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The History of Slavery Covers Slave Systems in Historical Perspective In

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The History of Slavery Covers Slave Systems in Historical Perspective In The history of slavery covers slave systems in historical perspective in which one human being is legally the property of another, can be bought or sold, is not allowed to escape and must work for the owner without any choice involved. As Drescher (2009) argues, "The most crucial and frequently utilized aspect of the condition is a communally recognized right by some individuals to possess, buy, sell, discipline, transport, liberate, or otherwise dispose of the bodies and behavior of other individuals."[1] An integral element is that children of a slave mother automatically become slaves.[2] It does not include historical forced labor by prisoners, labor camps, or other forms of unfree labor in which laborers are not considered property. Slavery can be traced back to the earliest records, such as the Code of Hammurabi (c. 1760 BC), which refers to it as an established institution.[3] Slavery is rare among hunter-gatherer populations as slavery depends on a system of social stratification. Slavery typically also requires a shortage of labor and a surplus of land to be viable.[4] David P. Forsythe wrote: "The fact remained that at the beginning of the nineteenth century an estimated three-quarters of all people alive were trapped in bondage against their will either in some form of slavery or serfdom."[5] Slavery is no longer legal anywhere in the world.[6] Mauritania abolished it in law in 1981[7] and was the last country to do so – see Abolition of slavery timeline. However, the number of slaves today is higher than at any point in history,[8] remaining as high as 12 million[9] to 27 million.[10][11] Contents 1 Origins 2 Europe 2.1 Ancient Greece 2.2 Rome 2.3 Celtic Tribes 2.4 The Vikings and Scandinavia 2.5 Middle Ages 2.6 Portugal 2.7 Spain 2.8 Netherlands 2.9 Great Britain and Ireland 2.9.1 Barbary Corsairs 2.9.2 Atlantic slave trade 2.10 Pre-industrial Europe 2.11 Modern Europe 3 Africa 3.1 Sub-Saharan Africa 3.1.1 Christian Slaves 3.1.2 African participation in the slave trade 3.2 Modern times 4 The Americas 4.1 Among indigenous peoples 4.2 Brazil 4.2.1 Resistance and abolition 4.3 Other South American countries 4.4 British and French Caribbean 4.5 North America 4.5.1 Early events 4.5.2 Slavery in American colonial law 4.5.3 Development of slavery 4.5.4 Early United States law 4.5.5 Civil War 5 Asia 6 Oceania 6.1 Hawaii 6.2 New Zealand 6.3 Chatham Islands 6.4 Rapa Nui / Easter Island 7 Abolitionist movements 7.1 Britain 7.2 France 7.2.1 Abolition 7.2.2 Napoleon restores slavery 7.3 United States 7.4 Congress of Vienna 7.5 Twentieth century worldwide 8 Bibliography 8.1 Greece and Rome 8.2 Africa and Middle East 8.3 Latin America and British Empire 8.4 United States 9 See also 10 References 11 External links Origins Main article: Slavery in antiquity C. 1480 BC, fugitive slave treaty between Idrimi of Alakakh (now Tell Atchana) and Pillia of Kizzuwatna (now Cilicia). Evidence of slavery predates written records, and has existed in many cultures.[12] Slavery is rare among hunter–gatherer populations, as slavery is a system of social stratification. Mass slavery also requires economic surpluses and a high population density to be viable. Due to these factors, the practice of slavery would have only proliferated after the invention of agriculture during the Neolithic Revolution about 11,000 years ago.[4] Slavery was known in civilizations as old as Sumer, as well as almost every other ancient civilization, including Ancient Egypt, Ancient China, the Akkadian Empire, Assyria, Ancient India, Ancient Greece, the Roman Empire, the Islamic Caliphate, and the pre-Columbian civilizations of the Americas.[12] Such institutions were a mixture of debt-slavery, punishment for crime, the enslavement of prisoners of war, child abandonment, and the birth of slave children to slaves.[13] Europe Slaves working in a mine. Ancient Greece. Cast of the corpse of a prisoner (as evidenced by the manacles that remain on his ankles) recovered from the ruins of Pompeii, 79 AD Gustave Boulanger's painting The Slave Market Ancient Greece See also: Slavery in ancient Greece Records of slavery in Ancient Greece go as far back as Mycenaean Greece. The origins are not known, but it appears that slavery became an important part of the economy and society only after the establishment of cities.[14] Slavery was common practice and an integral component of ancient Greece throughout its rich history, as it was in other societies of the time including ancient Israel and early Christian societies.[15][16][17] It is estimated that in Athens, the majority of citizens owned at least one slave. Most ancient writers considered slavery not only natural but necessary, but some isolated debate began to appear, notably in Socratic dialogues while the Stoics produced the first condemnation of slavery recorded in history.[17] During the 8th and the 7th centuries BC, in the course of the two Messenian Wars the Spartans reduced an entire population to a pseudo-slavery called helotry.[18] According to Herodotus (IX, 28–29), helots were seven times as numerous as Spartans. Following several helot revolts around the year 600 BC, the Spartans restructured their city-state along authoritarian lines, for the leaders decided that only by turning their society into an armed camp could they hope to maintain control over the numerically dominant helot population.[19] In some Ancient Greek city states about 30% of the population consisted of slaves, but paid and slave labor seem to have been equally important.[20] Rome See also: Slavery in ancient Rome Romans inherited the institution of slavery from the Greeks and the Phoenicians.[21] As the Roman Republic expanded outward, entire populations were enslaved, thus creating an ample supply to work in Rome's farms and households. The people subjected to Roman slavery came from all over Europe and the Mediterranean. Such oppression by an elite minority eventually led to slave revolts; the Third Servile War led by Spartacus was the most famous and severe. Greeks, Berbers, Germans, Britons, Slavs, Thracians, Gauls (or Celts), Jews, Arabs, and many more were slaves used not only for labor, but also for amusement (e.g. gladiators and sex slaves). If a slave ran away, he was liable to be crucified. By the late Republican era, slavery had become a vital economic pillar in the wealth of Rome.[22] In the Roman Empire, probably over 25% of the empire's population,[23] and 30 to 40% of the population of Italy[24] was enslaved. Celtic Tribes Celtic tribes of Europe are recorded by various Roman sources as owning slaves. The extent of slavery in prehistorical Europe is not well known however.[25] The Vikings and Scandinavia Main articles: Thrall and Volga trade route In the Viking era beginning circa 793, the Norse raiders often captured and enslaved militarily weaker peoples they encountered. In the Nordic countries the slaves were called thralls (Old Norse: Þræll).[26] The thralls were mostly from Western Europe, among them many Franks, Anglo-Saxons, and Celts. Many Irish slaves participated in the colonization of Iceland.[27] There is evidence of German, Baltic, Slavic and Latin slaves as well. The slave trade was one of the pillars of Norse commerce during the 6th through 11th centuries. The Persian traveller Ibn Rustah described how Swedish Vikings, the Varangians or Rus, terrorized and enslaved the Slavs. The thrall system was finally abolished in the mid-14th century in Scandinavia.[28] Middle Ages Main article: Slavery in medieval Europe Chaos and invasion made the taking of slaves habitual throughout Europe in the early Middle Ages. St. Patrick, himself captured and sold as a slave, protested against an attack that enslaved newly baptized Christians in his Letter to the Soldiers of Coroticus. Ottoman advances resulted in many captive Christians being carried deep into Muslim territory. Slavery during the Early Middle Ages had several distinct sources. Jewish participation in the slave trade was recorded starting in the 5th century.[29] After the Muslim conquests of North Africa and most of the Iberian peninsula, the Islamic world became a huge importer of Saqaliba (Slavic) slaves from central and eastern Europe.[30] Olivia Remie Constable wrote: "Muslim and Jewish merchants brought slaves into al-Andalus from eastern Europe and Christian Spain, and then re-exported them to other regions of the Islamic world."[31] This trade came to an end after the Christianisation of Slavic countries. The etymology of the word slave comes from this period, the word sklabos meaning Slav.[32][33] The Vikings raided across Europe, though their slave raids were the most destructive in the British Isles and Eastern Europe. While the Vikings kept some slaves for themselves as servants, known as thralls, most people captured by the Vikings would be sold on the Byzantine or Islamic markets. In the West the targets of Viking slavery were primarily English, Irish, and Scottish, while in the East they were mainly Slavs. The Viking slave trade slowly ended in the 11th century, as the Vikings settled in the European territories they once raided, Christianized serfdom, and merged with the local populace.[26] The Islamic World was a main factor in slavery. Islamic law forbade Muslims to enslave fellow Muslims or so-called People of the Book: Christians, Jews, and Zoroastrians, but an exception was made if they were captured in battle.
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