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In Search of Peace: an Autopsy of the Political Dimensions of Violence in the Democratic Republic of Congo

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In Search of Peace: an Autopsy of the Political Dimensions of Violence in the Democratic Republic of Congo IN SEARCH OF PEACE: AN AUTOPSY OF THE POLITICAL DIMENSIONS OF VIOLENCE IN THE DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF CONGO By AARON ZACHARIAH HALE A DISSERTATION PRESENTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA 2009 1 © 2009 Aaron Zachariah Hale 2 To all the Congolese who helped me understand life’s difficult challenges, and to Fredline M’Cormack-Hale for your support and patience during this endeavor 3 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I was initially skeptical about attending The University of Florida (UF) in 2002 for a number of reasons, but attending UF has been one of the most memorable times of my life. I have been so fortunate to be given the opportunity to study African Politics in the Department of Political Science in a cozy little town like Gainesville. For students interested in Africa, UF’s Center for African Studies (CAS) has been such a fantastic resource and meeting place for all things African. Dr. Leonardo Villalón took over the management of CAS the same year and has led and expanded the CAS to reach beyond its traditional suit of Eastern and Southern African studies to now encompass much of the sub-region of West Africa. The CAS has grown leaps and bounds in recent years with recent faculty hires from many African and European countries to right here in the United States. In addition to a strong and committed body of faculty, I have seen in my stay of seven years the population of graduate and undergraduate students with an interest in Africa only swell, which bodes well for the upcoming generation of new Africanists. I first want to thank my immediate family that has been such a bedrock of support in my life. My Uncle Keven and Aunt Marilyn allowed me to stay with them for a period of nine months in 2001/2002 - rent free! – shortly after the passing of my mother. In effect they became my surrogate parents who I am so eternally grateful for. Whenever we speak by phone I am always asked, “so when are you going to finish?” I usually give long-winded responses, but I know that they will be so thrilled to know that the time has finally come. I also want to thank my grandmother Joan “Nanny” Wesson, and my great aunt, Aunt Sydney, who both continue to be major pillars of strength and support in my life. We typically speak at least once a week by phone, but there have been times when I have slipped and a few weeks will have gone by without speaking to either of them. For those missed moments and 4 conversations I am sorry. They both continue to be wonderful family members who are never at a loss for words and advice as I continue this journey. I would like to thank my committee members for their shrewd advice and insights into academic life over the years, as well as their willingness to serve on this committee. Dr. Leonardo Villalón agreed to serve as chair of my committee in spite of never having taken a course from him. Dr. Goran Hyden, who recently retired in Spring 2008 after an illustrious career spanning forty plus years, is the biggest source of inspiration during my stay at UF. I have been fortunate to take three of his courses and witness his tireless work-ethic and commitment to Africa and Africanists. I am amazed and still wonder where he gets his gets his energy. Dr. Staffan Lindberg has been a great recent addition to The Political Science Department and CAS in recent years. He is also a good friend who has offered sound advice on a number of occasions that I have tried to incorporate here. I will most remember Staffan’s generosity with his time, as well as his willingness to open up his home every six weeks or so for his “Fire-Site” sessions. Africanists would get together to eat, drink, and be merry- but it was also a forum for Africanist graduate students to think through a number of issues and concerns. I will surely miss the stimulating conversations and wonderful food. Dr. Aida Hozic has also been a wonderful source of wisdom in getting me to think through many of the issues that I have struggled with. My only regret with Aida is that I never took one of her courses. I also would like to thank Dr. Milagros Peña from The Women’s Studies Center who was willing to serve as my outside committee member on such short notice. Her insights on women’s issues have made this dissertation stronger. I also want to thank The Department of Political Science faculty for a warm and collegial environment that made this challenge all the more enjoyable. In addition, my graduate cohort 5 was a diverse mixture of international and American students who made my doctoral experience a lot less painful, and a little more fun. Finally, I just want to thank the administrative staff, Debbie Wallen, Sue Lawless-Yanchisin, and Andrew Blair, for all their assistance and help over the years. If it wasn’t for these three, nothing in the department would ever get done. Thank you for everything! A special thanks also goes out to the Africanist librarians, Dr. Dan Reboussin and Peter Malanchuk, who just happen to have a passion for African studies, and are the world’s greatest librarians. I was fortunate to work for Dan and Peter from 2003-2005 as their library assistant, ordering new materials and helping maintain UF’s Africana collection. I thoroughly enjoyed picking and choosing which items would be ordered, and I personally benefited on a number of occasions. Thanks Peter and Dan for all your help over the years. I also would like to thank Dr. JoAnn DiGeorgio-Lutz, professor and chair of The Department of Political Science, Texas A&M University-Commerce, for her friendship and advice over the years. She continues to be a great friend that I have worked and traveled with on several occasions. No one will be more excited than JoAnn to know that I have finally defended and am done! In addition, I would like to extend king regards to The American Council of Learned Societies for a 2008-2009 Dissertation Completion Fellowship. Words cannot express my thanks and gratitude for their support this academic year. Finally I would like to say thank you to the two most cherished individuals in my life: my wife, Fredline Amaybel Olayinka M’Cormack-Hale, and our recently born daughter, Anaya Susan Folasade M’Cormack-Hale (2 November 2008). Fredline, I have the sincerest love and appreciation for all the support you have shown me during this endeavor. Your willingness to pick up the slack when I was feeling overwhelmed has not gone unnoticed, and I thank you my 6 dear for all of your help and sacrifice. Lastly, Anaya, you are the most precious “little mama” I have ever laid eyes on. You are my life’s greatest joy. I just thank God for your birth, because your presence has only made my life richer by the day. 7 TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ...............................................................................................................4 LIST OF TABLES .........................................................................................................................11 LIST OF FIGURES .......................................................................................................................12 ABSTRACT ...................................................................................................................................17 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................................18 Four Plus One Equals Zero: The Transitional Period (2003-2006) .......................................24 Third Republic ........................................................................................................................29 National Elections, 2006 ........................................................................................................30 Focus on North Kivu ..............................................................................................................33 Dissertation Outline ................................................................................................................39 2 CONFLICT AND FAILED STATES ....................................................................................44 North Kivu’s Crisis and Looming Challenges ........................................................................50 Politico-Administrative Context of North Kivu .....................................................................51 Impact and Influence of the RCD ....................................................................................56 Negative Non-State Actor Phenomenon .........................................................................63 Brassage ..........................................................................................................................68 War After the War ...........................................................................................................72 3 METHODOLOGICAL OVERVIEW AND DATA COLLECTION .....................................75 Research Phases ......................................................................................................................76 Archival Research ...........................................................................................................77 Elite Interviews: Governmental and Non-Governmental ................................................79 Non-Governmental Organization Work ..........................................................................81 Weekly Briefings .............................................................................................................83
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