Marc 2015-12-29 Christian Kaboré Burkina Faso President Roch Marc 2015-12-31 Prime Minister Isaac Yacouba Zida Christian Kaboré Burkina Faso 2016-01-13 Prime Minister Paul Kaba Thieba Burkina Faso President Roch Marc 2016-12-31 Prime Minister Paul Kaba Thieba Christian Kaboré Burkina Faso President Roch Marc 2017-12-31 Prime Minister Paul Kaba Thieba Christian Kaboré

www.v-dem.net [email protected] Historical Country HOS Title HOS Name Date HOG Title HOG Name Burkina Faso President Roch Marc 2018-12-31 Prime Minister Paul Kaba Thieba Christian Kaboré Burkina Faso 2019-01-24 Prime Minister Christophe Joseph Marie Dabiré Burkina Faso President Roch Marc 2019-12-31 Prime Minister Christophe Joseph Marie Christian Kaboré Dabiré Burma/Myanmar Chairman of the Than Shwe 2005-12-31 Prime Minister Soe Win State Peace and Development Council Burma/Myanmar Chairman of the Than Shwe 2006-12-31 Prime Minister Soe Win State Peace and Development Council Burma/Myanmar 2007-05-18 Prime Minister Thein Sein Burma/Myanmar 2007-10-12 Prime Minister Thein Sein Burma/Myanmar Chairman of the Than Shwe 2007-12-31 Prime Minister Thein Sein State Peace and Development Council Burma/Myanmar Chairman of the Than Shwe 2008-12-31 Prime Minister Thein Sein State Peace and Development Council Burma/Myanmar Chairman of the Than Shwe 2009-12-31 Prime Minister Thein Sein State Peace and Development Council Burma/Myanmar Chairman of the Than Shwe 2010-12-31 Prime Minister Thein Sein State Peace and Development Council Burma/Myanmar President Thein Sein 2011-03-30 Burma/Myanmar President Thein Sein 2011-12-31 Prime Minister Thein Sein Burma/Myanmar President Thein Sein 2012-12-31 Burma/Myanmar President Thein Sein 2013-12-31 Burma/Myanmar President Thein Sein 2014-12-31 Burma/Myanmar President Thein Sein 2015-12-31 Burma/Myanmar President Htin Kyaw 2016-03-30 Burma/Myanmar 2016-04-06 State Counsellor Burma/Myanmar President Htin Kyaw 2016-12-31 State Aung San Suu Kyi Counsellor Burma/Myanmar President Htin Kyaw 2017-12-31 State Aung San Suu Kyi Counsellor Burma/Myanmar President Win Myint 2018-03-30

www.v-dem.net [email protected] Historical Country HOS Title HOS Name Date HOG Title HOG Name Burma/Myanmar President Win Myint 2018-12-31 State Aung San Suu Kyi Counsellor Burma/Myanmar President Win Myint 2019-12-31 State Aung San Suu Kyi Counsellor Burundi President Pierre Nkurunziza 2005-08-26 Burundi President Pierre Nkurunziza 2005-12-31 Burundi President Pierre Nkurunziza 2006-12-31 Burundi President Pierre Nkurunziza 2007-12-31 Burundi President Pierre Nkurunziza 2008-12-31 Burundi President Pierre Nkurunziza 2009-12-31 Burundi President Pierre Nkurunziza 2010-12-31 Burundi President Pierre Nkurunziza 2011-12-31 Burundi President Pierre Nkurunziza 2012-12-31 Burundi President Pierre Nkurunziza 2013-12-31 Burundi President Pierre Nkurunziza 2014-12-31 Burundi President Pierre Nkurunziza 2015-12-31 Burundi President Pierre Nkurunziza 2016-12-31 Burundi President Pierre Nkurunziza 2017-12-31 Burundi President Pierre Nkurunziza 2018-12-31 Burundi President Pierre Nkurunziza 2019-12-31 Cambodia King Norodom 2005-12-31 Prime Minister Hun Sen Sihamoni Cambodia King Norodom 2006-12-31 Prime Minister Hun Sen Sihamoni Cambodia King Norodom 2007-12-31 Prime Minister Hun Sen Sihamoni Cambodia King Norodom 2008-12-31 Prime Minister Hun Sen Sihamoni Cambodia King Norodom 2009-12-31 Prime Minister Hun Sen Sihamoni Cambodia King Norodom 2010-12-31 Prime Minister Hun Sen Sihamoni Cambodia King Norodom 2011-12-31 Prime Minister Hun Sen Sihamoni Cambodia King Norodom 2012-12-31 Prime Minister Hun Sen Sihamoni Cambodia King Norodom 2013-12-31 Prime Minister Hun Sen Sihamoni Cambodia King Norodom 2014-12-31 Prime Minister Hun Sen Sihamoni Cambodia King Norodom 2015-12-31 Prime Minister Hun Sen Sihamoni Cambodia King Norodom 2016-12-31 Prime Minister Hun Sen Sihamoni Cambodia King Norodom 2017-12-31 Prime Minister Hun Sen Sihamoni

www.v-dem.net [email protected] Historical Country HOS Title HOS Name Date HOG Title HOG Name Cambodia King Norodom 2018-12-31 Prime Minister Hun Sen Sihamoni Cambodia King Norodom 2019-12-31 Prime Minister Hun Sen Sihamoni President 2005-12-31 Prime Minister Ephraïm Inoni Cameroon President Paul Biya 2006-12-31 Prime Minister Ephraïm Inoni Cameroon President Paul Biya 2007-12-31 Prime Minister Ephraïm Inoni Cameroon President Paul Biya 2008-12-31 Prime Minister Ephraïm Inoni Cameroon 2009-06-30 Prime Minister Philémon Yunji Yang Cameroon President Paul Biya 2009-12-31 Prime Minister Philémon Yunji Yang Cameroon President Paul Biya 2010-12-31 Prime Minister Philémon Yunji Yang Cameroon President Paul Biya 2011-12-31 Prime Minister Philémon Yunji Yang Cameroon President Paul Biya 2012-12-31 Prime Minister Philémon Yunji Yang Cameroon President Paul Biya 2013-12-31 Prime Minister Philémon Yunji Yang Cameroon President Paul Biya 2014-12-31 Prime Minister Philémon Yunji Yang Cameroon President Paul Biya 2015-12-31 Prime Minister Philémon Yunji Yang Cameroon President Paul Biya 2016-12-31 Prime Minister Philémon Yunji Yang Cameroon President Paul Biya 2017-12-31 Prime Minister Philémon Yunji Yang Cameroon President Paul Biya 2018-12-31 Prime Minister Philémon Yunji Yang Cameroon 2019-01-04 Prime Minister Joseph Dion Ngute Cameroon President Paul Biya 2019-12-31 Prime Minister Joseph Dion Ngute Governor General Michaëlle Jean 2005-09-27 Canada Governor General Michaëlle Jean 2005-12-31 Prime Minister Paul Martin Jr. Canada 2006-02-06 Prime Minister Stephen Harper Canada Governor General Michaëlle Jean 2006-12-31 Prime Minister Stephen Harper Canada Governor General Michaëlle Jean 2007-12-31 Prime Minister Stephen Harper Canada Governor General Michaëlle Jean 2008-12-31 Prime Minister Stephen Harper Canada Governor General Michaëlle Jean 2009-12-31 Prime Minister Stephen Harper Canada Governor General David Lloyd 2010-10-01 Johnston Canada Governor General David Lloyd 2010-12-31 Prime Minister Stephen Harper Johnston Canada Governor General David Lloyd 2011-12-31 Prime Minister Stephen Harper Johnston Canada Governor General David Lloyd 2012-12-31 Prime Minister Stephen Harper Johnston Canada Governor General David Lloyd 2013-12-31 Prime Minister Stephen Harper Johnston Canada Governor General David Lloyd 2014-12-31 Prime Minister Stephen Harper Johnston Canada 2015-11-04 Prime Minister Canada Governor General David Lloyd 2015-12-31 Prime Minister Justin Trudeau Johnston Canada Governor General David Lloyd 2016-12-31 Prime Minister Justin Trudeau Johnston Canada Governor General Julie Payette 2017-10-02

www.v-dem.net [email protected] Historical Country HOS Title HOS Name Date HOG Title HOG Name Canada Governor General Julie Payette 2017-12-31 Prime Minister Justin Trudeau Canada Governor General Julie Payette 2018-12-31 Prime Minister Justin Trudeau Canada Governor General Julie Payette 2019-12-31 Prime Minister Justin Trudeau Cape Verde President Pedro Verona 2005-12-31 Prime Minister José Maria Pereira Neves Pires Cape Verde President Pedro Verona 2006-12-31 Prime Minister José Maria Pereira Neves Rodrigues Pires Cape Verde President Pedro Verona 2007-12-31 Prime Minister José Maria Pereira Neves Rodrigues Pires Cape Verde President Pedro Verona 2008-12-31 Prime Minister José Maria Pereira Neves Rodrigues Pires Cape Verde President Pedro Verona 2009-12-31 Prime Minister José Maria Pereira Neves Rodrigues Pires Cape Verde President Pedro Verona 2010-12-31 Prime Minister José Maria Pereira Neves Rodrigues Pires Cape Verde President Jorge Carlos 2011-09-09 Fonseca Cape Verde President Jorge Carlos 2011-12-31 Prime Minister José Maria Pereira Neves Fonseca Cape Verde President Jorge Carlos 2012-12-31 Prime Minister José Maria Pereira Neves Fonseca Cape Verde President Jorge Carlos 2013-12-31 Prime Minister José Maria Pereira Neves Fonseca Cape Verde President Jorge Carlos 2014-12-31 Prime Minister José Maria Pereira Neves Fonseca Cape Verde President Jorge Carlos 2015-12-31 Prime Minister José Maria Pereira Neves Fonseca Cape Verde 2016-04-22 Prime Minister Ulisses Correia e Silva Cape Verde President Jorge Carlos 2016-10-02 Fonseca Cape Verde President Jorge Carlos 2016-12-31 Prime Minister Ulisses Correia e Silva Fonseca Cape Verde President Jorge Carlos 2017-12-31 Prime Minister Ulisses Correia e Silva Fonseca Cape Verde President Jorge Carlos 2018-12-31 Prime Minister Ulisses Correia e Silva Fonseca Cape Verde President Jorge Carlos 2019-12-31 Prime Minister Ulisses Correia e Silva Fonseca Central African 2005-06-13 Prime Minister Élie Doté Republic Central African President François Bozizé 2005-12-31 Prime Minister Élie Doté Republic Yangouvonda Central African President François Bozizé 2006-12-31 Prime Minister Élie Doté Republic Yangouvonda Central African President François Bozizé 2007-12-31 Prime Minister Élie Doté Republic Yangouvonda

www.v-dem.net [email protected] Historical Country HOS Title HOS Name Date HOG Title HOG Name Central African 2008-01-22 Prime Minister Faustin-Archange Republic Touadéra Central African President François Bozizé 2008-12-31 Prime Minister Faustin-Archange Republic Yangouvonda Touadéra Central African President François Bozizé 2009-12-31 Prime Minister Faustin-Archange Republic Yangouvonda Touadéra Central African President François Bozizé 2010-12-31 Prime Minister Faustin-Archange Republic Yangouvonda Touadéra Central African President François Bozizé 2011-12-31 Prime Minister Faustin-Archange Republic Yangouvonda Touadéra Central African President François Bozizé 2012-12-31 Prime Minister Faustin-Archange Republic Yangouvonda Touadéra Central African 2013-01-17 Prime Minister Nicolas Tiangaye Republic Central African President Michel Am 2013-03-24 Republic Nondroko Djotodia Central African President Michel Am 2013-12-31 Prime Minister Nicolas Tiangaye Republic Nondroko Djotodia Central African President Catherine 2014-01-23 Republic Samba-Panza Central African 2014-01-25 Prime Minister André Nzapayéké Republic Central African 2014-08-14 Prime Minister Mahamat Kamoun Republic Central African President Catherine 2014-12-31 Prime Minister Mahamat Kamoun Republic Samba-Panza Central African President Catherine 2015-12-31 Prime Minister Mahamat Kamoun Republic Samba-Panza Central African President Faustin-Archange 2016-03-30 Republic Touadéra Central African 2016-04-02 Prime Minister Simplice Sarandji Republic Central African President Faustin-Archange 2016-12-31 Prime Minister Simplice Sarandji Republic Touadéra Central African President Faustin-Archange 2017-12-31 Prime Minister Simplice Sarandji Republic Touadéra Central African President Faustin-Archange 2018-12-31 Prime Minister Simplice Sarandji Republic Touadéra Central African 2019-02-25 Prime Minister Firmin Ngrébada Republic Central African President Faustin-Archange 2019-12-31 Prime Minister Firmin Ngrébada Republic Touadéra 2005-02-03 Prime Minister Pascal Yoadimnadji Chad President Idriss Déby 2005-12-31 Prime Minister Pascal Yoadimnadji

www.v-dem.net [email protected] Historical Country HOS Title HOS Name Date HOG Title HOG Name Chad President Idriss Déby 2006-12-31 Prime Minister Pascal Yoadimnadji Chad 2007-02-26 Prime Minister Delwa Kassire Koumakoye Chad President Idriss Déby 2007-12-31 Prime Minister Delwa Kassire Koumakoye Chad 2008-04-16 Prime Minister Chad President Idriss Déby 2008-12-31 Prime Minister Youssouf Saleh Abbas Chad President Idriss Déby 2009-12-31 Prime Minister Youssouf Saleh Abbas Chad 2010-03-05 Prime Minister Emmanuel Nadingar Chad President Idriss Déby 2010-12-31 Prime Minister Emmanuel Nadingar Chad President Idriss Déby 2011-12-31 Prime Minister Emmanuel Nadingar Chad President Idriss Déby 2012-12-31 Prime Minister Emmanuel Nadingar Chad 2013-01-21 Prime Minister Joseph Djimrangar Dadnadji Chad 2013-11-21 Prime Minister Kalzeubé Pahimi Deubet Chad President Idriss Déby 2013-12-31 Prime Minister Kalzeubé Pahimi Deubet Chad President Idriss Déby 2014-12-31 Prime Minister Kalzeubé Pahimi Deubet Chad President Idriss Déby 2015-12-31 Prime Minister Kalzeubé Pahimi Deubet Chad 2016-02-15 Prime Minister Albert Pahimi Padacké Chad President Idriss Déby 2016-12-31 Prime Minister Albert Pahimi Padacké Chad President Idriss Déby 2017-12-31 Prime Minister Albert Pahimi Padacké Chad President Idriss Déby 2018-05-04 Chad President Idriss Déby 2018-12-31 Chad President Idriss Déby 2019-12-31 Chile President Ricardo Froilán 2005-12-31 Lagos Escobar Chile President Verónica Michelle 2006-03-11 Bachelet Jeria Chile President Verónica Michelle 2006-12-31 Bachelet Jeria Chile President Verónica Michelle 2007-12-31 Bachelet Jeria Chile President Verónica Michelle 2008-12-31 Bachelet Jeria Chile President Verónica Michelle 2009-12-31 Bachelet Jeria Chile President Miguel Juan 2010-03-11 Sebastián Piñera Echenique Chile President Miguel Juan 2010-12-31 Sebastián Piñera Echenique Chile President Miguel Juan 2011-12-31 Sebastián Piñera Echenique

www.v-dem.net [email protected] Historical Country HOS Title HOS Name Date HOG Title HOG Name Chile President Miguel Juan 2012-12-31 Sebastián Piñera Echenique Chile President Miguel Juan 2013-12-31 Sebastián Piñera Echenique Chile President Verónica Michelle 2014-03-11 Bachelet Jeria Chile President Verónica Michelle 2014-12-31 Bachelet Jeria Chile President Verónica Michelle 2015-12-31 Bachelet Jeria Chile President Verónica Michelle 2016-12-31 Bachelet Jeria Chile President Verónica Michelle 2017-12-31 Bachelet Jeria Chile President Sebastián Piñera 2018-03-11 Chile President Sebastián Piñera 2018-12-31 Chile President Sebastián Piñera 2019-12-31 2005-03-15 Premier Wen Jiabao China President Hu Jintao 2005-12-31 Premier Wen Jiabao China President Hu Jintao 2006-12-31 Premier Wen Jiabao China 2007-10-22 Premier Wen Jiabao China President Hu Jintao 2007-12-31 Premier Wen Jiabao China President Hu Jintao 2008-12-31 Premier Wen Jiabao China President Hu Jintao 2009-12-31 Premier Wen Jiabao China President Hu Jintao 2010-12-31 Premier Wen Jiabao China President Hu Jintao 2011-12-31 Premier Wen Jiabao China 2012-11-15 Premier Wen Jiabao China President Hu Jintao 2012-12-31 Premier Wen Jiabao China President 2013-03-14 China 2013-03-15 Premier Li Keqiang China President Xi Jinping 2013-12-31 Premier Li Keqiang China President Xi Jinping 2014-12-31 Premier Li Keqiang China President Xi Jinping 2015-12-31 Premier Li Keqiang China President Xi Jinping 2016-12-31 Premier Li Keqiang China President Xi Jinping 2017-12-31 Premier Li Keqiang China President Xi Jinping 2018-12-31 Premier Li Keqiang China President Xi Jinping 2019-12-31 Premier Li Keqiang CHINA 2005-03-15 Premier Wen Jiabao CHINA President Hu Jintao 2005-12-31 Premier Wen Jiabao CHINA President Hu Jintao 2006-12-31 Premier Wen Jiabao CHINA 2007-10-22 Premier Wen Jiabao CHINA President Hu Jintao 2007-12-31 Premier Wen Jiabao CHINA President Hu Jintao 2008-12-31 Premier Wen Jiabao CHINA President Hu Jintao 2009-12-31 Premier Wen Jiabao

www.v-dem.net [email protected] Historical Country HOS Title HOS Name Date HOG Title HOG Name CHINA President Hu Jintao 2010-12-31 Premier Wen Jiabao CHINA President Hu Jintao 2011-12-31 Premier Wen Jiabao CHINA 2012-11-15 Premier Wen Jiabao CHINA President Hu Jintao 2012-12-31 Premier Wen Jiabao CHINA President Xi Jinping 2013-03-14 CHINA 2013-03-15 Premier Li Keqiang CHINA President Xi Jinping 2013-12-31 Premier Li Keqiang CHINA President Xi Jinping 2014-12-31 Premier Li Keqiang CHINA President Xi Jinping 2015-12-31 Premier Li Keqiang CHINA President Xi Jinping 2016-12-31 Premier Li Keqiang CHINA President Xi Jinping 2017-12-31 Premier Li Keqiang CHINA President Xi Jinping 2018-12-31 Premier Li Keqiang CHINA President Xi Jinping 2019-12-31 Premier Li Keqiang President Álvaro Uribe 2005-12-31 Vélez Colombia President Álvaro Uribe 2006-12-31 Vélez Colombia President Álvaro Uribe 2007-12-31 Vélez Colombia President Álvaro Uribe 2008-12-31 Vélez Colombia President Álvaro Uribe 2009-12-31 Vélez Colombia President Juan Manuel 2010-08-07 Santos Calderón Colombia President Juan Manuel 2010-12-31 Santos Calderón Colombia President Juan Manuel 2011-12-31 Santos Calderón Colombia President Juan Manuel 2012-12-31 Santos Calderón Colombia President Juan Manuel 2013-12-31 Santos Calderón Colombia President Juan Manuel 2014-12-31 Santos Calderón Colombia President Juan Manuel 2015-12-31 Santos Calderón Colombia President Juan Manuel 2016-12-31 Santos Calderón Colombia President Juan Manuel 2017-12-31 Santos Calderón Colombia President Iván Duque 2018-08-07 Márquez Colombia President Iván Duque 2018-12-31 Márquez

www.v-dem.net [email protected] Historical Country HOS Title HOS Name Date HOG Title HOG Name Colombia President Iván Duque 2019-12-31 Márquez President 2005-12-31 Comoros President 2006-05-26 Mohamed Sambi Comoros President Ahmed Abdallah 2006-12-31 Mohamed Sambi Comoros President Ahmed Abdallah 2007-12-31 Mohamed Sambi Comoros President Ahmed Abdallah 2008-12-31 Mohamed Sambi Comoros President Ahmed Abdallah 2009-12-31 Mohamed Sambi Comoros President Ahmed Abdallah 2010-12-31 Mohamed Sambi Comoros President 2011-05-26 Comoros President Ikililou Dhoinine 2011-12-31 Comoros President Ikililou Dhoinine 2012-12-31 Comoros President Ikililou Dhoinine 2013-12-31 Comoros President Ikililou Dhoinine 2014-12-31 Comoros President Ikililou Dhoinine 2015-12-31 Comoros President Azali Assoumani 2016-05-26 Comoros President Azali Assoumani 2016-12-31 Comoros President Azali Assoumani 2017-12-31 Comoros President Azali Assoumani 2018-12-31 Comoros President Azali Assoumani 2019-12-31 Costa Rica President Abel Pacheco de 2005-12-31 la Espriella Costa Rica President Óscar Arias 2006-05-08 Sánchez Costa Rica President Óscar Arias 2006-12-31 Sánchez Costa Rica President Óscar Arias 2007-12-31 Sánchez Costa Rica President Óscar Arias 2008-12-31 Sánchez Costa Rica President Óscar Arias 2009-12-31 Sánchez Costa Rica President Laura Chinchilla 2010-05-08 Miranda Costa Rica President Laura Chinchilla 2010-12-31 Miranda Costa Rica President Laura Chinchilla 2011-12-31 Miranda Costa Rica President Laura Chinchilla 2012-12-31 Miranda

www.v-dem.net [email protected] Historical Country HOS Title HOS Name Date HOG Title HOG Name Costa Rica President Laura Chinchilla 2013-12-31 Miranda Costa Rica President Luis Guillermo 2014-05-08 Solís Rivera Costa Rica President Luis Guillermo 2014-12-31 Solís Rivera Costa Rica President Luis Guillermo 2015-12-31 Solís Rivera Costa Rica President Luis Guillermo 2016-12-31 Solís Rivera Costa Rica President Luis Guillermo 2017-12-31 Solís Rivera Costa Rica President Carlos Alvarado 2018-05-08 Quesada Costa Rica President Carlos Alvarado 2018-12-31 Quesada Costa Rica President Carlos Alvarado 2019-12-31 Quesada Croatia President Stjepan Mesic 2005-12-31 Prime Minister Ivo Sanader Croatia President Stjepan Mesic 2006-12-31 Prime Minister Ivo Sanader Croatia President Stjepan Mesic 2007-12-31 Prime Minister Ivo Sanader Croatia President Stjepan Mesic 2008-12-31 Prime Minister Ivo Sanader Croatia 2009-07-06 Prime Minister Croatia President Stjepan Mesic 2009-12-31 Prime Minister Jadranka Kosor Croatia President Ivo Josipovic 2010-02-18 Croatia President Ivo Josipovic 2010-12-31 Prime Minister Jadranka Kosor Croatia 2011-12-23 Prime Minister Zoran Milanovic Croatia President Ivo Josipovic 2011-12-31 Prime Minister Zoran Milanovic Croatia President Ivo Josipovic 2012-12-31 Prime Minister Zoran Milanovic Croatia President Ivo Josipovic 2013-12-31 Prime Minister Zoran Milanovic Croatia President Ivo Josipovic 2014-12-31 Prime Minister Zoran Milanovic Croatia President Kolinda 2015-02-18 Grabar-Kitarović Croatia President Kolinda 2015-12-31 Prime Minister Zoran Milanovic Grabar-Kitarović Croatia 2016-01-22 Prime Minister Tihomir Orešković Croatia 2016-10-19 Prime Minister Andrej Plenković Croatia President Kolinda 2016-12-31 Prime Minister Andrej Plenković Grabar-Kitarović Croatia President Kolinda 2017-12-31 Prime Minister Andrej Plenković Grabar-Kitarović Croatia President Kolinda 2018-12-31 Prime Minister Andrej Plenković Grabar-Kitarović Croatia President Kolinda 2019-12-31 Prime Minister Andrej Plenković Grabar-Kitarović

www.v-dem.net [email protected] Historical Country HOS Title HOS Name Date HOG Title HOG Name President of the Fidel Alejandro 2005-12-31 Council of the Castro Ruz State Cuba President of the Raúl Modesto 2006-07-31 Council of the Castro Ruz State Cuba President of the Raúl Modesto 2006-12-31 Council of the Castro Ruz State Cuba President of the Raúl Modesto 2007-12-31 Council of the Castro Ruz State Cuba President of the Raúl Modesto 2008-12-31 Council of the Castro Ruz State Cuba President of the Raúl Modesto 2009-12-31 Council of the Castro Ruz State Cuba President of the Raúl Modesto 2010-12-31 Council of the Castro Ruz State Cuba President of the Raúl Modesto 2011-12-31 Council of the Castro Ruz State Cuba President of the Raúl Modesto 2012-12-31 Council of the Castro Ruz State Cuba President of the Raúl Modesto 2013-12-31 Council of the Castro Ruz State Cuba President of the Raúl Modesto 2014-12-31 Castro Ruz Cuba President of the Raúl Modesto 2015-12-31 Council of State Castro Ruz Cuba President of the Raúl Modesto 2016-12-31 Council of State Castro Ruz Cuba President of the Raúl Modesto 2017-12-31 Council of State Castro Ruz Cuba President of the Miguel Diaz-Canel 2018-04-19 Council of State Bermúdez Cuba President of the Miguel Diaz-Canel 2018-12-31 Council of State Bermúdez Cuba President Miguel Diaz-Canel 2019-10-10 Bermúdez Cuba 2019-12-21 Prime minister Manuel Marrero Cruz Cuba President Miguel Diaz-Canel 2019-12-31 Prime minister Manuel Marrero Cruz Bermúdez

www.v-dem.net [email protected] Historical Country HOS Title HOS Name Date HOG Title HOG Name President Efstathios 2005-12-31 (Tassos) Nikolaou Papadopoulos Cyprus President Efstathios 2006-12-31 (Tassos) Nikolaou Papadopoulos Cyprus President Efstathios 2007-12-31 (Tassos) Nikolaou Papadopoulos Cyprus President Dimitris Christofi 2008-02-28 Christofias Cyprus President Dimitris Christofi 2008-12-31 Christofias Cyprus President Dimitris Christofi 2009-12-31 Christofias Cyprus President Dimitris Christofi 2010-12-31 Christofias Cyprus President Dimitris Christofi 2011-12-31 Christofias Cyprus President Dimitris Christofi 2012-12-31 Christofias Cyprus President Nikos 2013-02-28 Chrysanthou Anastasiadis Cyprus President Nikos 2013-12-31 Chrysanthou Anastasiadis Cyprus President Nikos 2014-12-31 Chrysanthou Anastasiadis Cyprus President Nikos 2015-12-31 Chrysanthou Anastasiadis Cyprus President Nikos 2016-12-31 Chrysanthou Anastasiadis Cyprus President Nikos 2017-12-31 Chrysanthou Anastasiadis Cyprus President Nikos 2018-12-31 Chrysanthou Anastasiadis Cyprus President Nikos 2019-12-31 Chrysanthou Anastasiadis 2005-04-25 Prime Minister Jirí Paroubek

www.v-dem.net [email protected] Historical Country HOS Title HOS Name Date HOG Title HOG Name Czech Republic President Václav Klaus 2005-12-31 Prime Minister Jirí Paroubek Czech Republic 2006-09-04 Prime Minister Mirek Topolánek Czech Republic President Václav Klaus 2006-12-31 Prime Minister Mirek Topolánek Czech Republic President Václav Klaus 2007-12-31 Prime Minister Mirek Topolánek Czech Republic President Václav Klaus 2008-12-31 Prime Minister Mirek Topolánek Czech Republic 2009-05-08 Prime Minister Czech Republic President Václav Klaus 2009-12-31 Prime Minister Jan Fischer Czech Republic 2010-07-13 Prime Minister Petr Necas Czech Republic President Václav Klaus 2010-12-31 Prime Minister Petr Necas Czech Republic President Václav Klaus 2011-12-31 Prime Minister Petr Necas Czech Republic President Václav Klaus 2012-12-31 Prime Minister Petr Necas Czech Republic President Milos Zeman 2013-03-08 Czech Republic President Milos Zeman 2013-12-31 Prime Minister Petr Necas Czech Republic 2014-01-17 Prime Minister Czech Republic President Milos Zeman 2014-12-31 Prime Minister Bohuslav Sobotka Czech Republic President Milos Zeman 2015-12-31 Prime Minister Bohuslav Sobotka Czech Republic President Milos Zeman 2016-12-31 Prime Minister Bohuslav Sobotka Czech Republic 2017-12-13 Prime Minister Andrej Babiš Czech Republic President Milos Zeman 2017-12-31 Prime Minister Andrej Babiš Czech Republic President Milos Zeman 2018-12-31 Prime Minister Andrej Babiš Czech Republic President Milos Zeman 2019-12-31 Prime Minister Andrej Babiš Democratic President 2005-12-31 Republic of the Kabange Congo Democratic 2006-12-30 Prime Minister Republic of the Congo Democratic President Joseph Kabila 2006-12-31 Prime Minister Antoine Gizenga Republic of the Kabange Congo Democratic President Joseph Kabila 2007-12-31 Prime Minister Antoine Gizenga Republic of the Kabange Congo Democratic 2008-10-10 Prime Minister Republic of the Congo Democratic President Joseph Kabila 2008-12-31 Prime Minister Adolphe Muzito Republic of the Kabange Congo Democratic President Joseph Kabila 2009-12-31 Prime Minister Adolphe Muzito Republic of the Kabange Congo Democratic President Joseph Kabila 2010-12-31 Prime Minister Adolphe Muzito Republic of the Kabange Congo

www.v-dem.net [email protected] Historical Country HOS Title HOS Name Date HOG Title HOG Name Democratic President Joseph Kabila 2011-12-31 Prime Minister Adolphe Muzito Republic of the Kabange Congo Democratic 2012-04-18 Prime Minister Republic of the Mapon Congo Democratic President Joseph Kabila 2012-12-31 Prime Minister Augustin Matata Ponyo Republic of the Kabange Mapon Congo Democratic President Joseph Kabila 2013-12-31 Prime Minister Augustin Matata Ponyo Republic of the Kabange Mapon Congo Democratic President Joseph Kabila 2014-12-31 Prime Minister Augustin Matata Ponyo Republic of the Kabange Mapon Congo Democratic President Joseph Kabila 2015-12-31 Prime Minister Augustin Matata Ponyo Republic of the Kabange Mapon Congo Democratic 2016-12-20 Prime Minister Ntita Republic of the Congo Democratic President Joseph Kabila 2016-12-31 Prime Minister Samy Badibanga Ntita Republic of the Kabange Congo Democratic 2017-04-07 Prime Minister Bruno Tshibala Nzenze Republic of the Congo Democratic President Joseph Kabila 2017-12-31 Prime Minister Bruno Tshibala Nzenze Republic of the Kabange Congo Democratic President Joseph Kabila 2018-12-31 Prime Minister Bruno Tshibala Nzenze Republic of the Kabange Congo Democratic President Félix Antoine 2019-01-25 Republic of the Tshisekedi Congo Tshilombo Democratic 2019-05-20 Prime Minister Ilukamba Republic of the Congo Democratic President Félix Antoine 2019-12-31 Prime Minister Sylvestre Ilunga Ilukamba Republic of the Tshisekedi Congo Tshilombo Queen Margrethe II 2005-12-31 Prime Minister Denmark Queen Margrethe II 2006-12-31 Prime Minister Anders Fogh Rasmussen Denmark Queen Margrethe II 2007-12-31 Prime Minister Anders Fogh Rasmussen Denmark Queen Margrethe II 2008-12-31 Prime Minister Anders Fogh Rasmussen

www.v-dem.net [email protected] Historical Country HOS Title HOS Name Date HOG Title HOG Name Denmark 2009-04-05 Prime Minister Lars Løkke Rasmussen Denmark Queen Margrethe II 2009-12-31 Prime Minister Lars Løkke Rasmussen Denmark Queen Margrethe II 2010-12-31 Prime Minister Lars Løkke Rasmussen Denmark 2011-10-03 Prime Minister Helle Thorning-Schmidt Denmark Queen Margrethe II 2011-12-31 Prime Minister Helle Thorning-Schmidt Denmark Queen Margrethe II 2012-12-31 Prime Minister Helle Thorning-Schmidt Denmark Queen Margrethe II 2013-12-31 Prime Minister Helle Thorning-Schmidt Denmark Queen Margrethe II 2014-12-31 Prime Minister Helle Thorning-Schmidt Denmark 2015-06-28 Prime Minister Lars Loekke Rasmussen Denmark Queen Margrethe II 2015-12-31 Prime Minister Lars Loekke Rasmussen Denmark Queen Margrethe II 2016-12-31 Prime Minister Lars Loekke Rasmussen Denmark Queen Margrethe II 2017-12-31 Prime Minister Lars Loekke Rasmussen Denmark Queen Margrethe II 2018-12-31 Prime Minister Lars Loekke Rasmussen Denmark 2019-06-27 Prime Minister Denmark Queen Margrethe II 2019-12-31 Prime Minister Mette Frederiksen President Ismail Omar 2005-12-31 Prime Minister Dileita Mohamed Dileita Guelleh Djibouti President Ismail Omar 2006-12-31 Prime Minister Dileita Mohamed Dileita Guelleh Djibouti President Ismail Omar 2007-12-31 Prime Minister Dileita Mohamed Dileita Guelleh Djibouti President Ismail Omar 2008-12-31 Prime Minister Dileita Mohamed Dileita Guelleh Djibouti President Ismail Omar 2009-12-31 Prime Minister Dileita Mohamed Dileita Guelleh Djibouti President Ismail Omar 2010-12-31 Prime Minister Dileita Mohamed Dileita Guelleh Djibouti President Ismail Omar 2011-12-31 Prime Minister Dileita Mohamed Dileita Guelleh Djibouti President Ismail Omar 2012-12-31 Prime Minister Dileita Mohamed Dileita Guelleh Djibouti 2013-04-01 Prime Minister Abdoulkader Kamil Mohamed Djibouti President Ismail Omar 2013-12-31 Prime Minister Abdoulkader Kamil Guelleh Mohamed Djibouti President Ismail Omar 2014-12-31 Prime Minister Abdoulkader Kamil Guelleh Mohamed Djibouti President Ismail Omar 2015-12-31 Prime Minister Abdoulkader Kamil Guelleh Mohamed Djibouti President Ismail Omar 2016-12-31 Prime Minister Abdoulkader Kamil Guelleh Mohamed Djibouti President Ismail Omar 2017-12-31 Prime Minister Abdoulkader Kamil Guelleh Mohamed Djibouti President Ismail Omar 2018-12-31 Prime Minister Abdoulkader Kamil Guelleh Mohamed Djibouti President Ismail Omar 2019-12-31 Prime Minister Abdoulkader Kamil Guelleh Mohamed

www.v-dem.net [email protected] Historical Country HOS Title HOS Name Date HOG Title HOG Name Dominican President Leonel Antonio 2005-12-31 Republic Fernández Reyna Dominican President Leonel Antonio 2006-12-31 Republic Fernández Reyna Dominican President Leonel Antonio 2007-12-31 Republic Fernández Reyna Dominican President Leonel Antonio 2008-12-31 Republic Fernández Reyna Dominican President Leonel Antonio 2009-12-31 Republic Fernández Reyna Dominican President Leonel Antonio 2010-12-31 Republic Fernández Reyna Dominican President Leonel Antonio 2011-12-31 Republic Fernández Reyna Dominican President Danilo Medina 2012-08-16 Republic Sánchez Dominican President Danilo Medina 2012-12-31 Republic Sánchez Dominican President Danilo Medina 2013-12-31 Republic Sánchez Dominican President Danilo Medina 2014-12-31 Republic Sánchez Dominican President Danilo Medina 2015-12-31 Republic Sánchez Dominican President Danilo Medina 2016-12-31 Republic Sánchez Dominican President Danilo Medina 2017-12-31 Republic Sánchez Dominican President Danilo Medina 2018-12-31 Republic Sánchez Dominican President Danilo Medina 2019-12-31 Republic Sánchez President Luis Alfredo 2005-04-20 Palacio González Ecuador President Luis Alfredo 2005-12-31 Palacio González Ecuador President Luis Alfredo 2006-12-31 Palacio González Ecuador President Rafael Vicente 2007-01-15 Correa Delgado Ecuador President Rafael Vicente 2007-12-31 Correa Delgado Ecuador President Rafael Vicente 2008-12-31 Correa Delgado Ecuador President Rafael Vicente 2009-12-31 Correa Delgado

www.v-dem.net [email protected] Historical Country HOS Title HOS Name Date HOG Title HOG Name Ecuador President Rafael Vicente 2010-12-31 Correa Delgado Ecuador President Rafael Vicente 2011-12-31 Correa Delgado Ecuador President Rafael Vicente 2012-12-31 Correa Delgado Ecuador President Rafael Vicente 2013-12-31 Correa Delgado Ecuador President Rafael Vicente 2014-12-31 Correa Delgado Ecuador President Rafael Vicente 2015-12-31 Correa Delgado Ecuador President Rafael Vicente 2016-12-31 Correa Delgado Ecuador President Lenín Boltaire 2017-05-24 Moreno Garcés Ecuador President Lenín Boltaire 2017-12-31 Moreno Garcés Ecuador President Lenín Boltaire 2018-12-31 Moreno Garcés Ecuador President Lenín Boltaire 2019-12-31 Moreno Garcés President Muhammad Hosni 2005-12-31 Prime Minister Mubarak Egypt President Muhammad Hosni 2006-12-31 Prime Minister Ahmed Nazif Mubarak Egypt President Muhammad Hosni 2007-12-31 Prime Minister Ahmed Nazif Mubarak Egypt President Muhammad Hosni 2008-12-31 Prime Minister Ahmed Nazif Mubarak Egypt President Muhammad Hosni 2009-12-31 Prime Minister Ahmed Nazif Mubarak Egypt President Muhammad Hosni 2010-12-31 Prime Minister Ahmed Nazif Mubarak Egypt Head of Supreme Mohammed 2011-02-11 Council of the Hussein Tantawi Armed Forces Egypt 2011-03-03 Prime Minister Essam Abdel-Aziz Sharaf Egypt 2011-12-07 Prime Minister Egypt Head of Supreme Mohammed 2011-12-31 Prime Minister Kamal Ganzouri Council of the Hussein Tantawi Armed Forces Egypt President 2012-06-30 Isa al-Ayyat Egypt 2012-08-02 Prime Minister Hisham Qandil Egypt President Mohamed Morsi 2012-12-31 Prime Minister Hisham Qandil Isa al-Ayyat

www.v-dem.net [email protected] Historical Country HOS Title HOS Name Date HOG Title HOG Name Egypt Head of State Adli Mansour 2013-07-04 Egypt 2013-07-16 Prime Minister Hazemal-Beblawi Egypt Head of State Adli Mansour 2013-12-31 Prime Minister Hazemal-Beblawi Egypt 2014-03-01 Prime Minister Egypt President Abdel Fattah 2014-06-08 al-Sisi Egypt President Abdel Fattah 2014-12-31 Prime Minister Ibrahim Mahlab al-Sisi Egypt 2015-09-12 Prime Minister Egypt President Abdel Fattah 2015-12-31 Prime Minister Sherif Ismail al-Sisi Egypt President Abdel Fattah 2016-12-31 Prime Minister Sherif Ismail al-Sisi Egypt President Abdel Fattah 2017-12-31 Prime Minister Sherif Ismail al-Sisi Egypt President Abdel Fattah 2018-06-07 Prime Minister al-Sisi Egypt President Abdel Fattah 2018-12-31 Prime Minister Mostafa Madbouly al-Sisi Egypt President Abdel Fattah 2019-12-31 Prime Minister Mostafa Madbouly al-Sisi El Salvador President Elías Antonio 2005-12-31 Saca González El Salvador President Elías Antonio 2006-12-31 Saca González El Salvador President Elías Antonio 2007-12-31 Saca González El Salvador President Elías Antonio 2008-12-31 Saca González El Salvador President Carlos Mauricio 2009-06-01 Funes Cartagena El Salvador President Carlos Mauricio 2009-12-31 Funes Cartagena El Salvador President Carlos Mauricio 2010-12-31 Funes Cartagena El Salvador President Carlos Mauricio 2011-12-31 Funes Cartagena El Salvador President Carlos Mauricio 2012-12-31 Funes Cartagena El Salvador President Carlos Mauricio 2013-12-31 Funes Cartagena El Salvador President Salvador Sánchez 2014-06-01 Cerén El Salvador President Salvador Sánchez 2014-12-31 Cerén El Salvador President Salvador Sánchez 2015-12-31 Cerén

www.v-dem.net [email protected] Historical Country HOS Title HOS Name Date HOG Title HOG Name El Salvador President Salvador Sánchez 2016-12-31 Cerén El Salvador President Salvador Sánchez 2017-12-31 Cerén El Salvador President Salvador Sánchez 2018-12-31 Cerén El Salvador President Nayib Armando 2019-06-01 Bukele Ortez El Salvador President Nayib Armando 2019-12-31 Bukele Ortez Equatorial President Teodoro Obiang 2005-12-31 Nguema Mbasogo Equatorial President Teodoro Obiang 2006-12-31 Guinea Nguema Mbasogo Equatorial President Teodoro Obiang 2007-12-31 Guinea Nguema Mbasogo Equatorial President Teodoro Obiang 2008-12-31 Guinea Nguema Mbasogo Equatorial President Teodoro Obiang 2009-12-31 Guinea Nguema Mbasogo Equatorial President Teodoro Obiang 2010-12-31 Guinea Nguema Mbasogo Equatorial President Teodoro Obiang 2011-12-31 Guinea Nguema Mbasogo Equatorial President Teodoro Obiang 2012-12-31 Guinea Nguema Mbasogo Equatorial President Teodoro Obiang 2013-12-31 Guinea Nguema Mbasogo Equatorial President Teodoro Obiang 2014-12-31 Guinea Nguema Mbasogo Equatorial President Teodoro Obiang 2015-12-31 Guinea Nguema Mbasogo Equatorial President Teodoro Obiang 2016-12-31 Guinea Nguema Mbasogo Equatorial President Teodoro Obiang 2017-12-31 Guinea Nguema Mbasogo Equatorial President Teodoro Obiang 2018-12-31 Guinea Nguema Mbasogo Equatorial President Teodoro Obiang 2019-12-31 Guinea Nguema Mbasogo President Isaias Afewerki 2005-12-31 Eritrea President Isaias Afewerki 2006-12-31 Eritrea President Isaias Afewerki 2007-12-31 Eritrea President Isaias Afewerki 2008-12-31 Eritrea President Isaias Afewerki 2009-12-31 Eritrea President Isaias Afewerki 2010-12-31

www.v-dem.net [email protected] Historical Country HOS Title HOS Name Date HOG Title HOG Name Eritrea President Isaias Afewerki 2011-12-31 Eritrea President Isaias Afewerki 2012-12-31 Eritrea President Isaias Afewerki 2013-12-31 Eritrea President Isaias Afewerki 2014-12-31 Eritrea President Isaias Afewerki 2015-12-31 Eritrea President 2016-12-31 Eritrea President Isaias Afwerki 2017-12-31 Eritrea President Isaias Afwerki 2018-12-31 Eritrea President Isaias Afwerki 2019-12-31 2005-04-13 Prime Minister Andrus Ansip Estonia President Arnold Rüütel 2005-12-31 Prime Minister Andrus Ansip Estonia President Toomas Hendrik 2006-10-09 Ilves Estonia President Toomas Hendrik 2006-12-31 Prime Minister Andrus Ansip Ilves Estonia President Toomas Hendrik 2007-12-31 Prime Minister Andrus Ansip Ilves Estonia President Toomas Hendrik 2008-12-31 Prime Minister Andrus Ansip Ilves Estonia President Toomas Hendrik 2009-12-31 Prime Minister Andrus Ansip Ilves Estonia President Toomas Hendrik 2010-12-31 Prime Minister Andrus Ansip Ilves Estonia President Toomas Hendrik 2011-12-31 Prime Minister Andrus Ansip Ilves Estonia President Toomas Hendrik 2012-12-31 Prime Minister Andrus Ansip Ilves Estonia President Toomas Hendrik 2013-12-31 Prime Minister Andrus Ansip Ilves Estonia 2014-03-26 Prime Minister Taavi Rõivas Estonia President Toomas Hendrik 2014-12-31 Prime Minister Taavi Rõivas Ilves Estonia President Toomas Hendrik 2015-12-31 Prime Minister Taavi Rõivas Ilves Estonia President 2016-10-10 Estonia 2016-11-23 Prime Minister Jüri Ratas Estonia President Kersti Kaljulaid 2016-12-31 Prime Minister Jüri Ratas Estonia President Kersti Kaljulaid 2017-12-31 Prime Minister Jüri Ratas Estonia President Kersti Kaljulaid 2018-12-31 Prime Minister Jüri Ratas Estonia President Kersti Kaljulaid 2019-12-31 Prime Minister Jüri Ratas King Mswati III 2005-12-31 Prime Minister Prince Themba Eswatini King Mswati III 2006-12-31 Prime Minister Prince Themba Dlamini Eswatini King Mswati III 2007-12-31 Prime Minister Prince Themba Dlamini Eswatini 2008-10-23 Prime Minister Barnabas Sibusiso Dlamini Eswatini King Mswati III 2008-12-31 Prime Minister Barnabas Sibusiso Dlamini

www.v-dem.net [email protected] Historical Country HOS Title HOS Name Date HOG Title HOG Name Eswatini King Mswati III 2009-12-31 Prime Minister Barnabas Sibusiso Dlamini Eswatini King Mswati III 2010-12-31 Prime Minister Barnabas Sibusiso Dlamini Eswatini King Mswati III 2011-12-31 Prime Minister Barnabas Sibusiso Dlamini Eswatini King Mswati III 2012-12-31 Prime Minister Barnabas Sibusiso Dlamini Eswatini King Mswati III 2013-12-31 Prime Minister Barnabas Sibusiso Dlamini Eswatini King Mswati III 2014-12-31 Prime Minister Barnabas Sibusiso Dlamini Eswatini King Mswati III 2015-12-31 Prime Minister Barnabas Sibusiso Dlamini Eswatini King Mswati III 2016-12-31 Prime Minister Barnabas Sibusiso Dlamini Eswatini King Mswati III 2017-12-31 Prime Minister Barnabas Sibusiso Dlamini Eswatini 2018-10-27 Prime Minister Eswatini King Mswati III 2018-12-31 Prime Minister Ambrose Mandvulo Dlamini Eswatini King Mswati III 2019-12-31 Prime Minister Ambrose Mandvulo Dlamini President Girma 2005-12-31 Prime Minister Wolde-Giorgis Lucha Ethiopia President Girma 2006-12-31 Prime Minister Meles Zenawi Wolde-Giorgis Lucha Ethiopia President Girma 2007-12-31 Prime Minister Meles Zenawi Wolde-Giorgis Lucha Ethiopia President Girma 2008-12-31 Prime Minister Meles Zenawi Wolde-Giorgis Lucha Ethiopia President Girma 2009-12-31 Prime Minister Meles Zenawi Wolde-Giorgis Lucha Ethiopia President Girma 2010-12-31 Prime Minister Meles Zenawi Wolde-Giorgis Lucha Ethiopia President Girma 2011-12-31 Prime Minister Meles Zenawi Wolde-Giorgis Lucha Ethiopia 2012-08-20 Prime Minister

www.v-dem.net [email protected] Historical Country HOS Title HOS Name Date HOG Title HOG Name Ethiopia President Girma 2012-12-31 Prime Minister Hailemariam Desalegn Wolde-Giorgis Lucha Ethiopia President 2013-10-07 Wirtu Ethiopia President Mulatu Teshome 2013-12-31 Prime Minister Hailemariam Desalegn Wirtu Ethiopia President Mulatu Teshome 2014-12-31 Prime Minister Hailemariam Desalegn Wirtu Ethiopia President Mulatu Teshome 2015-12-31 Prime Minister Hailemariam Desalegn Wirtu Ethiopia President Mulatu Teshome 2016-12-31 Prime Minister Hailemariam Desalegn Wirtu Ethiopia President Mulatu Teshome 2017-12-31 Prime Minister Hailemariam Desalegn Wirtu Ethiopia 2018-04-02 Prime Minister Abiy Ahmed Ali Ethiopia President Sahle-Work 2018-10-25 Zewde Ethiopia President Sahle-Work 2018-12-31 Prime Minister Abiy Ahmed Ali Zewde Ethiopia President Sahle-Work 2019-12-31 Prime Minister Abiy Ahmed Ali Zewde President Ratu Josefa Iloilo 2005-12-31 Prime Minister Laisenia Qarase Fiji President Ratu Josefa Iloilo 2006-12-31 Prime Minister Laisenia Qarase Fiji President Ratu Josefa Iloilo 2007-01-04 Fiji 2007-01-05 Prime Minister Josaia Voreqe “Frank” Bainimarama Fiji President Ratu Josefa Iloilo 2007-12-31 Prime Minister Josaia Voreqe “Frank” Bainimarama Fiji President Ratu Josefa Iloilo 2008-12-31 Prime Minister Josaia Voreqe “Frank” Bainimarama Fiji 2009-04-11 Prime Minister Josaia Voreqe “Frank” Bainimarama Fiji President Ratu Epeli 2009-07-30 Nailatikau Fiji President Ratu Epeli 2009-12-31 Prime Minister Josaia Voreqe “Frank” Nailatikau Bainimarama Fiji President Ratu Epeli 2010-12-31 Prime Minister Josaia Voreqe “Frank” Nailatikau Bainimarama Fiji President Ratu Epeli 2011-12-31 Prime Minister Josaia Voreqe “Frank” Nailatikau Bainimarama Fiji President Ratu Epeli 2012-12-31 Prime Minister Josaia Voreqe “Frank” Nailatikau Bainimarama Fiji President Ratu Epeli 2013-12-31 Prime Minister Josaia Voreqe “Frank” Nailatikau Bainimarama Fiji President Ratu Epeli 2014-12-31 Prime Minister Josaia Voreqe “Frank” Nailatikau Bainimarama

www.v-dem.net [email protected] Historical Country HOS Title HOS Name Date HOG Title HOG Name Fiji President Jioji Konousi 2015-11-12 Konrote Fiji President Jioji Konousi 2015-12-31 Prime Minister Josaia Voreqe “Frank” Konrote Bainimarama Fiji 2016-01-01 Prime Minister Josaia Voreqe “Frank” Bainimarama Fiji President Jioji Konousi 2016-12-31 Prime Minister Josaia Voreqe “Frank” Konrote Bainimarama Fiji President Jioji Konousi 2017-12-31 Prime Minister Josaia Voreqe “Frank” Konrote Bainimarama Fiji President Jioji Konousi 2018-12-31 Prime Minister Josaia Voreqe “Frank” Konrote Bainimarama Fiji President Jioji Konousi 2019-12-31 Prime Minister Josaia Voreqe “Frank” Konrote Bainimarama President Tarja Kaarina 2005-12-31 Prime Minister Matti Taneli Vanhanen Halonen Finland President Tarja Kaarina 2006-12-31 Prime Minister Matti Taneli Vanhanen Halonen Finland President Tarja Kaarina 2007-12-31 Prime Minister Matti Taneli Vanhanen Halonen Finland President Tarja Kaarina 2008-12-31 Prime Minister Matti Taneli Vanhanen Halonen Finland President Tarja Kaarina 2009-12-31 Prime Minister Matti Taneli Vanhanen Halonen Finland 2010-06-22 Prime Minister Mari Johanna Kiviniemi Finland President Tarja Kaarina 2010-12-31 Prime Minister Mari Johanna Kiviniemi Halonen Finland 2011-06-22 Prime Minister Jyrki Tapani Katainen Finland President Tarja Kaarina 2011-12-31 Prime Minister Jyrki Tapani Katainen Halonen Finland President Sauli Väinämö 2012-03-01 Niinistö Finland President Sauli Väinämö 2012-12-31 Prime Minister Jyrki Tapani Katainen Niinistö Finland President Sauli Väinämö 2013-12-31 Prime Minister Jyrki Tapani Katainen Niinistö Finland 2014-06-24 Prime Minister Alexander Stubb Finland President Sauli Väinämö 2014-12-31 Prime Minister Alexander Stubb Niinistö Finland 2015-05-29 Prime Minister Juha Sipila Finland President Sauli Väinämö 2015-12-31 Prime Minister Juha Sipila Niinistö Finland President Sauli Väinämö 2016-12-31 Prime Minister Juha Sipila Niinistö Finland President Sauli Väinämö 2017-12-31 Prime Minister Juha Sipila Niinistö

www.v-dem.net [email protected] Historical Country HOS Title HOS Name Date HOG Title HOG Name Finland President Sauli Väinämö 2018-12-31 Prime Minister Juha Sipila Niinistö Finland 2019-06-06 Prime Minister Antti Juhani Rinne Finland 2019-12-10 Prime Minister Finland President Sauli Väinämö 2019-12-31 Prime Minister Sanna Marin Niinistö 2005-06-02 Prime Minister Dominique Galouzeau de Villepin France President 2005-12-31 Prime Minister Dominique Galouzeau de Villepin France President Jacques Chirac 2006-12-31 Prime Minister Dominique Galouzeau de Villepin France President 2007-05-16 France 2007-05-17 Prime Minister François Fillon France President Nicolas Sarkozy 2007-12-31 Prime Minister François Fillon France President Nicolas Sarkozy 2008-12-31 Prime Minister François Fillon France President Nicolas Sarkozy 2009-12-31 Prime Minister François Fillon France President Nicolas Sarkozy 2010-12-31 Prime Minister François Fillon France President Nicolas Sarkozy 2011-12-31 Prime Minister François Fillon France President François Hollande 2012-05-15 Prime Minister Jean-Marc Ayrault France President François Hollande 2012-12-31 Prime Minister Jean-Marc Ayrault France President François Hollande 2013-12-31 Prime Minister Jean-Marc Ayrault France 2014-04-01 Prime Minister France President François Hollande 2014-12-31 Prime Minister Manuel Valls France President François Hollande 2015-12-31 Prime Minister Manuel Valls France 2016-12-06 Prime Minister Bernard Cazeneuve France President François Hollande 2016-12-31 Prime Minister Bernard Cazeneuve France President Emmanuel 2017-05-14 Macron France 2017-05-15 Prime Minister Édouard Philippe France President Emmanuel 2017-12-31 Prime Minister Édouard Philippe Macron France President Emmanuel 2018-12-31 Prime Minister Édouard Philippe Macron France President Emmanuel 2019-12-31 Prime Minister Édouard Philippe Macron President 2005-12-31 Prime Minister Jean-François Ntoutoume-Émane Gabon 2006-01-20 Prime Minister Jean Eyeghe Ndong Gabon President Omar Bongo 2006-12-31 Prime Minister Jean Eyeghe Ndong Gabon President Omar Bongo 2007-12-31 Prime Minister Jean Eyeghe Ndong Gabon President Omar Bongo 2008-12-31 Prime Minister Jean Eyeghe Ndong Gabon President Rose Francine 2009-06-10 Rogombé Gabon 2009-07-17 Prime Minister Paul Biyoghé Mba

www.v-dem.net [email protected] Historical Country HOS Title HOS Name Date HOG Title HOG Name Gabon President Ali Ben Bongo 2009-10-16 Ondimba Gabon President Ali Ben Bongo 2009-12-31 Prime Minister Paul Biyoghé Mba Ondimba Gabon President Ali Ben Bongo 2010-12-31 Prime Minister Paul Biyoghé Mba Ondimba Gabon President Ali Ben Bongo 2011-12-31 Prime Minister Paul Biyoghé Mba Ondimba Gabon 2012-02-27 Prime Minister Raymond Ndong Sima Gabon President Ali Ben Bongo 2012-12-31 Prime Minister Raymond Ndong Sima Ondimba Gabon President Ali Ben Bongo 2013-12-31 Prime Minister Raymond Ndong Sima Ondimba Gabon 2014-01-27 Prime Minister Gabon President Ali Ben Bongo 2014-12-31 Prime Minister Daniel Ona Ondo Ondimba Gabon President Ali Ben Bongo 2015-12-31 Prime Minister Daniel Ona Ondo Ondimba Gabon President Ali Ben Bongo 2016-08-27 Ondimba Gabon 2016-09-29 Prime Minister Franck Emmanuel Issoze-Ngondet Gabon President Ali Ben Bongo 2016-12-31 Prime Minister Franck Emmanuel Ondimba Issoze-Ngondet Gabon President Ali Ben Bongo 2017-12-31 Prime Minister Franck Emmanuel Ondimba Issoze-Ngondet Gabon President Ali Ben Bongo 2018-12-31 Prime Minister Franck Emmanuel Ondimba Issoze-Ngondet Gabon 2019-01-12 Prime Minister Julien Nkoghe Bekalé Gabon President Ali Ben Bongo 2019-12-31 Prime Minister Julien Nkoghe Bekalé Ondimba Georgia 2005-02-17 Prime Minister Zurab Teymurazovich Nogaideli Georgia President Mikheil Nikolozis 2005-12-31 Prime Minister Zurab Teymurazovich dze Saakashvili Nogaideli Georgia President Mikheil Nikolozis 2006-12-31 Prime Minister Zurab Teymurazovich dze Saakashvili Nogaideli Georgia 2007-11-22 Prime Minister Vladimer Gurgenidze Georgia President Mikheil Nikolozis 2007-12-31 Prime Minister Vladimer Gurgenidze dze Saakashvili Georgia President Mikheil Nikolozis 2008-01-20 dze Saakashvili Georgia President Mikheil Nikolozis 2008-12-31 Prime Minister Vladimer Gurgenidze dze Saakashvili Georgia 2009-02-06 Prime Minister Nikoloz Gilauri Georgia President Mikheil Nikolozis 2009-12-31 Prime Minister Nikoloz Gilauri dze Saakashvili

www.v-dem.net [email protected] Historical Country HOS Title HOS Name Date HOG Title HOG Name Georgia President Mikheil Nikolozis 2010-12-31 Prime Minister Nikoloz Gilauri dze Saakashvili Georgia President Mikheil Nikolozis 2011-12-31 Prime Minister Nikoloz Gilauri dze Saakashvili Georgia 2012-07-04 Prime Minister Ivane Merabishvili Georgia 2012-10-25 Prime Minister Bidzina Ivanishvili Georgia President Mikheil Nikolozis 2012-12-31 Prime Minister Bidzina Ivanishvili dze Saakashvili Georgia President Giorgi Teimurazis 2013-11-17 dze Margvelashvili Georgia 2013-11-20 Prime Minister Georgia President Giorgi Teimurazis 2013-12-31 Prime Minister Irakli Garibashvili dze Margvelashvili Georgia President Giorgi Teimurazis 2014-12-31 Prime Minister Irakli Garibashvili dze Margvelashvili Georgia 2015-12-30 Prime Minister Giorgi Kvirikashvili Georgia President Giorgi Teimurazis 2015-12-31 Prime Minister Giorgi Kvirikashvili dze Margvelashvili Georgia President Giorgi Teimurazis 2016-12-31 Prime Minister Giorgi Kvirikashvili dze Margvelashvili Georgia President Giorgi Teimurazis 2017-12-31 Prime Minister Giorgi Kvirikashvili dze Margvelashvili Georgia 2018-06-20 Prime Minister Mamuka Bakhtadze Georgia President Salome 2018-12-16 Zourabichvili Georgia President Salome 2018-12-31 Prime Minister Mamuka Bakhtadze Zourabichvili Georgia President Salome 2019-12-31 Prime Minister Mamuka Bakhtadze Zourabichvili 2005-11-22 Chancellor Germany President Horst Köhler 2005-12-31 Chancellor Angela Merkel Germany President Horst Köhler 2006-12-31 Chancellor Angela Merkel Germany President Horst Köhler 2007-12-31 Chancellor Angela Merkel Germany President Horst Köhler 2008-12-31 Chancellor Angela Merkel Germany President Horst Köhler 2009-12-31 Chancellor Angela Merkel Germany President Christian Wulff 2010-06-30 Germany President Christian Wulff 2010-12-31 Chancellor Angela Merkel Germany President Christian Wulff 2011-12-31 Chancellor Angela Merkel Germany President Joachim Gauck 2012-03-18 Germany President Joachim Gauck 2012-12-31 Chancellor Angela Merkel Germany President Joachim Gauck 2013-12-31 Chancellor Angela Merkel Germany President Joachim Gauck 2014-12-31 Chancellor Angela Merkel Germany President Joachim Gauck 2015-12-31 Chancellor Angela Merkel Germany President Joachim Gauck 2016-12-31 Chancellor Angela Merkel Germany President Frank-Walter 2017-03-19 Steinmeier

www.v-dem.net [email protected] Historical Country HOS Title HOS Name Date HOG Title HOG Name Germany President Frank-Walter 2017-12-31 Chancellor Angela Merkel Steinmeier Germany President Frank-Walter 2018-12-31 Chancellor Angela Merkel Steinmeier Germany President Frank-Walter 2019-12-31 Chancellor Angela Merkel Steinmeier President John Agyekum 2005-12-31 Kufuor Ghana President John Agyekum 2006-12-31 Kufuor Ghana President John Agyekum 2007-12-31 Kufuor Ghana President John Agyekum 2008-12-31 Kufuor Ghana President John Evans Atta 2009-01-07 Mills Ghana President John Evans Atta 2009-12-31 Mills Ghana President John Evans Atta 2010-12-31 Mills Ghana President John Evans Atta 2011-12-31 Mills Ghana President John Dramani 2012-07-24 Mahama Ghana President John Dramani 2012-12-31 Mahama Ghana President John Dramani 2013-12-31 Mahama Ghana President John Dramani 2014-12-31 Mahama Ghana President John Dramani 2015-12-31 Mahama Ghana President John Dramani 2016-12-31 Mahama Ghana President Nana Addo 2017-01-07 Dankwa Akufo-Addo Ghana President Nana Addo 2017-12-31 Dankwa Akufo-Addo Ghana President Nana Addo 2018-12-31 Dankwa Akufo-Addo Ghana President Nana Addo 2019-12-31 Dankwa Akufo-Addo

www.v-dem.net [email protected] Historical Country HOS Title HOS Name Date HOG Title HOG Name President Karolos Gregoriou 2005-03-12 Papoulias Greece President Karolos Gregoriou 2005-12-31 Prime Minister Konstantinos Alexandrou Papoulias Karamanlis Greece President Karolos Gregoriou 2006-12-31 Prime Minister Konstantinos Alexandrou Papoulias Karamanlis Greece President Karolos Gregoriou 2007-12-31 Prime Minister Konstantinos Alexandrou Papoulias Karamanlis Greece President Karolos Gregoriou 2008-12-31 Prime Minister Konstantinos Alexandrou Papoulias Karamanlis Greece 2009-10-06 Prime Minister Georgios Andreou Papandreou Greece President Karolos Gregoriou 2009-12-31 Prime Minister Georgios Andreou Papoulias Papandreou Greece President Karolos Gregoriou 2010-12-31 Prime Minister Georgios Andreou Papoulias Papandreou Greece 2011-11-11 Prime Minister Loukas Dimitriou Papadimos Greece President Karolos Gregoriou 2011-12-31 Prime Minister Loukas Dimitriou Papoulias Papadimos Greece 2012-06-20 Prime Minister Antonios Konstantinou Samaras Greece President Karolos Gregoriou 2012-12-31 Prime Minister Antonios Konstantinou Papoulias Samaras Greece President Karolos Gregoriou 2013-12-31 Prime Minister Antonios Konstantinou Papoulias Samaras Greece President Karolos Gregoriou 2014-12-31 Prime Minister Antonios Konstantinou Papoulias Samaras Greece 2015-01-26 Prime Minister Alexis Tsipras Greece President Prokopis 2015-03-13 Pavlopoulos Greece President Prokopis 2015-12-31 Prime Minister Alexis Tsipras Pavlopoulos Greece President Prokopis 2016-12-31 Prime Minister Alexis Tsipras Pavlopoulos Greece President Prokopis 2017-12-31 Prime Minister Alexis Tsipras Pavlopoulos Greece President Prokopis 2018-12-31 Prime Minister Alexis Tsipras Pavlopoulos Greece 2019-07-08 Prime Minister Greece President Prokopis 2019-12-31 Prime Minister Kyriakos Mitsotakis Pavlopoulos Guatemala President Óscar José Rafael 2005-12-31 Berger Perdomo Guatemala President Óscar José Rafael 2006-12-31 Berger Perdomo

www.v-dem.net [email protected] Historical Country HOS Title HOS Name Date HOG Title HOG Name Guatemala President Óscar José Rafael 2007-12-31 Berger Perdomo Guatemala President Álvaro Colom 2008-01-14 Caballeros Guatemala President Álvaro Colom 2008-12-31 Caballeros Guatemala President Álvaro Colom 2009-12-31 Caballeros Guatemala President Álvaro Colom 2010-12-31 Caballeros Guatemala President Álvaro Colom 2011-12-31 Caballeros Guatemala President Otto Fernando 2012-01-14 Pérez Molina Guatemala President Otto Fernando 2012-12-31 Pérez Molina Guatemala President Otto Fernando 2013-12-31 Pérez Molina Guatemala President Otto Fernando 2014-12-31 Pérez Molina Guatemala President Héctor Alejandro 2015-09-03 Baltazar Maldonado Aguirre Guatemala President Héctor Alejandro 2015-12-31 Baltazar Maldonado Aguirre Guatemala President Jimmy Ernesto 2016-01-14 Morales Cabrera Guatemala President Jimmy Ernesto 2016-12-31 Morales Cabrera Guatemala President Jimmy Ernesto 2017-12-31 Morales Cabrera Guatemala President Jimmy Ernesto 2018-12-31 Morales Cabrera Guatemala President Jimmy Ernesto 2019-12-31 Morales Cabrera Guinea President Lansana Conté 2005-12-31 Prime Minister Cellou Dalein Diallo Guinea President Lansana Conté 2006-12-31 Prime Minister Cellou Dalein Diallo Guinea 2007-03-01 Prime Minister Lansana Kouyaté Guinea President Lansana Conté 2007-12-31 Prime Minister Lansana Kouyaté Guinea 2008-05-23 Prime Minister Ahmed Tidiane Souaré

www.v-dem.net [email protected] Historical Country HOS Title HOS Name Date HOG Title HOG Name Guinea President of the Moussa Dadis 2008-12-23 National Council Camara for Democracy and Development Guinea President of the Moussa Dadis 2008-12-31 Prime Minister Ahmed Tidiane Souaré National Council Camara for Democracy and Development Guinea 2009-01-02 Prime Minister Kabiné Komara Guinea President Sékouba Konaté 2009-12-05 Guinea President Sékouba Konaté 2009-12-31 Prime Minister Kabiné Komara Guinea 2010-01-26 Prime Minister Jean-Marie Doré Guinea President Alpha Condé 2010-12-21 Guinea 2010-12-24 Prime Minister Mohamed Said Fofana Guinea President Alpha Condé 2010-12-31 Prime Minister Mohamed Said Fofana Guinea President Alpha Condé 2011-12-31 Prime Minister Mohamed Said Fofana Guinea President Alpha Condé 2012-12-31 Prime Minister Mohamed Said Fofana Guinea President Alpha Condé 2013-12-31 Prime Minister Mohamed Said Fofana Guinea President Alpha Condé 2014-12-31 Prime Minister Mohamed Said Fofana Guinea 2015-12-29 Prime Minister Mamady Youla Guinea President Alpha Condé 2015-12-31 Prime Minister Mamady Youla Guinea President Alpha Condé 2016-12-31 Prime Minister Mamady Youla Guinea President Alpha Condé 2017-12-31 Prime Minister Mamady Youla Guinea 2018-05-24 Prime Minister Ibrahima Fofana Guinea President Alpha Condé 2018-12-31 Prime Minister Ibrahima Fofana Guinea President Alpha Condé 2019-12-31 Prime Minister Ibrahima Fofana Guinea-Bissau President João Bernardo 2005-10-01 Vieira Guinea-Bissau 2005-11-02 Prime Minister Guinea-Bissau President João Bernardo 2005-12-31 Prime Minister Aristides Gomes Vieira Guinea-Bissau President João Bernardo 2006-12-31 Prime Minister Aristides Gomes Vieira Guinea-Bissau 2007-04-13 Prime Minister Martinho Ndafa Kabi Guinea-Bissau President João Bernardo 2007-12-31 Prime Minister Martinho Ndafa Kabi Vieira Guinea-Bissau 2008-08-06 Prime Minister Guinea-Bissau President João Bernardo 2008-12-31 Prime Minister Carlos Correia Vieira Guinea-Bissau 2009-01-02 Prime Minister Carlos Gomes Júnior Guinea-Bissau President Raimundo 2009-03-03 Perreira Guinea-Bissau President Malam Bacai 2009-09-08 Sanhá Guinea-Bissau President Malam Bacai 2009-12-31 Prime Minister Carlos Gomes Júnior Sanhá

www.v-dem.net [email protected] Historical Country HOS Title HOS Name Date HOG Title HOG Name Guinea-Bissau President Malam Bacai 2010-12-31 Prime Minister Carlos Gomes Júnior Sanhá Guinea-Bissau President Malam Bacai 2011-12-31 Prime Minister Carlos Gomes Júnior Sanhá Guinea-Bissau President Manuel Serifo 2012-05-11 Nhamadjo Guinea-Bissau 2012-05-16 Prime Minister Guinea-Bissau President Manuel Serifo 2012-12-31 Prime Minister Rui Duarte de Barros Nhamadjo Guinea-Bissau President Manuel Serifo 2013-12-31 Prime Minister Rui Duarte de Barros Nhamadjo Guinea-Bissau President José Mário Vaz 2014-06-23 Guinea-Bissau 2014-07-04 Prime Minister Domingos Simões Pereira Guinea-Bissau President José Mário Vaz 2014-12-31 Prime Minister Domingos Simões Pereira Guinea-Bissau 2015-09-17 Prime Minister Carlos Correia Guinea-Bissau President José Mário Vaz 2015-12-31 Prime Minister Carlos Correia Guinea-Bissau 2016-05-27 Prime Minister Guinea-Bissau 2016-11-18 Prime Minister Umaro Sissoco Embalo Guinea-Bissau President José Mário Vaz 2016-12-31 Prime Minister Umaro Sissoco Embalo Guinea-Bissau President José Mário Vaz 2017-12-31 Prime Minister Umaro Sissoco Embalo Guinea-Bissau 2018-04-16 Prime Minister Aristides Gomes Guinea-Bissau President José Mário Vaz 2018-12-31 Prime Minister Aristides Gomes Guinea-Bissau 2019-10-29 Prime Minister Faustino Fudut Imbali Guinea-Bissau President José Mário Vaz 2019-12-31 Prime Minister Faustino Fudut Imbali President Bharrat Jagdeo 2005-12-31 Guyana President Bharrat Jagdeo 2006-12-31 Guyana President Bharrat Jagdeo 2007-12-31 Guyana President Bharrat Jagdeo 2008-12-31 Guyana President Bharrat Jagdeo 2009-12-31 Guyana President Bharrat Jagdeo 2010-12-31 Guyana President Donald Ramotar 2011-12-03 Guyana President Donald Ramotar 2011-12-31 Guyana President Donald Ramotar 2012-12-31 Guyana President Donald Ramotar 2013-12-31 Guyana President Donald Ramotar 2014-12-31 Guyana President David Arthur 2015-05-16 Granger Guyana President David Arthur 2015-12-31 Granger Guyana President David Arthur 2016-12-31 Granger Guyana President David Arthur 2017-12-31 Granger Guyana President David Arthur 2018-12-31 Granger Guyana President David Arthur 2019-12-31 Granger

www.v-dem.net [email protected] Historical Country HOS Title HOS Name Date HOG Title HOG Name President Boniface 2005-12-31 Prime Minister Alexandre Haiti President René Garcia 2006-05-14 Préval Haiti 2006-06-09 Prime Minister Jacques-Édouard Alexis Haiti President René Garcia 2006-12-31 Prime Minister Jacques-Édouard Alexis Préval Haiti President René Garcia 2007-12-31 Prime Minister Jacques-Édouard Alexis Préval Haiti 2008-09-05 Prime Minister Michele Duvivier Pierre-Louis Haiti President René Garcia 2008-12-31 Prime Minister Michele Duvivier Préval Pierre-Louis Haiti 2009-11-11 Prime Minister Jean-Max Bellerive Haiti President René Garcia 2009-12-31 Prime Minister Jean-Max Bellerive Préval Haiti President René Garcia 2010-12-31 Prime Minister Jean-Max Bellerive Préval Haiti President 2011-05-14 Haiti 2011-10-18 Prime Minister Haiti President Michel Martelly 2011-12-31 Prime Minister Garry Conille Haiti 2012-05-16 Prime Minister Haiti President Michel Martelly 2012-12-31 Prime Minister Laurent Lamothe Haiti President Michel Martelly 2013-12-31 Prime Minister Laurent Lamothe Haiti President Michel Martelly 2014-12-31 Prime Minister Laurent Lamothe Haiti 2015-01-16 Prime Minister Haiti President Michel Martelly 2015-12-31 Prime Minister Evans Paul Haiti President Jocelerme Privert 2016-02-14 Haiti 2016-03-25 Prime Minister Enex Jean-Charles Haiti President Jocelerme Privert 2016-12-31 Prime Minister Enex Jean-Charles Haiti President Jovenel Moïse 2017-02-07 Haiti 2017-03-21 Prime Minister Haiti President Jovenel Moïse 2017-12-31 Prime Minister Jack Guy Lafontant Haiti 2018-09-16 Prime Minister Jean Henry Céant Haiti President Jovenel Moïse 2018-12-31 Prime Minister Jean Henry Céant Haiti 2019-03-21 Prime Minister Jean-Michel Lapin Haiti 2019-07-22 Prime Minister Fritz-William Michel Haiti President Jovenel Moïse 2019-12-31 Prime Minister Fritz-William Michel Honduras President Ricardo Rodolfo 2005-12-31 Maduro Joest Honduras President José Manuel 2006-01-27 Zelaya Rosales Honduras President José Manuel 2006-12-31 Zelaya Rosales Honduras President José Manuel 2007-12-31 Zelaya Rosales

www.v-dem.net [email protected] Historical Country HOS Title HOS Name Date HOG Title HOG Name Honduras President José Manuel 2008-12-31 Zelaya Rosales Honduras President Roberto 2009-06-28 Micheletti Baín Honduras President Roberto 2009-12-31 Micheletti Baín Honduras President Porfirio Lobo Sosa 2010-01-27 Honduras President Porfirio Lobo Sosa 2010-12-31 Honduras President Porfirio Lobo Sosa 2011-12-31 Honduras President Porfirio Lobo Sosa 2012-12-31 Honduras President Porfirio Lobo Sosa 2013-12-31 Honduras President Juan Orlando 2014-01-27 Hernández Honduras President Juan Orlando 2014-12-31 Hernández Honduras President Juan Orlando 2015-12-31 Hernández Honduras President Juan Orlando 2016-12-31 Hernández Honduras President Juan Orlando 2017-12-31 Hernández Honduras President Juan Orlando 2018-12-31 Hernández Honduras President Juan Orlando 2019-12-31 Hernández Hong Kong Chief Executive Donald Tsang 2005-06-24 Hong Kong Chief Executive Donald Tsang 2005-12-31 Hong Kong Chief Executive Donald Tsang 2006-12-31 Hong Kong Chief Executive Donald Tsang 2007-12-31 Hong Kong Chief Executive Donald Tsang 2008-12-31 Hong Kong Chief Executive Donald Tsang 2009-12-31 Hong Kong Chief Executive Donald Tsang 2010-12-31 Hong Kong Chief Executive Donald Tsang 2011-12-31 Hong Kong Chief Executive Leung Chun-ying 2012-07-01 Hong Kong Chief Executive Leung Chun-ying 2012-12-31 Hong Kong Chief Executive Leung Chun-ying 2013-12-31 Hong Kong Chief Executive Leung Chun-ying 2014-12-31 Hong Kong Chief Executive Leung Chun-ying 2015-12-31 Hong Kong Chief Executive Leung Chun-ying 2016-12-31 Hong Kong Chief Executive 2017-07-01 Hong Kong Chief Executive Carrie Lam 2017-12-31 Hong Kong Chief Executive Carrie Lam 2018-12-31 Hong Kong Chief Executive Carrie Lam 2019-12-31 President László Sólyom 2005-08-05 Hungary President László Sólyom 2005-12-31 Prime Minister Ferenc Gyurcsány Hungary President László Sólyom 2006-12-31 Prime Minister Ferenc Gyurcsány

www.v-dem.net [email protected] Historical Country HOS Title HOS Name Date HOG Title HOG Name Hungary President László Sólyom 2007-12-31 Prime Minister Ferenc Gyurcsány Hungary President László Sólyom 2008-12-31 Prime Minister Ferenc Gyurcsány Hungary 2009-04-14 Prime Minister Hungary President László Sólyom 2009-12-31 Prime Minister Gordon Bajnai Hungary 2010-05-29 Prime Minister Viktor Orbán Hungary President Pál Schmitt 2010-08-06 Hungary President Pál Schmitt 2010-12-31 Prime Minister Viktor Orbán Hungary President Pál Schmitt 2011-12-31 Prime Minister Viktor Orbán Hungary President János Áder 2012-05-10 Hungary President János Áder 2012-12-31 Prime Minister Viktor Orbán Hungary President János Áder 2013-12-31 Prime Minister Viktor Orbán Hungary President János Áder 2014-12-31 Prime Minister Viktor Orbán Hungary President János Áder 2015-12-31 Prime Minister Viktor Orbán Hungary President János Áder 2016-12-31 Prime Minister Viktor Orbán Hungary President János Áder 2017-12-31 Prime Minister Viktor Orbán Hungary President János Áder 2018-12-31 Prime Minister Viktor Orbán Hungary President János Áder 2019-12-31 Prime Minister Viktor Orbán President Ólafur Ragnar 2005-12-31 Prime Minister Halldór Ásgrímsson Grímsson Iceland 2006-06-15 Prime Minister Geir Hilmar Haarde Iceland President Ólafur Ragnar 2006-12-31 Prime Minister Geir Hilmar Haarde Grímsson Iceland President Ólafur Ragnar 2007-12-31 Prime Minister Geir Hilmar Haarde Grímsson Iceland President Ólafur Ragnar 2008-12-31 Prime Minister Geir Hilmar Haarde Grímsson Iceland 2009-02-01 Prime Minister Jóhanna Sigurdardóttir Iceland President Ólafur Ragnar 2009-12-31 Prime Minister Jóhanna Sigurdardóttir Grímsson Iceland President Ólafur Ragnar 2010-12-31 Prime Minister Jóhanna Sigurdardóttir Grímsson Iceland President Ólafur Ragnar 2011-12-31 Prime Minister Jóhanna Sigurdardóttir Grímsson Iceland President Ólafur Ragnar 2012-12-31 Prime Minister Jóhanna Sigurdardóttir Grímsson Iceland 2013-05-23 Prime Minister Sigmundur Davíd Gunnlaugsson Iceland President Ólafur Ragnar 2013-12-31 Prime Minister Sigmundur Davíd Grímsson Gunnlaugsson Iceland President Ólafur Ragnar 2014-12-31 Prime Minister Sigmundur Davíd Grímsson Gunnlaugsson Iceland President Ólafur Ragnar 2015-12-31 Prime Minister Sigmundur Davíd Grímsson Gunnlaugsson Iceland 2016-04-07 Prime Minister Sigurdur Ingi Jóhannsson Iceland President Gudni Thorlacius 2016-08-01 Jóhannesson

www.v-dem.net [email protected] Historical Country HOS Title HOS Name Date HOG Title HOG Name Iceland President Gudni Thorlacius 2016-12-31 Prime Minister Sigurdur Ingi Jóhannsson Jóhannesson Iceland 2017-01-11 Prime Minister Bjarni Benediktsson Iceland 2017-11-30 Prime Minister Katrín Jakobsdóttir Iceland President Gudni Thorlacius 2017-12-31 Prime Minister Katrín Jakobsdóttir Jóhannesson Iceland President Gudni Thorlacius 2018-12-31 Prime Minister Katrín Jakobsdóttir Jóhannesson Iceland President Gudni Thorlacius 2019-12-31 Prime Minister Katrín Jakobsdóttir Jóhannesson President Aavul Pakkiri 2005-12-31 Prime Minister Jainulabidin India President Aavul Pakkiri 2006-12-31 Prime Minister Manmohan Singh Jainulabidin India President Pratibha 2007-07-25 Devisingh Patil India President Pratibha 2007-12-31 Prime Minister Manmohan Singh Devisingh Patil India President Pratibha 2008-12-31 Prime Minister Manmohan Singh Devisingh Patil India President Pratibha 2009-12-31 Prime Minister Manmohan Singh Devisingh Patil India President Pratibha 2010-12-31 Prime Minister Manmohan Singh Devisingh Patil India President Pratibha 2011-12-31 Prime Minister Manmohan Singh Devisingh Patil India President Pranab Kumar 2012-07-25 Mukherjee India President Pranab Kumar 2012-12-31 Prime Minister Manmohan Singh Mukherjee India President Pranab Kumar 2013-12-31 Prime Minister Manmohan Singh Mukherjee India 2014-05-26 Prime Minister India President Pranab Kumar 2014-12-31 Prime Minister Narendra Modi Mukherjee India President Pranab Kumar 2015-12-31 Prime Minister Narendra Modi Mukherjee India President Pranab Kumar 2016-12-31 Prime Minister Narendra Modi Mukherjee India President 2017-07-25 India President Ram Nath Kovind 2017-12-31 Prime Minister Narendra Modi India President Ram Nath Kovind 2018-12-31 Prime Minister Narendra Modi India President Ram Nath Kovind 2019-12-31 Prime Minister Narendra Modi Indonesia President Susilo Bambang 2005-12-31 Yudhoyono Indonesia President Susilo Bambang 2006-12-31 Yudhoyono

www.v-dem.net [email protected] Historical Country HOS Title HOS Name Date HOG Title HOG Name Indonesia President Susilo Bambang 2007-12-31 Yudhoyono Indonesia President Susilo Bambang 2008-12-31 Yudhoyono Indonesia President Susilo Bambang 2009-12-31 Yudhoyono Indonesia President Susilo Bambang 2010-12-31 Yudhoyono Indonesia President Susilo Bambang 2011-12-31 Yudhoyono Indonesia President Susilo Bambang 2012-12-31 Yudhoyono Indonesia President Susilo Bambang 2013-12-31 Yudhoyono Indonesia President 2014-10-20 Indonesia President Joko Widodo 2014-12-31 Indonesia President Joko Widodo 2015-12-31 Indonesia President Joko Widodo 2016-12-31 Indonesia President Joko Widodo 2017-12-31 Indonesia President Joko Widodo 2018-12-31 Indonesia President Joko Widodo 2019-12-31 Iran 2005-08-03 President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad Iran Supreme Leader Ayatollah Sayyed 2005-12-31 President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad Ali Khamenei Iran Supreme Leader Ayatollah Sayyed 2006-12-31 President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad Ali Khamenei Iran Supreme Leader Ayatollah Sayyed 2007-12-31 President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad Ali Khamenei Iran Supreme Leader Ayatollah Sayyed 2008-12-31 President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad Ali Khamenei Iran Supreme Leader Ayatollah Sayyed 2009-12-31 President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad Ali Khamenei Iran Supreme Leader Ayatollah Sayyed 2010-12-31 President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad Ali Khamenei Iran Supreme Leader Ayatollah Sayyed 2011-12-31 President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad Ali Khamenei Iran Supreme Leader Ayatollah Sayyed 2012-12-31 President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad Ali Khamenei Iran 2013-08-03 President Hojatolislam Iran Supreme Leader Ayatollah Sayyed 2013-12-31 President Hojatolislam Hassan Ali Khamenei Rouhani Iran Supreme Leader Ayatollah Sayyed 2014-12-31 President Hojatolislam Hassan Ali Khamenei Rouhani Iran Supreme Leader Ayatollah Sayyed 2015-12-31 President Hojatolislam Hassan Ali Khamenei Rouhani

www.v-dem.net [email protected] Historical Country HOS Title HOS Name Date HOG Title HOG Name Iran Supreme Leader Ayatollah Sayyed 2016-12-31 President Hojatolislam Hassan Ali Khamenei Rouhani Iran Supreme Leader Ayatollah Sayyed 2017-12-31 President Hojatolislam Hassan Ali Khamenei Rouhani Iran Supreme Leader Ayatollah Sayyed 2018-12-31 President Hojatolislam Hassan Ali Khamenei Rouhani Iran Supreme Leader Ayatollah Sayyed 2019-12-31 President Hojatolislam Hassan Ali Khamenei Rouhani President 2005-04-07 Iraq 2005-05-03 Prime Minister Ibrahimal-Shiqral-Jaafari Iraq President Jalal Talabani 2005-12-31 Prime Minister Ibrahimal-Shiqral-Jaafari Iraq 2006-05-20 Prime Minister Nuri Kamilal-Maliki Iraq President Jalal Talabani 2006-12-31 Prime Minister Nuri Kamilal-Maliki Iraq President Jalal Talabani 2007-12-31 Prime Minister Nuri Kamilal-Maliki Iraq President Jalal Talabani 2008-12-31 Prime Minister Nuri Kamilal-Maliki Iraq President Jalal Talabani 2009-12-31 Prime Minister Nuri Kamilal-Maliki Iraq President Jalal Talabani 2010-12-31 Prime Minister Nuri Kamilal-Maliki Iraq President Jalal Talabani 2011-12-31 Prime Minister Nuri Kamilal-Maliki Iraq President Jalal Talabani 2012-12-31 Prime Minister Nuri Kamilal-Maliki Iraq President Jalal Talabani 2013-12-31 Prime Minister Nuri Kamilal-Maliki Iraq President 2014-07-24 Iraq 2014-09-08 Prime Minister Haider Jawad Kadhim Al-Abadi Iraq President Fuad Masum 2014-12-31 Prime Minister Haider Jawad Kadhim Al-Abadi Iraq President Fuad Masum 2015-12-31 Prime Minister Haider Jawad Kadhim Al-Abadi Iraq President Fuad Masum 2016-12-31 Prime Minister Haider Jawad Kadhim Al-Abadi Iraq President Fuad Masum 2017-12-31 Prime Minister Haider Jawad Kadhim Al-Abadi Iraq President 2018-10-01 Iraq 2018-10-25 Prime Minister Adil Abdul-Mahdi Iraq President Barham Salih 2018-12-31 Prime Minister Adil Abdul-Mahdi Iraq President Barham Salih 2019-12-31 Prime Minister Adil Abdul-Mahdi Ireland President Mary Patricia 2005-12-31 Prime Minister Bartholomew Patrick Leneghan Ahern McAleese Ireland President Mary Patricia 2006-12-31 Prime Minister Bartholomew Patrick Leneghan Ahern McAleese Ireland President Mary Patricia 2007-12-31 Prime Minister Bartholomew Patrick Leneghan Ahern McAleese Ireland 2008-05-07 Prime Minister Brian Cowen

www.v-dem.net [email protected] Historical Country HOS Title HOS Name Date HOG Title HOG Name Ireland President Mary Patricia 2008-12-31 Prime Minister Brian Cowen Leneghan McAleese Ireland President Mary Patricia 2009-12-31 Prime Minister Brian Cowen Leneghan McAleese Ireland President Mary Patricia 2010-12-31 Prime Minister Brian Cowen Leneghan McAleese Ireland 2011-03-09 Prime Minister Enda Kenny Ireland President Michael Daniel 2011-11-11 Higgins Ireland President Michael Daniel 2011-12-31 Prime Minister Enda Kenny Higgins Ireland President Michael Daniel 2012-12-31 Prime Minister Enda Kenny Higgins Ireland President Michael Daniel 2013-12-31 Prime Minister Enda Kenny Higgins Ireland President Michael Daniel 2014-12-31 Prime Minister Enda Kenny Higgins Ireland President Michael Daniel 2015-12-31 Prime Minister Enda Kenny Higgins Ireland President Michael Daniel 2016-12-31 Prime Minister Enda Kenny Higgins Ireland 2017-06-14 Prime Minister Ireland President Michael Daniel 2017-12-31 Prime Minister Leo Varadkar Higgins Ireland President Michael Daniel 2018-12-31 Prime Minister Leo Varadkar Higgins Ireland President Michael Daniel 2019-12-31 Prime Minister Leo Varadkar Higgins President Moshe Katzav 2005-12-31 Prime Minister Ariel Sharon Israel 2006-01-04 Prime Minister Ehud Olmert Israel President Moshe Katzav 2006-12-31 Prime Minister Ehud Olmert Israel President Dalia Itzik 2007-01-25 Israel President 2007-07-15 Israel President Shimon Peres 2007-12-31 Prime Minister Ehud Olmert Israel President Shimon Peres 2008-12-31 Prime Minister Ehud Olmert Israel 2009-05-31 Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu Israel President Shimon Peres 2009-12-31 Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu Israel President Shimon Peres 2010-12-31 Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu Israel President Shimon Peres 2011-12-31 Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu Israel President Shimon Peres 2012-12-31 Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu Israel President Shimon Peres 2013-12-31 Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu Israel President Reuven Rivlin 2014-07-27 Israel President Reuven Rivlin 2014-12-31 Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu

www.v-dem.net [email protected] Historical Country HOS Title HOS Name Date HOG Title HOG Name Israel President Reuven Rivlin 2015-12-31 Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu Israel President Reuven Rivlin 2016-12-31 Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu Israel President Reuven Rivlin 2017-12-31 Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu Israel President Reuven Rivlin 2018-12-31 Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu Israel President Reuven Rivlin 2019-12-31 Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu President Carlo Azeglio 2005-12-31 Prime Minister Ciampi Italy President Giorgio 2006-05-15 Napolitano Italy 2006-05-17 Prime Minister Italy President Giorgio 2006-12-31 Prime Minister Romano Prodi Napolitano Italy President Giorgio 2007-12-31 Prime Minister Romano Prodi Napolitano Italy 2008-05-08 Prime Minister Silvio Berlusconi Italy President Giorgio 2008-12-31 Prime Minister Silvio Berlusconi Napolitano Italy President Giorgio 2009-12-31 Prime Minister Silvio Berlusconi Napolitano Italy President Giorgio 2010-12-31 Prime Minister Silvio Berlusconi Napolitano Italy 2011-11-16 Prime Minister Mario Monti Italy President Giorgio 2011-12-31 Prime Minister Mario Monti Napolitano Italy President Giorgio 2012-12-31 Prime Minister Mario Monti Napolitano Italy 2013-04-23 Prime Minister Enrico Letta Italy President Giorgio 2013-12-31 Prime Minister Enrico Letta Napolitano Italy 2014-02-22 Prime Minister Italy President Giorgio 2014-12-31 Prime Minister Matteo Renzi Napolitano Italy President 2015-02-03 Italy President Sergio Mattarella 2015-12-31 Prime Minister Matteo Renzi Italy 2016-12-11 Prime Minister Silveri Italy President Sergio Mattarella 2016-12-31 Prime Minister Paolo Gentiloni Silveri Italy President Sergio Mattarella 2017-12-31 Prime Minister Paolo Gentiloni Silveri Italy 2018-06-01 Prime Minister Italy President Sergio Mattarella 2018-12-31 Prime Minister Giuseppe Conte Italy President Sergio Mattarella 2019-12-31 Prime Minister Giuseppe Conte 2005-12-05 Prime Minister Charles Konan Banny Ivory Coast President Laurent Koudou 2005-12-31 Prime Minister Charles Konan Banny Gbagbo Ivory Coast President Laurent Koudou 2006-12-31 Prime Minister Charles Konan Banny Gbagbo Ivory Coast 2007-03-29 Prime Minister Guillaume Kigbafori Soro

www.v-dem.net [email protected] Historical Country HOS Title HOS Name Date HOG Title HOG Name Ivory Coast President Laurent Koudou 2007-12-31 Prime Minister Guillaume Kigbafori Soro Gbagbo Ivory Coast President Laurent Koudou 2008-12-31 Prime Minister Guillaume Kigbafori Soro Gbagbo Ivory Coast President Laurent Koudou 2009-12-31 Prime Minister Guillaume Kigbafori Soro Gbagbo Ivory Coast 2010-12-07 Prime Minister Gilbert Marie N’gbo Aké Ivory Coast President Laurent Koudou 2010-12-31 Prime Minister Gilbert Marie N’gbo Aké Gbagbo Ivory Coast President Alassane Dramane 2011-04-11 Prime Minister Guillaume Kigbafori Soro Ouattara Ivory Coast President Alassane Dramane 2011-12-31 Prime Minister Guillaume Kigbafori Soro Ouattara Ivory Coast 2012-03-13 Prime Minister Jeannot Ahoussou-Kouadio Ivory Coast 2012-11-21 Prime Minister Daniel Kablan Duncan Ivory Coast President Alassane Dramane 2012-12-31 Prime Minister Daniel Kablan Duncan Ouattara Ivory Coast President Alassane Dramane 2013-12-31 Prime Minister Daniel Kablan Duncan Ouattara Ivory Coast President Alassane Dramane 2014-12-31 Prime Minister Daniel Kablan Duncan Ouattara Ivory Coast President Alassane Dramane 2015-12-31 Prime Minister Daniel Kablan Duncan Ouattara Ivory Coast President Alassane Dramane 2016-12-31 Prime Minister Daniel Kablan Duncan Ouattara Ivory Coast 2017-01-11 Prime Minister Amadou Gon Coulibaly Ivory Coast President Alassane Dramane 2017-12-31 Prime Minister Amadou Gon Coulibaly Ouattara Ivory Coast President Alassane Dramane 2018-12-31 Prime Minister Amadou Gon Coulibaly Ouattara Ivory Coast President Alassane Dramane 2019-12-31 Prime Minister Amadou Gon Coulibaly Ouattara Governor-general Howard Felix 2005-12-31 Prime Minister Percival Noel James Hanlan Cooke Patterson Jamaica Governor-general Kenneth Octavius 2006-02-15 Hall Jamaica 2006-03-30 Prime Minister Portia Simpson Miller Jamaica Governor-general Kenneth Octavius 2006-12-31 Prime Minister Portia Simpson Miller Hall Jamaica 2007-09-11 Prime Minister Jamaica Governor-general Kenneth Octavius 2007-12-31 Prime Minister Bruce Golding Hall Jamaica Governor-general Kenneth Octavius 2008-12-31 Prime Minister Bruce Golding Hall Jamaica Governor-general Patrick Linton 2009-02-26 Allen

www.v-dem.net [email protected] Historical Country HOS Title HOS Name Date HOG Title HOG Name Jamaica Governor-general Patrick Linton 2009-12-31 Prime Minister Bruce Golding Allen Jamaica Governor-general Patrick Linton 2010-12-31 Prime Minister Bruce Golding Allen Jamaica Governor-general Patrick Linton 2011-12-31 Prime Minister Bruce Golding Allen Jamaica 2012-01-05 Prime Minister Portia Simpson Miller Jamaica Governor-general Patrick Linton 2012-12-31 Prime Minister Portia Simpson Miller Allen Jamaica Governor-general Patrick Linton 2013-12-31 Prime Minister Portia Simpson Miller Allen Jamaica Governor-general Patrick Linton 2014-12-31 Prime Minister Portia Simpson Miller Allen Jamaica Governor-general Patrick Linton 2015-12-31 Prime Minister Portia Simpson Miller Allen Jamaica 2016-03-03 Prime Minister Jamaica Governor-general Patrick Linton 2016-12-31 Prime Minister Andrew Holness Allen Jamaica Governor-general Patrick Linton 2017-12-31 Prime Minister Andrew Holness Allen Jamaica Governor-general Patrick Linton 2018-12-31 Prime Minister Andrew Holness Allen Jamaica Governor-general Patrick Linton 2019-12-31 Prime Minister Andrew Holness Allen Emperor 2005-12-31 Prime Minister Junichiro Koizumi Japan 2006-09-26 Prime Minister Shinzo Abe Japan Emperor Akihito 2006-12-31 Prime Minister Shinzo Abe Japan 2007-09-26 Prime Minister Yasuo Fukuda Japan Emperor Akihito 2007-12-31 Prime Minister Yasuo Fukuda Japan 2008-09-24 Prime Minister Taro Aso Japan Emperor Akihito 2008-12-31 Prime Minister Taro Aso Japan 2009-09-16 Prime Minister Yukio Hatoyama Japan Emperor Akihito 2009-12-31 Prime Minister Yukio Hatoyama Japan 2010-06-08 Prime Minister Naoto Kan Japan Emperor Akihito 2010-12-31 Prime Minister Naoto Kan Japan 2011-09-02 Prime Minister Yoshihiko Noda Japan Emperor Akihito 2011-12-31 Prime Minister Yoshihiko Noda Japan 2012-12-26 Prime Minister Shinzo Abe Japan Emperor Akihito 2012-12-31 Prime Minister Shinzo Abe Japan Emperor Akihito 2013-12-31 Prime Minister Shinzo Abe Japan Emperor Akihito 2014-12-31 Prime Minister Shinzo Abe Japan Emperor Akihito 2015-12-31 Prime Minister Shinzo Abe Japan Emperor Akihito 2016-12-31 Prime Minister Shinzo Abe Japan Emperor Akihito 2017-12-31 Prime Minister Shinzo Abe Japan Emperor Akihito 2018-12-31 Prime Minister Shinzo Abe Japan Emperor 2019-05-01

www.v-dem.net [email protected] Historical Country HOS Title HOS Name Date HOG Title HOG Name Japan Emperor Naruhito 2019-12-31 Prime Minister Shinzo Abe 2005-04-07 Prime Minister Jordan 2005-11-27 Prime Minister Maroufal-Bakhit Jordan King Abdullah II 2005-12-31 Prime Minister Maroufal-Bakhit Jordan King Abdullah II 2006-12-31 Prime Minister Maroufal-Bakhit Jordan 2007-11-25 Prime Minister Nader Dahabi Jordan King Abdullah II 2007-12-31 Prime Minister Nader Dahabi Jordan King Abdullah II 2008-12-31 Prime Minister Nader Dahabi Jordan 2009-12-14 Prime Minister Samiral-Rifai Jordan King Abdullah II 2009-12-31 Prime Minister Samiral-Rifai Jordan King Abdullah II 2010-12-31 Prime Minister Samiral-Rifai Jordan 2011-02-09 Prime Minister Maroufal-Bakhit Jordan 2011-10-24 Prime Minister Awn Shawkatal-Khasawneh Jordan King Abdullah II 2011-12-31 Prime Minister Awn Shawkatal-Khasawneh Jordan 2012-05-02 Prime Minister Fayezal-Tarawneh Jordan King Abdullah II 2012-12-31 Prime Minister Fayezal-Tarawneh Jordan King Abdullah II 2013-12-31 Prime Minister Jordan King Abdullah II 2014-12-31 Prime Minister Abdullah Ensour Jordan King Abdullah II 2015-12-31 Prime Minister Abdullah Ensour Jordan 2016-06-01 Prime Minister Jordan King Abdullah II 2016-12-31 Prime Minister Hani Mulki Jordan King Abdullah II 2017-12-31 Prime Minister Hani Mulki Jordan 2018-06-04 Prime Minister Omar al-Razzaz Jordan King Abdullah II 2018-12-31 Prime Minister Omar al-Razzaz Jordan King Abdullah II 2019-12-31 Prime Minister Omar al-Razzaz Kazakhstan President Nursultan 2005-12-31 Prime Minister Danial Kenzhetayevich Äbishuly Akhmetov Nazarbayev Kazakhstan President Nursultan 2006-12-31 Prime Minister Danial Kenzhetayevich Äbishuly Akhmetov Nazarbayev Kazakhstan 2007-01-10 Prime Minister Karim Kazhymkanovich Masimov Kazakhstan President Nursultan 2007-12-31 Prime Minister Karim Kazhymkanovich Äbishuly Masimov Nazarbayev Kazakhstan President Nursultan 2008-12-31 Prime Minister Karim Kazhymkanovich Äbishuly Masimov Nazarbayev Kazakhstan President Nursultan 2009-12-31 Prime Minister Karim Kazhymkanovich Äbishuly Masimov Nazarbayev Kazakhstan President Nursultan 2010-12-31 Prime Minister Karim Kazhymkanovich Äbishuly Masimov Nazarbayev

www.v-dem.net [email protected] Historical Country HOS Title HOS Name Date HOG Title HOG Name Kazakhstan President Nursultan 2011-12-31 Prime Minister Karim Kazhymkanovich Äbishuly Masimov Nazarbayev Kazakhstan 2012-09-24 Prime Minister Serik Nyghmetuly Akhmetov Kazakhstan President Nursultan 2012-12-31 Prime Minister Serik Nyghmetuly Äbishuly Akhmetov Nazarbayev Kazakhstan President Nursultan 2013-12-31 Prime Minister Serik Nyghmetuly Äbishuly Akhmetov Nazarbayev Kazakhstan 2014-04-02 Prime Minister Karim Kazhymkanovich Masimov Kazakhstan President Nursultan 2014-12-31 Prime Minister Karim Kazhymkanovich Äbishuly Masimov Nazarbayev Kazakhstan President Nursultan 2015-12-31 Prime Minister Karim Kazhymkanovich Äbishuly Masimov Nazarbayev Kazakhstan 2016-09-08 Prime Minister Bakytzhan Abdirovich Sagintayev Kazakhstan President Nursultan 2016-12-31 Prime Minister Bakytzhan Abdirovich Äbishuly Sagintayev Nazarbayev Kazakhstan President Nursultan 2017-12-31 Prime Minister Bakytzhan Abdirovich Äbishuly Sagintayev Nazarbayev Kazakhstan President Nursultan 2018-12-31 Prime Minister Bakytzhan Abdirovich Äbishuly Sagintayev Nazarbayev Kazakhstan 2019-02-21 Prime Minister Askar Uzakbaiuly Mamin Kazakhstan President Kassym-Jomart 2019-03-20 Kemelyevich Tokayev Kazakhstan President Kassym-Jomart 2019-12-31 Prime Minister Askar Uzakbaiuly Mamin Kemelyevich Tokayev President Emilio Mwai 2005-12-31 Kibaki Kenya President Emilio Mwai 2006-12-31 Kibaki Kenya President Emilio Mwai 2007-12-31 Kibaki Kenya 2008-04-17 Prime Minister Raila Amolo Odinga Kenya President Emilio Mwai 2008-12-31 Prime Minister Raila Amolo Odinga Kibaki

www.v-dem.net [email protected] Historical Country HOS Title HOS Name Date HOG Title HOG Name Kenya President Emilio Mwai 2009-12-31 Prime Minister Raila Amolo Odinga Kibaki Kenya President Emilio Mwai 2010-12-31 Prime Minister Raila Amolo Odinga Kibaki Kenya President Emilio Mwai 2011-12-31 Prime Minister Raila Amolo Odinga Kibaki Kenya President Emilio Mwai 2012-12-31 Prime Minister Raila Amolo Odinga Kibaki Kenya President 2013-04-09 Kenya President Uhuru Kenyatta 2013-12-31 Kenya President Uhuru Kenyatta 2014-12-31 Kenya President Uhuru Kenyatta 2015-12-31 Kenya President Uhuru Kenyatta 2016-12-31 Kenya President Uhuru Kenyatta 2017-12-31 Kenya President Uhuru Kenyatta 2018-12-31 Kenya President Uhuru Kenyatta 2019-12-31 2005-03-23 Prime Minister Bajram Kosumi Kosovo President Ibrahim Rugova 2005-12-31 Prime Minister Bajram Kosumi Kosovo President Fatmir Sejdiu 2006-02-10 Kosovo 2006-03-10 Prime Minister Agim Çeku Kosovo President Fatmir Sejdiu 2006-12-31 Prime Minister Agim Çeku Kosovo President Fatmir Sejdiu 2007-12-31 Prime Minister Agim Çeku Kosovo 2008-01-09 Prime Minister Hashim Thaçi Kosovo President Fatmir Sejdiu 2008-12-31 Prime Minister Hashim Thaçi Kosovo President Fatmir Sejdiu 2009-12-31 Prime Minister Hashim Thaçi Kosovo President Jakup Krasniqi 2010-09-27 Kosovo President Jakup Krasniqi 2010-12-31 Prime Minister Hashim Thaçi Kosovo President 2011-04-07 Kosovo President Atifete Jahjaga 2011-12-31 Prime Minister Hashim Thaçi Kosovo President Atifete Jahjaga 2012-12-31 Prime Minister Hashim Thaçi Kosovo President Atifete Jahjaga 2013-12-31 Prime Minister Hashim Thaçi Kosovo 2014-12-09 Prime Minister Isa Mustafa Kosovo President Atifete Jahjaga 2014-12-31 Prime Minister Isa Mustafa Kosovo President Atifete Jahjaga 2015-12-31 Prime Minister Isa Mustafa Kosovo President Hashim Thaçi 2016-04-07 Kosovo President Hashim Thaçi 2016-12-31 Prime Minister Isa Mustafa Kosovo 2017-09-09 Prime Minister Ramush Haradinaj Kosovo President Hashim Thaçi 2017-12-31 Prime Minister Ramush Haradinaj Kosovo President Hashim Thaçi 2018-12-31 Prime Minister Ramush Haradinaj Kosovo President Hashim Thaçi 2019-12-31 Prime Minister Ramush Haradinaj Emir of the State Sheikh Jabir III 2005-12-31 Prime Minister Sheikh Saad Al Abdullah of Kuwait Al Ahmad Al Al Salim Al Jabir Al Sabah Kuwait Emir of the State Sheikh Sabah IV 2006-01-24 of Kuwait Al Ahmad Al Jabir Al Sabah

www.v-dem.net [email protected] Historical Country HOS Title HOS Name Date HOG Title HOG Name Kuwait 2006-02-11 Prime Minister Sheikh Nasser Muhammad Al Ahmad Al Sabah Kuwait Emir of the State Sheikh Sabah IV 2006-12-31 Prime Minister Sheikh Nasser of Kuwait Al Ahmad Al Muhammad Al Ahmad Jabir Al Sabah Al Sabah Kuwait Emir of the State Sheikh Sabah IV 2007-12-31 Prime Minister Sheikh Nasser of Kuwait Al Ahmad Al Muhammad Al Ahmad Jabir Al Sabah Al Sabah Kuwait Emir of the State Sheikh Sabah IV 2008-12-31 Prime Minister Sheikh Nasser of Kuwait Al Ahmad Al Muhammad Al Ahmad Jabir Al Sabah Al Sabah Kuwait Emir of the State Sheikh Sabah IV 2009-12-31 Prime Minister Sheikh Nasser of Kuwait Al Ahmad Al Muhammad Al Ahmad Jabir Al Sabah Al Sabah Kuwait Emir of the State Sheikh Sabah IV 2010-12-31 Prime Minister Sheikh Nasser of Kuwait Al Ahmad Al Muhammad Al Ahmad Jabir Al Sabah Al Sabah Kuwait 2011-12-04 Prime Minister Sheikh Jaber Mubarak Hamad Al-Sabah Kuwait Emir of the State Sheikh Sabah IV 2011-12-31 Prime Minister Sheikh Jaber Mubarak of Kuwait Al Ahmad Al Hamad Al-Sabah Jabir Al Sabah Kuwait Emir of the State Sheikh Sabah IV 2012-12-31 Prime Minister Sheikh Jaber Mubarak of Kuwait Al Ahmad Al Hamad Al-Sabah Jabir Al Sabah Kuwait Emir of the State Sheikh Sabah IV 2013-12-31 Prime Minister Sheikh Jaber Mubarak of Kuwait Al Ahmad Al Hamad Al-Sabah Jabir Al Sabah Kuwait Emir of the State Sheikh Sabah IV 2014-12-31 Prime Minister Sheikh Jaber Mubarak of Kuwait Al Ahmad Al Hamad Al-Sabah Jabir Al Sabah Kuwait Emir of the State Sheikh Sabah IV 2015-12-31 Prime Minister Sheikh Jaber Mubarak of Kuwait Al Ahmad Al Hamad Al-Sabah Jabir Al Sabah Kuwait Emir of the State Sheikh Sabah IV 2016-12-31 Prime Minister Sheikh Jaber Mubarak of Kuwait Al Ahmad Al Hamad Al-Sabah Jabir Al Sabah Kuwait Emir of the State Sheikh Sabah IV 2017-12-31 Prime Minister Sheikh Jaber Mubarak of Kuwait Al Ahmad Al Hamad Al-Sabah Jabir Al Sabah Kuwait Emir of the State Sheikh Sabah IV 2018-12-31 Prime Minister Sheikh Jaber Mubarak of Kuwait Al Ahmad Al Hamad Al-Sabah Jabir Al Sabah Kuwait 2019-11-19 Prime Minister Sheikh Sabah Al-Khaled Al-Hamad Al-Sabah

www.v-dem.net [email protected] Historical Country HOS Title HOS Name Date HOG Title HOG Name Kuwait Emir of the State Sheikh Sabah IV 2019-12-31 Prime Minister Sheikh Sabah Al-Khaled of Kuwait Al Ahmad Al Al-Hamad Al-Sabah Jabir Al Sabah Kyrgyzstan President Kurmanbek 2005-03-25 Prime Minister Kurmanbek Saliyevich Saliyevich Bakiyev Bakiyev Kyrgyzstan 2005-08-15 Prime Minister Feliks Sharshenbayevich Kulov Kyrgyzstan President Kurmanbek 2005-12-31 Prime Minister Feliks Sharshenbayevich Saliyevich Bakiyev Kulov Kyrgyzstan President Kurmanbek 2006-12-31 Prime Minister Feliks Sharshenbayevich Saliyevich Bakiyev Kulov Kyrgyzstan 2007-03-29 Prime Minister Almazbek Sharshenovich Atambayev Kyrgyzstan 2007-12-24 Prime Minister Igor Vitalyevich Chudinov Kyrgyzstan President Kurmanbek 2007-12-31 Prime Minister Igor Vitalyevich Saliyevich Bakiyev Chudinov Kyrgyzstan President Kurmanbek 2008-12-31 Prime Minister Igor Vitalyevich Saliyevich Bakiyev Chudinov Kyrgyzstan 2009-10-21 Prime Minister Daniyar Toktogulovich Usenov Kyrgyzstan President Kurmanbek 2009-12-31 Prime Minister Daniyar Toktogulovich Saliyevich Bakiyev Usenov Kyrgyzstan President Roza Isakovna 2010-04-07 Otunbayeva Kyrgyzstan 2010-12-17 Prime Minister Almazbek Sharshenovich Atambayev Kyrgyzstan President Roza Isakovna 2010-12-31 Prime Minister Almazbek Sharshenovich Otunbayeva Atambayev Kyrgyzstan President Almazbek 2011-12-01 Prime Minister Omurbek Toktogulovich Sharshenovich Babanov Atambayev Kyrgyzstan President Almazbek 2011-12-31 Prime Minister Omurbek Toktogulovich Sharshenovich Babanov Atambayev Kyrgyzstan 2012-09-06 Prime Minister Zhantoro Zholdoshevich Satybaldiyev Kyrgyzstan President Almazbek 2012-12-31 Prime Minister Zhantoro Zholdoshevich Sharshenovich Satybaldiyev Atambayev Kyrgyzstan President Almazbek 2013-12-31 Prime Minister Zhantoro Zholdoshevich Sharshenovich Satybaldiyev Atambayev Kyrgyzstan 2014-03-26 Prime Minister Zhoomart Kaipovich Otorbayev

www.v-dem.net [email protected] Historical Country HOS Title HOS Name Date HOG Title HOG Name Kyrgyzstan President Almazbek 2014-12-31 Prime Minister Zhoomart Kaipovich Sharshenovich Otorbayev Atambayev Kyrgyzstan 2015-05-02 Prime Minister Temir Argembayevich Sariyev Kyrgyzstan President Almazbek 2015-12-31 Prime Minister Temir Argembayevich Sharshenovich Sariyev Atambayev Kyrgyzstan 2016-04-13 Prime Minister Sooronbay Jeenbekov Kyrgyzstan President Almazbek 2016-12-31 Prime Minister Sooronbay Jeenbekov Sharshenovich Atambayev Kyrgyzstan 2017-08-26 Prime Minister Sapar Dzhumakadyrovich Isakov Kyrgyzstan President Sooronbay 2017-11-24 Sharipovich Zheenbekov Kyrgyzstan President Sooronbay 2017-12-31 Prime Minister Sapar Dzhumakadyrovich Sharipovich Isakov Zheenbekov Kyrgyzstan 2018-04-20 Prime Minister Mukhammedkalyy Abylgaziev Kyrgyzstan President Sooronbay 2018-12-31 Prime Minister Mukhammedkalyy Sharipovich Abylgaziev Zheenbekov Kyrgyzstan President Sooronbay 2019-12-31 Prime Minister Mukhammedkalyy Sharipovich Abylgaziev Zheenbekov President Khamtai 2005-12-31 Prime Minister Boungnang Vorachith Siphandon Laos President Choummaly 2006-06-08 Prime Minister Bouasone Bouphavanh Sayasone Laos President Choummaly 2006-12-31 Prime Minister Bouasone Bouphavanh Sayasone Laos President Choummaly 2007-12-31 Prime Minister Bouasone Bouphavanh Sayasone Laos President Choummaly 2008-12-31 Prime Minister Bouasone Bouphavanh Sayasone Laos President Choummaly 2009-12-31 Prime Minister Bouasone Bouphavanh Sayasone Laos 2010-12-23 Prime Minister Thongsing Thammavong Laos President Choummaly 2010-12-31 Prime Minister Thongsing Thammavong Sayasone Laos President Choummaly 2011-12-31 Prime Minister Thongsing Thammavong Sayasone Laos President Choummaly 2012-12-31 Prime Minister Thongsing Thammavong Sayasone

www.v-dem.net [email protected] Historical Country HOS Title HOS Name Date HOG Title HOG Name Laos President Choummaly 2013-12-31 Prime Minister Thongsing Thammavong Sayasone Laos President Choummaly 2014-12-31 Prime Minister Thongsing Thammavong Sayasone Laos President Choummaly 2015-12-31 Prime Minister Thongsing Thammavong Sayasone Laos President Boungnang 2016-04-19 Prime Minister Vorachith Laos President Boungnang 2016-12-31 Prime Minister Thongloun Sisoulith Vorachith Laos President Boungnang 2017-12-31 Prime Minister Thongloun Sisoulith Vorachith Laos President Boungnang 2018-12-31 Prime Minister Thongloun Sisoulith Vorachith Laos President Boungnang 2019-12-31 Prime Minister Thongloun Sisoulith Vorachith President Vaira 2005-12-31 Prime Minister Aigars Kalvitis Vike-Freiberga Latvia President Vaira 2006-12-31 Prime Minister Aigars Kalvitis Vike-Freiberga Latvia President 2007-07-08 Latvia 2007-12-20 Prime Minister Ivars Godmanis Latvia President Valdis Zatlers 2007-12-31 Prime Minister Ivars Godmanis Latvia President Valdis Zatlers 2008-12-31 Prime Minister Ivars Godmanis Latvia 2009-03-12 Prime Minister Latvia President Valdis Zatlers 2009-12-31 Prime Minister Valdis Dombrovskis Latvia President Valdis Zatlers 2010-12-31 Prime Minister Valdis Dombrovskis

Latvia President Andris B¯erzin, š 2011-07-08

Latvia President Andris B¯erzin, š 2011-12-31 Prime Minister Valdis Dombrovskis

Latvia President Andris B¯erzin, š 2012-12-31 Prime Minister Valdis Dombrovskis

Latvia President Andris B¯erzin, š 2013-12-31 Prime Minister Valdis Dombrovskis Latvia 2014-01-22 Prime Minister Laimdota Straujuma

Latvia President Andris B¯erzin, š 2014-12-31 Prime Minister Laimdota Straujuma Latvia President Raimonds V¯ejonis 2015-07-08 Latvia President Raimonds V¯ejonis 2015-12-31 Prime Minister Laimdota Straujuma Latvia 2016-02-11 Prime Minister M¯arisKučinskis Latvia President Raimonds V¯ejonis 2016-12-31 Prime Minister M¯arisKučinskis Latvia President Raimonds V¯ejonis 2017-12-31 Prime Minister M¯arisKučinskis Latvia President Raimonds V¯ejonis 2018-12-31 Prime Minister M¯arisKučinskis

Latvia 2019-01-23 Prime Minister Arturs Krišj¯anisKarin, š Latvia President 2019-07-08

Latvia President Egils Levits 2019-12-31 Prime Minister Arturs Krišj¯anisKarin, š 2005-07-19 Prime Minister Fouad Siniora Lebanon President Émile Geamil 2005-12-31 Prime Minister Fouad Siniora Lahoud

www.v-dem.net [email protected] Historical Country HOS Title HOS Name Date HOG Title HOG Name Lebanon President Émile Geamil 2006-12-31 Prime Minister Fouad Siniora Lahoud Lebanon President Fouad Siniora 2007-11-24 Lebanon President Fouad Siniora 2007-12-31 Prime Minister Fouad Siniora Lebanon President Michel Suleiman 2008-05-25 Lebanon President Michel Suleiman 2008-12-31 Lebanon 2009-11-09 Prime Minister Saad Hariri Lebanon President Michel Suleiman 2009-12-31 Prime Minister Saad Hariri Lebanon President Michel Suleiman 2010-12-31 Prime Minister Saad Hariri Lebanon 2011-06-13 Prime Minister Najib Azmi Mikati Lebanon President Michel Suleiman 2011-12-31 Prime Minister Najib Azmi Mikati Lebanon President Michel Suleiman 2012-12-31 Prime Minister Najib Azmi Mikati Lebanon President Michel Suleiman 2013-12-31 Prime Minister Najib Azmi Mikati Lebanon President Tammam Salam 2014-05-25 Lebanon President Tammam Salam 2014-12-31 Lebanon President Tammam Salam 2015-12-31 Lebanon President Michel Naim 2016-10-31 Aoun Lebanon 2016-11-03 Prime Minister Saad Hariri Lebanon President Michel Naim 2016-12-31 Prime Minister Saad Hariri Aoun Lebanon President Michel Naim 2017-12-31 Prime Minister Saad Hariri Aoun Lebanon President Michel Naim 2018-12-31 Prime Minister Saad Hariri Aoun Lebanon President Michel Naim 2019-12-31 Prime Minister Saad Hariri Aoun King Letsie III 2005-12-31 Prime Minister Bethuel Lesotho King Letsie III 2006-12-31 Prime Minister Bethuel Pakalitha Mosisili Lesotho King Letsie III 2007-12-31 Prime Minister Bethuel Pakalitha Mosisili Lesotho King Letsie III 2008-12-31 Prime Minister Bethuel Pakalitha Mosisili Lesotho King Letsie III 2009-12-31 Prime Minister Bethuel Pakalitha Mosisili Lesotho King Letsie III 2010-12-31 Prime Minister Bethuel Pakalitha Mosisili Lesotho King Letsie III 2011-12-31 Prime Minister Bethuel Pakalitha Mosisili Lesotho 2012-06-08 Prime Minister Thomas Motsoahae Thabane Lesotho King Letsie III 2012-12-31 Prime Minister Thomas Motsoahae Thabane Lesotho King Letsie III 2013-12-31 Prime Minister Thomas Motsoahae Thabane

www.v-dem.net [email protected] Historical Country HOS Title HOS Name Date HOG Title HOG Name Lesotho King Letsie III 2014-12-31 Prime Minister Thomas Motsoahae Thabane Lesotho 2015-03-18 Prime Minister Pakalitha Mosisili Lesotho King Letsie III 2015-12-31 Prime Minister Pakalitha Mosisili Lesotho King Letsie III 2016-12-31 Prime Minister Pakalitha Mosisili Lesotho 2017-06-16 Prime Minister Thomas Motsoahae Thabane Lesotho King Letsie III 2017-12-31 Prime Minister Thomas Motsoahae Thabane Lesotho King Letsie III 2018-12-31 Prime Minister Thomas Motsoahae Thabane Lesotho King Letsie III 2019-12-31 Prime Minister Thomas Motsoahae Thabane Chairman of the Charles Gyude 2005-12-31 National Bryant Transitional Government Liberia President Ellen 2006-01-16 Johnson-Sirleaf Liberia President Ellen 2006-12-31 Johnson-Sirleaf Liberia President Ellen 2007-12-31 Johnson-Sirleaf Liberia President Ellen 2008-12-31 Johnson-Sirleaf Liberia President Ellen 2009-12-31 Johnson-Sirleaf Liberia President Ellen 2010-12-31 Johnson-Sirleaf Liberia President Ellen 2011-12-31 Johnson-Sirleaf Liberia President Ellen 2012-12-31 Johnson-Sirleaf Liberia President Ellen 2013-12-31 Johnson-Sirleaf Liberia President Ellen 2014-12-31 Johnson-Sirleaf Liberia President Ellen 2015-12-31 Johnson-Sirleaf Liberia President Ellen 2016-12-31 Johnson-Sirleaf Liberia President Ellen 2017-12-31 Johnson-Sirleaf Liberia President 2018-01-22 Liberia President George Weah 2018-12-31 Liberia President George Weah 2019-12-31

www.v-dem.net [email protected] Historical Country HOS Title HOS Name Date HOG Title HOG Name Leader of the Muammar 2005-12-31 General Shukri Muhammad Revolution al-Qaddafi Secretary of the Ghanem General People’s Committee Libya 2006-03-05 General Al-Baghdadi Ali Secretary of the al-Mahmudi General People’s Committee Libya Leader of the Muammar 2006-12-31 General Al-Baghdadi Ali Revolution al-Qaddafi Secretary of the al-Mahmudi General People’s Committee Libya Leader of the Muammar 2007-12-31 General Al-Baghdadi Ali Revolution al-Qaddafi Secretary of the al-Mahmudi General People’s Committee Libya Leader of the Muammar 2008-12-31 General Al-Baghdadi Ali Revolution al-Qaddafi Secretary of the al-Mahmudi General People’s Committee Libya Leader of the Muammar 2009-12-31 General Al-Baghdadi Ali Revolution al-Qaddafi Secretary of the al-Mahmudi General People’s Committee Libya Leader of the Muammar 2010-12-31 General Al-Baghdadi Ali Revolution al-Qaddafi Secretary of the al-Mahmudi General People’s Committee Libya Chairman of the Mustafa 2011-08-23 Transitional Muhammad National Council Abdul Jalil Libya 2011-11-24 Prime Minister Abdel Rahim al-Kib Libya Chairman of the Mustafa 2011-12-31 Prime Minister Abdel Rahim al-Kib Transitional Muhammad National Council Abdul Jalil Libya Chairman of the Muhammad 2012-08-09 General National al-Megariaf Congress Libya 2012-11-14 Prime Minister Ali Zeidan

www.v-dem.net [email protected] Historical Country HOS Title HOS Name Date HOG Title HOG Name Libya Chairman of the Muhammad 2012-12-31 Prime Minister Ali Zeidan General National al-Megariaf Congress Libya Chairman of the Nuri Abu Sahmin 2013-06-25 General National Congress Libya Chairman of the Nuri Abu Sahmin 2013-12-31 Prime Minister Ali Zeidan General National Congress Libya President of the Nuri Abu Sahmin 2014-08-04 General National Congress Libya 2014-09-06 Prime Minister Omar al-Hassi Libya President of the Nuri Abu Sahmin 2014-12-31 Prime Minister Omar al-Hassi General National Congress Libya 2015-04-01 Chairman of the Khalifa al-Ghwayl Council of Ministers Libya President of the Nuri Abu Sahmin 2015-12-31 Chairman of the Khalifa al-Ghwayl General National Council of Congress Ministers Libya Chairman of the Faiz Mustafa 2016-03-30 Presidential al-Sarraj Council Libya Chairman of the Faiz Mustafa 2016-12-31 Presidential al-Sarraj Council Libya Chairman of the Faiz Mustafa 2017-12-31 Presidential al-Sarraj Council Libya Chairman of the Faiz Mustafa 2018-12-31 Presidential al-Sarraj Council Libya Chairman of the Faiz Mustafa 2019-12-31 Presidential al-Sarraj Council President 2005-12-31 Prime Minister Algirdas Mykolas Brazauskas Lithuania 2006-07-04 Prime Minister Lithuania President Valdas Adamkus 2006-12-31 Prime Minister Gediminas Kirkilas Lithuania President Valdas Adamkus 2007-12-31 Prime Minister Gediminas Kirkilas Lithuania 2008-12-08 Prime Minister Andrius Kubilius Lithuania President Valdas Adamkus 2008-12-31 Prime Minister Andrius Kubilius Lithuania President Dalia 2009-07-12 Grybauskaite

www.v-dem.net [email protected] Historical Country HOS Title HOS Name Date HOG Title HOG Name Lithuania President Dalia 2009-12-31 Prime Minister Andrius Kubilius Grybauskaite Lithuania President Dalia 2010-12-31 Prime Minister Andrius Kubilius Grybauskaite Lithuania President Dalia 2011-12-31 Prime Minister Andrius Kubilius Grybauskaite Lithuania 2012-12-13 Prime Minister Algirdas Butkevicius Lithuania President Dalia 2012-12-31 Prime Minister Algirdas Butkevicius Grybauskaite Lithuania President Dalia 2013-12-31 Prime Minister Algirdas Butkevicius Grybauskaite Lithuania President Dalia 2014-12-31 Prime Minister Algirdas Butkevicius Grybauskaite Lithuania President Dalia 2015-12-31 Prime Minister Algirdas Butkevicius Grybauskaite Lithuania 2016-11-22 Prime Minister Lithuania President Dalia 2016-12-31 Prime Minister Saulius Skvernelis Grybauskaite Lithuania President Dalia 2017-12-31 Prime Minister Saulius Skvernelis Grybauskaite Lithuania President Dalia 2018-12-31 Prime Minister Saulius Skvernelis Grybauskaite Lithuania President Gitanas Nauseda˙ 2019-07-12 Lithuania President Gitanas Nauseda˙ 2019-12-31 Prime Minister Saulius Skvernelis Grand Henri 2005-12-31 Prime Minister Jean-Claude Juncker Luxembourg Grand Duke Henri 2006-12-31 Prime Minister Jean-Claude Juncker Luxembourg Grand Duke Henri 2007-12-31 Prime Minister Jean-Claude Juncker Luxembourg Grand Duke Henri 2008-12-31 Prime Minister Jean-Claude Juncker Luxembourg Grand Duke Henri 2009-12-31 Prime Minister Jean-Claude Juncker Luxembourg Grand Duke Henri 2010-12-31 Prime Minister Jean-Claude Juncker Luxembourg Grand Duke Henri 2011-12-31 Prime Minister Jean-Claude Juncker Luxembourg Grand Duke Henri 2012-12-31 Prime Minister Jean-Claude Juncker Luxembourg 2013-12-04 Prime Minister Luxembourg Grand Duke Henri 2013-12-31 Prime Minister Xavier Bettel Luxembourg Grand Duke Henri 2014-12-31 Prime Minister Xavier Bettel Luxembourg Grand Duke Henri 2015-12-31 Prime Minister Xavier Bettel Luxembourg Grand Duke Henri 2016-12-31 Prime Minister Xavier Bettel Luxembourg Grand Duke Henri 2017-12-31 Prime Minister Xavier Bettel Luxembourg Grand Duke Henri 2018-12-31 Prime Minister Xavier Bettel Luxembourg Grand Duke Henri 2019-12-31 Prime Minister Xavier Bettel President Marc 2005-12-31 Prime Minister Ravalomanana Madagascar President Marc 2006-12-31 Prime Minister Jacques Sylla Ravalomanana Madagascar 2007-01-20 Prime Minister Madagascar President Marc 2007-12-31 Prime Minister Charles Rabemananjara Ravalomanana

www.v-dem.net [email protected] Historical Country HOS Title HOS Name Date HOG Title HOG Name Madagascar President Marc 2008-12-31 Prime Minister Charles Rabemananjara Ravalomanana Madagascar President of the 2009-03-17 Prime Minister High Authority of Transition Madagascar 2009-12-20 Prime Minister Madagascar President of the Andry Rajoelina 2009-12-31 Prime Minister Albert Camille Vital High Authority of Transition Madagascar President of the Andry Rajoelina 2010-12-31 Prime Minister Albert Camille Vital High Authority of Transition Madagascar 2011-11-02 Prime Minister Madagascar President of the Andry Rajoelina 2011-12-31 Prime Minister Omer Beriziky High Authority of Transition Madagascar President of the Andry Rajoelina 2012-12-31 Prime Minister Omer Beriziky High Authority of Transition Madagascar President of the Andry Rajoelina 2013-12-31 Prime Minister Omer Beriziky High Authority of Transition Madagascar President Hery Martial 2014-01-25 Rajaonari- mampianina Rakotoarimanana Madagascar 2014-04-16 Prime Minister Madagascar President Hery Martial 2014-12-31 Prime Minister Roger Kolo Rajaonari- mampianina Rakotoarimanana Madagascar 2015-01-17 Prime Minister Madagascar President Hery Martial 2015-12-31 Prime Minister Jean Ravelonarivo Rajaonari- mampianina Rakotoarimanana Madagascar 2016-04-13 Prime Minister Solonandrasana Olivier Mahafaly Madagascar President Hery Martial 2016-12-31 Prime Minister Solonandrasana Olivier Rajaonari- Mahafaly mampianina Rakotoarimanana Madagascar President Hery Martial 2017-12-31 Prime Minister Solonandrasana Olivier Rajaonari- Mahafaly mampianina Rakotoarimanana

www.v-dem.net [email protected] Historical Country HOS Title HOS Name Date HOG Title HOG Name Madagascar 2018-06-06 Prime Minister Madagascar President 2018-09-07 Madagascar President Rivo Rakotovao 2018-12-31 Prime Minister Christian Ntsay Madagascar President Andry Nirina 2019-01-19 Rajoelina Madagascar President Andry Nirina 2019-12-31 Prime Minister Christian Ntsay Rajoelina Malawi President Bingu wa 2005-12-31 Mutharika Malawi President Bingu wa 2006-12-31 Mutharika Malawi President Bingu wa 2007-12-31 Mutharika Malawi President Bingu wa 2008-12-31 Mutharika Malawi President Bingu wa 2009-12-31 Mutharika Malawi President Bingu wa 2010-12-31 Mutharika Malawi President Bingu wa 2011-12-31 Mutharika Malawi President Joyce Hilda 2012-04-07 Banda Malawi President Joyce Hilda 2012-12-31 Banda Malawi President Joyce Hilda 2013-12-31 Banda Malawi President Peter Mutharika 2014-05-31 Malawi President Peter Mutharika 2014-12-31 Malawi President Peter Mutharika 2015-12-31 Malawi President Peter Mutharika 2016-12-31 Malawi President Peter Mutharika 2017-12-31 Malawi President Peter Mutharika 2018-12-31 Malawi President Peter Mutharika 2019-12-31 Paramount Ruler Tuanku Syed 2005-12-31 Prime Minister Datuk Seri Abdullah Sirajuddin ibni Ahmad Badawi al-Marhum Syed Putra Jamalullail Malaysia Paramount Ruler Tuanku Mizan 2006-12-13 Zainal Abidin ibni al-Marhum Sultan Mahmud Malaysia Paramount Ruler Tuanku Mizan 2006-12-31 Prime Minister Datuk Seri Abdullah Zainal Abidin ibni Ahmad Badawi al-Marhum Sultan Mahmud

www.v-dem.net [email protected] Historical Country HOS Title HOS Name Date HOG Title HOG Name Malaysia Paramount Ruler Tuanku Mizan 2007-12-31 Prime Minister Datuk Seri Abdullah Zainal Abidin ibni Ahmad Badawi al-Marhum Sultan Mahmud Malaysia Paramount Ruler Tuanku Mizan 2008-12-31 Prime Minister Datuk Seri Abdullah Zainal Abidin ibni Ahmad Badawi al-Marhum Sultan Mahmud Malaysia 2009-04-03 Prime Minister Datuk Seri Najib Tun Razak Malaysia Paramount Ruler Tuanku Mizan 2009-12-31 Prime Minister Datuk Seri Najib Tun Zainal Abidin ibni Razak al-Marhum Sultan Mahmud Malaysia Paramount Ruler Tuanku Mizan 2010-12-31 Prime Minister Datuk Seri Najib Tun Zainal Abidin ibni Razak al-Marhum Sultan Mahmud Malaysia Paramount Ruler Tuanku Abdul 2011-12-13 Halim Muadzam ibni al-Marhum Sultan Badishah Malaysia Paramount Ruler Tuanku Abdul 2011-12-31 Prime Minister Datuk Seri Najib Tun Halim Muadzam Razak Shah ibni al-Marhum Sultan Badishah Malaysia Paramount Ruler Tuanku Abdul 2012-12-31 Prime Minister Datuk Seri Najib Tun Halim Muadzam Razak Shah ibni al-Marhum Sultan Badishah Malaysia Paramount Ruler Tuanku Abdul 2013-12-31 Prime Minister Datuk Seri Najib Tun Halim Muadzam Razak Shah ibni al-Marhum Sultan Badishah Malaysia Paramount Ruler Tuanku Abdul 2014-12-31 Prime Minister Datuk Seri Najib Tun Halim Muadzam Razak Shah ibni al-Marhum Sultan Badishah

www.v-dem.net [email protected] Historical Country HOS Title HOS Name Date HOG Title HOG Name Malaysia Paramount Ruler Tuanku Abdul 2015-12-31 Prime Minister Datuk Seri Najib Tun Halim Muadzam Razak Shah ibni al-Marhum Sultan Badishah Malaysia Paramount Ruler Muhammad V 2016-12-13 Malaysia Paramount Ruler Muhammad V 2016-12-31 Prime Minister Datuk Seri Najib Tun Razak Malaysia Paramount Ruler Muhammad V 2017-12-31 Prime Minister Datuk Seri Najib Tun Razak Malaysia 2018-05-10 Prime Minister Malaysia Paramount Ruler Muhammad V 2018-12-31 Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamad Malaysia Paramount Ruler Al-Sultan 2019-01-31 Abdullah Ri’ayatuddin Al-Mustafa Billah Shah Malaysia Paramount Ruler Al-Sultan 2019-12-31 Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamad Abdullah Ri’ayatuddin Al-Mustafa Billah Shah Maldives President Maumoon Abdul 2005-12-31 Gayoom Maldives President Maumoon Abdul 2006-12-31 Gayoom Maldives President Maumoon Abdul 2007-12-31 Gayoom Maldives President Mohamed 2008-11-11 Nasheed Maldives President Mohamed 2008-12-31 Nasheed Maldives President Mohamed 2009-12-31 Nasheed Maldives President Mohamed 2010-12-31 Nasheed Maldives President Mohamed 2011-12-31 Nasheed Maldives President Mohamed Waheed 2012-02-07 Hassan Maldives President Mohamed Waheed 2012-12-31 Hassan Maldives President Abdulla Yameen 2013-11-17 Abdul Gayoom Maldives President Abdulla Yameen 2013-12-31 Abdul Gayoom

www.v-dem.net [email protected] Historical Country HOS Title HOS Name Date HOG Title HOG Name Maldives President Abdulla Yameen 2014-12-31 Abdul Gayoom Maldives President Abdulla Yameen 2015-12-31 Abdul Gayoom Maldives President Abdulla Yameen 2016-12-31 Abdul Gayoom Maldives President Abdulla Yameen 2017-12-31 Abdul Gayoom Maldives President Ibrahim 2018-09-23 Mohamed Solih Maldives President Ibrahim 2018-12-31 Mohamed Solih Maldives President Ibrahim 2019-12-31 Mohamed Solih President Amadou Toumani 2005-12-31 Prime Minister Ousmane Issoufi Maïga Touré Mali President Amadou Toumani 2006-12-31 Prime Minister Ousmane Issoufi Maïga Touré Mali 2007-09-28 Prime Minister Modibo Sidibé Mali President Amadou Toumani 2007-12-31 Prime Minister Modibo Sidibé Touré Mali President Amadou Toumani 2008-12-31 Prime Minister Modibo Sidibé Touré Mali President Amadou Toumani 2009-12-31 Prime Minister Modibo Sidibé Touré Mali President Amadou Toumani 2010-12-31 Prime Minister Modibo Sidibé Touré Mali 2011-04-03 Prime Minister Cissé Mariam Kaïdama Sidibé Mali President Amadou Toumani 2011-12-31 Prime Minister Cissé Mariam Kaïdama Touré Sidibé Mali President Amadou Toumani 2012-01-01 Prime Minister Cissé Mariam Kaïdama Touré Sidibé Mali President Dioncounda 2012-04-12 Traoré Mali 2012-04-17 Prime Minister Mali 2012-12-11 Prime Minister Diango Cissoko Mali President Dioncounda 2012-12-31 Prime Minister Diango Cissoko Traoré Mali President Ibrahim Boubacar 2013-09-04 Keita Mali 2013-09-05 Prime Minister Mali President Ibrahim Boubacar 2013-12-31 Prime Minister Oumar Tatam Ly Keita Mali 2014-04-09 Prime Minister Mali President Ibrahim Boubacar 2014-12-31 Prime Minister Moussa Mara Keita

www.v-dem.net [email protected] Historical Country HOS Title HOS Name Date HOG Title HOG Name Mali 2015-01-09 Prime Minister Mali President Ibrahim Boubacar 2015-12-31 Prime Minister Modibo Keita Keita Mali President Ibrahim Boubacar 2016-12-31 Prime Minister Modibo Keita Keita Mali 2017-04-08 Prime Minister Abdolaye Idrissa Maïga Mali President Ibrahim Boubacar 2017-12-31 Prime Minister Soumeylou Boubeye Keita Maïga Mali President Ibrahim Boubacar 2018-12-31 Prime Minister Soumeylou Boubeye Keita Maïga Mali 2019-04-22 Prime Minister Boubou Cisse Mali President Ibrahim Boubacar 2019-12-31 Prime Minister Boubou Cisse Keita Malta President Edward Fenech 2005-12-31 Prime Minister Lawrence Gonzi Adami Malta President Edward Fenech 2006-12-31 Prime Minister Lawrence Gonzi Adami Malta President Edward Fenech 2007-12-31 Prime Minister Lawrence Gonzi Adami Malta President Edward Fenech 2008-12-31 Prime Minister Lawrence Gonzi Adami Malta President George Abela 2009-04-04 Malta President George Abela 2009-12-31 Prime Minister Lawrence Gonzi Malta President George Abela 2010-12-31 Prime Minister Lawrence Gonzi Malta President George Abela 2011-12-31 Prime Minister Lawrence Gonzi Malta President George Abela 2012-12-31 Prime Minister Lawrence Gonzi Malta 2013-03-11 Prime Minister Malta President George Abela 2013-12-31 Prime Minister Joseph Muscat Malta President Marie-Louise 2014-04-04 Coleiro Preca Malta President Marie-Louise 2014-12-31 Prime Minister Joseph Muscat Coleiro Preca Malta President Marie-Louise 2015-12-31 Prime Minister Joseph Muscat Coleiro Preca Malta President Marie-Louise 2016-12-31 Prime Minister Joseph Muscat Coleiro Preca Malta President Marie-Louise 2017-12-31 Prime Minister Joseph Muscat Coleiro Preca Malta President Marie-Louise 2018-12-31 Prime Minister Joseph Muscat Coleiro Preca Malta President George William 2019-04-04 Vella Malta President George William 2019-12-31 Prime Minister Joseph Muscat Vella

www.v-dem.net [email protected] Historical Country HOS Title HOS Name Date HOG Title HOG Name Chairman of the Ely Ould 2005-08-03 Military Council Mohamed Vall for Justice and Democracy Mauritania 2005-08-07 Prime Minister Sidi Mohamed Ould Boubacar Mauritania Chairman of the Ely Ould 2005-12-31 Prime Minister Sidi Mohamed Ould Military Council Mohamed Vall Boubacar for Justice and Democracy Mauritania Chairman of the Ely Ould 2006-12-31 Prime Minister Sidi Mohamed Ould Military Council Mohamed Vall Boubacar for Justice and Democracy Mauritania President Sidi Mohamed 2007-04-19 Ould Cheikh Abdellahi Mauritania 2007-04-20 Prime Minister Zeine Ould Zeidane Mauritania President Sidi Mohamed 2007-12-31 Prime Minister Zeine Ould Zeidane Ould Cheikh Abdellahi Mauritania Chairman of the Mohammed Ould 2008-08-06 High Council of Abdel Aziz State Mauritania 2008-08-14 Prime Minister Moulaye Ould Mohamed Laghdef Mauritania Chairman of the Mohammed Ould 2008-12-31 Prime Minister Moulaye Ould Mohamed High Council of Abdel Aziz Laghdef State Mauritania President Ba Mamadou dit 2009-04-15 M’Baré Mauritania President Mohamed Ould 2009-08-05 Abdel Aziz Mauritania President Mohamed Ould 2009-12-31 Prime Minister Moulaye Ould Mohamed Abdel Aziz Laghdef Mauritania President Mohamed Ould 2010-12-31 Prime Minister Moulaye Ould Mohamed Abdel Aziz Laghdef Mauritania President Mohamed Ould 2011-12-31 Prime Minister Moulaye Ould Mohamed Abdel Aziz Laghdef Mauritania President Mohamed Ould 2012-12-31 Prime Minister Moulaye Ould Mohamed Abdel Aziz Laghdef Mauritania President Mohamed Ould 2013-12-31 Prime Minister Moulaye Ould Mohamed Abdel Aziz Laghdef Mauritania 2014-08-20 Prime Minister Yahya Ould Hademine Mauritania President Mohamed Ould 2014-12-31 Prime Minister Yahya Ould Hademine Abdel Aziz

www.v-dem.net [email protected] Historical Country HOS Title HOS Name Date HOG Title HOG Name Mauritania President Mohamed Ould 2015-12-31 Prime Minister Yahya Ould Hademine Abdel Aziz Mauritania President Mohamed Ould 2016-12-31 Prime Minister Yahya Ould Hademine Abdel Aziz Mauritania President Mohamed Ould 2017-12-31 Prime Minister Yahya Ould Hademine Abdel Aziz Mauritania 2018-10-29 Prime Minister Mohamed Salem Ould Béchir Mauritania President Mohamed Ould 2018-12-31 Prime Minister Mohamed Salem Ould Abdel Aziz Béchir Mauritania President Mohamed Ould 2019-08-01 Ghazouani Mauritania 2019-08-05 Prime Minister Ismail Ould Bedde Ould Cheikh Sidiya Mauritania President Mohamed Ould 2019-12-31 Prime Minister Ismail Ould Bedde Ould Ghazouani Cheikh Sidiya 2005-07-05 Prime Minister Navinchandra Ramgoolam Mauritius President Sir Anerood 2005-12-31 Prime Minister Navinchandra Jugnauth Ramgoolam Mauritius President Sir Anerood 2006-12-31 Prime Minister Navinchandra Jugnauth Ramgoolam Mauritius President Sir Anerood 2007-12-31 Prime Minister Navinchandra Jugnauth Ramgoolam Mauritius President Sir Anerood 2008-12-31 Prime Minister Navinchandra Jugnauth Ramgoolam Mauritius President Sir Anerood 2009-12-31 Prime Minister Navinchandra Jugnauth Ramgoolam Mauritius President Sir Anerood 2010-12-31 Prime Minister Navinchandra Jugnauth Ramgoolam Mauritius President Sir Anerood 2011-12-31 Prime Minister Navinchandra Jugnauth Ramgoolam Mauritius President Monique 2012-03-31 Ohsan-Bellepeau Mauritius President Rajkeswur 2012-07-21 Purryag Mauritius President Rajkeswur 2012-12-31 Prime Minister Navinchandra Purryag Ramgoolam Mauritius President Rajkeswur 2013-12-31 Prime Minister Navinchandra Purryag Ramgoolam Mauritius 2014-12-14 Prime Minister Anerood Jugnauth Mauritius President Rajkeswur 2014-12-31 Prime Minister Anerood Jugnauth Purryag Mauritius 2015-01-01 Prime Minister Anerood Jugnauth Mauritius President Ameenah 2015-06-05 Gurib-Fakim

www.v-dem.net [email protected] Historical Country HOS Title HOS Name Date HOG Title HOG Name Mauritius President Ameenah 2015-12-31 Prime Minister Anerood Jugnauth Gurib-Fakim Mauritius President Ameenah 2016-12-31 Prime Minister Anerood Jugnauth Gurib-Fakim Mauritius 2017-01-23 Prime Minister Pravind Kumar Jugnauth Mauritius President Ameenah 2017-12-31 Prime Minister Pravind Kumar Jugnauth Gurib-Fakim Mauritius President Paramaslyum 2018-03-23 “Barlen” Vyapoory Mauritius President Paramaslyum 2018-12-31 Prime Minister Pravind Kumar Jugnauth “Barlen” Vyapoory Mauritius President Prithvirajsing 2019-12-02 Roopun Mauritius President Prithvirajsing 2019-12-31 Prime Minister Pravind Kumar Jugnauth Roopun President Vicente Fox 2005-12-31 Quesada Mexico President Felipe de Jesús 2006-12-01 Calderón Hinojosa Mexico President Felipe de Jesús 2006-12-31 Calderón Hinojosa Mexico President Felipe de Jesús 2007-12-31 Calderón Hinojosa Mexico President Felipe de Jesús 2008-12-31 Calderón Hinojosa Mexico President Felipe de Jesús 2009-12-31 Calderón Hinojosa Mexico President Felipe de Jesús 2010-12-31 Calderón Hinojosa Mexico President Felipe de Jesús 2011-12-31 Calderón Hinojosa Mexico President Enrique Peña 2012-12-01 Nieto Mexico President Enrique Peña 2012-12-31 Nieto Mexico President Enrique Peña 2013-12-31 Nieto Mexico President Enrique Peña 2014-12-31 Nieto Mexico President Enrique Peña 2015-12-31 Nieto Mexico President Enrique Peña 2016-12-31 Nieto Mexico President Enrique Peña 2017-12-31 Nieto

www.v-dem.net [email protected] Historical Country HOS Title HOS Name Date HOG Title HOG Name Mexico President Andrés Manuel 2018-12-01 López Obrador Mexico President Andrés Manuel 2018-12-31 López Obrador Mexico President Andrés Manuel 2019-12-31 López Obrador Moldova President Vladimir Nicolae 2005-12-31 Prime Minister Vasile Petru Tarlev Voronin Moldova President Vladimir Nicolae 2006-12-31 Prime Minister Vasile Petru Tarlev Voronin Moldova President Vladimir Nicolae 2007-12-31 Prime Minister Vasile Petru Tarlev Voronin Moldova 2008-03-31 Prime Minister Zinaida Greceanii Moldova President Vladimir Nicolae 2008-12-31 Prime Minister Zinaida Greceanii Voronin Moldova President Mihai Toader 2009-09-11 Ghimpu Moldova 2009-09-25 Prime Minister Vlad Vasile Filat Moldova President Mihai Toader 2009-12-31 Prime Minister Vlad Vasile Filat Ghimpu Moldova President Marian Ilie Lupu 2010-12-30 Prime Minister Vlad Vasile Filat Moldova President Marian Ilie Lupu 2010-12-31 Prime Minister Vlad Vasile Filat Moldova President Marian Ilie Lupu 2011-12-31 Prime Minister Vlad Vasile Filat Moldova President Nicolae Vasile 2012-03-23 Timofti Moldova President Nicolae Vasile 2012-12-31 Prime Minister Vlad Vasile Filat Timofti Moldova 2013-04-25 Prime Minister Iurie Leancă Moldova President Nicolae Vasile 2013-12-31 Prime Minister Iurie Leancă Timofti Moldova President Nicolae Vasile 2014-12-31 Prime Minister Iurie Leancă Timofti

Moldova 2015-10-30 Prime Minister Valeriu Strelet,

Moldova President Nicolae Vasile 2015-12-31 Prime Minister Valeriu Strelet, Timofti Moldova 2016-01-20 Prime Minister Pavel Filip Moldova President Igor Dodon 2016-12-23 Moldova President Igor Dodon 2016-12-31 Prime Minister Pavel Filip Moldova President Igor Dodon 2017-12-31 Prime Minister Pavel Filip Moldova President Igor Dodon 2018-12-31 Prime Minister Pavel Filip Moldova 2019-06-08 Prime Minister Maia Sandu Moldova 2019-11-14 Prime Minister Ion Chicu Moldova President Igor Dodon 2019-12-31 Prime Minister Ion Chicu Mongolia President Nambaryn 2005-06-24 Enkhbayar Mongolia President Nambaryn 2005-12-31 Prime Minister Tsakhiagiyn Elbegdor Enkhbayar

www.v-dem.net [email protected] Historical Country HOS Title HOS Name Date HOG Title HOG Name Mongolia 2006-01-25 Prime Minister Miyeegombo Enkhbold Mongolia President Nambaryn 2006-12-31 Prime Minister Miyeegombo Enkhbold Enkhbayar Mongolia 2007-11-22 Prime Minister Sanj Bayar Mongolia President Nambaryn 2007-12-31 Prime Minister Sanj Bayar Enkhbayar Mongolia President Nambaryn 2008-12-31 Prime Minister Sanj Bayar Enkhbayar Mongolia President Tsakhiagiyn 2009-06-18 Elbegdorj Mongolia 2009-10-29 Prime Minister Sükhbaataryn Batbold Mongolia President Tsakhiagiyn 2009-12-31 Prime Minister Sükhbaataryn Batbold Elbegdorj Mongolia President Tsakhiagiyn 2010-12-31 Prime Minister Sükhbaataryn Batbold Elbegdorj Mongolia President Tsakhiagiyn 2011-12-31 Prime Minister Sükhbaataryn Batbold Elbegdorj Mongolia 2012-08-10 Prime Minister Norov Altankhuyag Mongolia President Tsakhiagiyn 2012-12-31 Prime Minister Norov Altankhuyag Elbegdorj Mongolia President Tsakhiagiyn 2013-12-31 Prime Minister Norov Altankhuyag Elbegdorj Mongolia 2014-11-21 Prime Minister Chimediin Saikhanbileg Mongolia President Tsakhiagiyn 2014-12-31 Prime Minister Chimediin Saikhanbileg Elbegdorj Mongolia President Tsakhiagiin 2015-12-31 Prime Minister Chimediin Saikhanbileg Elbegdorj Mongolia 2016-07-07 Prime Minister Jargaltulga Erdenebat Mongolia President Tsakhiagiin 2016-12-31 Prime Minister Jargaltulga Erdenebat Elbegdorj Mongolia President Khaltmaagiyn 2017-07-10 Battulga Mongolia 2017-10-04 Prime Minister Ukhnaa Khurelsukh Mongolia President Khaltmaagiyn 2017-12-31 Prime Minister Ukhnaa Khurelsukh Battulga Mongolia President Khaltmaagiyn 2018-12-31 Prime Minister Ukhnaa Khurelsukh Battulga Mongolia President Khaltmaagiyn 2019-12-31 Prime Minister Ukhnaa Khurelsukh Battulga Montenegro President Filip Vujanovic 2005-12-31 Prime Minister Milo Djukanovic Montenegro 2006-11-10 Prime Minister Zeljko Sturanovic Montenegro President Filip Vujanovic 2006-12-31 Prime Minister Zeljko Sturanovic Montenegro President Filip Vujanovic 2007-12-31 Prime Minister Zeljko Sturanovic Montenegro 2008-02-29 Prime Minister Milo Djukanovic Montenegro President Filip Vujanovic 2008-12-31 Prime Minister Milo Djukanovic Montenegro President Filip Vujanovic 2009-12-31 Prime Minister Milo Djukanovic

www.v-dem.net [email protected] Historical Country HOS Title HOS Name Date HOG Title HOG Name Montenegro 2010-12-29 Prime Minister Igor Luksic Montenegro President Filip Vujanovic 2010-12-31 Prime Minister Igor Luksic Montenegro President Filip Vujanovic 2011-12-31 Prime Minister Igor Luksic Montenegro 2012-12-04 Prime Minister Milo Djukanovic Montenegro President Filip Vujanovic 2012-12-31 Prime Minister Milo Djukanovic Montenegro President Filip Vujanovic 2013-12-31 Prime Minister Milo Djukanovic Montenegro President Filip Vujanovic 2014-12-31 Prime Minister Milo Djukanovic Montenegro President Filip Vujanovic 2015-12-31 Prime Minister Milo Djukanovic Montenegro 2016-11-28 Prime Minister Duško Marković Montenegro President Filip Vujanovic 2016-12-31 Prime Minister Duško Marković Montenegro President Filip Vujanovic 2017-12-31 Prime Minister Duško Marković Montenegro President Milo Djukanović 2018-05-20 Montenegro President Milo Djukanović 2018-12-31 Prime Minister Duško Marković Montenegro President Milo Djukanović 2019-12-31 Prime Minister Duško Marković King Muhammad VI 2005-12-31 Prime Minister Morocco King Muhammad VI 2006-12-31 Prime Minister Driss Jettou Morocco 2007-09-19 Prime Minister Morocco King Muhammad VI 2007-12-31 Prime Minister Abbas El Fassi Morocco King Muhammad VI 2008-12-31 Prime Minister Abbas El Fassi Morocco King Muhammad VI 2009-12-31 Prime Minister Abbas El Fassi Morocco King Muhammad VI 2010-12-31 Prime Minister Abbas El Fassi Morocco 2011-11-29 Chief of Government Morocco King Muhammad VI 2011-12-31 Chief of Abdelilah Benkirane Government Morocco King Muhammad VI 2012-12-31 Chief of Abdelilah Benkirane Government Morocco King Muhammad VI 2013-12-31 Chief of Abdelilah Benkirane Government Morocco King Muhammad VI 2014-12-31 Chief of Abdelilah Benkirane Government Morocco King Mohammed VI 2015-12-31 Chief of Abdelilah Benkirane Government Morocco King Mohammed VI 2016-12-31 Chief of Abdelilah Benkirane Government Morocco 2017-03-17 Chief of Saadeddine El Othmani Government Morocco King Mohammed VI 2017-12-31 Chief of Saadeddine El Othmani Government Morocco King Mohammed VI 2018-12-31 Chief of Saadeddine El Othmani Government Morocco King Mohammed VI 2019-12-31 Chief of Saadeddine El Othmani Government President Armando Emílio 2005-02-02 Nuno Guebuza Mozambique President Armando Emílio 2005-12-31 Nuno Guebuza

www.v-dem.net [email protected] Historical Country HOS Title HOS Name Date HOG Title HOG Name Mozambique President Armando Emílio 2006-12-31 Nuno Guebuza Mozambique President Armando Emílio 2007-12-31 Nuno Guebuza Mozambique President Armando Emílio 2008-12-31 Nuno Guebuza Mozambique President Armando Emílio 2009-12-31 Nuno Guebuza Mozambique President Armando Emílio 2010-12-31 Nuno Guebuza Mozambique President Armando Emílio 2011-12-31 Nuno Guebuza Mozambique President Armando Emílio 2012-12-31 Nuno Guebuza Mozambique President Armando Emílio 2013-12-31 Nuno Guebuza Mozambique President Armando Emílio 2014-12-31 Nuno Guebuza Mozambique President Filipe Jacinto 2015-01-15 Nyusi Mozambique President Filipe Jacinto 2015-12-31 Nyusi Mozambique President Filipe Jacinto 2016-12-31 Nyusi Mozambique President Filipe Jacinto 2017-12-31 Nyusi Mozambique President Filipe Jacinto 2018-12-31 Nyusi Mozambique President Filipe Jacinto 2019-12-31 Nyusi President Hifikepunye Lucas 2005-03-21 Pohamba Namibia President Hifikepunye Lucas 2005-12-31 Pohamba Namibia President Hifikepunye Lucas 2006-12-31 Pohamba Namibia President Hifikepunye Lucas 2007-12-31 Pohamba Namibia President Hifikepunye Lucas 2008-12-31 Pohamba Namibia President Hifikepunye Lucas 2009-12-31 Pohamba Namibia President Hifikepunye Lucas 2010-12-31 Pohamba Namibia President Hifikepunye Lucas 2011-12-31 Pohamba

www.v-dem.net [email protected] Historical Country HOS Title HOS Name Date HOG Title HOG Name Namibia President Hifikepunye Lucas 2012-12-31 Pohamba Namibia President Hifikepunye Lucas 2013-12-31 Pohamba Namibia President Hifikepunye Lucas 2014-12-31 Pohamba Namibia President 2015-03-21 Namibia President Hage Geingob 2015-12-31 Namibia President Hage Geingob 2016-12-31 Namibia President Hage Geingob 2017-12-31 Namibia President Hage Geingob 2018-12-31 Namibia President Hage Geingob 2019-12-31 Nepal King Gyanendra Bir 2005-12-31 Bikram Shah Deva Nepal 2006-04-30 Prime Minister Girija Prasad Koirala Nepal King Gyanendra Bir 2006-12-31 Prime Minister Girija Prasad Koirala Bikram Shah Deva Nepal President Girija Prasad 2007-01-15 Koirala Nepal President Girija Prasad 2007-12-31 Prime Minister Girija Prasad Koirala Koirala Nepal President Ram Baran Yadav 2008-07-23 Nepal 2008-08-18 Prime Minister Pushpa Kamal Dahal “Prachanda” Nepal President Ram Baran Yadav 2008-12-31 Prime Minister Pushpa Kamal Dahal “Prachanda” Nepal 2009-05-25 Prime Minister Madhav Kumar Nepal Nepal President Ram Baran Yadav 2009-12-31 Prime Minister Madhav Kumar Nepal Nepal President Ram Baran Yadav 2010-12-31 Prime Minister Madhav Kumar Nepal Nepal 2011-02-06 Prime Minister Jhalanath Nath Khanal Nepal 2011-08-29 Prime Minister Baburam Bhattarai Nepal President Ram Baran Yadav 2011-12-31 Prime Minister Baburam Bhattarai Nepal President Ram Baran Yadav 2012-12-31 Prime Minister Baburam Bhattarai Nepal 2013-03-14 Prime Minister Khil Raj Regmi Nepal President Ram Baran Yadav 2013-12-31 Prime Minister Khil Raj Regmi Nepal 2014-02-11 Prime Minister Sushil Koirala Nepal President Ram Baran Yadav 2014-12-31 Prime Minister Sushil Koirala Nepal 2015-10-12 Prime Minister Khadga Prasad Sharma Oli Nepal President Bidhya Devi 2015-10-29 Bhandari Nepal President Bidhya Devi 2015-12-31 Prime Minister Khadga Prasad Sharma Bhandari Oli Nepal 2016-08-03 Prime Minister Pushpa Kamal Dahal “Prachanda”

www.v-dem.net [email protected] Historical Country HOS Title HOS Name Date HOG Title HOG Name Nepal President Bidhya Devi 2016-12-31 Prime Minister Pushpa Kamal Dahal Bhandari “Prachanda” Nepal 2017-06-07 Prime Minister Sher Bahadur Deuba Nepal President Bidhya Devi 2017-12-31 Prime Minister Sher Bahadur Deuba Bhandari Nepal 2018-02-15 Prime Minister Khadga Prasad Sharma Oli Nepal President Bidhya Devi 2018-12-31 Prime Minister Khadga Prasad Sharma Bhandari Oli Nepal President Bidhya Devi 2019-12-31 Prime Minister Khadga Prasad Sharma Bhandari Oli Queen Beatrix 2005-12-31 Prime Minister Netherlands Queen Beatrix 2006-12-31 Prime Minister Jan Peter Balkenende Netherlands Queen Beatrix 2007-12-31 Prime Minister Jan Peter Balkenende Netherlands Queen Beatrix 2008-12-31 Prime Minister Jan Peter Balkenende Netherlands Queen Beatrix 2009-12-31 Prime Minister Jan Peter Balkenende Netherlands 2010-10-14 Prime Minister Netherlands Queen Beatrix 2010-12-31 Prime Minister Mark Rutte Netherlands Queen Beatrix 2011-12-31 Prime Minister Mark Rutte Netherlands Queen Beatrix 2012-12-31 Prime Minister Mark Rutte Netherlands King Willem-Alexander 2013-04-30 Netherlands King Willem-Alexander 2013-12-31 Prime Minister Mark Rutte Netherlands King Willem-Alexander 2014-12-31 Prime Minister Mark Rutte Netherlands King Willem-Alexander 2015-12-31 Prime Minister Mark Rutte Netherlands King Willem-Alexander 2016-12-31 Prime Minister Mark Rutte Netherlands King Willem-Alexander 2017-12-31 Prime Minister Mark Rutte Netherlands King Willem-Alexander 2018-12-31 Prime Minister Mark Rutte Netherlands King Willem-Alexander 2019-12-31 Prime Minister Mark Rutte New Zealand Governor- Silvia Rose 2005-12-31 Prime Minister Helen Elizabeth Clark General Cartwright New Zealand Governor- Anand Satyanand 2006-08-23 General New Zealand Governor- Anand Satyanand 2006-12-31 Prime Minister Helen Elizabeth Clark General New Zealand Governor- Anand Satyanand 2007-12-31 Prime Minister Helen Elizabeth Clark General New Zealand 2008-11-19 Prime Minister John Phillip Key New Zealand Governor- Anand Satyanand 2008-12-31 Prime Minister John Phillip Key General New Zealand Governor- Anand Satyanand 2009-12-31 Prime Minister John Phillip Key General New Zealand Governor- Anand Satyanand 2010-12-31 Prime Minister John Phillip Key General New Zealand Governor- Jeremiah 2011-08-31 General Mateparae New Zealand Governor- Jeremiah 2011-12-31 Prime Minister John Phillip Key General Mateparae

www.v-dem.net [email protected] Historical Country HOS Title HOS Name Date HOG Title HOG Name New Zealand Governor- Jeremiah 2012-12-31 Prime Minister John Phillip Key General Mateparae New Zealand Governor- Jeremiah 2013-12-31 Prime Minister John Phillip Key General Mateparae New Zealand Governor- Jeremiah 2014-12-31 Prime Minister John Phillip Key General Mateparae New Zealand Governor- Jeremiah 2015-12-31 Prime Minister John Phillip Key General Mateparae New Zealand Governor- Dame Patricia 2016-09-28 General “Patsy” Reddy New Zealand 2016-12-12 Prime Minister Bill English New Zealand Governor- Dame Patricia 2016-12-31 Prime Minister Bill English General “Patsy” Reddy New Zealand 2017-10-26 Prime Minister New Zealand Governor- Dame Patricia 2017-12-31 Prime Minister Jacinda Ardern General “Patsy” Reddy New Zealand Governor- Dame Patricia 2018-12-31 Prime Minister Jacinda Ardern General “Patsy” Reddy New Zealand Governor- Dame Patricia 2019-12-31 Prime Minister Jacinda Ardern General “Patsy” Reddy Nicaragua President Enrique José 2005-12-31 Bolaños Geyer Nicaragua President Enrique José 2006-12-31 Bolaños Geyer Nicaragua President José Daniel 2007-01-10 Ortega Saavedra Nicaragua President José Daniel 2007-12-31 Ortega Saavedra Nicaragua President José Daniel 2008-12-31 Ortega Saavedra Nicaragua President José Daniel 2009-12-31 Ortega Saavedra Nicaragua President José Daniel 2010-12-31 Ortega Saavedra Nicaragua President José Daniel 2011-12-31 Ortega Saavedra Nicaragua President José Daniel 2012-12-31 Ortega Saavedra Nicaragua President José Daniel 2013-12-31 Ortega Saavedra Nicaragua President José Daniel 2014-12-31 Ortega Saavedra Nicaragua President José Daniel 2015-12-31 Ortega Saavedra Nicaragua President José Daniel 2016-12-31 Ortega Saavedra

www.v-dem.net [email protected] Historical Country HOS Title HOS Name Date HOG Title HOG Name Nicaragua President José Daniel 2017-12-31 Ortega Saavedra Nicaragua President José Daniel 2018-12-31 Ortega Saavedra Nicaragua President José Daniel 2019-12-31 Ortega Saavedra President 2005-12-31 Prime Minister Niger President Mamadou Tandja 2006-12-31 Prime Minister Hama Amadou Niger 2007-06-07 Prime Minister Niger President Mamadou Tandja 2007-12-31 Prime Minister Seyni Oumarou Niger President Mamadou Tandja 2008-12-31 Prime Minister Seyni Oumarou Niger 2009-10-02 Prime Minister Ali Badjo Gamatié Niger President Mamadou Tandja 2009-12-31 Prime Minister Ali Badjo Gamatié Niger President of the 2010-02-18 Supreme Council for the of Democracy Niger 2010-02-23 Prime Minister Niger President of the Salou Djibo 2010-12-31 Prime Minister Mahamadou Danda Supreme Council for the Restoration of Democracy Niger President Mahamadou 2011-04-07 Prime Minister Brigi Rafini Issoufou Niger President Mahamadou 2011-12-31 Prime Minister Brigi Rafini Issoufou Niger President Mahamadou 2012-12-31 Prime Minister Brigi Rafini Issoufou Niger President Mahamadou 2013-12-31 Prime Minister Brigi Rafini Issoufou Niger President Mahamadou 2014-12-31 Prime Minister Brigi Rafini Issoufou Niger President Mahamadou 2015-12-31 Prime Minister Brigi Rafini Issoufou Niger President Mahamadou 2016-12-31 Prime Minister Brigi Rafini Issoufou Niger President Mahamadou 2017-12-31 Prime Minister Brigi Rafini Issoufou Niger President Mahamadou 2018-12-31 Prime Minister Brigi Rafini Issoufou Niger President Mahamadou 2019-12-31 Prime Minister Brigi Rafini Issoufou President Olusegun 2005-12-31 Obasanjo

www.v-dem.net [email protected] Historical Country HOS Title HOS Name Date HOG Title HOG Name Nigeria President Olusegun 2006-12-31 Obasanjo Nigeria President Umaru Musa 2007-05-29 Yar’Adua Nigeria President Umaru Musa 2007-12-31 Yar’Adua Nigeria President Umaru Musa 2008-12-31 Yar’Adua Nigeria President Umaru Musa 2009-12-31 Yar’Adua Nigeria President Goodluck 2010-02-09 Jonathan Nigeria President Goodluck 2010-12-31 Jonathan Nigeria President Goodluck 2011-12-31 Jonathan Nigeria President Goodluck 2012-12-31 Jonathan Nigeria President Goodluck 2013-12-31 Jonathan Nigeria President Goodluck 2014-12-31 Jonathan Nigeria President Muhammadu 2015-05-29 Buhari Nigeria President Muhammadu 2015-12-31 Buhari Nigeria President Muhammadu 2016-12-31 Buhari Nigeria President Muhammadu 2017-12-31 Buhari Nigeria President Muhammadu 2018-12-31 Buhari Nigeria President Muhammadu 2019-12-31 Buhari North Korea General Secretary Kim Jong Il 2005-12-31 Chairman of the Pak Pong Ju of the Central Council of Committee of the Ministers Workers’ Party of Korea North Korea General Secretary Kim Jong Il 2006-12-31 Chairman of the Pak Pong Ju of the Central Council of Committee of the Ministers Workers’ Party of Korea North Korea 2007-04-11 Chairman of the Kim Yong Il Council of Ministers

www.v-dem.net [email protected] Historical Country HOS Title HOS Name Date HOG Title HOG Name North Korea General Secretary Kim Jong Il 2007-12-31 Chairman of the Kim Yong Il of the Central Council of Committee of the Ministers Workers’ Party of Korea North Korea General Secretary Kim Jong Il 2008-12-31 Chairman of the Kim Yong Il of the Central Council of Committee of the Ministers Workers’ Party of Korea North Korea General Secretary Kim Jong Il 2009-12-31 Chairman of the Kim Yong Il of the Central Council of Committee of the Ministers Workers’ Party of Korea North Korea 2010-06-07 Chairman of the Choe Yong Rim Council of Ministers North Korea General Secretary Kim Jong Il 2010-12-31 Chairman of the Choe Yong Rim of the Central Council of Committee of the Ministers Workers’ Party of Korea North Korea First Secretary of Kim Jong Un 2011-12-17 the Workers’ Party of Korea North Korea First Secretary of Kim Jong Un 2011-12-31 Chairman of the Choe Yong Rim the Workers’ Council of Party of Korea Ministers North Korea First Secretary of Kim Jong Un 2012-12-31 Chairman of the Choe Yong Rim the Workers’ Council of Party of Korea Ministers North Korea 2013-04-01 Chairman of the Pak Pong Ju Council of Ministers North Korea First Secretary of Kim Jong Un 2013-12-31 Chairman of the Pak Pong Ju the Workers’ Council of Party of Korea Ministers North Korea First Secretary of Kim Jong Un 2014-12-31 Chairman of the Pak Pong Ju the Workers’ Council of Party of Korea Ministers North Korea First Secretary of Kim Jong Un 2015-12-31 Chairman of the Pak Pong Ju the Workers’ Council of Party of Korea Ministers North Korea Chairman of the Kim Jong Un 2016-05-09 Workers’ Party of Korea

www.v-dem.net [email protected] Historical Country HOS Title HOS Name Date HOG Title HOG Name North Korea Chairman of the Kim Jong Un 2016-12-31 Chairman of the Pak Pong Ju Workers’ Party of Council of Korea Ministers North Korea Chairman of the Kim Jong Un 2017-12-31 Chairman of the Pak Pong Ju Workers’ Party of Council of Korea Ministers North Korea Chairman of the Kim Jong Un 2018-12-31 Chairman of the Pak Pong Ju Workers’ Party of Council of Korea Ministers North Korea 2019-04-11 Chairman of the Kim Jae Ryong Council of Ministers North Korea Chairman of the Kim Jong Un 2019-12-31 Chairman of the Kim Jae Ryong Workers’ Party of Council of Korea Ministers North President Branko 2005-12-31 Prime Minister Vlado Buckovski Macedonia Crvenkovski North 2006-08-27 Prime Minister Nikola Gruevski Macedonia North President Branko 2006-12-31 Prime Minister Nikola Gruevski Macedonia Crvenkovski North President Branko 2007-12-31 Prime Minister Nikola Gruevski Macedonia Crvenkovski North President Branko 2008-12-31 Prime Minister Nikola Gruevski Macedonia Crvenkovski North President Gjorge Ivanov 2009-05-12 Macedonia North President Gjorge Ivanov 2009-12-31 Prime Minister Nikola Gruevski Macedonia North President Gjorge Ivanov 2010-12-31 Prime Minister Nikola Gruevski Macedonia North President Gjorge Ivanov 2011-12-31 Prime Minister Nikola Gruevski Macedonia North President Gjorge Ivanov 2012-12-31 Prime Minister Nikola Gruevski Macedonia North President Gjorge Ivanov 2013-12-31 Prime Minister Nikola Gruevski Macedonia North President Gjorge Ivanov 2014-12-31 Prime Minister Nikola Gruevski Macedonia North President Gjorge Ivanov 2015-12-31 Prime Minister Nikola Gruevski Macedonia North 2016-01-18 Prime Minister Emil Dimitriev Macedonia North President Gjorge Ivanov 2016-12-31 Prime Minister Emil Dimitriev Macedonia North 2017-05-31 Prime Minister Macedonia

www.v-dem.net [email protected] Historical Country HOS Title HOS Name Date HOG Title HOG Name North President Gjorge Ivanov 2017-12-31 Prime Minister Zoran Zaev Macedonia North President Gjorge Ivanov 2018-12-31 Prime Minister Zoran Zaev Macedonia North President 2019-05-12 Prime Minister Zoran Zaev Macedonia North President Stevo Pendarovski 2019-12-31 Prime Minister Zoran Zaev Macedonia King Harald V 2005-06-07 Norway 2005-10-17 Prime Minister Jens Stoltenberg Norway King Harald V 2005-12-31 Prime Minister Jens Stoltenberg Norway King Harald V 2006-12-31 Prime Minister Jens Stoltenberg Norway King Harald V 2007-12-31 Prime Minister Jens Stoltenberg Norway King Harald V 2008-12-31 Prime Minister Jens Stoltenberg Norway King Harald V 2009-12-31 Prime Minister Jens Stoltenberg Norway King Harald V 2010-12-31 Prime Minister Jens Stoltenberg Norway King Harald V 2011-12-31 Prime Minister Jens Stoltenberg Norway King Harald V 2012-12-31 Prime Minister Jens Stoltenberg Norway 2013-10-16 Prime Minister Erna Solberg Norway King Harald V 2013-12-31 Prime Minister Erna Solberg Norway King Harald V 2014-12-31 Prime Minister Erna Solberg Norway King Harald V 2015-12-31 Prime Minister Erna Solberg Norway King Harald V 2016-12-31 Prime Minister Erna Solberg Norway King Harald V 2017-12-31 Prime Minister Erna Solberg Norway King Harald V 2018-12-31 Prime Minister Erna Solberg Norway King Harald V 2019-12-31 Prime Minister Erna Solberg Sultan Qaboos bin Said 2005-12-31 Al Said Oman Sultan Qaboos bin Said 2006-12-31 Al Said Oman Sultan Qaboos bin Said 2007-12-31 Al Said Oman Sultan Qaboos bin Said 2008-12-31 Al Said Oman Sultan Qaboos bin Said 2009-12-31 Al Said Oman Sultan Qaboos bin Said 2010-12-31 Al Said Oman Sultan Qaboos bin Said 2011-12-31 Al Said Oman Sultan Qaboos bin Said 2012-12-31 Al Said Oman Sultan Qaboos bin Said 2013-12-31 Al Said Oman Sultan Qaboos bin Said 2014-12-31 Al Said

www.v-dem.net [email protected] Historical Country HOS Title HOS Name Date HOG Title HOG Name Oman Sultan Qaboos bin Said 2015-12-31 Al Said Oman Sultan Qaboos bin Said 2016-12-31 Al Said Oman Sultan Qaboos bin Said 2017-12-31 Al Said Oman Sultan Qaboos bin Said 2018-12-31 Al Said Oman Sultan Qaboos bin Said 2019-12-31 Al Said President General Pervez 2005-12-31 Prime Minister Musharraf Pakistan President General Pervez 2006-12-31 Prime Minister Shaukat Aziz Musharraf Pakistan 2007-11-16 Prime Minister Mohammadmian Soomro Pakistan Preisdent General Pervez 2007-11-29 Musharraf Pakistan Preisdent General Pervez 2007-12-31 Prime Minister Mohammadmian Soomro Musharraf Pakistan 2008-03-25 Prime Minister Pakistan President 2008-09-09 Pakistan President Asif Ali Zardari 2008-12-31 Prime Minister Yousaf Raza Gillani Pakistan President Asif Ali Zardari 2009-12-31 Prime Minister Yousaf Raza Gillani Pakistan President Asif Ali Zardari 2010-12-31 Prime Minister Yousaf Raza Gillani Pakistan President Asif Ali Zardari 2011-12-31 Prime Minister Yousaf Raza Gillani Pakistan 2012-06-22 Prime Minister Raja Pervez Ashraf Pakistan President Asif Ali Zardari 2012-12-31 Prime Minister Raja Pervez Ashraf Pakistan 2013-03-25 Prime Minister Mir Hazar Khan Khoso Pakistan 2013-06-05 Prime Minister Mohammad Pakistan President Mamnoon 2013-09-09 Hussain Pakistan President Mamnoon 2013-12-31 Prime Minister Mohammad Nawaz Sharif Hussain Pakistan President Mamnoon 2014-12-31 Prime Minister Mohammad Nawaz Sharif Hussain Pakistan President Mamnoon 2015-12-31 Prime Minister Mohammad Nawaz Sharif Hussain Pakistan President Mamnoon 2016-12-31 Prime Minister Mohammad Nawaz Sharif Hussain Pakistan 2017-08-01 Prime Minister Pakistan President Mamnoon 2017-12-31 Prime Minister Shahid Khaqan Abbasi Hussain Pakistan 2018-08-18 Prime Minister Pakistan President Arif Alvi 2018-09-09 Pakistan President Arif Alvi 2018-12-31 Prime Minister Imran Khan Pakistan President Arif Alvi 2019-12-31 Prime Minister Imran Khan

www.v-dem.net [email protected] Historical Country HOS Title HOS Name Date HOG Title HOG Name Palestine/Gaza Prime Minister Ismail Haniya 2006-03-29 Palestine/Gaza Prime Minister Ismail Haniya 2006-12-31 Palestine/Gaza Prime Minister Ismail Haniya 2007-12-31 Palestine/Gaza Prime Minister Ismail Haniya 2008-12-31 Palestine/Gaza Prime Minister Ismail Haniya 2009-12-31 Palestine/Gaza Prime Minister Ismail Haniya 2010-12-31 Palestine/Gaza Prime Minister Ismail Haniya 2011-12-31 Palestine/Gaza Prime Minister Ismail Haniya 2012-12-31 Palestine/Gaza Prime Minister Ismail Haniya 2013-12-31 Palestine/Gaza Hamas [Collective Body] 2014-06-02 Administration Palestine/Gaza Hamas [Collective Body] 2014-12-31 Administration Palestine/Gaza Hamas [Collective Body] 2015-12-31 Administration Palestine/Gaza Hamas [Collective Body] 2016-12-31 Administration Palestine/Gaza Hamas [Collective Body] 2017-12-31 Administration Palestine/Gaza Hamas [Collective Body] 2018-12-31 Administration Palestine/Gaza Hamas [Collective Body] 2019-12-31 Administration Palestine/West President of the Mahmoud Ridha 2005-01-15 Bank Palestinian Abbas Authority Palestine/West President of the Mahmoud Ridha 2005-12-31 Prime Minister Ahmed Qurei Bank Palestinian Abbas of the Authority Palestinian National Authority Palestine/West 2006-03-29 Prime Minister Ismail Haniyeh Bank of the Palestinian National Authority Palestine/West President of the Mahmoud Ridha 2006-12-31 Prime Minister Ismail Haniyeh Bank Palestinian Abbas of the Authority Palestinian National Authority Palestine/West 2007-06-15 Prime Minister Salam Fayyad Bank of the Palestinian National Authority

www.v-dem.net [email protected] Historical Country HOS Title HOS Name Date HOG Title HOG Name Palestine/West President of the Mahmoud Ridha 2007-12-31 Prime Minister Salam Fayyad Bank Palestinian Abbas of the Authority Palestinian National Authority Palestine/West President of the Mahmoud Ridha 2008-12-31 Prime Minister Salam Fayyad Bank Palestinian Abbas of the Authority Palestinian National Authority Palestine/West President of the Mahmoud Ridha 2009-12-31 Prime Minister Salam Fayyad Bank Palestinian Abbas of the Authority Palestinian National Authority Palestine/West President of the Mahmoud Ridha 2010-12-31 Prime Minister Salam Fayyad Bank Palestinian Abbas of the Authority Palestinian National Authority Palestine/West President of the Mahmoud Ridha 2011-12-31 Prime Minister Salam Fayyad Bank Palestinian Abbas of the Authority Palestinian National Authority Palestine/West President of the Mahmoud Ridha 2012-12-31 Prime Minister Salam Fayyad Bank Palestinian Abbas of the Authority Palestinian National Authority Palestine/West 2013-06-06 Prime Minister Bank of the Palestinian National Authority Palestine/West President of the Mahmoud Ridha 2013-12-31 Prime Minister Rami Hamdallah Bank Palestinian Abbas of the Authority Palestinian National Authority Palestine/West President of the Mahmoud Ridha 2014-12-31 Prime Minister Rami Hamdallah Bank Palestinian Abbas of the Authority Palestinian National Authority

www.v-dem.net [email protected] Historical Country HOS Title HOS Name Date HOG Title HOG Name Palestine/West President of the Mahmoud Ridha 2015-12-31 Prime Minister Rami Hamdallah Bank Palestinian Abbas of the Authority Palestinian National Authority Palestine/West President of the Mahmoud Ridha 2016-12-31 Prime Minister Rami Hamdallah Bank Palestinian Abbas of the Authority Palestinian National Authority Palestine/West President of the Mahmoud Ridha 2017-12-31 Prime Minister Rami Hamdallah Bank Palestinian Abbas of the Authority Palestinian National Authority Palestine/West President of the Mahmoud Ridha 2018-12-31 Prime Minister Rami Hamdallah Bank Palestinian Abbas of the Authority Palestinian National Authority Palestine/West 2019-04-14 Prime Minister Bank of the Palestinian National Authority Palestine/West President of the Mahmoud Ridha 2019-12-31 Prime Minister Mohammad Shtayyeh Bank Palestinian Abbas of the Authority Palestinian National Authority Panama President Martín Erasto 2005-12-31 Torrijos Espino Panama President Martín Erasto 2006-12-31 Torrijos Espino Panama President Martín Erasto 2007-12-31 Torrijos Espino Panama President Martín Erasto 2008-12-31 Torrijos Espino Panama President Ricardo Martinelli 2009-07-01 Berrocal Panama President Ricardo Martinelli 2009-12-31 Berrocal Panama President Ricardo Martinelli 2010-12-31 Berrocal Panama President Ricardo Martinelli 2011-12-31 Berrocal

www.v-dem.net [email protected] Historical Country HOS Title HOS Name Date HOG Title HOG Name Panama President Ricardo Martinelli 2012-12-31 Berrocal Panama President Ricardo Martinelli 2013-12-31 Berrocal Panama President Juan Carlos 2014-07-01 Varela Panama President Juan Carlos 2014-12-31 Varela Panama President Juan Carlos 2015-12-31 Varela Panama President Juan Carlos 2016-12-31 Varela Panama President Juan Carlos 2017-12-31 Varela Panama President Juan Carlos 2018-12-31 Varela Panama President Laurentino “Nito” 2019-07-01 Cortizo Cohen Panama President Laurentino “Nito” 2019-12-31 Cortizo Cohen Papua New Governor-general Sir Paulias Nguna 2005-12-31 Prime Minister Michael Thomas Somare Guinea Matane Papua New Governor-general Sir Paulias Nguna 2006-12-31 Prime Minister Michael Thomas Somare Guinea Matane Papua New Governor-general Sir Paulias Nguna 2007-12-31 Prime Minister Michael Thomas Somare Guinea Matane Papua New Governor-general Sir Paulias Nguna 2008-12-31 Prime Minister Michael Thomas Somare Guinea Matane Papua New Governor-general Sir Paulias Nguna 2009-12-31 Prime Minister Michael Thomas Somare Guinea Matane Papua New Governor-general Sir Michael Ogio 2010-12-20 Guinea Papua New Governor-general Sir Michael Ogio 2010-12-31 Prime Minister Michael Thomas Somare Guinea Papua New 2011-04-04 Prime Minister Guinea Papua New 2011-08-02 Prime Minister Peter O’Neil Guinea Papua New Governor-general Sir Michael Ogio 2011-12-31 Prime Minister Peter O’Neil Guinea Papua New Governor-general Sir Michael Ogio 2012-12-31 Prime Minister Peter O’Neil Guinea Papua New Governor-general Sir Michael Ogio 2013-12-31 Prime Minister Peter O’Neil Guinea Papua New Governor-general Sir Michael Ogio 2014-12-31 Prime Minister Peter O’Neil Guinea

www.v-dem.net [email protected] Historical Country HOS Title HOS Name Date HOG Title HOG Name Papua New Governor-general Sir Michael Ogio 2015-12-31 Prime Minister Peter O’Neil Guinea Papua New Governor-general Sir Michael Ogio 2016-12-31 Prime Minister Peter O’Neil Guinea Papua New Governor-general Robert “Bob” 2017-02-28 Guinea Dadae Papua New Governor-general Robert “Bob” 2017-12-31 Prime Minister Peter O’Neil Guinea Dadae Papua New Governor-general Robert “Bob” 2018-12-31 Prime Minister Peter O’Neil Guinea Dadae Papua New 2019-05-30 Prime Minister Guinea Papua New Governor-general Robert “Bob” 2019-12-31 Prime Minister James Marape Guinea Dadae Paraguay President Óscar Nicanor 2005-12-31 Duarte Frutos Paraguay President Óscar Nicanor 2006-12-31 Duarte Frutos Paraguay President Óscar Nicanor 2007-12-31 Duarte Frutos Paraguay President Fernando 2008-08-15 Armindo Lugo Méndez Paraguay President Fernando 2008-12-31 Armindo Lugo Méndez Paraguay President Fernando 2009-12-31 Armindo Lugo Méndez Paraguay President Fernando 2010-12-31 Armindo Lugo Méndez Paraguay President Fernando 2011-12-31 Armindo Lugo Méndez Paraguay President Luis Federico 2012-06-22 Franco Gómez Paraguay President Luis Federico 2012-12-31 Franco Gómez Paraguay President Horacio Manuel 2013-08-15 Cartes Jara Paraguay President Horacio Manuel 2013-12-31 Cartes Jara Paraguay President Horacio Manuel 2014-12-31 Cartes Jara

www.v-dem.net [email protected] Historical Country HOS Title HOS Name Date HOG Title HOG Name Paraguay President Horacio Manuel 2015-12-31 Cartes Jara Paraguay President Horacio Manuel 2016-12-31 Cartes Jara Paraguay President Horacio Manuel 2017-12-31 Cartes Jara Paraguay President Mario Abdo 2018-08-15 Benítez Paraguay President Mario Abdo 2018-12-31 Benítez Paraguay President Mario Abdo 2019-12-31 Benítez President Alejandro 2005-12-31 Celestino Toledo Manrique Peru President Alan Gabriel 2006-07-28 Ludwig García Pérez Peru President Alan Gabriel 2006-12-31 Ludwig García Pérez Peru President Alan Gabriel 2007-12-31 Ludwig García Pérez Peru President Alan Gabriel 2008-12-31 Ludwig García Pérez Peru President Alan Gabriel 2009-12-31 Ludwig García Pérez Peru President Alan Gabriel 2010-12-31 Ludwig García Pérez Peru President Ollanta Moisés 2011-07-28 Humala Tasso Peru President Ollanta Moisés 2011-12-31 Humala Tasso Peru President Ollanta Moisés 2012-12-31 Humala Tasso Peru President Ollanta Moisés 2013-12-31 Humala Tasso Peru President Ollanta Moisés 2014-12-31 Humala Tasso Peru President Ollanta Moisés 2015-12-31 Humala Tasso

www.v-dem.net [email protected] Historical Country HOS Title HOS Name Date HOG Title HOG Name Peru President Pedro Pablo 2016-07-28 Kuczynski Goddard Peru President Pedro Pablo 2016-12-31 Kuczynski Goddard Peru President Pedro Pablo 2017-12-31 Kuczynski Goddard Peru President Martin Alberto 2018-03-23 Vizcarra Cornejo Peru President Martin Alberto 2018-12-31 Vizcarra Cornejo Peru President Martin Alberto 2019-12-31 Vizcarra Cornejo Philippines President Gloria 2005-12-31 Macapagal-Arroyo Philippines President Gloria 2006-12-31 Macapagal-Arroyo Philippines President Gloria 2007-12-31 Macapagal-Arroyo Philippines President Gloria 2008-12-31 Macapagal-Arroyo Philippines President Gloria 2009-12-31 Macapagal-Arroyo Philippines President Benigno 2010-06-30 Cojuangco Aquino III Philippines President Benigno 2010-12-31 Cojuangco Aquino III Philippines President Benigno 2011-12-31 Cojuangco Aquino III Philippines President Benigno 2012-12-31 Cojuangco Aquino III Philippines President Benigno 2013-12-31 Cojuangco Aquino III Philippines President Benigno 2014-12-31 Cojuangco Aquino III Philippines President Benigno 2015-12-31 Cojuangco Aquino III

www.v-dem.net [email protected] Historical Country HOS Title HOS Name Date HOG Title HOG Name Philippines President Rodrigo Roa 2016-07-30 Duterte Philippines President Rodrigo Roa 2016-12-31 Duterte Philippines President Rodrigo Roa 2017-12-31 Duterte Philippines President Rodrigo Roa 2018-12-31 Duterte Philippines President Rodrigo Roa 2019-12-31 Duterte 2005-10-31 Chairman of the Kazimierz Marcinkiewicz Council of Ministers Poland President of the Lech Aleksander 2005-12-23 Republic of Kaczyński Poland Poland President of the Lech Aleksander 2005-12-31 Chairman of the Kazimierz Marcinkiewicz Republic of Kaczyński Council of Poland Ministers Poland 2006-07-14 Chairman of the Jarosław Aleksander Council of Kaczyński Ministers Poland President of the Lech Aleksander 2006-12-31 Chairman of the Jarosław Aleksander Republic of Kaczyński Council of Kaczyński Poland Ministers Poland 2007-11-16 Chairman of the Council of Ministers Poland President of the Lech Aleksander 2007-12-31 Chairman of the Donald Tusk Republic of Kaczyński Council of Poland Ministers Poland President of the Lech Aleksander 2008-12-31 Chairman of the Donald Tusk Republic of Kaczyński Council of Poland Ministers Poland President of the Lech Aleksander 2009-12-31 Chairman of the Donald Tusk Republic of Kaczyński Council of Poland Ministers Poland President of the Bronisław 2010-08-06 Republic of Komorowski Poland Poland President of the Bronisław 2010-12-31 Chairman of the Donald Tusk Republic of Komorowski Council of Poland Ministers Poland President of the Bronisław 2011-12-31 Chairman of the Donald Tusk Republic of Komorowski Council of Poland Ministers

www.v-dem.net [email protected] Historical Country HOS Title HOS Name Date HOG Title HOG Name Poland President of the Bronisław 2012-12-31 Chairman of the Donald Tusk Republic of Komorowski Council of Poland Ministers Poland President of the Bronisław 2013-12-31 Chairman of the Donald Tusk Republic of Komorowski Council of Poland Ministers Poland 2014-09-22 Chairman of the Council of Ministers Poland President of the Bronisław 2014-12-31 Chairman of the Ewa Kopacz Republic of Komorowski Council of Poland Ministers Poland President of the Andrzej Sebastian 2015-08-06 Republic of Duda Poland Poland 2015-11-11 Chairman of the Beata Maria Szydło Council of Ministers Poland President of the Andrzej Sebastian 2015-12-31 Chairman of the Beata Maria Szydło Republic of Duda Council of Poland Ministers Poland President of the Andrzej Sebastian 2016-12-31 Chairman of the Beata Maria Szydło Republic of Duda Council of Poland Ministers Poland 2017-12-11 Prime Minister Mateusz Jakub Morawiecki Poland President of the Andrzej Sebastian 2017-12-31 Chairman of the Mateusz Jakub Republic of Duda Council of Morawiecki Poland Ministers Poland President of the Andrzej Sebastian 2018-12-31 Chairman of the Mateusz Jakub Republic of Duda Council of Morawiecki Poland Ministers Poland President of the Andrzej Sebastian 2019-12-31 Chairman of the Mateusz Jakub Republic of Duda Council of Morawiecki Poland Ministers 2005-03-12 Prime Minister José Sócrates Carvalho Pinto de Sousa Portugal President Jorge Fernando 2005-12-31 Prime Minister José Sócrates Carvalho Branco de Pinto de Sousa Sampaio Portugal President Aníbal António 2006-03-09 Cavaco Silva Portugal President Aníbal António 2006-12-31 Prime Minister José Sócrates Carvalho Cavaco Silva Pinto de Sousa Portugal President Aníbal António 2007-12-31 Prime Minister José Sócrates Carvalho Cavaco Silva Pinto de Sousa

www.v-dem.net [email protected] Historical Country HOS Title HOS Name Date HOG Title HOG Name Portugal President Aníbal António 2008-12-31 Prime Minister José Sócrates Carvalho Cavaco Silva Pinto de Sousa Portugal President Aníbal António 2009-12-31 Prime Minister José Sócrates Carvalho Cavaco Silva Pinto de Sousa Portugal President Aníbal António 2010-12-31 Prime Minister José Sócrates Carvalho Cavaco Silva Pinto de Sousa Portugal 2011-06-21 Prime Minister Pedro Passos Coelho Portugal President Aníbal António 2011-12-31 Prime Minister Pedro Passos Coelho Cavaco Silva Portugal President Aníbal António 2012-12-31 Prime Minister Pedro Passos Coelho Cavaco Silva Portugal President Aníbal António 2013-12-31 Prime Minister Pedro Passos Coelho Cavaco Silva Portugal President Aníbal António 2014-12-31 Prime Minister Pedro Passos Coelho Cavaco Silva Portugal 2015-11-26 Prime Minister António Luís Santos da Costa Portugal President Aníbal António 2015-12-31 Prime Minister António Luís Santos da Cavaco Silva Costa Portugal President Marcelo Nuno 2016-03-09 Duarte Rebelo de Sousa Portugal President Marcelo Nuno 2016-12-31 Prime Minister António Luís Santos da Duarte Rebelo de Costa Sousa Portugal President Marcelo Nuno 2017-12-31 Prime Minister António Luís Santos da Duarte Rebelo de Costa Sousa Portugal President Marcelo Nuno 2018-12-31 Prime Minister António Luís Santos da Duarte Rebelo de Costa Sousa Portugal President Marcelo Nuno 2019-12-31 Prime Minister António Luís Santos da Duarte Rebelo de Costa Sousa Emir Hamad ibn 2005-12-31 Prime Minister Abdullah ibn Khalifah Al Khalifah Al Thani Thani Qatar Emir Hamad ibn 2006-12-31 Prime Minister Abdullah ibn Khalifah Al Khalifah Al Thani Thani Qatar 2007-04-03 Prime Minister Hamad ibn Jassim ibn Jabr Al Thani Qatar Emir Hamad ibn 2007-12-31 Prime Minister Hamad ibn Jassim ibn Khalifah Al Thani Jabr Al Thani Qatar Emir Hamad ibn 2008-12-31 Prime Minister Hamad ibn Jassim ibn Khalifah Al Thani Jabr Al Thani Qatar Emir Hamad ibn 2009-12-31 Prime Minister Hamad ibn Jassim ibn Khalifah Al Thani Jabr Al Thani

www.v-dem.net [email protected] Historical Country HOS Title HOS Name Date HOG Title HOG Name Qatar Emir Hamad ibn 2010-12-31 Prime Minister Hamad ibn Jassim ibn Khalifah Al Thani Jabr Al Thani Qatar Emir Hamad ibn 2011-12-31 Prime Minister Hamad ibn Jassim ibn Khalifah Al Thani Jabr Al Thani Qatar Emir Hamad ibn 2012-12-31 Prime Minister Hamad ibn Jassim ibn Khalifah Al Thani Jabr Al Thani Qatar Emir Sheikh Tamim bin 2013-06-26 Prime Minister Sheikh Abdullah bin Hamad Al Thani Nasser bin Khalifa Al Thani Qatar Emir Sheikh Tamim bin 2013-12-31 Prime Minister Sheikh Abdullah bin Hamad Al Thani Nasser bin Khalifa Al Thani Qatar Emir Sheikh Tamim bin 2014-12-31 Prime Minister Sheikh Abdullah bin Hamad Al Thani Nasser bin Khalifa Al Thani Qatar Emir Sheikh Tamim bin 2015-12-31 Prime Minister Sheikh Abdullah bin Hamad Al Thani Nasser bin Khalifa Al Thani Qatar Emir Sheikh Tamim bin 2016-12-31 Prime Minister Sheikh Abdullah bin Hamad Al Thani Nasser bin Khalifa Al Thani Qatar Emir Sheikh Tamim bin 2017-12-31 Prime Minister Sheikh Abdullah bin Hamad Al Thani Nasser bin Khalifa Al Thani Qatar Emir Sheikh Tamim bin 2018-12-31 Prime Minister Sheikh Abdullah bin Hamad Al Thani Nasser bin Khalifa Al Thani Qatar Emir Sheikh Tamim bin 2019-12-31 Prime Minister Sheikh Abdullah bin Hamad Al Thani Nasser bin Khalifa Al Thani Republic of the 2005-01-07 Prime Minister Isidore Mvouba Congo Republic of the President Denis 2005-12-31 Prime Minister Isidore Mvouba Congo Sassou-Nguesso Republic of the President Denis 2006-12-31 Prime Minister Isidore Mvouba Congo Sassou-Nguesso Republic of the President Denis 2007-12-31 Prime Minister Isidore Mvouba Congo Sassou-Nguesso Republic of the President Denis 2008-12-31 Prime Minister Isidore Mvouba Congo Sassou-Nguesso Republic of the President Denis 2009-12-31 Prime Minister Isidore Mvouba Congo Sassou-Nguesso Republic of the President Denis 2010-12-31 Congo Sassou-Nguesso Republic of the President Denis 2011-12-31 Congo Sassou-Nguesso

www.v-dem.net [email protected] Historical Country HOS Title HOS Name Date HOG Title HOG Name Republic of the President Denis 2012-12-31 Congo Sassou-Nguesso Republic of the President Denis 2013-12-31 Congo Sassou-Nguesso Republic of the President Denis 2014-12-31 Congo Sassou-Nguesso Republic of the President Denis 2015-12-31 Congo Sassou-Nguesso Republic of the 2016-04-23 Prime Minister Clément Mouamba Congo Republic of the President Denis 2016-12-31 Prime Minister Clément Mouamba Congo Sassou-Nguesso Republic of the President Denis 2017-12-31 Prime Minister Clément Mouamba Congo Sassou-Nguesso Republic of the President Denis 2018-12-31 Prime Minister Clément Mouamba Congo Sassou-Nguesso Republic of the President Denis 2019-12-31 Prime Minister Clément Mouamba Congo Sassou-Nguesso President Traian Dumitru 2005-12-31 Prime Minister Calin Popescu-Tariceanu Basescu Romania President Traian Dumitru 2006-12-31 Prime Minister Calin Popescu-Tariceanu Basescu Romania President Traian Dumitru 2007-05-23 Basescu Romania President Traian Dumitru 2007-12-31 Prime Minister Calin Popescu-Tariceanu Basescu Romania 2008-12-22 Prime Minister Romania President Traian Dumitru 2008-12-31 Prime Minister Emil Boc Basescu Romania President Traian Dumitru 2009-12-31 Prime Minister Emil Boc Basescu Romania President Traian Dumitru 2010-12-31 Prime Minister Emil Boc Basescu Romania President Traian Dumitru 2011-12-31 Prime Minister Emil Boc Basescu Romania 2012-05-07 Prime Minister Romania President Traian Dumitru 2012-08-28 Basescu Romania President Traian Dumitru 2012-12-31 Prime Minister Victor Ponta Basescu Romania President Traian Dumitru 2013-12-31 Prime Minister Victor Ponta Basescu Romania President Klaus Werner 2014-12-21 Johannis Romania President Klaus Werner 2014-12-31 Prime Minister Victor Ponta Johannis

www.v-dem.net [email protected] Historical Country HOS Title HOS Name Date HOG Title HOG Name

Romania 2015-11-17 Prime Minister Dacian Julien Ciolos,

Romania President Klaus Werner 2015-12-31 Prime Minister Dacian Julien Ciolos, Johannis

Romania President Klaus Werner 2016-12-31 Prime Minister Dacian Julien Ciolos, Johannis Romania 2017-01-04 Prime Minister Sorin Mihai Grindeanu Romania 2017-06-29 Prime Minister Mihai Tudose Romania President Klaus Werner 2017-12-31 Prime Minister Mihai Tudose Johannis Romania 2018-01-29 Prime Minister Viorica Dăncilă Romania President Klaus Werner 2018-12-31 Prime Minister Viorica Dăncilă Johannis Romania 2019-11-04 Prime Minister Romania President Klaus Werner 2019-12-31 Prime Minister Ludovic Orban Johannis President Vladimir 2005-12-31 Prime Minister Mikhail Yefimovich Vladimirovich Fradkov Putin Russia President Vladimir 2006-12-31 Prime Minister Mikhail Yefimovich Vladimirovich Fradkov Putin Russia 2007-09-14 Prime Minister Viktor Alekseyevich Zubkov Russia President Vladimir 2007-12-31 Prime Minister Viktor Alekseyevich Vladimirovich Zubkov Putin Russia President Dmitry 2008-05-07 Anatolyevich Medvedev Russia 2008-05-08 Prime Minister Vladimir Vladimirovich Putin Russia President Dmitry 2008-12-31 Prime Minister Vladimir Vladimirovich Anatolyevich Putin Medvedev Russia President Dmitry 2009-12-31 Prime Minister Vladimir Vladimirovich Anatolyevich Putin Medvedev Russia President Dmitry 2010-12-31 Prime Minister Vladimir Vladimirovich Anatolyevich Putin Medvedev Russia President Dmitry 2011-12-31 Prime Minister Vladimir Vladimirovich Anatolyevich Putin Medvedev Russia President Vladimir 2012-05-07 Vladimirovich Putin

www.v-dem.net [email protected] Historical Country HOS Title HOS Name Date HOG Title HOG Name Russia 2012-05-08 Prime Minister Dmitry Anatolyevich Medvedev Russia President Vladimir 2012-12-31 Prime Minister Dmitry Anatolyevich Vladimirovich Medvedev Putin Russia President Vladimir 2013-12-31 Prime Minister Dmitry Anatolyevich Vladimirovich Medvedev Putin Russia President Vladimir 2014-12-31 Prime Minister Dmitry Anatolyevich Vladimirovich Medvedev Putin Russia President Vladimir 2015-12-31 Prime Minister Dmitry Anatolyevich Vladimirovich Medvedev Putin Russia President Vladimir 2016-12-31 Prime Minister Dmitry Anatolyevich Vladimirovich Medvedev Putin Russia President Vladimir 2017-12-31 Prime Minister Dmitry Anatolyevich Vladimirovich Medvedev Putin Russia President Vladimir 2018-12-31 Prime Minister Dmitry Anatolyevich Vladimirovich Medvedev Putin Russia President Vladimir 2019-12-31 Prime Minister Dmitry Anatolyevich Vladimirovich Medvedev Putin Rwanda President 2005-12-31 Prime Minister Bernard Makuza Rwanda President Paul Kagame 2006-12-31 Prime Minister Bernard Makuza Rwanda President Paul Kagame 2007-12-31 Prime Minister Bernard Makuza Rwanda President Paul Kagame 2008-12-31 Prime Minister Bernard Makuza Rwanda President Paul Kagame 2009-12-31 Prime Minister Bernard Makuza Rwanda President Paul Kagame 2010-12-31 Prime Minister Bernard Makuza Rwanda 2011-10-07 Prime Minister Pierre Damien Habumuremyi Rwanda President Paul Kagame 2011-12-31 Prime Minister Pierre Damien Habumuremyi Rwanda President Paul Kagame 2012-12-31 Prime Minister Pierre Damien Habumuremyi Rwanda President Paul Kagame 2013-12-31 Prime Minister Pierre Damien Habumuremyi Rwanda 2014-07-24 Prime Minister Anastase Murekezi Rwanda President Paul Kagame 2014-12-31 Prime Minister Anastase Murekezi Rwanda President Paul Kagame 2015-12-31 Prime Minister Anastase Murekezi Rwanda President Paul Kagame 2016-12-31 Prime Minister Anastase Murekezi Rwanda 2017-08-30 Prime Minister Edouard Ngirente Rwanda President Paul Kagame 2017-12-31 Prime Minister Edouard Ngirente

www.v-dem.net [email protected] Historical Country HOS Title HOS Name Date HOG Title HOG Name Rwanda President Paul Kagame 2018-12-31 Prime Minister Edouard Ngirente Rwanda President Paul Kagame 2019-12-31 Prime Minister Edouard Ngirente Sao Tome and 2005-06-08 Prime Minister Mariado Carmo Trovoada Principe Pires de Carvalho Silveira Sao Tome and President Fradique Melo 2005-12-31 Prime Minister Mariado Carmo Trovoada Principe Bandeira de Pires de Carvalho Silveira Menezes Sao Tome and 2006-04-21 Prime Minister Tomé Soares da Vera Principe Cruz Sao Tome and President Fradique Melo 2006-12-31 Prime Minister Tomé Soares da Vera Principe Bandeira de Cruz Menezes Sao Tome and President Fradique Melo 2007-12-31 Prime Minister Tomé Soares da Vera Principe Bandeira de Cruz Menezes Sao Tome and 2008-02-14 Prime Minister Patrice Emery Trovoada Principe Sao Tome and 2008-06-22 Prime Minister Joaquim Rafael Branco Principe Sao Tome and President Fradique Melo 2008-12-31 Prime Minister Joaquim Rafael Branco Principe Bandeira de Menezes Sao Tome and President Fradique Melo 2009-12-31 Prime Minister Joaquim Rafael Branco Principe Bandeira de Menezes Sao Tome and 2010-08-14 Prime Minister Patrice Emery Trovoada Principe Sao Tome and President Fradique Melo 2010-12-31 Prime Minister Patrice Emery Trovoada Principe Bandeira de Menezes Sao Tome and President Manuel Pinto da 2011-09-03 Principe Costa Sao Tome and President Manuel Pinto da 2011-12-31 Prime Minister Patrice Emery Trovoada Principe Costa Sao Tome and 2012-12-12 Prime Minister Gabriel Arcanjo Principe Ferreirada Costa Sao Tome and President Manuel Pinto da 2012-12-31 Prime Minister Gabriel Arcanjo Principe Costa Ferreirada Costa Sao Tome and President Manuel Pinto da 2013-12-31 Prime Minister Gabriel Arcanjo Principe Costa Ferreirada Costa Sao Tome and 2014-11-29 Prime Minister Patrice Emery Trovoada Principe Sao Tome and President Manuel Pinto da 2014-12-31 Prime Minister Patrice Emery Trovoada Principe Costa Sao Tome and President Manuel Pinto da 2015-12-31 Prime Minister Patrice Emery Trovoada Principe Costa

www.v-dem.net [email protected] Historical Country HOS Title HOS Name Date HOG Title HOG Name Sao Tome and President Evaristo do 2016-09-03 Principe Espírito Santo Carvalho Sao Tome and President Evaristo do 2016-12-31 Prime Minister Patrice Emery Trovoada Principe Espírito Santo Carvalho Sao Tome and President Evaristo do 2017-12-31 Prime Minister Patrice Emery Trovoada Principe Espírito Santo Carvalho Sao Tome and 2018-12-03 Prime Minister Jorge Lopes Bom Jesus Principe Sao Tome and President Evaristo do 2018-12-31 Prime Minister Jorge Lopes Bom Jesus Principe Espírito Santo Carvalho Sao Tome and President Evaristo do 2019-12-31 Prime Minister Jorge Lopes Bom Jesus Principe Espírito Santo Carvalho King Abdullah 2005-08-01 Saudi Arabia King Abdullah 2005-12-31 Saudi Arabia King Abdullah 2006-12-31 Saudi Arabia King Abdullah 2007-12-31 Saudi Arabia King Abdullah 2008-12-31 Saudi Arabia King Abdullah 2009-12-31 Saudi Arabia King Abdullah 2010-12-31 Saudi Arabia King Abdullah 2011-12-31 Saudi Arabia King Abdullah 2012-12-31 Saudi Arabia King Abdullah 2013-12-31 Saudi Arabia King Abdullah 2014-12-31 Saudi Arabia King Salman 2015-01-23 Saudi Arabia King Salman 2015-12-31 Saudi Arabia King Salman 2016-12-31 Saudi Arabia King Salman 2017-12-31 Saudi Arabia King Salman 2018-12-31 Saudi Arabia King Salman 2019-12-31 President 2005-12-31 Prime Minister Macky Sall Senegal President Abdoulaye Wade 2006-12-31 Prime Minister Macky Sall Senegal 2007-06-19 Prime Minister Cheikh Hadjibou Soumaré Senegal President Abdoulaye Wade 2007-12-31 Prime Minister Cheikh Hadjibou Soumaré Senegal President Abdoulaye Wade 2008-12-31 Prime Minister Cheikh Hadjibou Soumaré Senegal 2009-04-30 Prime Minister Souleymane Ndéné Ndiaye Senegal President Abdoulaye Wade 2009-12-31 Prime Minister Souleymane Ndéné Ndiaye

www.v-dem.net [email protected] Historical Country HOS Title HOS Name Date HOG Title HOG Name Senegal President Abdoulaye Wade 2010-12-31 Prime Minister Souleymane Ndéné Ndiaye Senegal President Abdoulaye Wade 2011-12-31 Prime Minister Souleymane Ndéné Ndiaye Senegal President Macky Sall 2012-04-02 Senegal 2012-04-05 Prime Minister Senegal President Macky Sall 2012-12-31 Prime Minister Abdoul Mbaye Senegal 2013-09-03 Prime Minister Aminata Touré Senegal President Macky Sall 2013-12-31 Prime Minister Aminata Touré Senegal 2014-07-08 Prime Minister Mohamed Dionne Senegal President Macky Sall 2014-12-31 Prime Minister Mohamed Dionne Senegal President Macky Sall 2015-12-31 Prime Minister Mohamed Dionne Senegal President Macky Sall 2016-12-31 Prime Minister Mohamed Dionne Senegal President Macky Sall 2017-12-31 Prime Minister Mohamed Dionne Senegal President Macky Sall 2018-12-31 Prime Minister Mohamed Dionne Senegal President Macky Sall 2019-12-31 President Boris Tadic 2005-12-31 Prime Minister Vojislav Kostunica Serbia President Boris Tadic 2006-12-31 Prime Minister Vojislav Kostunica Serbia President Boris Tadic 2007-12-31 Prime Minister Vojislav Kostunica Serbia 2008-07-07 Prime Minister Mirko Cvetkovic Serbia President Boris Tadic 2008-12-31 Prime Minister Mirko Cvetkovic Serbia President Boris Tadic 2009-12-31 Prime Minister Mirko Cvetkovic Serbia President Boris Tadic 2010-12-31 Prime Minister Mirko Cvetkovic Serbia President Boris Tadic 2011-12-31 Prime Minister Mirko Cvetkovic Serbia President Tomislav Nikolic 2012-05-31 Serbia 2012-07-27 Prime Minister Ivica Dacic Serbia President Tomislav Nikolic 2012-12-31 Prime Minister Ivica Dacic Serbia President Tomislav Nikolic 2013-12-31 Prime Minister Ivica Dacic Serbia 2014-04-27 Prime Minister Aleksandar Vucic Serbia President Tomislav Nikolic 2014-12-31 Prime Minister Aleksandar Vucic Serbia President Tomislav Nikolic 2015-12-31 Prime Minister Aleksandar Vucic Serbia President Tomislav Nikolic 2016-12-31 Prime Minister Aleksandar Vucic Serbia President Aleksandar Vucic 2017-05-31 Serbia 2017-06-29 Prime Minister Ana Brnabic Serbia President Aleksandar Vucic 2017-12-31 Prime Minister Ana Brnabic Serbia President Aleksandar Vucic 2018-12-31 Prime Minister Ana Brnabic Serbia President Aleksandar Vucic 2019-12-31 Prime Minister Ana Brnabic Seychelles President James Alix Michel 2005-12-31 Seychelles President James Alix Michel 2006-12-31 Seychelles President James Alix Michel 2007-12-31 Seychelles President James Alix Michel 2008-12-31 Seychelles President James Alix Michel 2009-12-31 Seychelles President James Alix Michel 2010-12-31 Seychelles President James Alix Michel 2011-12-31 Seychelles President James Alix Michel 2012-12-31 Seychelles President James Alix Michel 2013-12-31

www.v-dem.net [email protected] Historical Country HOS Title HOS Name Date HOG Title HOG Name Seychelles President James Alix Michel 2014-12-31 Seychelles President James Alix Michel 2015-12-31 Seychelles President Danny Faure 2016-10-16 Seychelles President Danny Faure 2016-12-31 Seychelles President Danny Faure 2017-12-31 Seychelles President Danny Faure 2018-12-31 Seychelles President Danny Faure 2019-12-31 President Ahmad Tejan 2005-12-31 Kabbah Sierra Leone President Ahmad Tejan 2006-12-31 Kabbah Sierra Leone President Ernest Bai 2007-09-17 Koroma Sierra Leone President Ernest Bai 2007-12-31 Koroma Sierra Leone President Ernest Bai 2008-12-31 Koroma Sierra Leone President Ernest Bai 2009-12-31 Koroma Sierra Leone President Ernest Bai 2010-12-31 Koroma Sierra Leone President Ernest Bai 2011-12-31 Koroma Sierra Leone President Ernest Bai 2012-12-31 Koroma Sierra Leone President Ernest Bai 2013-12-31 Koroma Sierra Leone President Ernest Bai 2014-12-31 Koroma Sierra Leone President Ernest Bai 2015-12-31 Koroma Sierra Leone President Ernest Bai 2016-12-31 Koroma Sierra Leone President Ernest Bai 2017-12-31 Koroma Sierra Leone President 2018-04-04 Sierra Leone President Julius Maada Bio 2018-12-31 Sierra Leone President Julius Maada Bio 2019-12-31 Singapore President Sellapan 2005-12-31 Prime Minister Ramanathan Nathan Singapore President Sellapan 2006-12-31 Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong Ramanathan Nathan Singapore President Sellapan 2007-12-31 Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong Ramanathan Nathan

www.v-dem.net [email protected] Historical Country HOS Title HOS Name Date HOG Title HOG Name Singapore President Sellapan 2008-12-31 Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong Ramanathan Nathan Singapore President Sellapan 2009-12-31 Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong Ramanathan Nathan Singapore President Sellapan 2010-12-31 Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong Ramanathan Nathan Singapore President Tony Tan Keng 2011-09-01 Yam Singapore President Tony Tan Keng 2011-12-31 Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong Yam Singapore President Tony Tan Keng 2012-12-31 Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong Yam Singapore President Tony Tan Keng 2013-12-31 Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong Yam Singapore President Tony Tan Keng 2014-12-31 Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong Yam Singapore President Tony Tan Keng 2015-12-31 Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong Yam Singapore President Tony Tan Keng 2016-12-31 Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong Yam Singapore President Halimah Yacob 2017-09-14 Singapore President Halimah Yacob 2017-12-31 Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong Singapore President Halimah Yacob 2018-12-31 Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong Singapore President Halimah Yacob 2019-12-31 Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong President Ivan Gasparovic 2005-12-31 Prime Minister Mikulás Dzurinda Slovakia 2006-07-04 Prime Minister Slovakia President Ivan Gasparovic 2006-12-31 Prime Minister Robert Fico Slovakia President Ivan Gasparovic 2007-12-31 Prime Minister Robert Fico Slovakia President Ivan Gasparovic 2008-12-31 Prime Minister Robert Fico Slovakia President Ivan Gasparovic 2009-12-31 Prime Minister Robert Fico Slovakia 2010-07-08 Prime Minister Iveta Radicová Slovakia President Ivan Gasparovic 2010-12-31 Prime Minister Iveta Radicová Slovakia President Ivan Gasparovic 2011-12-31 Prime Minister Iveta Radicová Slovakia 2012-04-04 Prime Minister Robert Fico Slovakia President Ivan Gasparovic 2012-12-31 Prime Minister Robert Fico Slovakia President Ivan Gasparovic 2013-12-31 Prime Minister Robert Fico Slovakia President 2014-06-15 Slovakia President Andrej Kiska 2014-12-31 Prime Minister Robert Fico Slovakia President Andrej Kiska 2015-12-31 Prime Minister Robert Fico Slovakia President Andrej Kiska 2016-12-31 Prime Minister Robert Fico Slovakia President Andrej Kiska 2017-12-31 Prime Minister Robert Fico Slovakia 2018-03-22 Prime Minister Slovakia President Andrej Kiska 2018-12-31 Prime Minister Peter Pellegrini

www.v-dem.net [email protected] Historical Country HOS Title HOS Name Date HOG Title HOG Name Slovakia President Zuzana Čaputová 2019-06-15 Slovakia President Zuzana Čaputová 2019-12-31 Prime Minister Peter Pellegrini President Janez Drnovsek 2005-12-31 Prime Minister Janez Jansa Slovenia President Janez Drnovsek 2006-12-31 Prime Minister Janez Jansa Slovenia President Danilo Türk 2007-12-23 Slovenia President Danilo Türk 2007-12-31 Prime Minister Janez Jansa Slovenia 2008-11-21 Prime Minister Slovenia President Danilo Türk 2008-12-31 Prime Minister Borut Pahor Slovenia President Danilo Türk 2009-12-31 Prime Minister Borut Pahor Slovenia President Danilo Türk 2010-12-31 Prime Minister Borut Pahor Slovenia President Danilo Türk 2011-12-31 Prime Minister Borut Pahor Slovenia 2012-02-10 Prime Minister Janez Jansa Slovenia President Borut Pahor 2012-12-23 Slovenia President Borut Pahor 2012-12-31 Prime Minister Janez Jansa Slovenia President Borut Pahor 2013-12-31 Prime Minister Janez Jansa Slovenia 2014-09-18 Prime Minister Slovenia President Borut Pahor 2014-12-31 Prime Minister Miro Cerar Slovenia President Borut Pahor 2015-12-31 Prime Minister Miro Cerar Slovenia President Borut Pahor 2016-12-31 Prime Minister Miro Cerar Slovenia President Borut Pahor 2017-12-31 Prime Minister Miro Cerar Slovenia 2018-09-13 Prime Minister Marjan Šarec Slovenia President Borut Pahor 2018-12-31 Prime Minister Marjan Šarec Slovenia President Borut Pahor 2019-12-31 Prime Minister Marjan Šarec Solomon Islands Governor-general Sir Nathaniel 2005-12-31 Prime Minister Allan Kemakeza Rahumaea Waena Solomon Islands 2006-05-04 Prime Minister Manasseh D. Sogavare Solomon Islands Governor-general Sir Nathaniel 2006-12-31 Prime Minister Manasseh D. Sogavare Rahumaea Waena Solomon Islands 2007-12-20 Prime Minister Derek Sikua Solomon Islands Governor-general Sir Nathaniel 2007-12-31 Prime Minister Derek Sikua Rahumaea Waena Solomon Islands Governor-general Sir Nathaniel 2008-12-31 Prime Minister Derek Sikua Rahumaea Waena Solomon Islands Governor-general Sir Frank Ofagioro 2009-07-07 Kabui Solomon Islands Governor-general Sir Frank Ofagioro 2009-12-31 Prime Minister Derek Sikua Kabui Solomon Islands 2010-08-25 Prime Minister Danny Philip Solomon Islands Governor-general Sir Frank Ofagioro 2010-12-31 Prime Minister Danny Philip Kabui Solomon Islands 2011-11-16 Prime Minister Gordon Darcy Lilo Solomon Islands Governor-general Sir Frank Ofagioro 2011-12-31 Prime Minister Gordon Darcy Lilo Kabui Solomon Islands Governor-general Sir Frank Ofagioro 2012-12-31 Prime Minister Gordon Darcy Lilo Kabui

www.v-dem.net [email protected] Historical Country HOS Title HOS Name Date HOG Title HOG Name Solomon Islands Governor-general Sir Frank Ofagioro 2013-12-31 Prime Minister Gordon Darcy Lilo Kabui Solomon Islands 2014-12-09 Prime Minister Manasseh Damukana Sogavare Solomon Islands Governor-general Sir Frank Ofagioro 2014-12-31 Prime Minister Manasseh Damukana Kabui Sogavare Solomon Islands Governor-general Sir Frank Ofagioro 2015-12-31 Prime Minister Manasseh Damukana Kabui Sogavare Solomon Islands Governor-general Sir Frank Ofagioro 2016-12-31 Prime Minister Manasseh Damukana Kabui Sogavare Solomon Islands 2017-11-15 Prime Minister Rick ‘Hou’ Houenipwela Solomon Islands Governor-general Sir Frank Ofagioro 2017-12-31 Prime Minister Rick ‘Hou’ Houenipwela Kabui Solomon Islands Governor-general Sir Frank Ofagioro 2018-12-31 Prime Minister Rick ‘Hou’ Houenipwela Kabui Solomon Islands 2019-04-24 Prime Minister Manasseh Damukana Sogavare Solomon Islands Governor-general David Vunagi 2019-07-07 Solomon Islands Governor-general David Vunagi 2019-12-31 Prime Minister Manasseh Damukana Sogavare 2005-06-18 Prime Minister Ali Muhammad Ghedi Somalia President Abdinur Ahmed 2005-12-31 Prime Minister Ali Muhammad Ghedi Darman Somalia President Sheikh Hassan 2006-06-29 Prime Minister Dahir Aweys Somalia President Abdullahi Yusuf 2006-12-28 Prime Minister Ali Muhammad Ghedi Ahmed Somalia President Abdullahi Yusuf 2006-12-31 Prime Minister Ali Muhammad Ghedi Ahmed Somalia 2007-11-24 Prime Minister Nur Hassan Hussein Somalia President Abdullahi Yusuf 2007-12-31 Prime Minister Nur Hassan Hussein Ahmed Somalia President Abdullahi Yusuf 2008-12-31 Prime Minister Nur Hassan Hussein Ahmed Somalia President Sheikh Sharif 2009-01-31 Sheikh Ahmed Somalia 2009-02-14 Prime Minister Omar Abdirashid Ali Sharmarke Somalia President Sheikh Sharif 2009-12-31 Prime Minister Omar Abdirashid Ali Sheikh Ahmed Sharmarke Somalia 2010-11-01 Prime Minister Mohamed Abdullahi Mohamed “Farmajo” Somalia President Sheikh Sharif 2010-12-31 Prime Minister Mohamed Abdullahi Sheikh Ahmed Mohamed “Farmajo” Somalia 2011-06-19 Prime Minister Abdiweli Mohamed Ali Somalia President Sheikh Sharif 2011-12-31 Prime Minister Abdiweli Mohamed Ali Sheikh Ahmed

www.v-dem.net [email protected] Historical Country HOS Title HOS Name Date HOG Title HOG Name Somalia President Hassan Sheikh 2012-09-16 Mohamoud Somalia President Hassan Sheikh 2012-12-31 Prime Minister Abdiweli Mohamed Ali Mohamoud Somalia 2013-12-21 Prime Minister Abdiweli Sheikh Ahmed Somalia President Hassan Sheikh 2013-12-31 Prime Minister Abdiweli Sheikh Ahmed Mohamoud Somalia 2014-12-24 Prime Minister Omar Abdirashid Ali Sharmarke Somalia President Hassan Sheikh 2014-12-31 Prime Minister Omar Abdirashid Ali Mohamoud Sharmarke Somalia President Hassan Sheikh 2015-12-31 Prime Minister Omar Abdirashid Ali Mohamoud Sharmarke Somalia 2016-12-23 Prime Minister Omar Abdirashid Ali Sharmarke Somalia President Hassan Sheikh 2016-12-31 Prime Minister Omar Abdirashid Ali Mohamoud Sharmarke Somalia President Mohamed 2017-02-08 Abdullahi Mohamed “Farmajo” Somalia 2017-03-01 Prime Minister Hassan Ali Khayre Somalia President Mohamed 2017-12-31 Prime Minister Hassan Ali Khayre Abdullahi Mohamed “Farmajo” Somalia President Mohamed 2018-12-31 Prime Minister Hassan Ali Khayre Abdullahi Mohamed “Farmajo” Somalia President Mohamed 2019-12-31 Prime Minister Hassan Ali Khayre Abdullahi Mohamed “Farmajo” President Dahir Riyale 2005-12-31 Kahin Somaliland President Dahir Riyale 2006-12-31 Kahin Somaliland President Dahir Riyale 2007-12-31 Kahin Somaliland President Dahir Riyale 2008-12-31 Kahin Somaliland President Dahir Riyale 2009-12-31 Kahin Somaliland President Ahmed 2010-07-27 Mahamoud

www.v-dem.net [email protected] Historical Country HOS Title HOS Name Date HOG Title HOG Name Somaliland President Ahmed 2010-12-31 Mahamoud Somaliland President Ahmed 2011-12-31 Mahamoud Somaliland President Ahmed 2012-12-31 Mahamoud Somaliland President Ahmed 2013-12-31 Mahamoud Somaliland President Ahmed 2014-12-31 Mahamoud Somaliland President Ahmed 2015-12-31 Mahamoud Somaliland President Ahmed 2016-12-31 Mahamoud Somaliland President Musa Bihi Abdi 2017-12-14 Somaliland President Musa Bihi Abdi 2017-12-31 Somaliland President Musa Bihi Abdi 2018-12-31 Somaliland President Musa Bihi Abdi 2019-12-31 South President Thabo Mvuyelwa 2005-12-31 Mbeki President Thabo Mvuyelwa 2006-12-31 Mbeki South Africa President Thabo Mvuyelwa 2007-12-31 Mbeki South Africa President Kgalema 2008-09-25 Motlanthe South Africa President Kgalema 2008-12-31 Motlanthe South Africa President Jacob 2009-05-09 Gedleyihlekisa Zuma South Africa President Jacob 2009-12-31 Gedleyihlekisa Zuma South Africa President Jacob 2010-12-31 Gedleyihlekisa Zuma South Africa President Jacob 2011-12-31 Gedleyihlekisa Zuma South Africa President Jacob 2012-12-31 Gedleyihlekisa Zuma South Africa President Jacob 2013-12-31 Gedleyihlekisa Zuma

www.v-dem.net [email protected] Historical Country HOS Title HOS Name Date HOG Title HOG Name South Africa President Jacob 2014-12-31 Gedleyihlekisa Zuma South Africa President Jacob 2015-12-31 Gedleyihlekisa Zuma South Africa President Jacob 2016-12-31 Gedleyihlekisa Zuma South Africa President Jacob 2017-12-31 Gedleyihlekisa Zuma South Africa President 2018-02-15 South Africa President Cyril Ramaphosa 2018-12-31 South Africa President Cyril Ramaphosa 2019-12-31 President Roh Moo-hyun 2005-12-31 South Korea President Roh Moo-hyun 2006-12-31 South Korea President Roh Moo-hyun 2007-12-31 South Korea President Lee Myung-bak 2008-02-25 South Korea President Lee Myung-bak 2008-12-31 South Korea President Lee Myung-bak 2009-12-31 South Korea President Lee Myung-bak 2010-12-31 South Korea President Lee Myung-bak 2011-12-31 South Korea President Lee Myung-bak 2012-12-31 South Korea President Park Geun Hye 2013-02-25 South Korea President Park Geun Hye 2013-12-31 South Korea President Park Geun Hye 2014-12-31 South Korea President Park Geun Hye 2015-12-31 South Korea President Hwang Kyo Ahn 2016-12-09 South Korea President Hwang Kyo Ahn 2016-12-31 South Korea President Moon Jae In 2017-05-10 South Korea President Moon Jae In 2017-12-31 South Korea President Moon Jae In 2018-12-31 South Korea President Moon Jae In 2019-12-31 South President Salva Kiir 2011-07-09 Mayardit South Sudan President Salva Kiir 2011-12-31 Mayardit South Sudan President Salva Kiir 2012-12-31 Mayardit South Sudan President Salva Kiir 2013-12-31 Mayardit South Sudan President Salva Kiir 2014-12-31 Mayardit South Sudan President Salva Kiir 2015-12-31 Mayardit

www.v-dem.net [email protected] Historical Country HOS Title HOS Name Date HOG Title HOG Name South Sudan President Salva Kiir 2016-12-31 Mayardit South Sudan President Salva Kiir 2017-12-31 Mayardit South Sudan President Salva Kiir 2018-12-31 Mayardit South Sudan President Salva Kiir 2019-12-31 Mayardit King 2005-12-31 Prime Minister José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero Spain King Juan Carlos I 2006-12-31 Prime Minister José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero Spain King Juan Carlos I 2007-12-31 Prime Minister José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero Spain King Juan Carlos I 2008-12-31 Prime Minister José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero Spain King Juan Carlos I 2009-12-31 Prime Minister José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero Spain King Juan Carlos I 2010-12-31 Prime Minister José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero Spain 2011-12-20 Prime Minister Spain King Juan Carlos I 2011-12-31 Prime Minister Mariano Rajoy Spain King Juan Carlos I 2012-12-31 Prime Minister Mariano Rajoy Spain King Juan Carlos I 2013-12-31 Prime Minister Mariano Rajoy Spain King Felipe VI 2014-06-19 Spain King Felipe VI 2014-12-31 Prime Minister Mariano Rajoy Spain King Felipe VI 2015-12-31 Prime Minister Mariano Rajoy Spain King Felipe VI 2016-12-31 Prime Minister Mariano Rajoy Spain King Felipe VI 2017-12-31 Prime Minister Mariano Rajoy Spain 2018-06-02 Prime Minister Pedro Sanchez Perez-Castejon Spain King Felipe VI 2018-12-31 Prime Minister Pedro Sanchez Perez-Castejon Spain King Felipe VI 2019-12-31 Prime Minister Pedro Sanchez Perez-Castejon Sri Lanka President Mahinda 2005-11-19 Rajapaksa Sri Lanka President Mahinda 2005-12-31 Rajapaksa Sri Lanka President Mahinda 2006-12-31 Rajapaksa Sri Lanka President Mahinda 2007-12-31 Rajapaksa Sri Lanka President Mahinda 2008-12-31 Rajapaksa Sri Lanka President Mahinda 2009-12-31 Rajapaksa

www.v-dem.net [email protected] Historical Country HOS Title HOS Name Date HOG Title HOG Name Sri Lanka President Mahinda 2010-12-31 Rajapaksa Sri Lanka President Mahinda 2011-12-31 Rajapaksa Sri Lanka President Mahinda 2012-12-31 Rajapaksa Sri Lanka President Mahinda 2013-12-31 Rajapaksa Sri Lanka President Mahinda 2014-12-31 Rajapaksa Sri Lanka President Maithripala 2015-01-09 Sirisena Sri Lanka President Maithripala 2015-12-31 Sirisena Sri Lanka President Maithripala 2016-12-31 Sirisena Sri Lanka President Maithripala 2017-12-31 Sirisena Sri Lanka President Maithripala 2018-12-31 Sirisena Sri Lanka President Gotabaya 2019-11-18 Rajapaksa Sri Lanka President Gotabaya 2019-12-31 Rajapaksa Sudan President Omar Hassan 2005-12-31 Ahmad al-Bashir Sudan President Omar Hassan 2006-12-31 Ahmad al-Bashir Sudan President Omar Hassan 2007-12-31 Ahmad al-Bashir Sudan President Omar Hassan 2008-12-31 Ahmad al-Bashir Sudan President Omar Hassan 2009-12-31 Ahmad al-Bashir Sudan President Omar Hassan 2010-12-31 Ahmad al-Bashir Sudan President Omar Hassan 2011-12-31 Ahmad al-Bashir Sudan President Omar Hassan 2012-12-31 Ahmad al-Bashir Sudan President Omar Hassan 2013-12-31 Ahmad al-Bashir Sudan President Omar Hassan 2014-12-31 Ahmad al-Bashir Sudan President Omar Hassan 2015-12-31 Ahmad al-Bashir

www.v-dem.net [email protected] Historical Country HOS Title HOS Name Date HOG Title HOG Name Sudan President Omar Hassan 2016-12-31 Ahmad al-Bashir Sudan 2017-03-02 Prime Minister Bakri Hasan Saleh Sudan President Omar Hassan 2017-12-31 Prime Minister Bakri Hasan Saleh Ahmad al-Bashir Sudan 2018-09-10 Prime Minister Motazz Moussa Sudan President Omar Hassan 2018-12-31 Prime Minister Motazz Moussa Ahmad al-Bashir Sudan President Abdel Fattah 2019-04-12 al-Burhan Sudan Sovereignty Collective body 2019-08-20 Council of Sudan Sudan 2019-08-21 Prime Minister Abdalla Hamdok Sudan Sovereignty Collective body 2019-12-31 Prime Minister Abdalla Hamdok Council of Sudan Suriname President Runaldo Ronald 2005-12-31 Venetiaan Suriname President Runaldo Ronald 2006-12-31 Venetiaan Suriname President Runaldo Ronald 2007-12-31 Venetiaan Suriname President Runaldo Ronald 2008-12-31 Venetiaan Suriname President Runaldo Ronald 2009-12-31 Venetiaan Suriname President Désiré Delano 2010-08-12 Bouterse Suriname President Désiré Delano 2010-12-31 Bouterse Suriname President Désiré Delano 2011-12-31 Bouterse Suriname President Désiré Delano 2012-12-31 Bouterse Suriname President Désiré Delano 2013-12-31 Bouterse Suriname President Désiré Delano 2014-12-31 Bouterse Suriname President Désiré Delano 2015-12-31 Bouterse Suriname President Désiré Delano 2016-12-31 Bouterse Suriname President Désiré Delano 2017-12-31 Bouterse Suriname President Désiré Delano 2018-12-31 Bouterse Suriname President Désiré Delano 2019-12-31 Bouterse

www.v-dem.net [email protected] Historical Country HOS Title HOS Name Date HOG Title HOG Name King Carl XVI Gustaf 2005-12-31 Prime Minister Göran Persson Sweden 2006-10-06 Prime Minister Sweden King Carl XVI Gustaf 2006-12-31 Prime Minister Fredrik Reinfeldt Sweden King Carl XVI Gustaf 2007-12-31 Prime Minister Fredrik Reinfeldt Sweden King Carl XVI Gustaf 2008-12-31 Prime Minister Fredrik Reinfeldt Sweden King Carl XVI Gustaf 2009-12-31 Prime Minister Fredrik Reinfeldt Sweden King Carl XVI Gustaf 2010-12-31 Prime Minister Fredrik Reinfeldt Sweden King Carl XVI Gustaf 2011-12-31 Prime Minister Fredrik Reinfeldt Sweden King Carl XVI Gustaf 2012-12-31 Prime Minister Fredrik Reinfeldt Sweden King Carl XVI Gustaf 2013-12-31 Prime Minister Fredrik Reinfeldt Sweden 2014-10-03 Prime Minister Stefan Löfven Sweden King Carl XVI Gustaf 2014-12-31 Prime Minister Stefan Löfven Sweden King Carl XVI Gustaf 2015-12-31 Prime Minister Stefan Löfven Sweden King Carl XVI Gustaf 2016-12-31 Prime Minister Stefan Löfven Sweden King Carl XVI Gustaf 2017-12-31 Prime Minister Stefan Löfven Sweden King Carl XVI Gustaf 2018-12-31 Prime Minister Stefan Löfven Sweden King Carl XVI Gustaf 2019-12-31 Prime Minister Stefan Löfven Federal Council [Collective Body] 2005-12-31 Switzerland Federal Council [Collective Body] 2006-12-31 Switzerland Federal Council [Collective Body] 2007-12-31 Switzerland Federal Council [Collective Body] 2008-12-31 Switzerland Federal Council [Collective Body] 2009-12-31 Switzerland Federal Council [Collective Body] 2010-12-31 Switzerland Federal Council [Collective Body] 2011-12-31 Switzerland Federal Council [Collective Body] 2012-12-31 Switzerland Federal Council [Collective Body] 2013-12-31 Switzerland Federal Council [Collective Body] 2014-12-31 Switzerland Federal Council [Collective Body] 2015-12-31 Switzerland Federal Council [Collective Body] 2016-12-31 Switzerland Federal Council [Collective Body] 2017-12-31 Switzerland Federal Council [Collective Body] 2018-12-31 Switzerland Federal Council [Collective Body] 2019-12-31 President Bashar al-Assad 2005-12-31 Prime Minister Muhammad Najial-Otari Syria President Bashar al-Assad 2006-12-31 Prime Minister Muhammad Najial-Otari Syria President Bashar al-Assad 2007-12-31 Prime Minister Muhammad Najial-Otari Syria President Bashar al-Assad 2008-12-31 Prime Minister Muhammad Najial-Otari Syria President Bashar al-Assad 2009-12-31 Prime Minister Muhammad Najial-Otari Syria President Bashar al-Assad 2010-12-31 Prime Minister Muhammad Najial-Otari Syria 2011-04-14 Prime Minister Syria President Bashar al-Assad 2011-12-31 Prime Minister Adel Safar Syria 2012-08-11 Prime Minister Wael Naderal-Halqi Syria President Bashar al-Assad 2012-12-31 Prime Minister Wael Naderal-Halqi Syria President Bashar al-Assad 2013-12-31 Prime Minister Wael Naderal-Halqi Syria President Bashar al-Assad 2014-12-31 Prime Minister Wael Naderal-Halqi Syria President Bashar al-Assad 2015-12-31 Prime Minister Wael Naderal-Halqi Syria 2016-07-03 Prime Minister Imad Muhammad Dib Khamis

www.v-dem.net [email protected] Historical Country HOS Title HOS Name Date HOG Title HOG Name Syria President Bashar al-Assad 2016-12-31 Prime Minister Imad Muhammad Dib Khamis Syria President Bashar al-Assad 2017-12-31 Prime Minister Imad Muhammad Dib Khamis Syria President Bashar al-Assad 2018-12-31 Prime Minister Imad Muhammad Dib Khamis Syria President Bashar al-Assad 2019-12-31 Prime Minister Imad Muhammad Dib Khamis 2005-02-01 President of the Taiwan President Chen Shui-bian 2005-12-31 President of the Frank Hsieh Executive Yuan Taiwan 2006-01-25 President of the Su Tseng-chang Executive Yuan Taiwan President Chen Shui-bian 2006-12-31 President of the Su Tseng-chang Executive Yuan Taiwan 2007-05-21 President of the Chang Chun-hsiung Executive Yuan Taiwan President Chen Shui-bian 2007-12-31 President of the Chang Chun-hsiung Executive Yuan Taiwan President Ma Ying-jeou 2008-05-20 President of the Liu Chao-shiuan Executive Yuan Taiwan President Ma Ying-jeou 2008-12-31 President of the Liu Chao-shiuan Executive Yuan Taiwan 2009-09-10 President of the Wu Den-yih Executive Yuan Taiwan President Ma Ying-jeou 2009-12-31 President of the Wu Den-yih Executive Yuan Taiwan President Ma Ying-jeou 2010-12-31 President of the Wu Den-yih Executive Yuan Taiwan President Ma Ying-jeou 2011-12-31 President of the Wu Den-yih Executive Yuan Taiwan 2012-02-06 President of the Sean Chen Executive Yuan Taiwan President Ma Ying-jeou 2012-12-31 President of the Sean Chen Executive Yuan Taiwan 2013-02-18 President of the Jiang Yi-huah Executive Yuan Taiwan President Ma Ying-jeou 2013-12-31 President of the Jiang Yi-huah Executive Yuan Taiwan 2014-12-08 President of the Mao Chi-kuo Executive Yuan Taiwan President Ma Ying-jeou 2014-12-31 President of the Mao Chi-kuo Executive Yuan Taiwan President Ma Ying-jeou 2015-12-31 President of the Mao Chi-kuo Executive Yuan

www.v-dem.net [email protected] Historical Country HOS Title HOS Name Date HOG Title HOG Name Taiwan 2016-01-18 President of the Simon Chang Executive Yuan Taiwan President Tsai Ing-wen 2016-05-20 President of the Executive Yuan Taiwan President Tsai Ing-wen 2016-12-31 President of the Lin Chuan Executive Yuan Taiwan 2017-09-08 President of the William Lai Executive Yuan Taiwan President Tsai Ing-wen 2017-12-31 President of the William Lai Executive Yuan Taiwan President Tsai Ing-wen 2018-12-31 President of the William Lai Executive Yuan Taiwan 2019-01-14 President of the Su Tseng-chang Executive Yuan Taiwan President Tsai Ing-wen 2019-12-31 President of the Su Tseng-chang Executive Yuan Tajikistan President Emomali Rahmon 2005-12-31 Tajikistan President Emomali Rahmon 2006-12-31 Tajikistan President Emomali Rahmon 2007-12-31 Tajikistan President Emomali Rahmon 2008-12-31 Tajikistan President Emomali Rahmon 2009-12-31 Tajikistan President Emomali Rahmon 2010-12-31 Tajikistan President Emomali Rahmon 2011-12-31 Tajikistan President Emomali Rahmon 2012-12-31 Tajikistan President Emomali Rahmon 2013-12-31 Tajikistan President Emomali Rahmon 2014-12-31 Tajikistan President Emomali Rahmon 2015-12-31 Tajikistan President Emomali Rahmon 2016-12-31 Tajikistan President Emomali Rahmon 2017-12-31 Tajikistan President Emomali Rahmon 2018-12-31 Tajikistan President Emomali Rahmon 2019-12-31 President Jakaya Mrisho 2005-12-21 Kikwete Tanzania President Jakaya Mrisho 2005-12-31 Kikwete Tanzania President Jakaya Mrisho 2006-12-31 Kikwete Tanzania President Jakaya Mrisho 2007-12-31 Kikwete Tanzania President Jakaya Mrisho 2008-12-31 Kikwete Tanzania President Jakaya Mrisho 2009-12-31 Kikwete Tanzania President Jakaya Mrisho 2010-12-31 Kikwete Tanzania President Jakaya Mrisho 2011-12-31 Kikwete

www.v-dem.net [email protected] Historical Country HOS Title HOS Name Date HOG Title HOG Name Tanzania President Jakaya Mrisho 2012-12-31 Kikwete Tanzania President Jakaya Mrisho 2013-12-31 Kikwete Tanzania President Jakaya Mrisho 2014-12-31 Kikwete Tanzania President John Pombe 2015-11-05 Joseph Magufuli Tanzania President John Pombe 2015-12-31 Joseph Magufuli Tanzania President John Pombe 2016-12-31 Joseph Magufuli Tanzania President John Pombe 2017-12-31 Joseph Magufuli Tanzania President John Pombe 2018-12-31 Joseph Magufuli Tanzania President John Pombe 2019-12-31 Joseph Magufuli Thailand King Bhumibol 2005-12-31 Prime Minister Thaksin Shinawatra Adulyadej Thailand 2006-05-23 Prime Minister Thaksin Shinawatra Thailand 2006-10-01 Prime Minister Surayud Chulanont Thailand King Bhumibol 2006-12-31 Prime Minister Surayud Chulanont Adulyadej Thailand King Bhumibol 2007-12-31 Prime Minister Surayud Chulanont Adulyadej Thailand 2008-01-29 Prime Minister Samak Sundaravej Thailand 2008-12-15 Prime Minister Abhisit Vejjajiva Thailand King Bhumibol 2008-12-31 Prime Minister Abhisit Vejjajiva Adulyadej Thailand King Bhumibol 2009-12-31 Prime Minister Abhisit Vejjajiva Adulyadej Thailand King Bhumibol 2010-12-31 Prime Minister Abhisit Vejjajiva Adulyadej Thailand 2011-08-08 Prime Minister Yingluck Shinawatra Thailand King Bhumibol 2011-12-31 Prime Minister Yingluck Shinawatra Adulyadej Thailand King Bhumibol 2012-12-31 Prime Minister Yingluck Shinawatra Adulyadej Thailand King Bhumibol 2013-12-31 Prime Minister Yingluck Shinawatra Adulyadej Thailand 2014-05-22 Prime Minister Prayut Chan-o-cha Thailand King Bhumibol 2014-12-31 Prime Minister Prayut Chan-o-cha Adulyadej Thailand King Bhumibol 2015-12-31 Prime Minister Prayut Chan-o-cha Adulyadej

www.v-dem.net [email protected] Historical Country HOS Title HOS Name Date HOG Title HOG Name Thailand Prem 2016-10-13 Tinsulanonda Thailand King Maha 2016-12-01 Thailand King Maha 2016-12-31 Prime Minister Prayut Chan-o-cha Vajiralongkorn Thailand King Maha 2017-12-31 Prime Minister Prayut Chan-o-cha Vajiralongkorn Thailand King Maha 2018-12-31 Prime Minister Prayut Chan-o-cha Vajiralongkorn Thailand King Maha 2019-12-31 Prime Minister Prayut Chan-o-cha Vajiralongkorn President Yahya 2005-12-31 Abdul-Azziz Jemus Junkung Jammeh The Gambia President Yahya 2006-12-31 Abdul-Azziz Jemus Junkung Jammeh The Gambia President Yahya 2007-12-31 Abdul-Azziz Jemus Junkung Jammeh The Gambia President Yahya 2008-12-31 Abdul-Azziz Jemus Junkung Jammeh The Gambia President Yahya 2009-12-31 Abdul-Azziz Jemus Junkung Jammeh The Gambia President Yahya 2010-12-31 Abdul-Azziz Jemus Junkung Jammeh The Gambia President Yahya 2011-12-31 Abdul-Azziz Jemus Junkung Jammeh The Gambia President Yahya 2012-12-31 Abdul-Azziz Jemus Junkung Jammeh

www.v-dem.net [email protected] Historical Country HOS Title HOS Name Date HOG Title HOG Name The Gambia President Yahya 2013-12-31 Abdul-Azziz Jemus Junkung Jammeh The Gambia President Yahya 2014-12-31 Abdul-Azziz Jemus Junkung Jammeh The Gambia President Yahya 2015-12-31 Abdul-Azziz Jemus Junkung Jammeh The Gambia President Yahya 2016-12-31 Abdul-Azziz Jemus Junkung Jammeh The Gambia President 2017-01-19 The Gambia President Adama Barrow 2017-12-31 The Gambia President Adama Barrow 2018-12-31 The Gambia President Adama Barrow 2019-12-31 Timor-Leste President Kay Rala Xanana 2005-12-31 Prime Minister Mari Bim Amude Alkatiri Gusmão Timor-Leste 2006-06-26 Prime Minister José Manuel Ramos-Horta Timor-Leste President Kay Rala Xanana 2006-12-31 Prime Minister José Manuel Gusmão Ramos-Horta Timor-Leste President José Manuel 2007-05-20 Ramos-Horta Timor-Leste 2007-08-08 Prime Minister Kay Rala Xanana Gusmão Timor-Leste President José Manuel 2007-12-31 Prime Minister Kay Rala Xanana Ramos-Horta Gusmão Timor-Leste President José Manuel 2008-12-31 Prime Minister Kay Rala Xanana Ramos-Horta Gusmão Timor-Leste President José Manuel 2009-12-31 Prime Minister Kay Rala Xanana Ramos-Horta Gusmão Timor-Leste President José Manuel 2010-12-31 Prime Minister Kay Rala Xanana Ramos-Horta Gusmão Timor-Leste President José Manuel 2011-12-31 Prime Minister Kay Rala Xanana Ramos-Horta Gusmão Timor-Leste President Taur Matan Ruak 2012-05-20 Timor-Leste President Taur Matan Ruak 2012-12-31 Prime Minister Kay Rala Xanana Gusmão Timor-Leste President Taur Matan Ruak 2013-12-31 Prime Minister Kay Rala Xanana Gusmão Timor-Leste President Taur Matan Ruak 2014-12-31 Prime Minister Kay Rala Xanana Gusmão

www.v-dem.net [email protected] Historical Country HOS Title HOS Name Date HOG Title HOG Name Timor-Leste 2015-02-16 Prime Minister Rui Mariade Araújo Timor-Leste President Taur Matan Ruak 2015-12-31 Prime Minister Rui Mariade Araújo Timor-Leste President Taur Matan Ruak 2016-12-31 Prime Minister Rui Mariade Araújo Timor-Leste President Francisco 2017-05-20 “Lú-Olo” Guterres Timor-Leste 2017-09-15 Prime Minister Mari Bim Amude Alkatiri Timor-Leste President Francisco 2017-12-31 Prime Minister Mari Bim Amude Alkatiri “Lú-Olo” Guterres Timor-Leste 2018-06-22 Prime Minister Taur Matan Ruak Timor-Leste President Francisco 2018-12-31 Prime Minister Taur Matan Ruak “Lú-Olo” Guterres Timor-Leste President Francisco 2019-12-31 Prime Minister Taur Matan Ruak “Lú-Olo” Guterres President Faure Essozimna 2005-05-04 Gnassingbé Togo 2005-06-09 Prime Minister Édouard Kodjovi Kodjo Togo President Faure Essozimna 2005-12-31 Prime Minister Édouard Kodjovi Kodjo Gnassingbé Togo 2006-09-20 Prime Minister Yawovi Madji Agboyibo Togo President Faure Essozimna 2006-12-31 Prime Minister Yawovi Madji Agboyibo Gnassingbé Togo 2007-12-06 Prime Minister Komlan Mally Togo President Faure Essozimna 2007-12-31 Prime Minister Komlan Mally Gnassingbé Togo 2008-09-08 Prime Minister Gilbert Fossoun Houngbo Togo President Faure Essozimna 2008-12-31 Prime Minister Gilbert Fossoun Houngbo Gnassingbé Togo President Faure Essozimna 2009-12-31 Prime Minister Gilbert Fossoun Houngbo Gnassingbé Togo President Faure Essozimna 2010-12-31 Prime Minister Gilbert Fossoun Houngbo Gnassingbé Togo President Faure Essozimna 2011-12-31 Prime Minister Gilbert Fossoun Houngbo Gnassingbé Togo 2012-07-23 Prime Minister Kwesi Ahoomey-Zunu Togo President Faure Essozimna 2012-12-31 Prime Minister Kwesi Ahoomey-Zunu Gnassingbé Togo President Faure Essozimna 2013-12-31 Prime Minister Kwesi Ahoomey-Zunu Gnassingbé Togo President Faure Essozimna 2014-12-31 Prime Minister Kwesi Ahoomey-Zunu Gnassingbé Togo 2015-06-10 Prime Minister Komi Sélom Klassou

www.v-dem.net [email protected] Historical Country HOS Title HOS Name Date HOG Title HOG Name Togo President Faure Essozimna 2015-12-31 Prime Minister Komi Sélom Klassou Gnassingbé Togo President Faure Essozimna 2016-12-31 Prime Minister Komi Sélom Klassou Gnassingbé Togo President Faure Essozimna 2017-12-31 Prime Minister Komi Sélom Klassou Gnassingbé Togo President Faure Essozimna 2018-12-31 Prime Minister Komi Sélom Klassou Gnassingbé Togo President Faure Essozimna 2019-12-31 Prime Minister Komi Sélom Klassou Gnassingbé Trinidad and President George Maxwell 2005-12-31 Prime Minister Patrick Augustus Mervyn Tobago Richards Manning Trinidad and President George Maxwell 2006-12-31 Prime Minister Patrick Augustus Mervyn Tobago Richards Manning Trinidad and President George Maxwell 2007-12-31 Prime Minister Patrick Augustus Mervyn Tobago Richards Manning Trinidad and President George Maxwell 2008-12-31 Prime Minister Patrick Augustus Mervyn Tobago Richards Manning Trinidad and President George Maxwell 2009-12-31 Prime Minister Patrick Augustus Mervyn Tobago Richards Manning Trinidad and 2010-05-26 Prime Minister Kamla Persad-Bissessar Tobago Trinidad and President George Maxwell 2010-12-31 Prime Minister Kamla Persad-Bissessar Tobago Richards Trinidad and President George Maxwell 2011-12-31 Prime Minister Kamla Persad-Bissessar Tobago Richards Trinidad and President George Maxwell 2012-12-31 Prime Minister Kamla Persad-Bissessar Tobago Richards Trinidad and President Anthony Carmona 2013-03-18 Tobago Trinidad and President Anthony Carmona 2013-12-31 Prime Minister Kamla Persad-Bissessar Tobago Trinidad and President Anthony Carmona 2014-12-31 Prime Minister Kamla Persad-Bissessar Tobago Trinidad and 2015-09-09 Prime Minister Keith Christopher Tobago Rowley Trinidad and President Anthony Carmona 2015-12-31 Prime Minister Keith Christopher Tobago Rowley Trinidad and President Anthony Carmona 2016-12-31 Prime Minister Keith Christopher Tobago Rowley Trinidad and President Anthony Carmona 2017-12-31 Prime Minister Keith Christopher Tobago Rowley Trinidad and President Paula-Mae 2018-03-19 Tobago Weekes Trinidad and President Paula-Mae 2018-12-31 Prime Minister Keith Christopher Tobago Weekes Rowley

www.v-dem.net [email protected] Historical Country HOS Title HOS Name Date HOG Title HOG Name Trinidad and President Paula-Mae 2019-12-31 Prime Minister Keith Christopher Tobago Weekes Rowley President Zine El Abidine 2005-12-31 Prime Minister Ben Ali Tunisia President Zine El Abidine 2006-12-31 Prime Minister Mohamed Ghannouchi Ben Ali Tunisia President Zine El Abidine 2007-12-31 Prime Minister Mohamed Ghannouchi Ben Ali Tunisia President Zine El Abidine 2008-12-31 Prime Minister Mohamed Ghannouchi Ben Ali Tunisia President Zine El Abidine 2009-12-31 Prime Minister Mohamed Ghannouchi Ben Ali Tunisia President Zine El Abidine 2010-12-31 Prime Minister Mohamed Ghannouchi Ben Ali Tunisia President 2011-01-15 Tunisia 2011-02-27 Prime Minister Béji Caïd Essebsi Tunisia President 2011-12-13 Tunisia 2011-12-24 Prime Minister Tunisia President Moncef Marzouki 2011-12-31 Prime Minister Hamadi Jebali Tunisia President Moncef Marzouki 2012-12-31 Prime Minister Hamadi Jebali Tunisia 2013-03-13 Prime Minister Ali Laarayedh Tunisia President Moncef Marzouki 2013-12-31 Prime Minister Ali Laarayedh Tunisia 2014-01-29 Prime Minister Mehdi Jomaa Tunisia President Mohamed al-Baji 2014-12-31 Prime Minister Mehdi Jomaa Qaid as-Sabsi Tunisia 2015-02-06 Prime Minister Habib Essid Tunisia President Mohamed al-Baji 2015-12-31 Prime Minister Habib Essid Qaid as-Sabsi Tunisia 2016-08-27 Prime Minister Tunisia President Mohamed al-Baji 2016-12-31 Prime Minister Youssef Chahed Qaid as-Sabsi Tunisia President Mohamed al-Baji 2017-12-31 Prime Minister Youssef Chahed Qaid as-Sabsi Tunisia President Mohamed al-Baji 2018-12-31 Prime Minister Youssef Chahed Qaid as-Sabsi Tunisia President 2019-10-23 Tunisia 2019-11-15 Prime Minister Habib Jemli Tunisia President Kais Saied 2019-12-31 Prime Minister Habib Jemli President Ahmet Necdet 2005-12-31 Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdogan Sezer Turkey President Ahmet Necdet 2006-12-31 Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdogan Sezer Turkey President Abdullah Gül 2007-08-28 Turkey President Abdullah Gül 2007-12-31 Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdogan Turkey President Abdullah Gül 2008-12-31 Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdogan Turkey President Abdullah Gül 2009-12-31 Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdogan

www.v-dem.net [email protected] Historical Country HOS Title HOS Name Date HOG Title HOG Name Turkey President Abdullah Gül 2010-12-31 Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdogan Turkey President Abdullah Gül 2011-12-31 Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdogan Turkey President Abdullah Gül 2012-12-31 Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdogan Turkey President Abdullah Gül 2013-12-31 Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdogan Turkey President Recep Tayyip 2014-08-28 Prime Minister Ahmet Davutoğlu Erdogan Turkey President Recep Tayyip 2014-12-31 Prime Minister Ahmet Davutoğlu Erdogan Turkey President Recep Tayyip 2015-12-31 Prime Minister Ahmet Davutoğlu Erdogan Turkey 2016-05-22 Prime Minister Binali Yildirim Turkey President Recep Tayyip 2016-12-31 Prime Minister Binali Yildirim Erdogan Turkey President Recep Tayyip 2017-12-31 Prime Minister Binali Yildirim Erdogan Turkey President Recep Tayyip 2018-06-24 Erdogan Turkey President Recep Tayyip 2018-12-31 Erdogan Turkey President Recep Tayyip 2019-12-31 Erdogan Turkmenistan President Saparmurat 2005-12-31 Atajevich Niyazov Turkmenistan President Gurbanguly 2006-12-21 Mjalikulyyevich Berdymukhamme- dov Turkmenistan President Gurbanguly 2006-12-31 Mjalikulyyevich Berdymukhamme- dov Turkmenistan President Gurbanguly 2007-12-31 Mjalikulyyevich Berdymukhamme- dov Turkmenistan President Gurbanguly 2008-12-31 Mjalikulyyevich Berdymukhamme- dov Turkmenistan President Gurbanguly 2009-12-31 Mjalikulyyevich Berdymukhamme- dov Turkmenistan President Gurbanguly 2010-12-31 Mjalikulyyevich Berdymukhamme- dov

www.v-dem.net [email protected] Historical Country HOS Title HOS Name Date HOG Title HOG Name Turkmenistan President Gurbanguly 2011-12-31 Mjalikulyyevich Berdymukhamme- dov Turkmenistan President Gurbanguly 2012-12-31 Mjalikulyyevich Berdymukhamme- dov Turkmenistan President Gurbanguly 2013-12-31 Mjalikulyyevich Berdymukhamme- dov Turkmenistan President Gurbanguly 2014-12-31 Mjalikulyyevich Berdymukhamme- dov Turkmenistan President Gurbanguly 2015-12-31 Mjalikulyyevich Berdymukhamme- dov Turkmenistan President Gurbanguly 2016-12-31 Mjalikulyyevich Berdymukhamme- dov Turkmenistan President Gurbanguly 2017-12-31 Mjalikulyyevich Berdymukhamme- dov Turkmenistan President Gurbanguly 2018-12-31 Mjalikulyyevich Berdymukhamme- dov Turkmenistan President Gurbanguly 2019-12-31 Mjalikulyyevich Berdymukhamme- dov President Yoweri Kaguta 2005-12-31 Museveni Uganda President Yoweri Kaguta 2006-12-31 Museveni Uganda President Yoweri Kaguta 2007-12-31 Museveni Uganda President Yoweri Kaguta 2008-12-31 Museveni Uganda President Yoweri Kaguta 2009-12-31 Museveni

www.v-dem.net [email protected] Historical Country HOS Title HOS Name Date HOG Title HOG Name Uganda President Yoweri Kaguta 2010-12-31 Museveni Uganda President Yoweri Kaguta 2011-12-31 Museveni Uganda President Yoweri Kaguta 2012-12-31 Museveni Uganda President Yoweri Kaguta 2013-12-31 Museveni Uganda President Yoweri Kaguta 2014-12-31 Museveni Uganda President Yoweri Kaguta 2015-12-31 Museveni Uganda President Yoweri Kaguta 2016-12-31 Museveni Uganda President Yoweri Kaguta 2017-12-31 Museveni Uganda President Yoweri Kaguta 2018-12-31 Museveni Uganda President Yoweri Kaguta 2019-12-31 Museveni President Viktor 2005-01-23 Andriyovich Yushchenko Ukraine 2005-01-24 Prime Minister Yulia Volodymyrivna Tymoshenko Ukraine 2005-09-08 Prime Minister YuriiIvanovych Yekhanurov Ukraine President Viktor 2005-12-31 Prime Minister YuriiIvanovych Andriyovich Yekhanurov Yushchenko Ukraine 2006-08-04 Prime Minister Viktor Fedorovych Yanukovych Ukraine President Viktor 2006-12-31 Prime Minister Viktor Fedorovych Andriyovich Yanukovych Yushchenko Ukraine 2007-12-18 Prime Minister Yulia Volodymyrivna Tymoshenko Ukraine President Viktor 2007-12-31 Prime Minister Yulia Volodymyrivna Andriyovich Tymoshenko Yushchenko Ukraine President Viktor 2008-12-31 Prime Minister Yulia Volodymyrivna Andriyovich Tymoshenko Yushchenko Ukraine President Viktor 2009-12-31 Prime Minister Yulia Volodymyrivna Andriyovich Tymoshenko Yushchenko

www.v-dem.net [email protected] Historical Country HOS Title HOS Name Date HOG Title HOG Name Ukraine President Viktor Fedorovych 2010-02-25 Yanukovych Ukraine 2010-03-11 Prime Minister Mykola Yanovych Azarov Ukraine President Viktor Fedorovych 2010-12-31 Prime Minister Mykola Yanovych Azarov Yanukovych Ukraine President Viktor Fedorovych 2011-12-31 Prime Minister Mykola Yanovych Azarov Yanukovych Ukraine President Viktor Fedorovych 2012-12-31 Prime Minister Mykola Yanovych Azarov Yanukovych Ukraine President Viktor Fedorovych 2013-12-31 Prime Minister Mykola Yanovych Azarov Yanukovych Ukraine President Oleksandr 2014-02-23 Valentynovych Turchynov Ukraine 2014-02-27 Prime Minister Arseniy Petrovych Yatsenyuk Ukraine President Petro 2014-06-07 Oleksiyovych Poroshenko Ukraine President Petro 2014-12-31 Prime Minister Arseniy Petrovych Oleksiyovych Yatsenyuk Poroshenko Ukraine President Petro 2015-12-31 Prime Minister Arseniy Petrovych Oleksiyovych Yatsenyuk Poroshenko Ukraine 2016-04-14 Prime Minister Volodymyr Borysovych Groysman Ukraine President Petro 2016-12-31 Prime Minister Volodymyr Borysovych Oleksiyovych Groysman Poroshenko Ukraine President Petro 2017-12-31 Prime Minister Volodymyr Borysovych Oleksiyovych Groysman Poroshenko Ukraine President Petro 2018-12-31 Prime Minister Volodymyr Borysovych Oleksiyovych Groysman Poroshenko Ukraine President Volodymyr 2019-05-20 Oleksandrovych Zelensky Ukraine 2019-08-29 Prime Minister Oleksiy Valeriyovych Honcharuk Ukraine President Volodymyr 2019-12-31 Prime Minister Oleksiy Valeriyovych Oleksandrovych Honcharuk Zelensky United Arab President Sheikh Khalifa bin 2005-12-31 Prime Minister Sheikh Maktum III ibn Emirates Zayed Al Nahyan Rashid Al Maktum

www.v-dem.net [email protected] Historical Country HOS Title HOS Name Date HOG Title HOG Name United Arab 2006-01-05 Prime Minister Sheikh Mohammed bin Emirates Rashid Al Maktoum United Arab President Sheikh Khalifa bin 2006-12-31 Prime Minister Sheikh Mohammed bin Emirates Zayed Al Nahyan Rashid Al Maktoum United Arab President Sheikh Khalifa bin 2007-12-31 Prime Minister Sheikh Mohammed bin Emirates Zayed Al Nahyan Rashid Al Maktoum United Arab President Sheikh Khalifa bin 2008-12-31 Prime Minister Sheikh Mohammed bin Emirates Zayed Al Nahyan Rashid Al Maktoum United Arab President Sheikh Khalifa bin 2009-12-31 Prime Minister Sheikh Mohammed bin Emirates Zayed Al Nahyan Rashid Al Maktoum United Arab President Sheikh Khalifa bin 2010-12-31 Prime Minister Sheikh Mohammed bin Emirates Zayed Al Nahyan Rashid Al Maktoum United Arab President Sheikh Khalifa bin 2011-12-31 Prime Minister Sheikh Mohammed bin Emirates Zayed Al Nahyan Rashid Al Maktoum United Arab President Sheikh Khalifa bin 2012-12-31 Prime Minister Sheikh Mohammed bin Emirates Zayed Al Nahyan Rashid Al Maktoum United Arab President Sheikh Khalifa bin 2013-12-31 Prime Minister Sheikh Mohammed bin Emirates Zayed Al Nahyan Rashid Al Maktoum United Arab President Sheikh Khalifa bin 2014-12-31 Prime Minister Sheikh Mohammed bin Emirates Zayed Al Nahyan Rashid Al Maktoum United Arab President Sheikh Khalifa bin 2015-12-31 Prime Minister Sheikh Mohammed bin Emirates Zayed Al Nahyan Rashid Al Maktoum United Arab President Sheikh Khalifa bin 2016-12-31 Prime Minister Sheikh Mohammed bin Emirates Zayed Al Nahyan Rashid Al Maktoum United Arab President Sheikh Khalifa bin 2017-12-31 Prime Minister Sheikh Mohammed bin Emirates Zayed Al Nahyan Rashid Al Maktoum United Arab President Sheikh Khalifa bin 2018-12-31 Prime Minister Sheikh Mohammed bin Emirates Zayed Al Nahyan Rashid Al Maktoum United Arab President Sheikh Khalifa bin 2019-12-31 Prime Minister Sheikh Mohammed bin Emirates Zayed Al Nahyan Rashid Al Maktoum United Queen Elizabeth II 2005-12-31 Prime Minister Anthony Blair Kingdom United Queen Elizabeth II 2006-12-31 Prime Minister Anthony Blair Kingdom United 2007-06-27 Prime Minister Gordon Brown Kingdom United Queen Elizabeth II 2007-12-31 Prime Minister Gordon Brown Kingdom United Queen Elizabeth II 2008-12-31 Prime Minister Gordon Brown Kingdom United Queen Elizabeth II 2009-12-31 Prime Minister Gordon Brown Kingdom United 2010-05-11 Prime Minister David Cameron Kingdom United Queen Elizabeth II 2010-12-31 Prime Minister David Cameron Kingdom

www.v-dem.net [email protected] Historical Country HOS Title HOS Name Date HOG Title HOG Name United Queen Elizabeth II 2011-12-31 Prime Minister David Cameron Kingdom United Queen Elizabeth II 2012-12-31 Prime Minister David Cameron Kingdom United Queen Elizabeth II 2013-12-31 Prime Minister David Cameron Kingdom United Queen Elizabeth II 2014-12-31 Prime Minister David Cameron Kingdom United Queen Elizabeth II 2015-12-31 Prime Minister David Cameron Kingdom United 2016-07-13 Prime Minister Theresa May Kingdom United Queen Elizabeth II 2016-12-31 Prime Minister Theresa May Kingdom United Queen Elizabeth II 2017-12-31 Prime Minister Theresa May Kingdom United Queen Elizabeth II 2018-12-31 Prime Minister Theresa May Kingdom United 2019-07-24 Prime Minister Kingdom United Queen Elizabeth II 2019-12-31 Prime Minister Boris Johnson Kingdom of President George Walker 2005-12-31 America Bush United States of President George Walker 2006-12-31 America Bush United States of President George Walker 2007-12-31 America Bush United States of President George Walker 2008-12-31 America Bush United States of President Barack Hussein 2009-01-20 America Obama United States of President Barack Hussein 2009-12-31 America Obama United States of President Barack Hussein 2010-12-31 America Obama United States of President Barack Hussein 2011-12-31 America Obama United States of President Barack Hussein 2012-12-31 America Obama United States of President Barack Hussein 2013-12-31 America Obama United States of President Barack Hussein 2014-12-31 America Obama United States of President Barack Hussein 2015-12-31 America Obama

www.v-dem.net [email protected] Historical Country HOS Title HOS Name Date HOG Title HOG Name United States of President Barack Hussein 2016-12-31 America Obama United States of President Donald John 2017-01-20 America Trump United States of President Donald John 2017-12-31 America Trump United States of President Donald John 2018-12-31 America Trump United States of President Donald John 2019-12-31 America Trump Uruguay President Tabaré Ramón 2005-03-01 Vázquez Rosas Uruguay President Tabaré Ramón 2005-12-31 Vázquez Rosas Uruguay President Tabaré Ramón 2006-12-31 Vázquez Rosas Uruguay President Tabaré Ramón 2007-12-31 Vázquez Rosas Uruguay President Tabaré Ramón 2008-12-31 Vázquez Rosas Uruguay President Tabaré Ramón 2009-12-31 Vázquez Rosas Uruguay President José Alberto 2010-03-01 Mujica Cordano Uruguay President José Alberto 2010-12-31 Mujica Cordano Uruguay President José Alberto 2011-12-31 Mujica Cordano Uruguay President José Alberto 2012-12-31 Mujica Cordano Uruguay President José Alberto 2013-12-31 Mujica Cordano Uruguay President José Alberto 2014-12-31 Mujica Cordano Uruguay President Tabaré Ramón 2015-03-01 Vázquez Rosas Uruguay President Tabaré Ramón 2015-12-31 Vázquez Rosas Uruguay President Tabaré Ramón 2016-12-31 Vázquez Rosas Uruguay President Tabaré Ramón 2017-12-31 Vázquez Rosas Uruguay President Tabaré Ramón 2018-12-31 Vázquez Rosas Uruguay President Tabaré Ramón 2019-12-31 Vázquez Rosas

www.v-dem.net [email protected] Historical Country HOS Title HOS Name Date HOG Title HOG Name Uzbekistan President Islam 2005-12-31 Abduganiyevich Karimov Uzbekistan President Islam 2006-12-31 Abduganiyevich Karimov Uzbekistan President Islam 2007-12-31 Abduganiyevich Karimov Uzbekistan President Islam 2008-12-31 Abduganiyevich Karimov Uzbekistan President Islam 2009-12-31 Abduganiyevich Karimov Uzbekistan President Islam 2010-12-31 Abduganiyevich Karimov Uzbekistan President Islam 2011-12-31 Abduganiyevich Karimov Uzbekistan President Islam 2012-12-31 Abduganiyevich Karimov Uzbekistan President Islam 2013-12-31 Abduganiyevich Karimov Uzbekistan President Islam 2014-12-31 Abduganiyevich Karimov Uzbekistan President Islam 2015-12-31 Abduganiyevich Karimov Uzbekistan President Shavkat 2016-09-08 Miromonovich Mirziyoyev Uzbekistan President Shavkat 2016-12-31 Miromonovich Mirziyoyev Uzbekistan President Shavkat 2017-12-31 Miromonovich Mirziyoyev Uzbekistan President Shavkat 2018-12-31 Miromonovich Mirziyoyev

www.v-dem.net [email protected] Historical Country HOS Title HOS Name Date HOG Title HOG Name Uzbekistan President Shavkat 2019-12-31 Miromonovich Mirziyoyev President Kalkot 2005-12-31 Prime Minister Ham Lini Vanuarora Mataskelekele Mauliliu Vanuatu President Kalkot 2006-12-31 Prime Minister Ham Lini Vanuarora Mataskelekele Mauliliu Vanuatu President Kalkot 2007-12-31 Prime Minister Ham Lini Vanuarora Mataskelekele Mauliliu Vanuatu 2008-09-22 Prime Minister Nipake Tua Fanua‘ariki Vanuatu President Kalkot 2008-12-31 Prime Minister Nipake Edward Natapei Mataskelekele Tua Fanua‘ariki Mauliliu Vanuatu President Iolu Johnson Abil 2009-09-02 Vanuatu President Iolu Johnson Abil 2009-12-31 Prime Minister Nipake Edward Natapei Tua Fanua‘ariki Vanuatu 2010-12-02 Prime Minister Meltek Livtunvanu Vanuatu President Iolu Johnson Abil 2010-12-31 Prime Minister Meltek Sato Kilman Livtunvanu Vanuatu 2011-06-26 Prime Minister Meltek Sato Kilman Livtunvanu Vanuatu President Iolu Johnson Abil 2011-12-31 Prime Minister Meltek Sato Kilman Livtunvanu Vanuatu President Iolu Johnson Abil 2012-12-31 Prime Minister Meltek Sato Kilman Livtunvanu Vanuatu 2013-03-23 Prime Minister Moana Carcasses Kalosil Vanuatu President Iolu Johnson Abil 2013-12-31 Prime Minister Moana Carcasses Kalosil Vanuatu 2014-05-15 Prime Minister Vanuatu President Baldwin Lonsdale 2014-09-22 Vanuatu President Baldwin Lonsdale 2014-12-31 Prime Minister Joe Natuman Vanuatu 2015-06-11 Prime Minister Meltek Sato Kilman Livtunvanu Vanuatu President Baldwin Lonsdale 2015-12-31 Prime Minister Meltek Sato Kilman Livtunvanu Vanuatu 2016-02-11 Prime Minister Vanuatu President Baldwin Lonsdale 2016-12-31 Prime Minister Charlot Salwai Vanuatu President 2017-07-06 Vanuatu President Tallis Obed Moses 2017-12-31 Prime Minister Charlot Salwai Vanuatu President Tallis Obed Moses 2018-12-31 Prime Minister Charlot Salwai Vanuatu President Tallis Obed Moses 2019-12-31 Prime Minister Charlot Salwai President Hugo Rafael 2005-12-31 Chávez Frías

www.v-dem.net [email protected] Historical Country HOS Title HOS Name Date HOG Title HOG Name Venezuela President Hugo Rafael 2006-12-31 Chávez Frías Venezuela President Hugo Rafael 2007-01-10 Chávez Frías Venezuela President Hugo Rafael 2007-12-31 Chávez Frías Venezuela President Hugo Rafael 2008-12-31 Chávez Frías Venezuela President Hugo Rafael 2009-12-31 Chávez Frías Venezuela President Hugo Rafael 2010-12-31 Chávez Frías Venezuela President Hugo Rafael 2011-12-31 Chávez Frías Venezuela President Hugo Rafael 2012-12-31 Chávez Frías Venezuela President Nicolás Maduro 2013-03-05 Venezuela President Nicolás Maduro 2013-12-31 Venezuela President Nicolás Maduro 2014-12-31 Venezuela President Nicolás Maduro 2015-12-31 Venezuela President Nicolás Maduro 2016-12-31 Venezuela President Nicolás Maduro 2017-12-31 Venezuela President Nicolás Maduro 2018-12-31 Venezuela President Nicolás Maduro 2019-12-31 President Tran Duc Luong 2005-12-31 General Nong Duc Manh Secretary of the Communist Party Vietnam President Nguyen Minh 2006-06-27 Triet Vietnam President Nguyen Minh 2006-12-31 General Nong Duc Manh Triet Secretary of the Communist Party Vietnam President Nguyen Minh 2007-12-31 General Nong Duc Manh Triet Secretary of the Communist Party Vietnam President Nguyen Minh 2008-12-31 General Nong Duc Manh Triet Secretary of the Communist Party Vietnam President Nguyen Minh 2009-12-31 General Nong Duc Manh Triet Secretary of the Communist Party

www.v-dem.net [email protected] Historical Country HOS Title HOS Name Date HOG Title HOG Name Vietnam President Nguyen Minh 2010-12-31 General Nong Duc Manh Triet Secretary of the Communist Party Vietnam 2011-01-19 Prime Minister Nguyen Tan Dung Vietnam President Truong Tan Sang 2011-07-25 Vietnam President Truong Tan Sang 2011-12-31 Prime Minister Nguyen Tan Dung Vietnam President Truong Tan Sang 2012-12-31 Prime Minister Nguyen Tan Dung Vietnam President Truong Tan Sang 2013-12-31 Prime Minister Nguyen Tan Dung Vietnam President Truong Tan Sang 2014-12-31 Prime Minister Nguyen Tan Dung Vietnam President Truong Tan Sang 2015-12-31 Prime Minister Nguyen Tan Dung Vietnam President Tran Dai Quang 2016-04-02 Vietnam 2016-04-07 Prime Minister Nguyen Xuan Phuc Vietnam President Tran Dai Quang 2016-12-31 Prime Minister Nguyen Xuan Phuc Vietnam President Tran Dai Quang 2017-12-31 Prime Minister Nguyen Xuan Phuc Vietnam President Nguyen Phu 2018-10-23 Trong Vietnam President Nguyen Phu 2018-12-31 Prime Minister Nguyen Xuan Phuc Trong Vietnam President Nguyen Phu 2019-12-31 Prime Minister Nguyen Xuan Phuc Trong President Ali Abdullah 2005-12-31 Prime Minister Abdul Qader Bajamal Saleh Yemen President Ali Abdullah 2006-12-31 Prime Minister Abdul Qader Bajamal Saleh Yemen 2007-04-07 Prime Minister Ali Muhammad Mujawar Yemen President Ali Abdullah 2007-12-31 Prime Minister Ali Muhammad Mujawar Saleh Yemen President Ali Abdullah 2008-12-31 Prime Minister Ali Muhammad Mujawar Saleh Yemen President Ali Abdullah 2009-12-31 Prime Minister Ali Muhammad Mujawar Saleh Yemen President Ali Abdullah 2010-12-31 Prime Minister Ali Muhammad Mujawar Saleh Yemen President Abdu Rabu 2011-06-04 Mansour Hadi Yemen President Ali Abdullah 2011-09-23 Saleh Yemen 2011-12-10 Prime Minister Muhammad Salim Basindwah Yemen President Ali Abdullah 2011-12-31 Prime Minister Muhammad Salim Saleh Basindwah Yemen President Abdu Rabbu 2012-01-22 Mansour Hadi Yemen President Abdu Rabbu 2012-12-31 Prime Minister Muhammad Salim Mansour Hadi Basindwah

www.v-dem.net [email protected] Historical Country HOS Title HOS Name Date HOG Title HOG Name Yemen President Abdu Rabbu 2013-12-31 Prime Minister Muhammad Salim Mansour Hadi Basindwah Yemen 2014-09-09 Prime Minister Khaled Mahafoudh Bahah Yemen President Abdu Rabbu 2014-12-31 Prime Minister Khaled Mahafoudh Mansour Hadi Bahah Yemen President Abdu Rabbu 2015-01-01 Mansour Hadi Yemen 2015-09-20 Prime Minister Khaled Mahafoudh Bahah Yemen President Abdu Rabbu 2015-12-31 Prime Minister Khaled Mahafoudh Mansour Hadi Bahah Yemen 2016-04-04 Prime Minister Ahmad Obaid Bin Daghr Yemen President Abdu Rabbu 2016-12-31 Prime Minister Ahmad Obaid Bin Daghr Mansour Hadi Yemen President Abdu Rabbu 2017-12-31 Prime Minister Ahmad Obaid Bin Daghr Mansour Hadi Yemen 2018-10-18 Prime Minister Yemen President Abdu Rabbu 2018-12-31 Prime Minister Maeen Abdulmalik Saeed Mansour Hadi Yemen President Abdu Rabbu 2019-12-31 Prime Minister Maeen Abdulmalik Saeed Mansour Hadi Zambia President Levy Patrick 2005-12-31 Mwanawasa Zambia President Levy Patrick 2006-12-31 Mwanawasa Zambia President Levy Patrick 2007-12-31 Mwanawasa Zambia President Rupiah Bwezani 2008-06-29 Banda Zambia President Rupiah Bwezani 2008-12-31 Banda Zambia President Rupiah Bwezani 2009-12-31 Banda Zambia President Rupiah Bwezani 2010-12-31 Banda Zambia President Michael Chilufya 2011-09-23 Sata Zambia President Michael Chilufya 2011-12-31 Sata Zambia President Michael Chilufya 2012-12-31 Sata Zambia President Michael Chilufya 2013-12-31 Sata Zambia President Michael Chilufya 2014-12-31 Sata

www.v-dem.net [email protected] Historical Country HOS Title HOS Name Date HOG Title HOG Name Zambia President Edgar Changwa 2015-01-25 Lungu Zambia President Edgar Changwa 2015-12-31 Lungu Zambia President Edgar Changwa 2016-09-13 Lungu Zambia President Edgar Changwa 2016-12-31 Lungu Zambia President Edgar Changwa 2017-12-31 Lungu Zambia President Edgar Changwa 2018-12-31 Lungu Zambia President Edgar Changwa 2019-12-31 Lungu Zanzibar President Amani Abeid 2005-12-31 Karume Zanzibar President Amani Abeid 2006-12-31 Karume Zanzibar President Amani Abeid 2007-12-31 Karume Zanzibar President Amani Abeid 2008-12-31 Karume Zanzibar President Amani Abeid 2009-12-31 Karume Zanzibar President Ali Mohamed 2010-11-03 Shein Zanzibar President Ali Mohamed 2010-12-31 Shein Zanzibar President Ali Mohamed 2011-12-31 Shein Zanzibar President Ali Mohamed 2012-12-31 Shein Zanzibar President Ali Mohamed 2013-12-31 Shein Zanzibar President Ali Mohamed 2014-12-31 Shein Zanzibar President Ali Mohamed 2015-12-31 Shein Zanzibar President Ali Mohamed 2016-12-31 Shein Zanzibar President Ali Mohamed 2017-12-31 Shein Zanzibar President Ali Mohamed 2018-12-31 Shein Zanzibar President Ali Mohamed 2019-12-31 Shein

www.v-dem.net [email protected] Historical Country HOS Title HOS Name Date HOG Title HOG Name President Robert Gabriel 2005-12-31 Mugabe Zimbabwe President Robert Gabriel 2006-12-31 Mugabe Zimbabwe President Robert Gabriel 2007-12-31 Mugabe Zimbabwe President Robert Gabriel 2008-12-31 Mugabe Zimbabwe President Robert Gabriel 2009-02-11 Prime Minister Morgan Tsvangirai Mugabe Zimbabwe President Robert Gabriel 2009-12-31 Prime Minister Morgan Tsvangirai Mugabe Zimbabwe President Robert Gabriel 2010-12-31 Prime Minister Morgan Tsvangirai Mugabe Zimbabwe President Robert Gabriel 2011-12-31 Prime Minister Morgan Tsvangirai Mugabe Zimbabwe President Robert Gabriel 2012-12-31 Prime Minister Morgan Tsvangirai Mugabe Zimbabwe President Robert Gabriel 2013-12-31 Mugabe Zimbabwe President Robert Gabriel 2014-12-31 Mugabe Zimbabwe President Robert Gabriel 2015-12-31 Mugabe Zimbabwe President Robert Gabriel 2016-12-31 Mugabe Zimbabwe President Emmerson 2017-11-24 Mnangagwa Zimbabwe President Emmerson 2017-12-31 Mnangagwa Zimbabwe President Emmerson 2018-12-31 Mnangagwa Zimbabwe President Emmerson 2019-12-31 Mnangagwa

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