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Conservation of Greater Sage-Grouse

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Conservation of Greater Sage-Grouse #714 CHAPTER TWENTY-FOUR Conservation of Greater Sage-Grouse A SYNTHESIS OF CURRENT TRENDS AND FUTURE MANAGEMENT J. W. Connelly, S. T. Knick, C. E. Braun, W. L. Baker, E. A. Beever, T. Christiansen, K. E. Doherty, E. O. Garton, S. E. Hanser, D. H. Johnson, M. Leu, R. F. Miller, D. E. Naugle, S. J. Oyler-McCance, D. A. Pyke, K. P. Reese, M. A. Schroeder, S. J. Stiver, B. L. Walker, and M. J. Wisdom Abstract. Recent analyses of Greater Sage-Grouse very low densities in some areas, coupled with (Centrocercus urophasianus) populations indicate large areas of important sagebrush habitat that are substantial declines in many areas but relatively relatively unaffected by the human footprint, sug- stable populations in other portions of the species’ gest that Greater Sage-Grouse populations may be range. Sagebrush (Artemisia spp.) habitats neces- able to persist into the future. We summarize the sary to support sage-grouse are being burned by status of sage-grouse populations and habitats, large wildfires, invaded by nonnative plants, and provide a synthesis of major threats and chal- developed for energy resources (gas, oil, and lenges to conservation of sage-grouse, and suggest wind). Management on public lands, which con- a roadmap to attaining conservation goals. tain 70% of sagebrush habitats, has changed over the last 30 years from large sagebrush control Key Words: Centrocercus urophasianus, Greater projects directed at enhancing livestock grazing to Sage-Grouse, habitats, management, populations, a greater emphasis on projects that often attempt restoration, sagebrush. to improve or restore ecological integrity. Never- theless, the mandate to manage public lands to Conservación del Greater Sage-Grouse: provide traditional consumptive uses as well as Una Síntesis de las Tendencias Actuales y del recreation and wilderness values is not likely to Manejo Futuro change in the near future. Consequently, demand and use of resources contained in sagebrush land- Resumen. Los análisis recientes de poblaciones de scapes plus the associated infrastructure to sup- Greater Sage-Grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus) port increasing human populations in the western indican declinaciones substanciales en muchas United States will continue to challenge efforts to áreas, pero con poblaciones relativamente esta- conserve Greater Sage-Grouse. The continued bles en otras porciones de la distribución de esta widespread distribution of sage-grouse, albeit at especie. Los hábitats de artemisa (Artemisia spp.) Connelly, J. W., S. T. Knick, C. E. Braun, W. L. Baker, E. A. Beever, T. Christiansen, K. E. Doherty, E. O. Garton, S. E. Hanser, D. H. Johnson, M. Leu, R. F. Miller, D. E. Naugle, S. J. Oyler-McCance, D. A. Pyke, K. P. Reese, M. A. Schroeder, S. J. Stiver, B. L. Walker, and M. J. Wisdom. 2011. Conservation of Greater Sage-Grouse: a synthesis of current trends and future management. Pp. 549–563 in S. T. Knick and J. W. Connelly (editors). Greater Sage-Grouse: ecology and conservation of a landscape species and habitats. Studies in Avian Biology (vol. 38), University of California Press, Berkeley, CA. 549 Knick_ch24.indd 549 3/1/11 11:43:25 AM necesarios para sustentar al sage-grouse están poblaciones humanas en el oeste de los Estados siendo quemados por grandes incendios natu- Unidos, continuarán desafiando los esfuerzos rales, invadidos por plantas introducidas, y para conservar al Greater Sage-Grouse. La ince- desarrollados para recursos energéticos (gas, sante extensa distribución del sage-grouse, no petróleo, y energía eólica). El manejo de tierras obstante sus bajas densidades en algunas áreas, públicas, las cuales contienen el 70% del hábitat junto con grandes áreas del importante hábitat de de sagebrush, ha cambiado durante los últimos artemisa que se encuentran relativamente ina- 30 años: desde grandes proyectos de control del fectadas por la mano del hombre, sugieren que sagebrush dirigidos a aumentar el pastoreo de las poblaciones del Greater Sage-Grouse podrán ganado, a un mayor énfasis en los proyectos que persistir en el futuro. Resumimos el estado de las intentan a menudo mejorar o restaurar la integri- poblaciones y de los hábitats del sage-grouse, pro- dad ecológica. Sin embargo, el mandato que incita porcionamos una síntesis de amenazas y de a manejar tierras públicas para proporcionar apli- desafíos importantes a la conservación del sage- caciones de consumo tradicionales, así como grouse, y sugerimos un mapa para lograr metas valores de recreación y de áreas naturales, proba- de conservación. blemente no vaya a cambiar en un futuro cercano. Por lo tanto, la demanda y el uso de los recursos Palabras Clave: artemisa (sagebrush), Centrocercus contenidos en paisajes de artemisa, más la infrae- urophasianus, gestión, Greater Sage-Grouse, hábi- structura asociada al soporte de las crecientes tats, poblaciones, restauración. he Greater Sage-Grouse (Centrocercus dominated landscapes to exotic annual grasslands urophasianus; hereafter, sage-grouse), now following these fires further increases the likeli- Toccupies only 56% of its likely distribution hood of future fire (Miller et al., this volume, prior to European settlement (Schroeder et al. chapter 10) and decreases any potential for recov- 2004). Range-wide, populations have been declin- ery or restoration (Pyke, this volume, chapter 23). ing at an average of 2.0% per year from 1965 to Along with these habitat changes, sage-grouse 2003 (Connelly et al. 2004). Concerns about declin- populations in some portions of the species’ range ing sage-grouse populations (Braun 1995, Connelly have continued to decline (Garton et al., this vol- and Braun 1997, Connelly et al. 2004, Schroeder ume, chapter 15) despite the collaborative efforts et al. 2004) coupled with information on habitat of many local working groups (Stiver, this volume, loss (Connelly et al. 2004) have prompted multiple chapter 2). petitions to list the species under the Endangered We do not expect land uses to decrease, Species Act (Stiver, this volume, chapter 2). because growing human populations will The United States Fish and Wildlife Service increase demand for traditional consumptive determined in 2010 that listing Greater Sage- resources and recreation. Thus, the human foot- Grouse under the Endangered Species Act was print (Leu and Hanser, this volume, chapter 13) biologically warranted but was precluded by other is likely to continue to influence sagebrush-dom- higher priorities (United States Department of inated landscapes (Knick et al., this volume, the Interior 2010). During the four years since the chapter 12). Nevertheless, the continued wide- first detailed range-wide analysis of sage-grouse spread distribution of sage-grouse (although populations and sagebrush habitats (Connelly some areas have very low densities) and rela- et al. 2004), negative impacts of energy develop- tively large areas providing key sagebrush ment and West Nile virus on Greater Sage-Grouse habitats suggest that long-term conservation of were documented (Naugle et al. 2004, 2005; Hol- sage-grouse populations should be possible. This loran et al. 2005; Aldridge and Boyce 2007; chapter summarizes information on Greater Doherty et al. 2008; Walker 2008). Hundreds of Sage-Grouse populations and habitats presented thousands of hectares of sagebrush (Artemisia in this volume, provides a synthesis of major spp.) steppe were also burned by wildfire (Miller threats and challenges to conservation of Greater et al., this volume, chapter 10; Baker, this volume, Sage-Grouse, and suggests a roadmap to attain- chapter 11). Large-scale conversion of sagebrush- ing conservation goals. 550 STUDIES IN AVIAN BIOLOGY NO. 38 Knick and Connelly KKnick_ch24.inddnick_ch24.indd 555050 33/1/11/1/11 111:43:251:43:25 AAMM All state and provincial fish and wildlife agencies CURRENT KNOWLEDGE OF POPULATIONS monitor sage-grouse breeding populations annu- The Greater Sage-Grouse is genetically distinct ally, but monitoring techniques have varied some- from the congeneric Gunnison Sage-Grouse what among areas and years both within and ( Centrocercus minimus). Greater Sage-Grouse pop- among agencies. This methodological variation ulations in Washington and the Lyon-Mono popu- complicates attempts to understand grouse popu- lation, spanning the border between Nevada and lation trends and make comparisons among areas California, also have unique genetic characteris- (Connelly et al. 2004). Population monitoring tics (Oyler-McCance and Quinn, this volume, efforts increased substantially between 1965 and chapter 5) but have not been described as separate 2007 throughout the range of sage-grouse (Garton species. The distribution of genetic variation has et al., this volume, chapter 15). The largest increases shifted gradually across the range, suggesting in effort occurred in the Great Plains Sage-Grouse movement among neighboring populations is not Management Zone (SMZ)(parts of Alberta, yet likely across the species’ range (Oyler- McCance Saskatchewan, Montana, North Dakota, South et al. 2005b). Most populations have similar levels Dakota, and Wyoming) and Colorado Plateau SMZ of genetic diversity even at the periphery of the (representing parts of Utah and Colorado). In 2007, range. With declining populations and habitat as a minimum of 88,816 male sage-grouse were well as increased threats from anthropogenic counted on 5,042 leks throughout western North sources, however, current connectivity among America (Garton et al., this volume, chapter 15). populations may
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