The Executive Survey General Information and Guidelines Dear Country Expert, In this section, we distinguish between the head of state (HOS) and the head of government (HOG). • The Head of State (HOS) is an individual or collective body that serves as the chief public representative of the country; his or her function could be purely ceremonial. • The Head of Government (HOG) is the chief officer(s) of the executive branch of government; the HOG may also be HOS, in which case the executive survey only pertains to the HOS. • The executive survey applies to the person who effectively holds these positions in practice. • The HOS/HOG pair will always include the effective ruler of the country, even if for a period this is the commander of foreign occupying forces. • The HOS and/or HOG must rule over a significant part of the country’s territory. • The HOS and/or HOG must be a resident of the country — governments in exile are not listed. • By implication, if you are considering a semi-sovereign territory, such as a colony or an annexed territory, the HOS and/or HOG will be a person located in the territory in question, not in the capital of the colonizing/annexing country. • Only HOSs and/or HOGs who stay in power for 100 consecutive days or more will be included in the surveys. • A country may go without a HOG but there will be no period listed with only a HOG and no HOS. • If a HOG also becomes HOS (interim or full), s/he is moved to the HOS list and removed from the HOG list for the duration of their tenure. • The HOG is not necessarily the Prime Minister, and the HOS not neces- sarily the President. For more details please see section 3.4 Executive from the Codebook. www.v-dem.net [email protected] Historical Country HOS Title HOS Name Date HOG Title HOG Name Afghanistan President Hamid Karzai 2005-12-31 Afghanistan President Hamid Karzai 2006-12-31 Afghanistan President Hamid Karzai 2007-12-31 Afghanistan President Hamid Karzai 2008-12-31 Afghanistan President Hamid Karzai 2009-12-31 Afghanistan President Hamid Karzai 2010-12-31 Afghanistan President Hamid Karzai 2011-12-31 Afghanistan President Hamid Karzai 2012-12-31 Afghanistan President Hamid Karzai 2013-12-31 Afghanistan President Ashraf Ghani 2014-09-29 Ahmadzai Afghanistan President Ashraf Ghani 2014-12-31 Ahmadzai Afghanistan President Ashraf Ghani 2015-12-31 Ahmadzai Afghanistan President Ashraf Ghani 2016-12-31 Ahmadzai Afghanistan President Ashraf Ghani 2017-12-31 Ahmadzai Afghanistan President Ashraf Ghani 2018-12-31 Ahmadzai Afghanistan President Ashraf Ghani 2019-12-31 Ahmadzai Albania 2005-09-11 Prime Minister Sali Berisha Albania President Alfred Spiro 2005-12-31 Prime Minister Sali Berisha Moisiu Albania President Alfred Spiro 2006-12-31 Prime Minister Sali Berisha Moisiu Albania President Bamir Myrteza 2007-07-24 Topi Albania President Bamir Myrteza 2007-12-31 Prime Minister Sali Berisha Topi Albania President Bamir Myrteza 2008-12-31 Prime Minister Sali Berisha Topi Albania President Bamir Myrteza 2009-12-31 Prime Minister Sali Berisha Topi Albania President Bamir Myrteza 2010-12-31 Prime Minister Sali Berisha Topi Albania President Bamir Myrteza 2011-12-31 Prime Minister Sali Berisha Topi Albania President Bujar Faik 2012-07-24 Nishani Albania President Bujar Faik 2012-12-31 Prime Minister Sali Berisha Nishani Albania 2013-09-15 Prime Minister Edi Rama Albania President Bujar Faik 2013-12-31 Prime Minister Edi Rama Nishani www.v-dem.net [email protected] Historical Country HOS Title HOS Name Date HOG Title HOG Name Albania President Bujar Faik 2014-12-31 Prime Minister Edi Rama Nishani Albania President Bujar Faik 2015-12-31 Prime Minister Edi Rama Nishani Albania President Bujar Faik 2016-12-31 Prime Minister Edi Rama Nishani Albania President Ilir Rexhep Meta 2017-07-24 Albania President Ilir Rexhep Meta 2017-12-31 Prime Minister Edi Rama Albania President Ilir Rexhep Meta 2018-12-31 Prime Minister Edi Rama Albania President Ilir Rexhep Meta 2019-12-31 Prime Minister Edi Rama Algeria President Abdelaziz 2005-12-31 Prime Minister Ahmed Ouyahia Bouteflika Algeria 2006-05-24 Prime Minister Abdelaziz Belkhadem Algeria President Abdelaziz 2006-12-31 Prime Minister Abdelaziz Belkhadem Bouteflika Algeria President Abdelaziz 2007-12-31 Prime Minister Abdelaziz Belkhadem Bouteflika Algeria 2008-06-23 Prime Minister Ahmed Ouyahia Algeria President Abdelaziz 2008-12-31 Prime Minister Ahmed Ouyahia Bouteflika Algeria President Abdelaziz 2009-12-31 Prime Minister Ahmed Ouyahia Bouteflika Algeria President Abdelaziz 2010-12-31 Prime Minister Ahmed Ouyahia Bouteflika Algeria President Abdelaziz 2011-12-31 Prime Minister Ahmed Ouyahia Bouteflika Algeria 2012-09-03 Prime Minister Abdelmalek Sellal Algeria President Abdelaziz 2012-12-31 Prime Minister Abdelmalek Sellal Bouteflika Algeria President Abdelaziz 2013-12-31 Prime Minister Abdelmalek Sellal Bouteflika Algeria 2014-03-14 Prime Minister Abdelmalek Sellal Algeria 2014-04-28 Prime Minister Abdelmalek Sellal Algeria President Abdelaziz 2014-12-31 Prime Minister Abdelmalek Sellal Bouteflika Algeria President Abdelaziz 2015-12-31 Prime Minister Abdelmalek Sellal Bouteflika Algeria President Abdelaziz 2016-12-31 Prime Minister Abdelmalek Sellal Bouteflika Algeria 2017-08-16 Prime Minister Ahmed Ouyahia Algeria President Abdelaziz 2017-12-31 Prime Minister Ahmed Ouyahia Bouteflika Algeria President Abdelaziz 2018-12-31 Prime Minister Ahmed Ouyahia Bouteflika Algeria 2019-03-11 Prime Minister Noureddine Bedoui Algeria President Abdelkader 2019-04-09 Bensalah www.v-dem.net [email protected] Historical Country HOS Title HOS Name Date HOG Title HOG Name Algeria President Abdelmadjid 2019-12-19 Tebboune Algeria 2019-12-28 Prime Minister Abdelaziz Djerad Algeria President Abdelmadjid 2019-12-31 Prime Minister Abdelaziz Djerad Tebboune Angola President José Eduardo dos 2005-12-31 Santos Angola President José Eduardo dos 2006-12-31 Santos Angola President José Eduardo dos 2007-12-31 Santos Angola President José Eduardo dos 2008-12-31 Santos Angola President José Eduardo dos 2009-12-31 Santos Angola President José Eduardo dos 2010-12-31 Santos Angola President José Eduardo dos 2011-12-31 Santos Angola President José Eduardo dos 2012-12-31 Santos Angola President José Eduardo dos 2013-12-31 Santos Angola President José Eduardo dos 2014-12-31 Santos Angola President José Eduardo dos 2015-12-31 Santos Angola President José Eduardo dos 2016-12-31 Santos Angola President João Lourenço 2017-09-26 Angola President João Lourenço 2017-12-31 Angola President João Lourenço 2018-12-31 Angola President João Lourenço 2019-12-31 Argentina President Néstor Carlos 2005-12-31 Kirchner Ostoic Argentina President Néstor Carlos 2006-12-31 Kirchner Ostoic Argentina President Cristina 2007-12-10 Fernández de Kirchner Argentina President Cristina 2007-12-31 Fernández de Kirchner Argentina President Cristina 2008-12-31 Fernández de Kirchner www.v-dem.net [email protected] Historical Country HOS Title HOS Name Date HOG Title HOG Name Argentina President Cristina 2009-12-31 Fernández de Kirchner Argentina President Cristina 2010-12-31 Fernández de Kirchner Argentina President Cristina 2011-12-31 Fernández de Kirchner Argentina President Cristina 2012-01-24 Fernández de Kirchner Argentina President Cristina 2012-12-31 Fernández de Kirchner Argentina President Cristina 2013-12-31 Fernández de Kirchner Argentina President Cristina 2014-12-31 Fernández de Kirchner Argentina President Mauricio Macri 2015-12-10 Argentina President Mauricio Macri 2015-12-31 Argentina President Mauricio Macri 2016-12-31 Argentina President Mauricio Macri 2017-12-31 Argentina President Mauricio Macri 2018-12-31 Argentina President Alberto Fernández 2019-12-10 Argentina President Alberto Fernández 2019-12-31 Armenia President Robert Sedraki 2005-12-31 Prime Minister Andranik Nakhapeti Kocharyan Margaryan Armenia President Robert Sedraki 2006-12-31 Prime Minister Andranik Nakhapeti Kocharyan Margaryan Armenia 2007-03-26 Prime Minister Serzh Azati Sargsyan Armenia President Robert Sedraki 2007-12-31 Prime Minister Serzh Azati Sargsyan Kocharyan Armenia President Serzh Azati 2008-04-09 Prime Minister Tigran Sureni Sargsyan Sargsyan Armenia President Serzh Azati 2008-12-31 Prime Minister Tigran Sureni Sargsyan Sargsyan Armenia President Serzh Azati 2009-12-31 Prime Minister Tigran Sureni Sargsyan Sargsyan Armenia President Serzh Azati 2010-12-31 Prime Minister Tigran Sureni Sargsyan Sargsyan Armenia President Serzh Azati 2011-12-31 Prime Minister Tigran Sureni Sargsyan Sargsyan Armenia President Serzh Azati 2012-12-31 Prime Minister Tigran Sureni Sargsyan Sargsyan www.v-dem.net [email protected] Historical Country HOS Title HOS Name Date HOG Title HOG Name Armenia President Serzh Azati 2013-12-31 Prime Minister Tigran Sureni Sargsyan Sarkisyan Armenia 2014-04-13 Prime Minister Hovik Abrahamyan Armenia President Serzh Azati 2014-12-31 Prime Minister Hovik Abrahamyan Sarkisyan Armenia President Serzh Azati 2015-12-31 Prime Minister Hovik Abrahamyan Sarkisyan Armenia 2016-09-13 Prime Minister Karen Vilhelmi Karapetyan Armenia President Serzh Azati 2016-12-31 Prime Minister Karen Vilhelmi Sarkisyan Karapetyan Armenia President Serzh Azati 2017-12-31 Prime Minister Karen Vilhelmi Sarkisyan Karapetyan Armenia President Armen Sarkissian 2018-04-09 Armenia 2018-05-08 Prime Minister Nikol Pashinyan Armenia President Armen Sarkissian 2018-12-31 Prime Minister Nikol Pashinyan Armenia President Armen Sarkissian 2019-12-31 Prime Minister Nikol Pashinyan Australia Governor- Philip Michael 2005-12-31 Prime Minister