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THE SARMATIAN REVIEW Vol. XXXI, No. 1 January 2011 Sovereignty Then and Now Józef Piłsudski arrives at Warsaw’s Central Railway Station on 11 November 1918. Piłsudski had just been freed from German captivity, and his arrival in Warsaw marked the founding of the Second Polish Republic. On16 November a provisional government was formed in Polish lands, and the first parliamentary election was set up for 26 January 1919. 1544 THE SARMATIAN REVIEW January 2011 The Sarmatian Review (ISSN 1059- In this issue: committing oneself to any program 5872) is a triannual publication of the Polish Sarmatian Review Data . 1545 or views. Institute of Houston. The journal deals with With less than half the eligible Polish, Central, and Eastern European affairs, Richard J. Hunter, Jr. and Leo V. and it explores their implications for the United Ryan, C.S.V., Polish Election 2010: voters participating, there were no States. We specialize in the translation of Possible Political and Economic surprises. Overall, the Civic documents. Sarmatian Review is indexed in the Implications . .1547 American Bibliography of Slavic and East Platform (PO) won with 32 percent European Studies, EBSCO, and P.A.I.S. Joanna Rostropowicz Clark, The Two of the vote; Law and Justice (PiS) International Database. Since September 1997, Lives of Ludwik Gumplowicz (review) got 23 percent. For reasons that files in PDF format are available at the Central . .1549 remain unclear, a large percentage and Eastern European Online Library Agnieszka Gutthy, The Intelligentsia, (www.ceeol.com). of the ballots (3 million) were Empire, and Civilization in the Subscription price is $21.00 per year for invalidated. individuals, $28.00 for institutions and Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries libraries ($28.00 for individuals, $35.00 for (review) . 1551 The elections were preceded by libraries overseas, air mail). The views expressed Katherine Jolluck, The Ice Road: An a political murder. On 19 October by authors of articles do not necessarily represent those of the Editors or of the Polish Institute of Epic Journey from the Stalinist Labor 2010 Marek Rosiak, aide to EU MP Houston. Articles are subject to editing. Camps to Freedom (review). .1552 Janusz Wojciechowski (member of Unsolicited manuscripts and other materials are Joanna Nižyƒska, Body. Gender. PiS), was murdered in the PiS office not returned unless accompanied by a self- Concentration Camps (review). 1553 addressed and stamped envelope. Please submit in Łódê. The assailant, Ryszard C., Primeval and Other your contribution electronically and, if Chad Heltzel, had a history of expressing his requested, send a printout by air mail. Times (review) . .1555 hatred of PiS and shouted anti-PiS Submissions and Letters to the Editor can be e- Raymond Gawronski, SJ, A Postcard invectives. He shot and killed mailed to <[email protected]>, with the from the Volcano (review) . 1556 accompanying mailing return address. Other Rosiak, then wounded Paweł letters and subscription queries should be Paweł Styrna, Bulletin of the Institute emailed to <[email protected]>. of National Remembrance (Katyƒ), Kowalski, an aide to PiS MP Subscription checks should be mailed to no. 4(111) (review) . 1558 Jarosław Jagiełło, with a knife. The The Sarmatian Review, P. O. Box Adam R. Seipp, 303 Squadron: the choice of victims seems to be 79119, Houston, Texas 77279–9119. Legendary Battle of Britain Fighter accidental—what is not accidental The Sarmatian Review retains the copyright for Squadron (review). .1559 is that the assailant chose the office all materials included in print and online issues. More BOOKS . 1560 Copies for personal or educational use are of PiS and not that of any other permitted by section 107 and 108 of the U.S. Adam Mickiewicz, Pan Tadeusz party. Ryszad C. was arrested and Copyright Law. Permission to redistribute, (Book Six), tranlated by Christopher is presently under psychiatric republish, or use SR materials in advertising or A. Zakrzewski . 1562 observation. Nothing like promotion must be submitted in writing to the About the Authors. .1569 Editor. attributing a political murder to Editor: Ewa Thompson (Rice University). Thank You Note . .1570 Associate Editors: Tamara Trojanowska Announcements & Notes . .1570 mental derangement—see a (University of Toronto), Bogdan Czaykowski, pertinent commentary in Polish at 1932–2007 (University of British Columbia). OUR TAKE <http://knappestoper.salon24.pl/ Editorial Advisory Committee: George Gasyna (University of Illinois-Urbana), Janusz A. Local Elections in Poland 242071,racjonalnosc-zbrodni- Ihnatowicz (University of Saint Thomas- n 20 November 2010, ryszarda-c>. As the commentator Houston), Bozena Karwowska (University of noted, this incident doubtless British Columbia), Joseph A.Kotarba O elections to local self- (University of Houston), Alex Kurczaba governments took place in Poland. persuaded some people to not vote (University of Illinois-Chicago), Marcus D. Mayors, members of the local for PiS—it might be dangerous to Leuchter, 1909–2008 (Holocaust Museum Houston),Witold J. Lukaszewski (Sam Houston parliaments (Sejmiki), and their health! State University), Theresa Kurk McGinley ( councilmen were elected and often Bottom line: the elections did not Lone Star College-North Harris), Michael J. bring change. PiS predictably lost; Mikos (University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee), reelected. Good news: PO and PiS Jan Rybicki (Kraków Pedagogical University), are still the largest parties, and this PO gained, but not significantly. Dariusz Skórczewski (Catholic University of means that Poland is moving toward The real fight will come in 2011 Lublin), Piotr Wilczek (University of Warsaw). Copy Editor: Cyndy Brown a two-party system. The when elections to the Sejm will take Web Pages: Lisa Spiro (Rice University), Kern postcommunist SLD and the place. ◊ Vijayvargiya (Rice University). curiously colorless PSL still get a Web Address: http://www.ruf.rice.edu/~sarmatia. 1234567890123456789012345678901212345 two-digit support, but PSL is 1234567890123456789012345678901212345 1234567890123456789012345678901212345 1234567890123456789012345678901212345 Alternate Web Address: Central and East 1234567890123456789012345678901212345 increasingly becoming a no- 1234567890123456789012345678901212345 European Online Library (www.ceeol.com), 1234567890123456789012345678901212345 1234567890123456789012345678901212345 commitment party that one joins as 1234567890123456789012345678901212345 under Periodicals—United States— 1234567890123456789012345678901212345 Sarmatian Review. the first step in one’s career without January 2011 SARMATIAN REVIEW 1545 Sarmatian Review Data Are our media biased? Amount of money 1,160 employees of the big three networks (ABC, CBS, NBC) gave to Democratic candi- dates and campaign committees in 2008: 1.02 million dollars. Amount of money 193 employees of the same networks gave to Republican candidates and campaign commit- tees: 142.863 dollars. Amount of money given by these employees directly to the Obama campaign: 461,898 dollars; to John McCain campaign, 26,926 dollars. Number of White House correspondents who in 1988 voted for Democratic candidate for president: 12; for Republican candidate: one. Number of Washington Bureau chiefs and congressional correspondents who in 1992 voted for the Democratic candidate for president: 89 percent; for the Republican candidate, 7 percent; for Independent Ross Perot, 2 percent. Percentage of journalists (sample size, 300 journalists) who in 2004 voted for Democratic candidate for presi- dent: 52 percent; for Republican candidate: 19 percent; percentage of journalists who refused to say for whom they voted: 21 percent. Source: “Media Bias: The Chasm Widens,” Investors Business Daily, 10 September 2010, p. A13. Western Europeans lecture Eastern Europeans on human rights Number of Roma individuals expelled from France in 2010: about 8,000. Number of Roma expelled back to Romania from Denmark and Sweden in July 2010: 23 and 50, respectively. Number of Roma paid by Germans to return to Romania in 2009: over 100. Source: Antoine Blua and Robert Tait, “Roma’s Expulsions Challenge Europe’s Benevolent Self-Image,” Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty (www.rferl.org/content/ Roma_Expulsions_Challenge_Europes_Benevolent_SelfImage_/2163231.html), 20 September 2010 (accessed 20 September 2010). Number of copies sold of Thilo Sarrazin’s book Deutschland schafft sich ab (in which Sarrazin made disparag- ing comments about Jews and Muslims), released 30 August 2010: 1.1 million, as of 30 September 2010. Source: “Thilo Sarrazin im F.A.Z.-Interview,” Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, 30 September 2010 (accessed 30 September 2010). Quality of life in contemporary Poland Ranking of Poland (score: 0.56) in the uSwitch Quality of Life Index assembled in September 2010: fifth out of nine, after France (score: 6.94), Spain, Denmark, and Germany, and before Netherlands, Italy, Sweden, UK and Ireland (score: -7.97). Reasons for low ranking of the developed western Euroepan countries: late retirement age, long working hours. Source: <http://www.uswitch.com/news/money/uk-worst-place-to-live-in-europe-uswitch-quality-of-life-index>, 21 September 2010 (accessed 23 September 2010). The Polish Republican tradition thrives in spite of poverty Number of Poles who in 2009 supported civil society organizations with 1 percent of their annual income tax: 7.3 million (over two million more than the year before). Progressive increase in total donations: from 2.8 million dollars
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    The history of slavery covers slave systems in historical perspective in which one human being is legally the property of another, can be bought or sold, is not allowed to escape and must work for the owner without any choice involved. As Drescher (2009) argues, "The most crucial and frequently utilized aspect of the condition is a communally recognized right by some individuals to possess, buy, sell, discipline, transport, liberate, or otherwise dispose of the bodies and behavior of other individuals."[1] An integral element is that children of a slave mother automatically become slaves.[2] It does not include historical forced labor by prisoners, labor camps, or other forms of unfree labor in which laborers are not considered property. Slavery can be traced back to the earliest records, such as the Code of Hammurabi (c. 1760 BC), which refers to it as an established institution.[3] Slavery is rare among hunter-gatherer populations as slavery depends on a system of social stratification. Slavery typically also requires a shortage of labor and a surplus of land to be viable.[4] David P. Forsythe wrote: "The fact remained that at the beginning of the nineteenth century an estimated three-quarters of all people alive were trapped in bondage against their will either in some form of slavery or serfdom."[5] Slavery is no longer legal anywhere in the world.[6] Mauritania abolished it in law in 1981[7] and was the last country to do so – see Abolition of slavery timeline. However, the number of slaves today is higher than at any point in history,[8]
  • Katyn Massacre – Basic Facts

    Katyn Massacre – Basic Facts

    The Person and the Challenges Volume 3 (2013) Number 2, p. 65–92 Monika Komaniecka, Krystyna Samsonowska, Mateusz Szpytma, Anna Zechenter Monika Komaniecka, Institute of National Remembrance, Cracow, Poland Krystyna Samsonowska, Jagiellonian University, Cracow, Poland Mateusz Szpytma, Institute of National Remembrance, Cracow, Poland Anna Zechenter, Institute of National Remembrance, Cracow, Poland Katyn Massacre – Basic Facts Abstract Katyn is a symbol of the criminal policy of the Soviet system against the Polish nation. The present study aims to demonstrate the basic facts of Katyn massacre – the execution of almost 22,000 people: Polish prisoners of war in Katyn, Kharkov, Kalinin (Tver) and also other Polish prisoners (soldiers and civilians), which took place in the spring of 1940 in different places of the Soviet Ukraine and Belarus republics based on the decision of the Soviet authorities, that is the Political Bureau of All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) of March 5, 1940. This article refers not only to the massacre itself, but also its origin, historical processes and the lies accompanying Katyn massacre. Keywords Katyn massacre, Soviet policy, All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks). The term ‘Katyn massacre’ refers to the execution in the spring of 1940 of almost 22,000 people: Polish prisoners of war in Katyn, Kharkov, Kalinin (Tver) and also prisoners (soldiers and civilians), in different places of the Soviet Ukraine and Belarus republics based on the decision of the Soviet authorities, that is the Political Bureau of All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) of March 5, 1940. The commonly used expression referring to the simultaneous murders at many locations includes only the name of one of them, where the bodies of the officers were buried.