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IFLA JOURNAL

Official Journal of the International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions Volume 31 (2005) No. 4, pp. 297–398. ISSN 0340-0352 SAGE Publications

CONTENTS

Editorial: Hallo from Oslo! Stephen Parker ...... 299 Correction and Apology: Samira Sambaino and Laura Susan Ward ...... 300 Freedom of Information in a Modern Society Francis Sejersted ...... 301 Rising from the Wreckage: development of tsunami-affected libraries in Sri Lanka Upali Amarasiri ...... 307 Public Libraries and the Millennium Development Goals Ellen Forsyth ...... 315 Copyright and Book Piracy in Pakistan Khalid Mahmood and Muhammad Ilyas ...... 324 Bioinformatics and the Library and Information Science Community Harinder P.S. Kalra ...... 333 Globalization of Information and the Nigerian Librarian Josephine I. Iwe ...... 342 REPORTS TO COUNCIL IN OSLO President’s Report Kay Raseroka ...... 350 Kay Raseroka, IFLA President 2003–2005 Alex Byrne ...... 355 Partnership to Advance Library and Information Service: Presidential Address Alex Byrne ...... 357 Secretary General’s Report Peter Lor ...... 360 Committee on Copyright and other Legal Matters (CLM) Winston Tabb ...... 364 Committee on Free Access to Information and Freedom of Expression (FAIFE) Paul Sturges ...... 368 NEWS (with separate Table of Contents) ...... 370 INTERNATIONAL CALENDAR ...... 390 ABSTRACTS 391 — SOMMAIRES 392 — ZUSAMMENFASSUNGEN 393 — RESÚMENES 394 — Ρефераты статей 395 ...... 391 Index, Vol. 31, 2005 ...... 397 Notes for Contributors ...... 398

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EDITORIAL Hallo from Oslo!

Stephen Parker local communities and the response of the inter- national community. Noting that the rebuilding Like the Berlin conference two years ago, the of the village-based social fabric in the coastal World Library and Information Congress in zone of Sri Lanka is the principal challenge at Oslo, on the theme, ‘Libraries: a Voyage of Dis- present, Mr Amarasiri concludes by emphasizing covery’, was blessed with beautiful weather and the need to keep libraries on the reconstruction an impressive number of participants. Some agenda and to establish an international rapid 3,000 speakers, delegates, exhibitors, volunteers response team able to team up with local and accompanying persons from 133 countries librarians, archivists, archaeologists and others in enjoyed brilliant sunshine, warm temperatures countries affected by similar disasters to identify and even warmer Norwegian hospitality. vulnerable resources, assess the damage and take Officially opened by the Minister of Culture and remedial action. Church Affairs in the presence of His Majesty King Harald V of Norway, the Congress got off More papers from the Oslo Congress will appear to a flying start with lively and original musical in the next issue (Vol. 32, no. 1, March 2006. and dramatic presentations. Meanwhile, we go on to present a number of general papers submitted for publication in The opening ceremony included the Congress recent months. The first of these, ‘Public keynote address, ‘Freedom of Information in a Libraries and the Millennium Development Modern Society’ by Professor Francis Sejersted Goals’, by Ellen Forsyth, discusses the contri- of the Norwegian Institute for Social Research, bution which public libraries can make to the which is the first of two Oslo papers to be achievement of the eight United Nations Millen- included in this issue. Noting that the Nor- nium Development Goals, highlighting the wegian Parliament had recently adopted a new importance of libraries to community develop- article of the Constitution on freedom of ment and providing examples, such as mobile expression, Professor Sejersted goes on to libraries in slums and reading tents, where public discuss the problems confronting a liberal libraries are already helping in the achievement society in this connection, giving special atten- of the Millennium Development Goals in tion to the conditions for the freedom of infor- various parts of the world. mation in a modern society, the problems of information policy of public authorities and the The next paper, ‘Copyright and Book Piracy in problems and possibilities arising from new Pakistan’, by Khalid Mahmood and Muhammad technological developments. The paper empha- Ilyas, notes that Pakistan has to face tremendous sizes the importance of the institutional setting pressure from Western countries due to wide- and the need for diversity. spread book piracy in the country and presents the results of a survey of the views of book trade The second Oslo paper in this issue was pre- representatives in Pakistan on the issues of copy- sented in the first plenary session of the right and book piracy. The survey revealed that Congress. In ‘Rising from the Wreckage: develop- the high price of foreign books is the main cause ment of tsunami-affected libraries in Sri Lanka’, of book piracy in Pakistan, and that local pub- the Director of the National Library and Docu- lishers and booksellers are the major beneficiar- mentation Centre of Sri Lanka and the National ies. The authors put forward suggestions for Library and Documentation Services Board, protecting copyright in Pakistan, but conclude Upali Amarasiri, describes the devastation that measures to minimize book piracy will not caused to public, school and other kinds of be successful until books at low price are avail- libraries and public records by the tsunami which able for local readers. hit the coasts of Sri Lanka and other Asian countries on 26 December 2004. He goes on to The next paper takes us into a very different area outline the rebuilding efforts now under way, and one which is new to IFLA Journal – and including the establishment of a national disaster possibly to many readers. In ‘Bioinformatics management committee for library and infor- and the Library and Information Science mation services and archives, the involvement of Community’ Harinder P.S. Kalra discusses the

Copyright © 2005 International Federation of Library Associations & Institutions (www.ifla.org). IFLA Journal 31(4): 299–300. ISSN: 0340-0352. DOI: 10.1177/0340035205061227 299 01_editorial_061227 (jk-t) 30/11/05 1:05 pm Page 300

Editorial

emergence of bioinformatics in the last three local, state, and federal governments of Nigeria decades as a trans-disciplinary area drawing on should increase the resources allocated to edu- many subjects, and emphasizes that the core cation and information and increase their invest- activities of library and information science can ment in the human capital required to maximize be of immense value in advancing the theoreti- the benefits of ICT applications in a globalized cal foundations of this emerging subject, as well system. as developing mechanisms and tools for provid- ing quality biomedical information in a timely Although more Oslo Congress papers will not manner. appear until next year, this issue includes a number of the official reports submitted to IFLA In the final paper in this issue, ‘Globalization of Council in Oslo, including the President’s Report, Information and the Nigerian Librarian’, a tribute to outgoing President Kay Raseroka by Josephine I. Iwe notes that the globalization of incoming President Alex Byrne, and Alex Byrne’s information is strongly identified with the appli- own Presidential Address, ‘Partnership to cation of information and communications tech- Advance Library and Information Service’. Also nologies (ICTs). Nigerian librarians may be included are the Secretary General’s Report and constrained from maximizing ICT usage and reports from the Committee on Copyright and application but have many opportunities and other Legal Matters (CLM) and the Committee new possibilities for the future in a globalized on Free Access to Information and Freedom of economic system. The author proposes that the Expression (FAIFE).

Correction and Apology: Samira Sambaino and Laura Susan Ward

In IFLA Journal Vol. 31 no. 3, the authors’ photographs for Samira Sambaino (‘Images and Sounds in Uruguay’, p. 249) and Laura Susan Ward (‘A Revolution in Preservation: digitizing political posters at the National Library of Cuba’, p. 260) were accidentally transposed. The correct photographs are shown below. Our apologies to both contributors.

Samira Sambaino Laura Susan Ward

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Francis Sejersted A year ago the Norwegian Storting [Parliament] adopted a revised version of the old article 100 of the Constitution on freedom of expression. The old article had remained unchanged since the adoption of the Constitution in 1814, which is quite unique in Europe. The revision had been prepared by a commission that was appointed in 1996, and which submitted its report in 1999. During the eight years in which the new article was being con- sidered, there was a quite extensive public debate on the grounds for and restrictions on freedom of expression.

Norway is a typical Western liberal democracy, where freedom of expression and freedom of information are taken for granted. However, this does not preclude the possibility of considerable disagreement concerning where the boundaries for this freedom should be drawn. When the Swedish government took the initia- tive to make a similar study during the 1980s, it was held that the position that freedom of expression was so obvious that it was not necessary to argue for it. It was therefore sufficient to concentrate on explaining the restrictions on freedom of expression. The Nor- wegian commission took the opposite view. We might say that it took as its point of departure Hegel’s observation that a principle Francis Sejersted. Born 1936. which has been realized in practice will be deteriorated in its Institutional affiliation: Institute speculative form. One takes the principle for granted and forgets for Social Research, Box 3233 why it was so important, which may again result in debilitated Elisenberg, N-0208 Oslo, Norway. practice. Professor, Economic and Social History, University of Oslo 1971– The latter is confirmed by the American sociologist Alan Wolfe, 1998. Research fellow, Institute who has observed that the left and right political wings in the USA for Social Research 1999–2005. “are both sceptical of assigning a high priority to free speech”. The Retired 2005. Has chaired the right has always been sceptical, so “what is more surprising is the following institutions: The Nor- degree to which the left has come around to the right’s position on wegian Science Policy Council free speech”. Underprivileged groups – blacks, homosexuals, 1984–1988, the Norwegian feminists – have lost their faith in freedom of expression and Nobel Committee 1991–1998, freedom of information as an instrument of emancipation. This has the Freedom of Expression given rise to a demand for something resembling public censor- Commission 1996–1999, the ship. We can observe this tendency in Norway too. Freedom of Expression Foun- dation from 2000. Collected At the same time, we see the traditional right-wing scepticism by works in 8 volumes published the way the social authorities try to protect themselves against 2001–2003. Published in 2005: criticism by defining narrower limits for freedom of expression. In Sosialdemokratiets tidsalder, difficult situations, such as when confronted with threats of ter- Sverige og Norge i det 20. rorism, counteractive measures often include restrictions on århundre (The Age of Social freedom of expression and freedom of information. The PATRIOT Democracy. Sweden and Norway Act, which was adopted in the USA following the events of 11 in the 20th Century). E-mail: September 2001, empowers the authorities to examine libraries’ francis.sejersted@samfunnsforsk readership records and computers. ning.no There are thus good reasons for bearing in mind why freedom of expression is so important.

Freedom of expression can be justified in a number of different ways. In the USA, the human rights view, i.e. that freedom of

Copyright © 2005 International Federation of Library Associations & Institutions (www.ifla.org). IFLA Journal 31(4): 301–306. ISSN: 0340-0352. DOI: 10.1177/0340035205061233 301 02_sejersted_061233 (jk-t) 30/11/05 1:07 pm Page 302

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expression is a natural individual right, has a decisions that are taken and, secondly, as a par- strong foundation. In Europe, it is more usual to ticipant in the democratic process, one must emphasize the utilitarian ground deriving from have access to specific knowledge of the circum- the tradition of John Stuart Mill. Freedom of stances. expression and freedom of information are viewed as serving considerations external to We cannot demand to live in a society without themselves. Three such considerations are power, but we can demand that power has a normally taken into account: truth, democracy face, that we know who makes the decisions and and the free formation of opinion. This threefold why they make precisely the decisions they ground is included in the new article of the Nor- make. In The Trial, Franz Kafka presents a wegian Constitution, where it is stated that one horror scenario of a society where power has no shall be free to express oneself in the public face. No-one wants to live in such a society. One sphere provided that one does not damage the must be able to relate to the power in order to three considerations, truth, democracy and the have a reasonable degree of control over one’s free formation of opinion. In article 10 of the own life. Openness is a precondition for attain- European Convention on Human Rights there is ing the sense of freedom that one should have in a paragraph stating that restrictions on freedom a democratic society. But how open are our of expression must be shown to be “necessary in societies? a democratic society”. Note that the expressions themselves need not be “necessary in a demo- No society is completely open. In Norway in the cratic society”. It is the restrictions that shall be 1960s, it was maintained that the public debate necessary. The burden of proof is on the only produced noise, while the important necessity of the restrictions. decisions were taken behind closed doors by the top persons of society. Even in a well-established Consideration for truth is the most robust utili- liberal democracy like Norway there was appar- tarian ground. We human beings are fallible but, ently a lack of transparency. Another example of by means of shared knowledge, i.e. by examin- the closed nature of modern society is that of the ing matters, obtaining relevant information and EU. After the Maastricht negotiations in 1991, it listening to the arguments of the various parties, became clear that the negotiators at the top level we are able to acquire more well founded had lacked the support of the populations of the opinions. The other two grounds are closely various EU member countries. The democratic associated with the truth ground. Democracy is legitimacy of the EU was at stake, and the reason based on an open and free debate. In an open was not least the closed nature of the system. In society, the social authorities must be able to this situation, increased ‘transparency’ was provide arguments to legitimize their use of launched as a slogan to regain confidence. force. In an open society, the authorities shall be However, the recent referendums on the new accountable to the public. The free formation of EU Constitution show that there is still some opinion is associated with the conception of the way to go in creating ‘transparency’ and winning mature human being. Whether in or outside of the confidence of the populations in the EU positions of power we need other persons and system. their alternative perspectives and arguments in order thereby gradually to improve our own per- Freedom of information is included in article 10 ceptions of ourselves and others. In the modern of the European Convention on Human Rights. society with its wide variety of perspectives it is It is stated there that freedom of expression particularly important to develop the ability to means “freedom to hold opinions and to receive put oneself in other people’s shoes and view and impart information and ideas without inter- matters from where they stand. Such a reflexive ference by public authority and regardless of identity is viewed by many people as the ideal for frontiers”. It is thus seen that freedom of the modern, mature, tolerant human being. expression applies not only to the right to com- municate, but also the right to receive opinions One of the reasons why the old Article 100 of and ideas. Freedom of information is even more the Norwegian Constitution was regarded as out clearly expressed in the Constitution of of date was that it did not explicitly refer to Germany, where it is stated that anyone shall freedom of information as part of the broad have freedom “sich aus allgemein zugänglichen concept of freedom of expression. Two factors Quellen ungehindert zu unterrichten” (the right are involved in the need for information. Firstly, to “freely inform himself from generally access- one must know who is responsible for the ible sources”). Freedom of information is now

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explicitly included in the new article 100 of the rejections of applications for access to docu- Norwegian Constitution. ments. This indicates that the arrangement can hardly be said to have attained perfection, and Freedom of information as laid down in the legal that there is a lack of transparency here too. provisions referred to applies only to the right to seek information, and not to the duty to give or In the new article 100 of the Norwegian Consti- provide information. Such a duty on the part of tution, the final sentence is original in such a the public authorities is an inevitable part of the connection, and it has aroused a certain debate. open society. All states have an information The sentence states that “The State authorities policy – general strategies for informing or com- shall create conditions that facilitate open and municating with the public. Of course, the enlightened public discourse”. The critics con- danger of such a public information policy is that tended that this was tantamount to ‘setting the it almost inevitably results in selection of infor- fox to mind the geese’, calling upon the state to mation that favours the current government ensure guarantees for individuals and minorities policy and withholding of relevant information against encroachment by precisely the state and that might result in criticism of the current the majority. Historically speaking, freedom of policy. The information provided by the authori- expression is a relatively recent concept rooted ties must therefore be supplemented by other in the Age of Enlightenment. Normally, the information. social authorities – both clerical and secular – have sought protection from criticism and heresy In his book, Risk Society, the German sociolo- by punishing ‘false prophets’. Until quite gist Ulrich Beck points out that public infor- recently, the protection of authority was the mation concerning major ‘modern’ hazards, main ground for restrictions on freedom of such as pollution and major disasters has a expression. And in the new article it is precisely tendency to play down the risk so as not to the same authorities that are being called upon create ‘undue’ panic. The intentions are good, to ensure protection of this freedom. How could but is it legitimate to withhold important infor- that be? mation for this reason, and is it really expedient? A policy of withholding information may consist In response to this, we would point out that the of empty incantations that, when repeated, are modern state is not a single entity or a collective more likely to foster general unrest than to allay will. In the modern society, the state is a large, it. And this applies to all societies. A typical amorphous institution encompassing many wills, example is that the Norwegian government where the various state bodies have different and withheld information concerning the radioactiv- potentially mutually conflicting responsibilities. ity resulting from the Soviet nuclear explosions It is therefore not so paradoxical as it may seem in the North during the 1960s. When it subse- that the state is called upon to mind the state. quently became known that the information had What is more, freedom of expression is not only been manipulated by the authorities, this inevi- threatened by state or public bodies. It is not tably resulted in a reduction of confidence in the unusual today for commercial interests to government’s information policy. attempt to manipulate information in the public sphere. This may be carried out by means of Freedom of information thus applied to the right advertising and as a result of commercial under- to obtain and receive information from access- takings acquiring major media shareholdings. ible sources. In the Nordic countries, steps have Protection against these dangers to freedom of been taken to counteract the tendency towards expression and freedom of information lies pri- bias in public information policy. This has been marily in an institutional diversity that allows done by means of the ‘principle of public access’, alternative information and critical voices to be which affirms a duty to provide information on heard. request. One can simply request to examine public documents. It is of course lawful to An article of the Constitution stating that people exempt certain documents from public dis- shall be free to impart and receive information, closure, and there have been disagreements con- ideas and opinions is excellent, but is not worth cerning the criteria for such exemptions. It is the paper it is written on unless there are characteristic that, when the parliamentary institutional preconditions for an open and ombudsman investigated the practice of the democratic public sphere. There must be schools Norwegian Ministry of Justice in 1997, he found whose purpose is to educate independent, grounds to criticize 32 out of 35 investigated knowledgeable and mature human beings. There

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must be universities that are capable of generat- the Storting stated that it was reasonable to ing knowledge and fostering critical reflection expect the press to provide something in return. regardless of what the social authorities stand He suggested that a supervisory state body for. There must be archives and libraries where should be set up to prevent the press from estab- the general public can seek knowledge and lishing itself as a separate estate, marketing its receive guidance in finding relevant information. own views. In the event, no such body was set There must be channels to the public in the form up. On the contrary, the fears of the spokesman of a free press characterized by diversity, so that were confirmed; the press established itself as a public discourse can be maintained. There must separate estate in spite of – or perhaps with the be institutionalized culture in the form of pub- help of – the public press subsidies. The amor- lishers, periodicals, museums, theatres, cinemas phous, formless, modern state may be said to be and film producers. There must be meeting behaving according to the intentions of the places in the form of cafés, discussion fora, etc., ‘infrastructure requirement’ formulated as part where people can associate with each other. of the constitutional provision. What we are referring to here is what Jürgen Habermas called the “bourgeois public sphere” There is no doubt that the digital revolution and which emerged in Europe and North America in the development of the Internet have had a the 18th century in the wake of the Age of revolutionary effect on freedom of expression Enlightenment. Of course, the processes involv- and freedom of information. The situation is still ing development of institutions of this kind, somewhat chaotic, and we have not seen the full reduction of the protection of authority and the consequences. However, some features can be founding of an open society were not achieved discerned. Firstly, it is easier to gain access to the overnight. The 19th century was a long period of public sphere, since anyone can in practice upheaval in Europe in this respect. As I men- establish his own channel. This does not mean, tioned earlier, right up to our own times, there however, that it is easier to make oneself heard. have been forces that have wanted to limit There has been an explosion of communications freedom and to control information and in what might be referred to as a grey zone opinions. between the public and the private sphere with a cacophony of different voices. It is also diffi- The institutionalization of the public sphere cult to hold expressors in this grey zone respon- results not only in the gradual development of sible for their utterances. The Internet is also such institutions. It also results in the develop- responsible for a flood of information. The ment of norms for their independence. It is pre- problem is not that there is too little information, cisely through their independence that these but that there is too much, while there is a lack institutions must legitimize themselves in of information concerning the information that relation to the public. Public disclosure provides is not available, and a lack of information con- the control that the public sector functions as it cerning the quality of the new flood of infor- should. Such norms in combination with diver- mation. In short, the situation is rather chaotic. sity help to solve the problem of who shall ‘watch the watchers’ – within the framework of the diversity, they are to watch each other. The situation has been compared to the situation in the early days of freedom of the press, when What though is the role of the state and the it was also difficult to separate the wheat from public authorities in this context? It is a very the chaff. There was a stream of anonymous major role indeed. In our Nordic society, the pamphlets, some of them libellous, and it was public authorities hold an extensive direct difficult to identify the perpetrators. The way out responsibility for institutions such as schools, of this chaotic situation went through what we universities, libraries and museums. The authori- have referred to as institutionalization by means ties also hold considerable responsibility for of media, publishers and libraries and through other major cultural areas through financial the development of a critical public sphere, support schemes. In the Nordic countries the which gradually implemented norms for decency public authorities also play a major role in news- and for what could be placed before the public. paper and book production through press subsi- This does not mean that there was not also an dies and purchasing programmes. Of course, the undergrowth of dubious publications, but it does degree of dependence on state support is not mean that order was brought to the chaos, unproblematic. When press subsidies were intro- making it possible for individuals to find their duced in 1974, the spokesman for the matter in bearings.

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What we see today is that technical develop- where one can drop in when one likes, on one’s ments have once more presented the old insti- own or in the company of others, is greater than tutional system with new challenges. This ever in our fragmented society. It is typical that applies to schools, universities, the media, the immigrants and other new residents easily feel at legal system, culture in general, indeed the home in the public libraries, which demonstrates whole society. The old institutions may to some the socially constitutive power of the libraries. extent even be in danger of becoming out of date and irrelevant. The question is thus how the old Ragnar Audunson and Frode Bakken have institutions can adapt themselves to the new described the library as “a burning glass that technological reality. How is one to integrate the focuses the rays from the cultural and techno- new technology into the social corpus? This per- logical fields, from the local and the virtual, from spective places us in a transitional phase and, as different ethnic and social groups, from different is usual as regards transitional phases, this opens areas of policy and walks of life.” They recount a up new prospects, both negative and positive. It beautiful story from a library in an established has been maintained, and I believe rightly so, middle-class neighbourhood in the west part of that the libraries have a potential for adopting a this city. The library was visited by a group of central role in the new institutional system. But young people from one of the new suburbs. They this requires that they both see and grasp the had discovered that the library had good potential and, not least, that they receive the computer equipment. At the same time, an public funding that will enable them to exploit Internet group had been set up for senior the potential. citizens from the local neighbourhood. There were thus two groups that belonged to separate The libraries, whether national libraries, public cultures. They came from different parts of town, libraries, university libraries, school libraries or belonged to different generations and were other institutional libraries, have been the socially far apart. At first, the two groups knowledge banks of the modern civilisations competed for access to the equipment, but as based on the printed word. They have taken care time went on a cooperation developed whereby of, systematized and disseminated knowledge the young people from the suburb became and information. Their responsibility has been to instructors and guides for the elderly from the make “the sources generally accessible”, to use established neighbourhood. This story shows the wording of the German Constitution. The how the library’s physical space, the meeting libraries have also been meeting places or free place itself and the virtual services can function areas for people who have sought information best in an interaction with each other. or, for that matter, merely relaxation with a good book. They have been low-intensive meeting In his classic work, The Open Society and its places that have lived their lives in relative peace Enemies, Karl Popper maintains that our civilis- and tranquillity, but that, precisely by virtue of ation has still not fully recovered from the the low intensiveness, have been able to function shock of its birth, which represented “the tran- as meeting places for people from different walks sition from the tribal or ‘closed society’, with its of life. The local public libraries have been a con- submission to magical forces, to the ‘open stitutive element of local communities. They society’, which sets free our critical powers”. The have indeed had a democratizing function. fact that we have not come over the shock means that there are still forces that wish to The digital revolution has been revolutionary in return us to the closed society by taking control all of the three areas referred to (taking care of, of the ‘texts’ that constitute our understanding of systematizing and disseminating information), reality. The new information and communi- and the libraries are already deeply engaged in cations technology has changed the conditions the process of adapting to the new technology. for the struggle for the open society. In some Some are already well equipped to provide ways, it has made the struggle easier. In other guidance in the chaotic world of information ways, it has made it more difficult and opened and communications technology. They stand up the prospect of a ‘big brother is watching you’ with one leg firmly planted in literature and society. The question is: How to make use of the cultural heritage, and the other in the new tech- new technology to ensure that it serves the nology. And it is precisely this that gives them a best interests of truth, democracy and the free potential for the future. At the same time, the formation of opinion? Notwithstanding the need for meeting places, or what we referred to degree of freedom of expression and information as low-intensive, non-commercial free areas in the different societies, as librarians, you stand

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in the front line of the struggle for the open Commission for UNESCO. The document is available society in the Popperian sense. on the Internet (http://www.unesco.no). The citations from Alan Wolfe are from Alan Wolfe, Marginalized in the Middle, University of Chicago Press 1996, page 235. Note Keynote address presented at the World Library and Extensive excerpts in English of the report from the Information Congress, 71st IFLA General Conference commission appointed in 1996 to propose a new article and Council, Oslo, Norway, 14–18 August 2005 in the 100 of the Norwegian Constitution on freedom of Opening Session. Original available on IFLANET. expression have been published by the Ministry of http://www.ifla.org/IV/ ifla71/Programme.htm august Justice and the Police and The Norwegian National 12, 2005.

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Rising from the Wreckage: development of tsunami-affected libraries in Sri Lanka

Upali Amarasiri It is fortunate that, throughout history, large-scale library tragedies have been rare and far between, even though library catastrophes have occurred from Alexandria to Iraq, for reasons ranging from earthquakes to floods and from simple arson to aerial bombing. Every library disaster, like any other human experience, enriches us with its own unique lessons and the destruction of libraries due to the tsunami tidal waves that lashed the shores of the Indian Ocean countries on 26 December 2004 is no exception.

The tsunami became a much talked of event due to the huge destruction it left, and affected countries – including Sri Lanka – are still struggling to cope with its aftermath. If we look at the incidents of 9/11 as a comparison to the tsunami of 26/12, I would say that the contrast between the 3,000 lives lost in 9/11 and the 230,000 lives lost in 26/12 amply summarizes the violent nature of the tsunami story.

On the other hand, while in the middle of destruction, planning for rehabilitation and reconstruction, negotiating with varied Upali Amarasiri obtained his parties and planning for the future, I realize how close we are to Master’s degree in Library and the ‘lifelong literacy’ theme selected by IFLA President Kay Information Studies at Lough- Raseroka, and how crucial and decisive this theme is for mean- borough University of Technology, ingful reconstruction and development programmes in a situation UK in 1980. He has been Director such as a tsunami. Her vision of the path towards the information General, National Library and society through skilfully harnessing technology, development Documentation Services Board, skills, provision of content, support for the marginalized and pro- Sri Lanka from 1989 to date and tection of indigenous knowledge systems are also the main in- Director General, National Library gredients for a successful and professional recovery programme. and Documentation Centre, Sri Lanka from 1990 to date. E-mail: Sri Lanka has been hailed as an example to the developing world [email protected] for its vast developments in the education and health sectors during the last 50 years. Our social indicators of life expectancy, literacy and mortality rates compare well with those in com- parable developing countries and are even on par with many developed countries. Through free and compulsory education policies implemented in the 1940s, 98 percent of Sri Lankans have access to primary education and the literacy rate has been a constant 95 percent plus during the last few decades. In the health sector too we are among the best, having one of the lowest infant mortality rates and high life expectancy.

Even though there are many other aspects of the tsunami disaster and its aftermath which could be considered, I will limit my presen- tation to four areas, namely: what exactly happened; the devasta- tion caused to libraries; rebuilding efforts; and lessons to be learnt.

What Exactly Happened

At 0758 hrs local time on 26 December 2004 the earth’s crust deep under the sea off the west coast of Sumatra shifted violently,

Copyright © 2005 International Federation of Library Associations & Institutions (www.ifla.org). IFLA Journal 31(4): 307–314. ISSN: 0340-0352. DOI: 10.1177/0340035205061383 307 03_amarasiri_061383 (jk-t) 30/11/05 1:09 pm Page 308

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lifting the seabed by some 15 metres. The seismic ments, e.g. legal documents pertaining to land thrust, the world’s biggest in 40 years, measuring and building, identification papers, bank docu- more than 9.0 on the Richter scale, sent shock- ments and education, birth, marriage and death waves through the Indian Ocean, unleashing certificates. tsunami tidal waves speeding at up to 700 kilo- metres per hour in every direction. The vast The loss of assets and damage to infrastructure curtain of water roared across the ocean like a facilities in Sri Lanka is estimated at USD 1,000 proverbial sea dragon or as fast as a jet plane. It million or 5 percent of GDP, while the loss of took only 20 minutes to hit Aceh province in employment is estimated at 275,000. Indonesia, 80 minutes to reach Thailand and 90 minutes to reach Sri Lanka and India. Within a Two Catastrophes few hours it caused colossal destruction in a number of countries in Asia, namely, Indonesia, For over two decades Sri Lanka has been suffer- Sri Lanka, India, Thailand, Malaysia, Myanmar, ing from an internal conflict. As a result, there is Maldives and Bangladesh. The waves then trav- a de facto government in one part of the north elled as far as East Africa, affecting Somalia, and east administered by the Liberation Tigers of Tanzania and Kenya as well. Tamil Eelam (LTTE), which is the other party to the conflict with the Government of Sri Lanka. Although a ceasefire agreement has been in The Tsunami and Sri Lanka operation during the last three years, it is an It was generally believed that the Indian Ocean uneasy truce. Not only has this war taken over is a tsunami-free zone, as no significant tsunami 65,000 lives, but a large number of people have had occurred in the area during the past few cen- been displaced and still live in relief camps. The turies. As a result the region had not established tsunami brought further misery to people who a tsunami pre-warning system similar to the one had already suffered from this conflict. in the Pacific Ocean. Even the word tsunami was an alien term to Sri Lanka and many other countries in South Asia until December 2004. Damage to the Library Sector

Damage to Infrastructure Schools and School Libraries Sri Lanka, being an island situated facing the The tsunami hit the coastal areas in Sri Lanka epicentre of the quake, paid a high price in terms on a Sunday and obviously this helped to save of destruction to human lives as well as infra- the lives of thousands of school children and structure and natural resources. Sixty percent of teachers. Had it been a normal school day the the coastal area was severely affected, destroying consequences would have been unimaginable, as or damaging 80,000 houses. A total of 182 large numbers of children from interior villages schools were damaged and government took in close proximity also attend the schools in over 282 schools to be used as relief camps for coastal areas which were destroyed or damaged internally displaced persons. Four universities by the tsunami. were partially damaged, as were three advanced technical training institutes and ten vocational Of the 9,790 schools in the country, nearly 500 training institutes. Damage to roads, railways, were affected by the tsunami. A total of 3,304 telecommunication facilities, electricity supply, teachers and 80,354 children have been affected. tourist and fishing industry was also quite signifi- Although all the damaged schools did not have cant. In addition, the damage to sand dunes, fully fledged school libraries, most had reason- lagoons and coastal vegetation has resulted in ably good medium sized libraries and others had untold environmental destruction. book cupboards or book boxes.

The public sector not only suffered loss to It is estimated that approximately 1.2 million human lives and infrastructure facilities, but volumes of books and other reading material in also had to contend with the loss of many school libraries were lost due to the tsunami. It valuable and vital records and documents per- is not possible to determine the exact amounts taining to the public. These included the entire lost as accession registers and library card cata- electoral registers in the Southern province and logues have also been destroyed. In addition, a 600,000 deeds from the Surveyor General’s large collection of textbooks, intended for distri- Department. Private citizens lost valuable docu- bution among school children at the beginning

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of the new academic year in January, was also coast of the country. More importantly, as a destroyed. As part of its welfare facilities Sri result of this interaction with other nationals, Lanka provides free textbooks to every school- the coastal area enjoys a unique cultural going child from grade 1 to grade 10. Destroyed heritage, which librarians make an attempt to library materials included books, periodicals, save through local collections in the respective newspapers, audiovisual materials and, in some libraries. One can find collections dealing with schools, computers, diskettes etc. Some of the different customs, food, theatre, cultural activi- affected school libraries had been assisted by the ties, vocabulary, specialized crafts and other recently concluded school library development industries in these areas, depicting their unique- and modernization project carried out by the ness. These local collections would have been a government in collaboration with a multi- happy hunting ground for future anthropolo- national aid agency. gists and other researchers to study the conse- quences of rare interactions of different nationalities in the bygone era. Public Libraries Of the 950 public libraries, 62 have been affected Other Types of Libraries by the tsunami, with 28 libraries being com- pletely destroyed. After the establishment of the Some of the libraries attached to Buddhist first public library in 1825, Sri Lanka has temples had very valuable collections of palm developed a reasonably good public library leaf manuscripts and other rare materials, network over the years. Early introduction of the including material on the indigenous medicine adult universal franchise (1933), the establish- system referred to as Ayurvedha. Special ment of a parliament democracy, people’s par- mention must be made of the loss of a collection ticipation in administration at every level, a high of priceless artefacts from the Sri Lanka literacy rate (95 percent), free and compulsory Maritime Museum in the southern city of Galle. education and the establishment of the National Galle, located on the ancient sea route, is rich Library and Documentation Services Board ground for marine archaeological exploration. (NLDSB) in 1970 have all helped in the Sir Arthur C. Clarke, who is residing in Sri development of the public library service in the Lanka, started underwater exploration in Sri country. Lanka about four decades ago. From the collec- tion of 3,600 objects salvaged from ancient ship- While developing the standard public library wrecks during the last decade, 80 percent was service, attention has been paid to developing re-taken by the ocean in the wake of the special collections in public libraries that are tsunami. beneficial to the economic activities of different areas. Accordingly special collections on Nature of the Damage tourism, fisheries, traditional handicrafts, jew- ellery making, coir industry, ornamental fish According to eyewitness accounts, two powerful farming, spice growing and processing, etc., have waves hit the shore within the space of a few been developed by some public libraries located minutes. The velocity was such that it either in the coastal zone. levelled the buildings to the ground or severely damaged them. The buildings that were able to withstand the power of the first wave were Effect on Local Collections of Libraries destroyed by the second wave, which was more Being an important centre of the sea trade in powerful than the initial one. the ancient silk route, throughout history Sri Lanka has had a close relationship with other Another feature of the tsunami was the inward seafaring nations. The coastal area of Sri Lanka and outward waves it created. The gush of water has a number of small ports that were busy that came from the ocean rolled back to the sea trading centres for spices, gems, pearls and at such a force, creating an inward wave from other exotic products. As a result, this area the land to the ocean. This retreating water not developed strong cultural ties with Chinese, only caused damage to already weakened struc- Indonesians, Thais, Malays, Indians, nationali- tures, but also took away books and other items ties from the Middle East and East Africa and, to the ocean. The fishermen who were coming more recently, with the Portuguese, Dutch and back from the sea that day reported seeing English. Today one can identify traces of com- massive amounts of floating bodies, furniture munities from these nations scattered along the and other debris in the sea.

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Conservation Challenges Posed by the Lanka and the tsunami disaster received from Tsunami the world media eased our task. This prompted UNESCO to send an official from the New The other special feature of the tsunami is the Delhi office to assess the situation in Sri Lanka. difficulty of conservation and preservation of Dr Ms Susanne Ornager, Information and Com- damaged library materials. Due to the disruption munication Expert of UNESCO, visited Sri of the seabed the water was mixed with mud, Lanka in early January and toured the southern sand and probably even minerals, along with coast with a view to assessing the destruction. other substances. Tests carried out at the conser- vation laboratory of the National Archives of Sri During her visit the Sri Lanka Disaster Manage- Lanka reveal that these damaged papers contain ment Committee for Library, Information more acidic components than normal seawater- Services and Archives (SL DMC for LISA) was affected papers. Hence it is necessary to study formed to coordinate the rebuilding and rehabil- this uncharted area further and find special itation of tsunami affected libraries and govern- treatment for tsunami-affected material. ment archival materials. The DMC incorporated all major stakeholders of the library and archival Psychological Trauma fields, including the National Library and Docu- mentation Services Board, the National Library, The number of dead and missing in Sri Lanka is the National Archives, the Sri Lanka Library 36,000. One third of the dead are children and Association, the National Science Foundation, there are many more dead women than men. major library training institutes and the relevant The tsunami orphaned a total of 1,070 children ministries. The National Library assumed the and 3,700 lost either their mother or their father. chairing, coordinating and secretarial functions The loss of dwellings, properties and the social of the committee. Russell Bowden, former 1st fabric of the community further worsened the Vice President of IFLA, who is currently residing situation. Most of the survivors faced near death in Sri Lanka, also played an important role in experiences, which will most likely haunt them this endeavour. throughout their lives.

Task Forces Trauma of Librarians Task forces have been set up to assist the DMC The loss of libraries, library collections, known in the following areas: library users and sometime even their own rela- tives and friends created a deep psychological immediate relief impact in the minds of librarians in affected • library furniture and building planning libraries. Some had to find a temporary location • ICT planning and commence services from scratch, while • education and training others were required to get the damaged building • conservation repaired and restore damaged collections and • selection of library material furniture and equipment. Since library authori- • school library development ties such as schools and local councils were • public library development reeling with numerous problems also caused by • general library sector the tsunami, librarians faced an extremely • twinning. gruelling time when restoring services. Even the • rescued library material caused health hazards Each task force consists 8–12 members from the to both users and librarians and became an library, IT, government and other relevant fields additional burden. to advise and plan the assigned work. Through these task forces it has been possible to ensure a wider participation of librarians and experts Rebuilding Efforts from relevant fields.

Disaster Management Committee Interaction with Others Immediately following the disaster the National The National Library made a quick survey of Library sent an SOS to the international com- affected libraries and published details on the munity outlining the general nature and details web, which is constantly updated with new of the destruction. The excellent coverage Sri information. This, together with photographs,

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reports and comments from visitors to the scene, tragedy faced by fellow human beings. The UN helps to keep the world community, especially organized a tsunami development forum, and the global library community, informed of the assistance amounting to USD 3.2 billion was unfolding disaster in the library field. This is in pledged for Sri Lanka. President Bill Clinton has contrast to the traditional pattern of getting to been appointed as the UN goodwill ambassador know details of disasters after the lapse of a con- to coordinate the tsunami relief efforts in the siderable period of time. region.

Large sums of assistance have been received by Community Involvement non-governmental organizations to undertake The National Library is in constant touch with relief and rehabilitation work. The general the grass roots level in the planning and recon- distrust towards offering help to governments struction of libraries and has invited all library has led to the proliferation of NGOs in the after- committees, readers’ circles and other groups math of the tragedy. In similar situations in many attached to libraries to be involved in this countries, government machinery has frequently process. Where library committees are non- been considered inefficient, bureaucratic, operational, librarians and library authorities are corrupt and non-people friendly. Although these instructed to establish such committees on a are not necessarily true in the Sri Lankan priority basis. Some libraries have reported that context, the general opinion prevails. the formation of new library committees was needed because some members of the previous Response to the Library Appeal committees perished in the tsunami. The National Library and the DMC conducted a By end July 2005, total assistance received or number of seminars with relevant officials, pledged amounted to USD 1 million, details of librarians and others to plan remedial measures. which are posted on our website. About USD 25,000 was received from the library field and Today, seven months after the tsunami, Sri individual donors. Here I must specially Lanka is in the midst of the reconstruction acknowledge the generous support we received phase. According to experts and numerous from the Korean Library Association, the Hun- studies done on the reconstruction, it is envis- garian Library Association, the National Library aged that it will take a minimum of three to five for the Blind, UK, Weld Library District, years, if not more, to recover from the disaster. Colorado, USA and Victoria University Library, Melbourne, Australia. The rest came from UNESCO, Australian Red Cross, Book Aid Welfare of Children International and a few other non-governmental The welfare of the tsunami-affected children has organizations. Most of the countries provided or become a major social issue and the government pledged funds or other forms of assistance had to introduce special legislation to deal with towards the government of Sri Lanka in general the situation. The Tsunami (Special Provision) and therefore it is unlikely that special funding Act No. 16 of 2005 of June 2005 made special would be provided to the library fund. provision with regard to the care and custody of children and young persons who have been Assistance from UNESCO orphaned or left with a single parent. The National Child Protection Authority is the Through its office in New Delhi, UNESCO has guardian of such children, even though they may been involved in our library rebuilding and be in the custody of foster parents or in an insti- rehabilitation activities from their inception. In tution. April 2005 UNESCO managed to allocate USD 100,000 from the Information For All Pro- gramme (IFAP) to meet some of the immediate Assistance Received needs of affected libraries, based on a project formulated by the DMC. In addition to Ms Response of the International Community Ornager, Mr Martin Hadlow, who headed the The response of the International community to UNESCO temporary office in Colombo for a the tsunami disaster is heartwarming. From UN short period, and Mr Abdulaziz Abid of the agencies down to school children from distant Information for All Programme, helped us in countries, there was an instant response to the numerous ways.

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Immediate Relief Activities Undertaken The objective is to produce high quality children’s books on themes such as courage, Provision of Book Boxes determination and overcoming life’s obstacles. Already a large number of manuscripts have The National Library provides reading material been received and it is hoped to publish the in a lockable box and with instructions on how selected ones during the National Reading to operate a basic lending service. These book Month in October 2005. boxes are given to coordinators of camps or transitional housing schemes and persons willing and able to function as librarians are 2005 National Reading Month Campaign selected from among the inhabitants. Sri Lanka declared the month of October as the National Reading Month in 2004 and this year Provision of Books and Other Reading Material special attention will be paid to the tsunami- affected areas during the National Reading The National Library and other organizations Month campaign. The theme for 2005 is ‘Nation have been successful in supplying a large stock Building through Reading’, and announcements of books and other reading material to libraries have already been made for national and school as well as refugee camps. Though many offers of level competitions for posters, photographs and books have been received, many are either used essays on the theme. or have been weeded out by other libraries. Some of this material is unsuitable for small school or public libraries and some offers have Long Term Library Development had to be refused. Since most of these libraries are relatively small, it is virtually impossible to Rebuilding School Libraries store unwanted or rarely used material without The rebuilding of affected schools and school sacrificing valuable space. libraries has been undertaken by various national and international organizations and Supply of Furniture and Equipment 163 memoranda of understanding have already been signed between the government and donor Vast amounts of library furniture were lost due agencies. According to the blueprint developed to the tsunami and these items are in great by the Ministry of Education, the minimum cost demand from all types of libraries. Apart from per school is approximately SLR 40 million furniture lost due to the collapse of library (USD 400,000) and includes science labora- buildings, being washed away by the waves and tories, a multimedia unit, a fully-fledged theft and vandalism after the incident, instances computer learning centre, a large library and a of refugees using school furniture as firewood gymnasium. have also come to light. During the past seven months the National Library managed to provide basic library furniture such as reading Rebuilding Public Libraries tables, chairs, book cupboards and book racks Compared to the school sector the local govern- to a number of libraries, helping these insti- ment sector has been somewhat slow in recon- tutions to restart basic services. Library furni- struction activities. While a number of new ture to the value of SLR 7 million (USD 70,000) cities and towns have been planned in the area has already been ordered for the second phase with the necessary infrastructure facilities, of distribution. problems in funding and the non-availability of land have made the progress rather slow. This has directly affected the rebuilding of public Publication Programme libraries as well. A number of programmes have been initiated with the aim of publishing books suitable for Library Building Plans tsunami-affected children. The National Library recently launched a programme entitled The National Library and the Disaster Manage- ‘Tsunami Children’s Book Project’ to publish ment Committee are eager to develop new library fifteen high quality children’s books (seven in building designs that are economical, attractive Sinhala, five in Tamil and three in English) and and functional. Some librarians are canvassing authors have been requested to submit suitable for tsunami-resistant library buildings; e.g. build- manuscripts for consideration for assistance. ings on pillars. Already designs of buildings in

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coastal areas have begun changing taking into Disaster Plan for Libraries consideration the effects of the tsunami. The need for an effective national disaster pre- paredness plan for libraries has been clearly The concept of developing special plastic con- shown by the tsunami disaster. We have individ- tainers to store valuable library material is also ual disaster plans for some major libraries in the being discussed. UNESCO has promised to country, but not a national plan. This will be a provide the services of an expert in library priority in our activities in the coming months. building to assist us and we have also com- missioned local architects to address these issues and come up with new library designs. Need for a Rapid Response Team The need for a rapid response team similar to the Twinning Red Cross, UNHCR and UNICEF should be seriously considered by UNESCO and IFLA, to With a view to ensuring long-term sustainability, face similar disaster situations in the future. it is intended to twin each affected library with Something in this line is crucial. An emergency two other libraries. The ideal would be to twin aid fund known as Cultural Emergency an affected library with one overseas library and Response was set up in The Netherlands in 2003 one local library. We hope that this new triangu- and made an initial grant of EUR 20,000 to the lar model of twinning will lead to close cooper- Iraqi government for the purchase of furniture ation of libraries at global level. The two and equipment for the library of the University supporting libraries are required to provide pro- of Baghdad. However, something more than just fessional, material, monitoring and general financial assistance is required. We have wit- assistance in any possible form within their nessed the serious effects on cultural property, existing capability. including libraries, in a number of disasters in the last two decades, especially in developing Challenges and Lessons to be Learnt countries, most recently in the earthquake that devastated much of northern Pakistan and occupied Kashmir in October 2005. Even the Rebuilding the Social Fabric United States will need similar assistance after Hurricane Katrina devastated much of New The repair and rebuilding of the village-based Orleans and surrounding areas; in a statement social fabric in the coastal zone of Sri Lanka has published elsewhere in this issue of IFLA become the principal challenge at present. Journal, the International Committee for the People who have been bound together for cen- Blue Shield “calls on the international com- turies by family relationships, economic activi- munity to give the fullest possible support to the ties and social status have suddenly found that efforts, official and voluntary, now being made everything has disintegrated and are forced to by United States citizens and agencies to rescue live in different locations with different people in the rich and unique heritage of New Orleans and different surroundings. To these people, who other cities and towns in the region”. have lost their self worth and self-esteem, it is important that relocation is undertaken with A Rapid Response Team, with adequate minimum disruption to the social fabric. resources, should be able to visit the affected country or region at the very initial stage and Keeping Libraries on the Agenda team up with local librarians, archivists, archae- ologists and others to face the emergency. Such In the post-tsunami era the primary concentra- a team could identify vulnerable resources, tion of the government, international organiz- assess the damage and take remedial action. In ations, NGOs and others has been on the such a situation this would be more beneficial immediate needs of the people and on infra- than long-term assistance. structure development. Hence, as both the government and NGOs have constantly reminded us, library development and recon- struction cannot be considered a priority. Conclusion Within this environment it is a continuous struggle for the National Library and the DMC As I mentioned at the outset, large scale library to include library reconstruction in the bigger tragedies are rare and far between. In recounting picture. the events that occurred in my country, Sri

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Lanka, I am certain that colleagues from 2005 Post-Tsunami Recovery Program, preliminary Indonesia, Thailand, Malaysia, India, Maldives damage and need assessment. Asian Development and Bangladesh also have their own stories to Bank, Japan Bank for International Cooperation and tell. While thanking those who have helped us in World Bank, Colombo. Department of Census and Statistics. (2005) Tables on this hour of need, I must stress that still there are impact of tsunami at 25 January 2005. www.statis plenty of opportunities for others to join in this tics.gov.lk historic library rebuilding effort. A special word Institute of Policy Studies (2005). Phoenix from the of appreciation should be recorded to my Sri ashes? economic policy challenges and oppor- Lankan library colleagues, who are shouldering tunities for post-tsunami Sri Lanka. Institute of a difficult task against many odds. I am confi- Policy Studies, Colombo. dent that with our unshakable determination to National Library and Documentation Centre. (2005) overcome this terrible tragedy and move forward Tidal wave hit libraries in Sri Lanka. www.natlib.lk Task Force for Rebuilding the Nation (TAFREN) (2005) once again, with your blessings we will prevail www.tafren.lk and go on to achieve much more than the sea took away from us on that fateful day in 2004. Edited version of original paper presented at the World Sources Library and Information Congress, 71st IFLA General Conference and Council, Oslo, Norway, 14–18 August Asian Development Bank, Japan Bank for International 2005 in Plenary Session I. Original available on Cooperation and World Bank. (2005) Sri Lanka IFLANET: http://www.ifla.org/IV/ifla71/Programme.htm

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Public Libraries and the Millennium Development Goals

Ellen Forsyth Introduction

On 8 September 2000 all the members of the United Nations agreed to fulfil eight Millennium Development Goals by 2015.

They committed to:

1. eradicate extreme poverty and hunger 2. achieve universal primary education 3. promote gender equality and empower women 4. reduce child mortality 5. improve maternal health 6. combat HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases 7. ensure environmental sustainability 8. develop a global partnership for development1

These are crucial goals. It would have been encouraging to see libraries clearly included as one of the goals because providing universal free public libraries would help these current goals to be accomplished. These eight goals are strategic. This paper will Ellen Forsyth works at the State focus on how library services relate to them. Library services are Library of New South Wales in more pertinent to some goals than others. This will be apparent Sydney, Australia providing advice through this paper. and assistance to public libraries. She is facilitating a statewide reference and information Background services group, which includes readers’ advisors’ work. Prior to The UNESCO Public Library Manifesto states that this she worked in public libraries, including managing the provision the public library, the local gateway to knowledge, provides of reference and information a basic condition for lifelong learning, independent decision- services, staff training, coopera- making and cultural development of the individual and social tive web work, technical services, groups.2 reference and nonfiction collec- tion management and a library This recognizes that public libraries are at the heart of their com- project in Maliana, East Timor. munities, providing free, accessible space, resources and services She may be contacted at the for everyone. State Library of New South Wales, Macquarie Street, Sydney, NSW Libraries can help those who are marginalized by others. The 2000, Australia. Tel. +61 2 Millennium Development Goals are about inclusion and working 9273 1525. Fax. +61 2 9273 together at a global level to achieve a common vision. Libraries 1244. E-mail [email protected]. can help with this. Library staff have expertise to contribute to the gov.au global initiative of the Millennium Development Goals, in part- nership with other groups of workers and thinkers.

Libraries are integral to community development. They provide access to information and works of imagination in a variety of formats and languages. Libraries contribute to social capital and social inclusion, making communities with libraries stronger than communities without them. Libraries have crucial roles in

Copyright © 2005 International Federation of Library Associations & Institutions (www.ifla.org). IFLA Journal 31(4): 315–323. ISSN: 0340-0352. DOI: 10.1177/0340035205061389 315 04_forsyth_061389 (jk-t) 30/11/05 1:10 pm Page 316

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facilitating democracy and civil rights. They are On a more immediately practical level libraries places for people who read, or who are learning can provide information to assist with local efforts to read, or who do not read. There is a space for to eradicate extreme poverty and hunger. each member of a community in a library. Libraries are able to provide local, national and Libraries are integral to the Millennium regional information in the form of statistical Development Goals being achieved. summaries, economic forecasts, health reports and agricultural surveys and manuals. These Australia is well along the path to achieving the resources may be made available electronically Millennium Development Goals, as are quite a such as the World Bank e-library, or in print like few other countries, particularly in Western the training and other publications produced by Europe and North America. Like all countries, the National Agricultural Extension and Research Australia still has some work to do, particularly Liaison Services (NAERLS) in Nigeria.5 on goals 7: ‘Ensure environmental sustainability’ and 8: ‘Develop a global partnership for Libraries are spaces for community discussion development’, but other countries have the and the provision of information, and places to entire list to work on and much more difficult plan for the future. They can also be community circumstances in which to do it. centres where emergency relief is distributed and space for meetings and discussions.

Goal 1: Eradicate Extreme Poverty and Books and other library resources and services Hunger will not fill empty bellies, but each library has a role to help bring change in its community. This To ‘eradicate extreme poverty and hunger’ may may include being involved with projects such as seem to be beyond the role of libraries. The Digital Gangetic Plains in India, which used world already has the capability to end extreme wireless technology to provide Internet connec- poverty and hunger. Governments have decided tions in rural areas, with the Internet Village this goal is a priority, and numbered it first Motoman in Cambodia, which has provided among the Millennium Development Goals, telecommunications to some villages for the first because it affects the likelihood of other goals time,6 or with the Warna Wired Village Project, being achieved. Librarians, as members of the which provides Indian farmers with agricultural electorate or of political parties, and through information, critical for their daily business, over their professional associations and institutional the Internet.7 Libraries were not involved in and individual initiatives, can encourage their these projects, but their inclusion would have governments to do what they have already expanded the range of people benefiting from decided to do. They can also support community these projects, particularly by including children, initiatives, such as the Micah Challenge,3 (an young people and women. international Christian initiative), to remind governments what they have committed them- Goal 2: Achieve Universal Primary selves to do. This is library staff acting individu- ally on the basis of personal belief. Education

But libraries can help to ‘Eradicate extreme To ‘achieve universal primary education’ without poverty and hunger’. For some, this will mean school or public libraries being involved would raising awareness of this as an issue, or provid- be very difficult. Over the last few years various ing a place where relevant information in appro- research shows that priate languages and formats can be found. A strong library program that is adequately Public libraries are places where the whole com- staffed, resourced and funded can lead to munity can come and use the resources or, as in higher student achievement regardless of the Shidhulai Swanirvar Sangstra project in the socio-economic or educational levels of Bangladesh, libraries and technology can be the adults in the community.8 brought to people in remote areas – in this example, by boat.4 If there is no library, as is the The IFLA/UNESCO School Library Manifesto situation in too many areas, the development of states that a library service will provide assistance and hope to people during the process of ending extreme The school library is essential to every poverty and hunger. long-term strategy for literacy, education, 316 04_forsyth_061389 (jk-t) 30/11/05 1:10 pm Page 317

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information provision and economic, social These tents are a cooperative project where a and cultural development.9 range of programs are run, to develop a culture of reading. They support the teaching provided in each school, and can be operated out of fixed build- The idea of these tents could be taken elsewhere, ings, tents or book carts. providing a portable library service and space where children can sit in a protected environ- In support of school libraries, public libraries ment and have books read to them, or read provide access to a range of material to assist themselves. This is a way of reinforcing a culture study, as well as an environment for studying of reading in communities which have signifi- outside school hours. Recent initiatives in public cant numbers of people who cannot read to their libraries in Bogotá, Colombia, through the children. These reading tents provide an oppor- Bibliored program provide, in the words of Luis tunity for children to experience reading outside Cardenas, a twelve-year-old library user, “the the context of school, as well helping people opportunity to learn, to know the world, to discover the importance of libraries for their become someone, to dream, to travel in time and community. This environment can support the space – without spending money.”10 Luis’s whole community, as children learn, not only experience in the library led him to enrol in from their reading, but also from those within school, with the help of staff from the library. the community who cannot read, but who can Velez White, who was responsible for imple- nevertheless use the library environment to menting the library project says “Through the share their knowledge and stories. new libraries, people can enjoy access to infor- mation that will help them not only solve As well as assisting with primary school edu- 11 inquiries but socialize with their neighbors.” cation, public libraries can support all members of the community in lifelong learning. In her Public libraries can provide a secure environ- paper on the educational role of the national ment for homeless children to study in, a place library of Trinidad and Tobago, Joan Osborne to access resources when there are none at home writes that or even at school. Story time sessions can help with the literacy of children – and possibly their at the start of the twenty-first century life parents. long learning is set to become the policy agenda for all nations. The whole enterprise As Margaret Makenzi, researcher for the of education is perhaps mankind’s most Reading Tent project in Kenya writes, ambitious effort.14 Books are depicted as rare and expensive [in many cultures]. To achieve sustainable This focus on learning ties in with ‘lifelong human development requires people who literacy’ as the key interest of immediate past are literate and able to think critically and President of IFLA, Kay Raseroka. Libraries can analytically. The developing world is now help people, from the very young to the very old, more than ever aware of the value of uni- to develop the skills they need to be fully versal literacy as a link between culture and involved in the Information Society. development and as an instrument to equip its citizens with skills and knowledge Even where there is existing library infrastruc- required for development. Reading is key to ture, as in Namibia, there are still further options development.12 to be explored. Ellen Ndeshi Namhila informs us that Libraries are the key to providing access to reading materials. In Kenya this has been Community Libraries throughout Namibia achieved through the use of reading tents, which provide access to information and knowl- edge; they are the center for lifelong serve as mobile libraries that are portable learning. ICT skills training for library staff and travel from place to place encouraging and the provision of ICT equipment and voluntary reading and consequently the software is necessary because these development of literacy. They serve as libraries exist all around the country and extension tools to places where there are they are utilized on a daily basis by many inadequate or no library services.13 people.15

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Goal 3: Promote Gender Equality and empowering women as they become “active par- Empower Women ticipants within their democracy”.

Public libraries can help to ‘promote gender Goals 4 and 5: Reduce Child Mortality equality and empower women’ if they are open and Improve Maternal Health to the whole community. The resources selected would need to take into account the broad areas of women’s work and interests, and the some- Libraries are places where information to times lower levels of literacy which women empower communities to ‘reduce child mortal- have. ity” and ‘improve maternal health’, can be made available in written, spoken or electronic form. Libraries and information services offer secure The information could be available in books, environments in which women and girls can pamphlets, audio, audiovisual or web-based obtain the information they need to take control forms. There is an abundance of publications of their lives and influence their societies. One which could be made available this way, in area this may occur in is employment. IFLA numerous languages. There would be the poten- states that tial for libraries within a state or country to provide an accredited set of information on Non-discriminatory employment in libraries health (or other issues) to public libraries. These and information services provides career could be selected at a state or national library opportunities for women, many of whom level such as the LIAC (Legal Information 19 have attained positions of leadership.16 Access Centre ) or di@yll (Drug Information at your local library20) initiatives in New South Libraries can provide a community space for Wales. Both of these projects use experts in the everyone, provided they are open to all ages, all selection of the plain language material provided groups and all individuals in the community. in the sets of books and pamphlets which are This may be through the library providing a distributed state wide, as well as having web sites training and support role in agricultural or craft- associated with each project. This allows the artisan-based cooperatives specifically targeting expertise, as well as the resources, to be distrib- women. Libraries may be able to provide women uted over a broader area and for people to be as trainers for cooperatives as well as teaching able to receive the information they are after materials in appropriate formats as suggested by from their local public library. the International Cooperative Alliance.17 The libraries may also be able to assist by providing By itself a library will not be able to make a great education for women in areas such as health, difference to the accomplishment of these goals, local environmental issues and nutrition. but by taking part in broader community initia- tives great things can be achieved. Libraries can The National Library of Trinidad and Tobago provide meeting places for community edu- has a program of Citizenship Education to give cation, for one-on-one consultation with health people the skills and confidence to be active par- experts, or for different groups within the com- 21,22 ticipants within their democracy. Other libraries munity. could take up this kind of role. As Osborne has written: Goal 6: Combat HIV/AIDS, Malaria Services are in place to benefit every citizen and Other Diseases including the differently-abled community. The VIP services are provided through assis- Libraries with freely available information in tive technology products and computer aids appropriate formats can be key partners with which enable differently-abled persons to health workers and health initiatives in promot- access information for all citizens of ing the behavioural changes needed to ‘combat Trinidad and Tobago.18 HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases’. There is a role here for works of fiction23 as well as non- This focus allows all the community to be able fiction in raising community awareness. As to contribute, rather than only the powerful. This places for preserving community memory, public initiative is targeting the whole community, not libraries can help preserve local knowledge just women, but it would have the effect of about the changes which have come about, once

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these diseases have been combated, but also for least 100 million slum dwellers, by 2020’. Ways sharing stories to help encourage changes in in which libraries can engage with slum com- behaviour to limit the spread of this disease. munities are already being explored. For Information should be available in a range of example in Bilhai, India there is a rickshaw- accessible formats, including spoken and visual based mobile library which visits six slum areas forms, as not everyone can read and some things each week with books and toys for loan.26 With are better listened to or watched than read. For increased funding, this has the potential for example in Swaziland in 2000, expanding the range of library services which could be made available to slum dwellers. It a collection in a variety of formats, covering could then cover the full range of public library a wide range of subjects and appealing to a services, including recording oral histories and select cross-section of library users is avail- supporting local studies, story times, talks of able through a number of libraries in Swazi- interest to the community and a sharing of tra- land. The Hlatikhulu public library has ditional knowledge. In the future, such a service taken the initiative of distributing condoms could provide access to information technology as its contribution to the HIV/AIDS preven- through the use of solar powered laptops to help tion efforts.24 the community as a whole. Already there is a service like this in Northern Thailand where At the 2005 IFLA conference Maitrayee Ghosh satellite-enabled elephant mobile libraries from the University of Mumbai suggested that provide a library service to remote areas. The public libraries should be proactive in providing elephant mobiles are equipped with a computer, information about HIV/AIDS including the use satellite dish and generator as well as boxes of of “drama, song and dances”, seminars, peer dis- books and various electronic equipment.27 cussion, to provide information in “regional lan- Donkey powered mobile libraries in Zimbabwe guages”.25 LIAC-like information kits could be use solar power for access to the Internet. This provided for this area of health information as allows the books and Internet access to be avail- well. able in areas without fixed libraries or electric- ity. 28 The use of solar power is also a key factor for environmental sustainability. The donkeys Goal 7: Ensure Environmental (with the solar power) can take a library into a Sustainability new area.

In helping to ‘ensure environmental sustainabil- Libraries – and librarians – help to facilitate ity’, local libraries can provide information about change within the community. In her description how to integrate the principles of sustainable of libraries and their role in community initia- development into country policies and programs tives Kathleen de la Peña McCook writes, to help reverse the loss of environmental resources. The library also needs to become Librarians have an important role to play in involved in community discussions, as has building community in neighborhoods, happened with libraries and knowledge centres towns, cities, counties, states and the nation. in the Northern Territory of Australia, and People have great faith in libraries as fair indigenous knowledge centres in Queensland, and trusted institutions and in librarians as Australia. The Northern Territory Library and the honest and diligent keepers and dissem- the State Library of Queensland held discussions inators of the human record.29 with indigenous communities about the planned libraries and knowledge centres. These consulta- For places without librarians this is an idea tive processes allow services and resources to be waiting to be discovered. Librarians also have to tailored to the needs of each community, while be proactive in this role while working with the also allowing a consistent level of service to be community and as part of the community to help maintained across vast areas with people with bring about change. This is relevant for both diverse needs. They allow the inclusion of developing and developed countries. indigenous knowledge systems, for example in the image database used in the Northern Terri- The sustainability of the community is a key tory. aspect of environmental sustainability, and libraries as meeting and keeping places can play One of the performance measures for goal 7 is an important role, including in record keeping to ‘achieve significant improvement in lives of at and providing information. 319 04_forsyth_061389 (jk-t) 30/11/05 1:10 pm Page 320

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Libraries that address the specific needs of rural in all formats across such frontiers, and communities can assist with rural development through time, libraries and information programs. This means that planning for the pro- services foster understanding and communi- vision of library services is done in appropriate cation.30 languages and formats so that the people involved in the rural development programs can This brings together some of the ideas for global benefit. This is particularly important in development. locations where there are official languages which are not spoken or read by the whole com- There are existing initiatives such as the Inter- munity. national Committee of the Blue Shield (ICBS), which covers museums and archives, historic sites and libraries and brings together the knowl- Goal 8: Develop a Global Partnership edge, experience and international networks of for Development the four expert organizations dealing with cultural heritage.31 This is another crucial tie-in To ‘develop a global partnership for develop- for libraries at all levels and in all countries, as ment’ requires a collective look at the big each has a role to play in the international picture. An important aspect of the global part- preservation of culture. This preservation nership for development is the recognition and element can also help build environmental sus- preservation of traditional and indigenous tainability as people learn from the past, using knowledge systems. Libraries can help com- some information and building on and changing munities have more control over the use of their other elements. There is also the need, as Okiy knowledge about local plants through a local writes in the context of Nigeria, for public botanical database. Through libraries document- libraries to ensure that their services accommo- ing (or assisting in documenting) the local flora, date people who do not read.32 local knowledge such as remedies, warnings, and benefits can be recorded. This can help provide Many communities do not have access to recognition to indigenous knowledge. Global libraries and it is difficult for them to imagine partnerships, possibly between neighbouring what libraries can provide. Before being asked countries, can help provide protection for intel- what kind of library they think is best for them, lectual property rights. These partnerships could communities should be informed about the expand the potential for people to benefit from possibilities. communal intellectual property rights. Partnerships have been started between com- Libraries are the key to developing a ‘learning munities in Australia and East Timor, often at a for life’ approach. This can include story telling, local government level. For example, Leichhardt including the preservation of traditional stories, Council in New South Wales has been involved to literacy and the sharing and preservation of in a project to set up a public library in Maliana, cultural practices such as are being recorded in East Timor. The project has been actively sup- the Northern Territory of Australia as part of the ported by the whole Council as well as the local Libraries and Knowledge Centres collections. community in Leichhardt. This project has This initiative is at a local level, but the method teachers from Portugal as partners as well; they used in the Northern Territory could be spread have set up an education resource centre for further afield. teaching the Portuguese language in East Timor.

The IFLA document on ‘Promoting the Global Library Roles Information Commons’ states that:

The ability for all to access and contribute Some of the roles which libraries can play in information, ideas and knowledge is essen- their communities, and their relevance to the tial in an inclusive Information Society. This Millennium Development Goals, are indicated is the key to creating a globally inclusive in Table 1. The roles are not in order of priority. information society: the ability for all to express their dreams, ideas and opinions An example of where libraries can focus on the and to take in those of others, across geo- Millennium Development Goals is in the recon- graphical, cultural, linguistic and political struction of the areas affected by the 26 barriers. By enabling access to information December 2004 tsunami. In Sri Lanka there is a 320 04_forsyth_061389 (jk-t) 30/11/05 1:10 pm Page 321

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Community roles Millennium goals

Community information Goals 1–8

Local studies Goals 1–8

Story telling Goals 1–8

Health information Goals 1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8

Legal information Goals 3, 7, 8

Community space Goals 1–8

Access to books and other printed matter Goals 1–8

Access to audio-visual material Goals 1–8

Meeting spaces Goals 1–8

Literacy training Goals 2, 3, 6, 7, 8

Access to librarians Goals 1–8

Safe place to go Goals 1–8

Makers of cultural records Goals 1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8

Preservers of cultural records Goals 1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8

Social inclusion Goals 1–8

Learning the fun of reading Goals 2, 3, 7, 8

PC access (Internet/databases/e-mail/word Goals 1–8 processing)

Employment opportunities Goal 3

Environmental information Goals 7, 8

Table 1. Summary of library roles and the Millennium Development Goals.

plan to partner each library which has been development funding this would permit the affected by the tsunami with two other libraries establishment and maintenance of public – one within Sri Lanka and the other in another libraries worldwide. This is crucial for the country. The aim of these partnerships is to achievement of the Millennium Development provide “professional, material, monitoring and Goals. The funding would need to continue general assistance in any possible form within beyond 2015 to allow these yet-to-be-established their existing capability”.33 This kind of partner- libraries to become permanent parts of each ship would have excellent potential far beyond community. This is not a new idea, however, Sri Lanka. This would also help to further global perhaps it is time to revisit it. partnerships. There need to be clear time lines for developing Much aid and development money is going to new library services including planning for areas affected by the tsunami. Perhaps a guaran- services and any infrastructure. It is important to teed percentage of this funding could be used to keep in mind that whatever the cost of provid- rebuild or start libraries. This idea of a percent- ing a public library service to a community, the age of development funds being used for libraries cost of not providing it is even higher. Libraries can be taken further. If library development are an economical way of facilitating change, could have a guaranteed percentage of all learning and recording key local events. People 321 04_forsyth_061389 (jk-t) 30/11/05 1:10 pm Page 322

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in developing countries have a right to access 11. Ibid., p. 13. information, not just in the cities, but in the rural 12. Makenzi, Margaret. Reaching out to the less areas as well; both those who can read, and advantaged: reading tents in Kenya. World Library those who can’t. and Information Congress: 70th IFLA General Conference and Council, 22–27 August 2004, Buenos Aires, Argentina. Retrieved 11 January 2005 The eight Millennium Development Goals will from http://www.ifla.org/IV/ifla70/papers/ all benefit from the inclusion of partnerships 081e-Makenzi.pdf with libraries. As each country looks for ways to 13. Ibid. fulfil these goals, librarians and library associ- 14. Osborne, Joan. The educational role of national ations need to be at the forefront of the dis- libraries – a case study of the National Library of cussion, offering skills and ideas and showing Trinidad and Tobago. World Library and what is possible with libraries as key participants Information Congress: 70th IFLA General Conference and Council, 22–27 August 2004, in this change. Without the proactive involve- Buenos Aires, Argentina, p. 5. Retrieved 11 January ment of libraries these goals are going to be very 2005 from http://www.ifla.org/IV/ifla70/papers/ hard to achieve. If librarians work with com- 106e-Osborne.pdf munities and health, environment and planning 15. Namhila, Ellen Ndeshi. Namibia’s transition to an staff as participants in community-based information society: challenges and prospects. planning, it may be possible to achieve these World Library and Information Congress: 70th goals. Our governments have decided that the IFLA General Conference and Council, 22–27 August 2004, Buenos Aires, Argentina, p. 12. Millennium Development Goals are a priority. Retrieved 11 January 2005 from http://www.ifla. We need to decide if we want to work together org/IV/ifla70/papers/112e-Namhila.pdf to shape how these goals are achieved. Will the 16. Promoting the global information commons: A goals benefit our communities or will other commentary on the library and information priorities hinder our cooperation? implications of the WSIS Declaration of Principles. IFLA, 6 June 2005. Retrieved 8 September 2005 from http://www.ifla.org/III/wsis070604.html References 17. The gender dimension in rural cooperatives. From a paper commissioned by FAO for the Centennial 1. UN Millennium development goals (MDG). Meeting of the International Cooperative Alliance, Retrieved 7 December 2004 from http://www.un. Manchester, UK, September 1995. Retrieved 7 org/millenniumgoals/ October 2005 from http://www.fao.org/sd/rodirect/ 2. UNESCO Public Library Manifesto, November ROan0008.htm 1994. Retrieved 25 August 2004 from http://www. 18. Osborne, op cit., p. 9. ifla.org/documents/libraries/policies/unesco.htm 19. State Library of New South Wales. Legal 3. Micah challenge: Australia. Retrieved 13 October Information Access Centre. 21 September 2005. 2004 from http://www.micahchallenge.org.au/ Retrieved 7 October 2005 from http://liac.sl.nsw. 4. NGO in Bangladesh wins Gates Award. gov.au/ LibraryJournal.com, 22 August 2005. Retrieved 22 20. Drug Information at your local library. 30 May August 2005 from http://www.libraryjournal.com/ 2005. Retrieved 7 October 2005 from http://diayll. article/CA6250004.html sl.nsw.gov.au/ 5. Farmers’ access to agricultural information in 21. Berger, Agot. Recent trends in library services for Nigeria. Bulletin of the American Society for ethnic minorities – the Danish experience. Library Information Science and Technology, 29 (6): Management, 23 (1/2): 2002. pp. 79ff. Aug/Sep 2003. p. 21. 22. Vigue, Doreen Judica. Psst! On Cape Cod, library is 6. Digital dividend. Retrieved 6 September 2005 from place to be. Boston Globe [City Edition], 14 August http://www.digitaldividend.org/pubs/pubs_06_over 1997. p. A.1. view_technology2.htm 23. Baffour-Awuah, Margaret. Fiction as a Tool to Fight 7. Bindra, Satinder. Internet, bullock carts mix in the HIV/ AIDS Battle. World Library and Indian sugar cane region. Retrieved 6 September Information Congress: 70th IFLA General 2005 from http://archives.cnn.com/2000/ Conference and Council, 22–27 August 2004, ASIANOW/south/12/29/india.wired.village/ Buenos Aires, Argentina. Retrieved 11 January 2005 8. School libraries and student achievement, Teacher from http://www.ifla.org/IV/ifla70/papers/ Librarian, 31 (1): Oct 2003. p. 34. 082e-Baffour-Awuah.pdf 9. IFLA/UNESCO school library manifesto: the 24. HIV/AIDS information resources and services: a school library in teaching and learning for all. IFLA, Swaziland case study. Library Review, 49 (1): 2000. 16 February 2000. Retrieved 12 October 2005 from p. 34. http://www.ifla.org/VII/s11/pubs/manifest.htm 25. Ghosh, Maitrayee. Save the society from an AIDS 10. Caballero, Maria Cristina. Biblored: Colombia’s epidemic: Indian Public libraries in the current Innovative Library Network. Washington: Council perspective. World Library and Information of Library and Information Resources, 2003. p. 12. Congress: 71st IFLA General Conference and Retrieved 12 October 2005 from http://www.clir. Council, 14–18 August 2005, Oslo, Norway. org/pubs/reports/pub113/pub113english.pdf

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Retrieved 7 October 2005 from http://www.ifla.org/ Retrieved 15 December 2004 from http://www.cas. IV/ifla71/Programme.htm usf.edu/lis/a-librarian-at-every-table/ 26. Books on wheels: a library for slum children. 30. Promoting the global information commons, op. cit. Janshala: newsletter of the joint GOI-UN System 31. International Committee of the Blue Shield (ICBS). education program. Retrieved 15 December 2004 Retrieved 11 January 2005 from http://www.ifla. from http://www.un.org.in/JANSHALA/july-sep03/ org/blueshield.htm bookwhel.htm 32. Okiy, Rose Bini. Information for rural development: 27. [Stringer, Ian.] The Mobile Meet. IFLA Mobile challenge for Nigerian rural public libraries. Library Libraries Section, Newsletter, No. 1, Autumn 2002, Review, 52 (3): 126–131. p. 6. Retrieved 12 October 2005 from http://www. 33. Amarasiri, Upali. Rising from the wreckage: ifla.org/VII/s38/news/mobile01–02.pdf development of tsunami affected libraries in Sri 28. Donkeys help provide multi-media library services. Lanka. Plenary Speech at IFLA World Library and IFLA HQ, Press release, 25 February 2002. Information Congress (WLIC) on 14 August 2005. Retrieved 12 October 2005 from http://www.ifla.org/ Retrieved 12 October 2005 from http://www.natlib. V/press/pr0225–02.htm lk/WLIC/Oslo%20Paper%20-%20Amarasiri%20 29. McCook, Kathleen de la Peña. A librarian at every MSU.pdf [Edited version published in this issue – table: librarians and community initiatives. Ed.]

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Copyright and Book Piracy in Pakistan

Khalid Mahmood and Muhammad Ilyas Introduction

Copyright is a legal term describing rights given to creators for their literary and artistic works. The kinds of works covered by copyright include: literary works such as novels, poems, plays, reference works, newspapers and computer programs; databases; films, musical compositions, and choreography; artistic works such as paintings, drawings, photographs and sculpture; architec- ture; and advertisements, maps and technical drawings (World Intellectual Property Organization, 2005).

According to The Copyright Ordinance, 1962 [of Pakistan] ‘copy- right’ means the exclusive right, by virtue of, and subject to, the provisions of this Ordinance:

(a) in the case of a literary, dramatic or musical work, to do and authorize the doing of any of the following acts, namely:

(i) to reproduce the work in any material form; (ii) to publish the work; (iii) to perform the work in public; (iv) to produce, reproduce, perform or publish any trans- lation of the work; (v) to use the mark in a cinematographic work or make a record in respect of the work; (vi) to broadcast the work, or to communicate the broad- cast of the work to the public by a loudspeaker or any other similar instrument; (vii) to make any adaptation of the work; (viii) to do in relation to translation or an adaptation of the work any of the acts specified in relation to the work in sub-clauses (i) to (vi) (Chaudhry, 2001, p. 21).

Copyright and its related rights are essential to human creativity, by giving creators incentives in the form of recognition and fair About the authors: page 332 economic rewards. Under this system of rights, creators are assured that their works can be disseminated without fear of unauthorized copying or piracy. This in turn helps increase access to and enhances the enjoyment of culture, knowledge, and enter- tainment all over the world.

Book piracy is as old as the publishing industry itself. The extent of piracy continued to increase, particularly, in the second half of the previous century. An unprecedented increase has taken place after the emergence of new states as a result of de-colonization and a rapid growth of higher education in the newly independent states. Since all the modern sciences have developed in western countries their intellectual leadership is universally accepted. Western textbooks, other books and research journals are used as instruction materials for higher education throughout the world. The English language has become an almost international academic language anywhere. These factors have contributed to

Copyright © 2005 International Federation of Library Associations & Institutions (www.ifla.org). IFLA Journal 31(4): 324–332. 324 ISSN: 0340-0352. DOI: 10.1177/0340035205061397 05_mahmood_061397 (jk-t) 30/11/05 1:11 pm Page 325

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the increasing trend of book piracy, particularly 50 years. However, nations may extend pro- for academic purposes, and brought inter- tection longer. national conventions against book piracy. Minimum Exclusive Rights: Under the Berne Convention, copyright holders must be Pakistan has experienced a rapid and enormous guaranteed six rights for the entire life of the expansion of higher education in recent years. copyright: translation, reproduction, public This necessitated the import of foreign produced performance, adaptation, paternity, and textbooks as well as reference books. On the one integrity. hand, Pakistan has encountered the problems of scarcity of foreign exchange, inappropriate allo- The Universal Copyright Convention was cation of foreign exchange, strict import controls adopted at Geneva in 1952 and revised at Paris and high tariffs and, on the other hand, buyers in 1971. Its main features are the following: in Pakistan are less able to purchase high-priced imported books. This situation resulted in the (1) no signatory nation should accord its local reproduction of cheap editions in violation domestic authors more favorable copyright of copyright laws. treatment than the authors of other signa- tory nations, though no minimum protec- tion for either domestic or foreign authors is Literature Review stipulated; (2) a formal copyright notice must appear in all A number of efforts have been made in order to copies of a work and consist of the symbol protect intellectual property rights at the global (c), the name of the copyright owner, and level. The most important of these are the Berne the year of first publication; a signatory Convention for the Protection of Literary and nation, however, might require further for- Artistic Works, 1886 and the Universal Copy- malities, provided such formalities do not right Convention, 1952. favour domestic over foreign works; (3) the minimum term of copyright in member The Berne Convention was adopted by an inter- nations must be the life of the author plus 25 national conference held in Berne, Switzerland. years (except for photographic works and The USA joined it only in 1988 (Feather and works of applied art, which have a 10-year Sturges, 2003). Up to 1979 the Berne Convention term); went through eight amendments. There are four (4) all adhering nations are required to grant an salient features of this convention: national treat- exclusive right of translation for a seven- ment, preclusion of formalities, minimum terms year period, subject to a compulsory license of protection, and minimum exclusive rights: under certain circumstances for the balance of the term of copyright (Encyclopedia National Treatment: Signatories to the Berne Britannica, 2002). Convention have agreed to treat foreign copy- right owners as legally equal to domestic Pakistan is a member of both the Berne Copy- copyright holders. This means that, for right Union and the Universal Copyright Con- example, an American author publishing a vention. Pakistan is also a member of the TRIPS book in Pakistan would have the same rights (Trade Related aspects on Intellectual Property as a Pakistani author publishing in the same Rights) Agreement, which contains provisions of market. the Berne Convention. Preclusion of Formalities: Under the Berne Con- vention, neither formal registration nor publi- The copyright law in Pakistan is governed by the cation of a copyright notice can be required in Copyright Ordinance, 1962. The Copyright Rules, order to procure a copyright. It is worth 1967 have been framed for the proper working of noting, however, that signatory nations retain the Ordinance. Significant changes in the Ordi- the right to make formal procedures useful in nance were introduced through the Copyright challenge proceedings. For example, a copy- (Amendment) Act, 1992 and the Copyright right notice in the United States can be used (Amendment) Ordinance, 2000. Key features of to invalidate a defence of ‘innocent infringe- the Copyright Ordinance are outlined below. ment’ by a copyright violator. Minimum Terms of Protection: Nations party to The period of copyright of a published literary, the Berne Convention must extend copyright dramatic, musical or artistic work is the life of protection through the life of the author plus the author and 50 years after his death.

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Registration of copyright in Pakistan is not Criminal remedies provide for imprisonment of mandatory, it is however recommended, as the the accused or imposition of a fine or both, certificate issued upon registration may be used seizure of infringing copies, and delivery of in court to subsequently establish ownership infringing copies to the owner of the copyright. should the need arise. The Ordinance, therefore, In particular, there is an express provision in the enables a copyright owner to register his copy- Ordinance which deals with the offences by right with the Copyright Office and the certifi- companies. According to this provision, if a cate of registration is fully enforceable in a court company commits any offence under the Ordi- of law and is prima facie evidence that copyright nance, every person who was in charge of and subsists in the work and that the registrant is the responsible to the company for the conduct of its owner thereof. business, as well as the company, will be deemed to be guilty of such offence and will be liable to The Ordinance allows reproduction of copy- be proceeded against and punished accordingly. righted material, without permission, for ‘fair use’ However, if a person can prove that the offence in the case of research, teaching, private study, was committed without his knowledge or that he criticism, review, news reporting, and judicial exercised due diligence to prevent the com- proceedings. In these cases up to 800 words or mission of the offence, that person will not be 40 lines can be copied. It is also allowed that up held liable to any punishment. Further under the to three copies of a book can be made by or Ordinance a police officer is also empowered to under the direction of the person in charge of a seize without warrant for production before a public or academic library for use by the public Magistrate infringing copies of the work and the free of charge if such book is not available for equipment etc. used in connection therewith. sale. All these reproductions are allowed with the acknowledgements of original title and author. Administrative remedies consist of moving the Registrar of Copyrights to ban the import and The Ordinance also provides for enforcement of export of infringing copies in Pakistan. An appli- copyright, and allows three types of remedies to cation may be made to the customs officer (func- the person whose copyright has been infringed. tioning under the Customs Act, 1969) for These remedies are civil, criminal and adminis- examination and detention of any consignment trative, which, though distinct and independent, intended to be imported into or exported out of can be availed of simultaneously. Pakistan which is suspected to contain infring- ing copies of any work which is the subject of Civil remedies include injunction, damages, copyright (Vellani and Vellani, 2001). accounts, delivery of infringing copies and damages for conversion. In the case of innocent The 2000 amendments in the Copyright Ordi- infringements some of these remedies are not nance provide strong tools to fight piracy. The available, e.g., innocent infringers are not Ordinance: required to pay any damages to the copyright owner, but do have to cease the infringing • provides for criminal penalties to up to three activity or pay the owner a sum representing the years imprisonment or a fine of PKR 100,000 reasonable commercial value of that use. An (approximately USD 1,680), which are employer is vicariously liable under the Ordi- doubled for second or subsequent offences nance for the offences that his servants and • provides for civil ex parte search orders agents may commit in the course of their duty (without notice to the defendant), essential to and within their authority, even though he has enforcement against end-user piracy no knowledge of the act of infringement and • broadens the Registrar’s authority to prohibit despite the fact that he has given a general order (seize, detain, etc.) the export out of Pakistan to his servants prohibiting the doing of acts of infringing copies in addition to infringing which might amount to infringement. In the case imports coming into Pakistan, and includes where a copyright owner is unable to institute goods to which infringing labels are applied as immediate regular legal proceedings against the subject to this prohibition infringer for sufficient cause, the Ordinance • provides a new right in ‘typographical arrange- provides for special remedies to such owner. An ment’ of a published edition of a work application is made to the Court for immediate provisional orders to prevent infringement of The 2000 amendments contain one change that copyright and for preservation of any evidence was extremely criticized by the international relating to such infringement. publishing industry. Section 36.3 provides that

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the government can grant any “institution,” audiences such as teachers, scholars, media- including the National Book Foundation (NBF), men, librarians, authors, publishers and book- which is part of the Education Ministry, reprint sellers. rights without authorization of the rights holder and without royalty. The International Intellectual Property Alliance (IIPA) represents 1,300 United States companies In spite of international conventions and producing and distributing materials protected national laws, book piracy has been a common by copyright laws throughout the world. The phenomenon in Pakistan. What are the causes of IIPA publishes annual reviews of copyright this grave situation? What should be done to piracy of US materials by various countries. combat book piracy? Some authors have tried to During 2004, the estimated total trade loss of US answer these questions. Mirza (1983) stated that book industry amounted to USD603 millions in the policies of the Pakistan government discour- 67 selected countries. Pakistan has been on its aged importers in the private sector to import piracy ‘Watch List’ since 1989. Figures for ten foreign books. As a consequence, small printers years of US losses due to book piracy in Pakistan and publishers got a chance to pirate books. are given in Table 1. In 2004, IIPA recom- Foreign publishers were also reluctant to give mended that Pakistan be designated as a reprinting rights to local publishers. He men- ‘Priority Foreign Country’ for extremely high tioned that the Pakistan Publishers and Book- levels of piracy and the Pakistani government’s sellers Association formed a sub-committee to complete lack of attention to the problem. start an anti-piracy campaign in the country. Haider (1993) mentioned that the high cost of The IIPA reviews of Pakistan from 1996 to 2005 books helped the pirates. He quoted a book stated that piracy of computer, business, medical importer who stated that “as far as textbooks are and engineering texts, English language teaching concerned about 80% of the sale is of pirated materials, and reference materials such as dic- books” (p. 254). Haider (1996) stated that tionaries was widespread. Legitimate importers “piracy of printed word is gaining high degree of and booksellers reported a sharp decline in respectability on grounds that it promotes sales. Reprint piracy and commercial photo- reading habits and boosts literacy by making copying remained major problems. Entire books affordable literature available to the people” are photocopied and available for sale in stalls (p. 308). and bookstores. Trade bestsellers were pirated in large numbers and available everywhere. In Sethi (1994) stated that:

Laws in Pakistan relating to copyright are both strict and clear. However, implementa- Year Loss tion is problem because legal redress can be (USD million) long and costly. There is, by and large, no infringement of local copyrights. But foreign 1995 30 works are difficult to protect from piracy for two main reasons: (a) foreign books are very 1996 30 expensive and invariably in short supply 1997 30 with booksellers at critical times in the cur- riculum year. Hence the pirate moves in to 1998 40 fill the vacuum at extremely low prices, (b) foreign publishers are not prepared to 1999 42 defend their copyright in Pakistani courts of 2000 45 law by hiring good lawyers and spending time and money chasing pirates (pp. 21–22). 2001 44

Mirza (1992) ascertained that there is an urgent 2002 44 need to raise public awareness of copyright 2003 44 through a campaign, while special training courses be started for enforcement agencies. 2004 52 Steps may also be taken for the introduction of a course on copyright in higher secondary Table 1. Estimated trade losses of US book schools and for the education of special industry due to copyright piracy in Pakistan.

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addition to saturating the domestic market, book may be necessary for the discharge of any of piracy remained a net-export business to India, its duties and functions; the Middle East, and even Africa. The publish- (i) supervise and coordinate the working of all ing industry reported that some raids were run intellectual property offices including against book pirate operations since 2001. Patent Office, Trade Marks Registry and However, these raids had little or no effect on Copy Right Office; piracy. For example, for publishers, although the (j) advise the federal government on policy law now enables a judge to put someone in jail relating to intellectual property rights; for 1 to 3 years, and fine them up to PKR (k) plan for future development and up-grada- 100,000 (USD 1,680), the maximum fine that a tion of intellectual property infrastructure pirate has received from prosecutions for pub- and capacity in Pakistan; lishing piracy was PKR 15,000 (USD 253) in (l) initiate research in the field of intellectual 2004; hardly a deterrent, and most cases resulted property; in far lower fines. No sentences involving (m) advise the federal government regarding the imprisonment were meted out. The IIPA named international negotiations in the area of Pakistan as the world’s worst pirate country for intellectual property; published materials (per capita). The IIPA also (n) promote awareness about intellectual criticized the fact that copyright law in Pakistan property issues in the public and private was not compatible with international conven- sector; tions and agreements (International Intellectual (o) propose and initiate intellectual property Property Alliance, 2005). rights legislation for the protection of intel- lectual property rights in Pakistan; In response to tremendous pressure from the US (p) monitor the enforcement and protection of and the European Union, the Pakistan govern- intellectual property rights and collect ment is ready to take serious measures to curb related data; piracy in the country. Most significant is the (q) coordinate the implementation of foreign- creation of the Pakistan Intellectual Property aided technical assistance projects on intel- Rights Organization (PIPRO). A draft Bill for a lectual property; PIPRO Act is ready for presentation to the (r) perform any other function relating to intel- Parliament. According to the Bill, the powers lectual property assigned by the federal and functions of PIPRO will be to government; (s) liaise with counterpart and related techni- (a) administer and coordinate all government cal organizations in other countries; systems for the protection of intellectual (t) develop working manuals, references, property rights; materials and procedures in order to assist (b) prescribe, regulate or implement measures in improving the protection of intellectual and standards on any matter related to or property rights (MoC prepares draft of connected with intellectual property; PIPRO Act, 2004). (c) accredit or certify, and regulate any person as intellectual property agent; Keeping in view the grave situation of the viola- (d) appoint such employees, consultants and tion of copyright laws in Pakistan, on the one experts as deemed necessary on terms and hand, and the readiness of the government to conditions prescribed by the federal govern- protect intellectual property rights on the other, ment; a study was needed to unearth the causes of (e) levy such charges or fees as may be reason- book piracy and suggest measures to improve able for services and facilities provided by the situation. The better protection of copyrights PIPRO and its constituent offices; in the country will certainly raise the dignity of (f) carry out such other works or activities as Pakistan in the global community. may appear to the organization to be necessary, with a view to making the best use of the assets of organization; Objectives (g) engage, in conjunction with other authori- ties, international agencies or organiz- The objectives of this study were to: ations, in any study or cooperation project related to intellectual property; • find out what international and national copy- (h) enter into contracts for the supply of goods right conventions and laws are applicable in or materials for the execution of works, as Pakistan

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• determine the awareness level of the publish- useable responses (92 percent) were received ing industry about copyright laws and analyzed. • determine the causes of book piracy in Pakistan Data Analysis • find out who are the major beneficiaries of book piracy; and • suggest measures to be taken against book The persons representing the book trade were piracy. asked to give their opinion about the causes of book piracy in Pakistan. They were provided This study is limited to copyright and piracy with a list of eleven statements to demonstrate issues of books and periodicals only. Other types their views. The results revealed that the most of intellectual rights, e.g., trademarks, audio- common reason for book piracy was the ‘High cassettes, CD-ROMs, etc. are not included in the price of original edition thus low sale in the local discussion. market.’ Eighty percent of the respondents were in favour of this statement. The next significant reason was ‘High rate of profit’ which pirates Methodology make from illegitimate publishing (33 percent). Other reasons (given in Table 2) got the atten- To achieve the objectives of this study a ques- tion of less than 30 percent of the respondents. tionnaire survey of Pakistani publishers, book- sellers, importers and exporters of books was While looking at the beneficiaries, almost all conducted. There was no comprehensive direc- parties involved in the book trade benefit from tory of the book trade in Pakistan. On the basis the piracy of books. On the one hand the avail- of some short directories and with the help of ability of pirated editions helps the readers, who professional librarians the researchers prepared may not afford to buy high-priced original a list of 893 enterprises involved in the book editions; on the other hand, publishers and trade in Islamabad, Lahore, Karachi, Peshawar booksellers earn considerable profits from book and Quetta (federal and provincial capital piracy. When asked about beneficiaries, a sig- cities). A simple random sample of 90 respon- nificant proportion (41 percent) of the respon- dents (approximately 10 percent of the total dents were of the view that publishers were the population) was drawn. A questionnaire was main beneficiaries. About the same proportion sent to the selected booksellers. Eighty-three (39 percent) stated that the major beneficiaries

Rank Causes No. %

1 High price of original edition thus low sale 66 80

2 High rate of profit 27 33

3 Non-availability of original editions 24 29

4 Inclusion of foreign books in syllabus 23 28

5 Easy and affordable reproduction technology 20 24

6–7 Inappropriate law for copyright violation 17 20

6–7 Legal action is complicated and time consuming 17 20

8 No supervisory mechanism to enforce copyright law 15 18

9 Difficulties in obtaining copyrights from foreign publisher/author 12 14

10 Difficulties in importing foreign books 10 12

11 Lack of communication between publishers/booksellers and the 56 Copyright Office

Table 2. Opinion about causes of book piracy.

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Rank Major % knowledge about these conventions. In the view beneficiaries of 40 percent of the respondents, the existing copyright law was effective in curbing book 1 Publishers 41 piracy in Pakistan. Only 30 percent were of the view that international conventions were 2 Booksellers 39 respected in the Pakistani book trade. A small number (19 percent) opined that copyright 3 Readers 18 notices on the books could prevent book piracy. Table 3. Major beneficiaries of book piracy. About half (47 percent) of the respondents were satisfied with the legal provisions in the Copy- right Ordinance regarding book piracy. were the booksellers. Eighteen percent respon- ded that readers got the most from book piracy Although many people in the book trade were (Table 3). earning well through book piracy, there was an overall consensus that something should be The respondents were asked various questions to done to curtail this bad practice. This trend can measure their awareness of copyright laws and be seen in the respondents’ suggestions about conventions and to seek their views about copy- measures to be taken against book piracy (Table right related issues. The results are given in 5). A significant majority (60 percent) suggested Table 4. A large majority of the respondents (92 strict enforcement of the copyright law. About percent) was aware that there was a copyright half (48 percent) of the respondents were of the law in Pakistan. However, international copy- view that the original editions of textbooks right conventions were not well known to the should be made available at subsidized prices. respondents. Only 35 percent of them had any Another subject which got the attention of

Question Yes (%)

Do you know there is a copyright law in Pakistan? 92

Do you know about international copyright conventions? 35

Is existing copyright law effective in curbing book piracy in Pakistan? 40

Are international copyright conventions respected in Pakistan? 30

Can copyright notice on the book prevent book piracy? 19

Are you satisfied with the legal provisions in the Copyright Ordinance regarding book 47 piracy?

Table 4. Awareness and opinion about copyright laws.

Rank Measures No. %

1 Strict enforcement of copyright law 50 60

2 Subsidizing original editions of textbooks 40 48

3 More efficient role of National Book Foundation in reprinting of 26 31 essential books

4 Encouragement of local writers to write good books 21 25

5 Easy procedures for book import 16 19

6 Publicity of copyright laws 10 12

Table 5. Suggested measures to be taken against book piracy.

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one-third of the respondents was the efficient • The establishment of the Pakistan Intellectual role of the National Book Foundation in locally Property Rights Organization (PIPRO) by the reprinting foreign books. Government of Pakistan in 2004 was a step in the right direction. This organization is still waiting for government funding and proper Recommendations legislation. PIPRO has also been a victim of non-cooperation on the part of the Ministries of Education, Home, Commerce, Industry and Based on the literature reviewed and data Law. analyzed in this study, the following measures A research cell may be established by the book are suggested to protect copyright and eliminate • trade and the government to analyze factors book piracy in Pakistan: causing book piracy and make suggestions on how can copyright be respected in the A public awareness campaign regarding the • country. importance of copyright should be conducted using all possible means of mass media. This campaign might emphasize moral obligations Conclusion as well as the legal provisions of copyright law. The readers may be informed about the dis- It is a fact that no nation can develop when advantages of pirated books, especially about creativity and intellectual property are suscep- the bad effects of their printing quality on the tible to damage and destruction instead of being eyesight and understanding of the contents. protected and rewarded. Pakistan has a strict National and international publishers’ associ- and clear copyright law but its implementation ations could sponsor this campaign. is not easy due to certain hurdles. On the The mechanism of vigilance and enforcement • readers’ side, there is a lack of awareness regard- of the copyright law needs many improve- ing the benefits of the protection of copyright. ments as there are complaints of corruption Foreign textbooks are in large demand in higher on the part of law enforcing officials and of education institutions but their high prices make delayed judicial proceedings. More efficient them unaffordable for poor students. This and vigilant officials and prompt judicial pro- provides room for piracy. Book pirates are free ceedings resulting in strict punishment to the to fulfil the market’s needs. The Pakistan govern- culprits may have a deterrent effect in general. ment’s failure to protect copyright provides the Training should be arranged for police, • basis for massive pressure from the world com- Federal Investigation Agency (FIA) officers, munity. By taking positive steps towards curtail- customs staff, prosecutors and judges in ing book piracy Pakistan can earn a good dealing with the cases of copyright violation. reputation and trade benefits internationally. The Pakistan Publishers and Booksellers • However, the problem of piracy cannot be elim- Association can play an effective role in inated until local readers are provided with curbing book piracy. Membership of indi- cheaper books. Foreign publishers, the Pakistan viduals found guilty of copyright violation government, and book trade organizations must after investigation may be cancelled. first resolve this issue to achieve positive results Non-availability of low-priced foreign books • from any measures taken to protect intellectual should be considered as the main cause of property rights in Pakistan. book piracy in Pakistan. Foreign publishers should supply textbooks at special prices for developing countries. For this purpose foreign References publishers can open sub-offices in Pakistan. Chaudhry, A. W. (2001) Copyright laws. Lahore: Lahore • Foreign publishers must also be persuaded to Law Times Publications. legally confer copyright against reasonable Encyclopedia Britannica. (2002). Deluxe edition CD- royalties so that the local publishing industry ROM. can reprint their books cheaply in Pakistan. Feather, J., and Sturges, P., eds. International Encyclo- • The role of the National Book Foundation pedia of Information and Library Science. London: should be enhanced by generous funding. Routledge. Haider, S. J. (1993) Acquiring foreign materials for Pak- Along with this, economical book production istani libraries: A study. Unpublished doctoral disser- by academic institutions, like universities and tation, Loughborough University of Technology. professional colleges, and volunteer organiz- Haider, S. J. (1996) Book trade in Pakistan. Gutenberg ations may be encouraged. Jahrbuch, 298–314.

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International Intellectual Property Alliance. (2005). contributed 45 research articles to professional Special 301 report on global copyright protection journals, and presented many papers at national and enforcement. Retrieved 10 April 2005 from: and international conferences. He is Managing http://www.iipa.com Editor, Pakistan Journal of Library & Information Mirza, M. (1983) Status of book piracy in world: A Science and Editorial Advisor, Pakistan Library & country report of Pakistan. Pakistan Library Bulletin, 14 (1–2), 21–28. Information Science Journal. He has organized Mirza, M. (1992) 24th I.P.A. Congress 1992 and many courses and workshops, particularly on library Pakistan. PULSAA News, 4 (4), 275–279. automation. He may be contacted at: Department MoC prepares draft of PIPRO Act. (2004). Daily Times, of Library and Information Science, University of the November 19. Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan. Tel. +92 42 9231224. Sethi, N. (1994) The problems and prospects of the book E-mail [email protected] industry in Pakistan. In I. Saad and I. Kats (eds) Reader on book publishing in Pakistan. Karachi: Royal Book Company, pp.17–25. Muhammad Ilyas is an Assistant Professor of Library Vellani and Vellani. (2001) Copyright. Retrieved April 10, and Information Science at the University of 2005 from: http://www.vellani.com/copyright.htm Balochistan. His MPhil thesis was on ‘The status of World Intellectual Property Organization. (2005) Copy- copyright and book piracy in Pakistan’. He has right and related rights. Retrieved April 10, 2005 obtained a Diploma in Library Management from from: http://www.wipo.int/about-ip/en/copyright. Haagse Hogeschool, Netherlands and is also a html graduate in law and Islamic studies. Presently he is doing doctoral research on library and information science education in Pakistan. He is President, About the Authors Balochistan Chapter, Pakistan Library Automation Dr. Khalid Mahmood is a Lecturer in Library and Group. He has contributed 14 research articles to Information Science at the University of the Punjab. professional journals and many presentations in In addition to Master’s and PhD degrees in library seminars and conferences. He may be contacted at: and information science he holds degrees in law and Department of Library and Information Science, Uni- Islamic studies, he is President, Pakistan Library versity of Balochistan, Quetta, Pakistan. Tel. +92 Automation Group. He has published five books, 81 440406.

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Bioinformatics and the Library and Information Science Community

Harinder P.S. Kalra Introduction

The ‘first’ convergence of computer and communication tech- nologies in the latter half of the last century resulted in networks in general and the Internet in particular. The result of the first convergence, i.e. network technologies, is now converging with biomedical and genetic technologies to give rise to the second convergence. Consequently, an unprecedented increase in the quantity of information is being produced from genetic labora- tories all over the world. This exponential increase in the quantity of information seems to be a phenomenon similar to that of the ‘information explosion’ after World War II, referred to by Bowles (1999, p. 156). The phenomenal quantity of information (or merely of data?) currently being produced as a result of the second convergence can therefore be called the ‘second infor- mation explosion’. Harinder P.S. Kalra is Senior Lecturer in the Department of In the light of this second information explosion and the coming Library and Information Science, of age of the information society in many parts of the world, the Punjabi University, Patiala, India. emergence in the last three decades of bioinformatics and its He has 10 years’ teaching and extensive literature warrants a closer look – despite the fact that research experience and 2 years bioinformatics has not been listed in the latest edition of one of experience as an engineering the most updated and popular general schemes of classification college librarian. He obtained his used by library and information professionals worldwide, i.e. the BSc and MLIS degrees from 22nd edition of the Dewey Decimal Classification, 2003. Panjab University, Chandigarh and completed his PhD on the use of networks at Punjabi University in A Problem of Definition 2005. He has supervised eleven MLIS dissertations. His areas of The question that comes to the mind every time the term ‘bio- interest are library automation informatics’ is uttered is, ‘what indeed is bioinformatics?’ It is and networking, network use, more than two decades now that this term has been used but a bioinformatics, social sciences consensus definition still eludes, even when a large quantity of information, science communi- literature spanning many disciplines is being produced in both cation and digital reference printed and digital form (Jeevan, 2002). The rise of undergradu- service. He has 25 publications to ate and advanced degree and training programmes in bioinfor- his credit, including articles and matics all over the world has been phenomenal (Altschul, 2005) research papers in national and and the situation of more supply than demand of trained international journals and confer- manpower in this field in the United Kingdom has been examined ence proceedings. He is a life by Den Besten (2003). member of many national and state library associations. He may In this burgeoning field, it is becoming increasingly difficult be contacted at: Department of to establish what are or will be the essentials [of bioinformat- Library and Information Science, ics]. The readers of this volume will have a role in defining Punjabi University, Patiala 147 bioinformatics’ future. (Altschul, 2005) 002 India, E-mail: harry@ pbi.ac.in, [email protected]. It is not that there have not been attempts to define the emerging subject. The origin of many subjects at the end of the last century and in the 21st century is cross-disciplinary in nature, and bioin- formatics does not seem to be an exception to this phenomenon.

Copyright © 2005 International Federation of Library Associations & Institutions (www.ifla.org). IFLA Journal 31(4): 333–341. ISSN: 0340-0352. DOI: 10.1177/0340035205061398 333 06_kalra_061398 (jk-t) 30/11/05 1:22 pm Page 334

Harinder P.S. Kalra

The cross-disciplinary nature of bioinformatics is the creation, development, and operation of evident in the words of Critchlow et al. (2000): databases and other computing tools to collect, organize, and interpret data. Depending on who you ask, bioinformatics (Collins and Galas, 1993) can refer to almost any collaborative effort between biologists or geneticists and In Harrod’s glossary, informatics is defined in computer scientists – from database three senses, as reproduced below: development, to simulating the chemical reaction between proteins, to automatically Informatics. 1. The processes, methods, and identifying tumors in MRI images. laws relating to the recording, analytical- synthetic processing, storage, retrieval and Attwood and Parry-Smith (2001, pp. 2–3) trace dissemination of scholarly information, but the context of evolution of the term as follows: not the scholarly information as such which is the attribute of the respective science or During the last decade, molecular biology discipline. 2. The study of the structure of has witnessed an information revolution as knowledge and of its embodiment in infor- a result of both of the development of rapid mation-handling systems. 3. The study of the DNA sequencing techniques and of the cor- handling and communication of infor- responding progress in computer-based mation, particularly by automated and elec- technologies, which are allowing us to cope tronic means. (Harrod, 1990, p. 307) with this information deluge in increasingly efficient ways. The broad term that was The earliest definition of informatics by coined in the mid–1980s to encompass Mikhailov (1966), quoted in the second edition computer applications in biological sciences of the Oxford English Dictionary (OED), is is bioinformatics. reproduced below:

The emergence of bioinformatics as a cross- Informatics is the discipline of science which disciplinary subject has been well recognized. investigates the structure and properties (not Biologists and geneticists were the first ones who specific content) of scientific information, as started on the path that we today call bioinfor- well as the regularities of scientific infor- matics. People from many other subjects, such as mation activity, its theory, history, methodol- computer scientists, mathematicians and statisti- ogy and organization. (Oxford English cians joined the bandwagon. Librarians and Dictionary, 1989, Vol. 7, p. 944) information professionals are now joining them. The initial intended meaning of the term bioin- The HGP definition of informatics seems to be formatics was the application of computers and very narrow, as it is focused only on databases, associated machines for handling, storing and while all the senses in Harrod’s glossary are manipulating biological data. As Attwood and much broader and put the term in context. Parry-Smith (2001, p. 3) further point out, Mikhailov’s definition is the earliest of those quoted above, yet is broader than all the others. the term bioinformatics has been comman- deered by several different disciplines to mean rather different things. . . . In the Bioinformatics – an Umbrella Term? context of genome initiatives, the term was originally applied to the computational Going through various definitions of this term, it manipulation and analysis of biological appears that “the term ‘Bioinformatics’ is not sequence data (DNA and/or protein). really well-defined” (Weizmann Institute of Science, 200?) and many definitions are simply Various definitions of bioinformatics and its descriptions of activities carried out under this component ‘informatics’ are available. A few name. Some of the following identify subject definitions and descriptions of informatics and areas where the term can be used, while others bioinformatics set the context for establishing specify activities. It is used synonymously and the need for a cross-disciplinary definition. interchangeably with computational biology, genetics, genomics, and molecular biology. Informatics has been defined in the research goals of the US Human Genome Project (HGP) This scientific field deals with computa- as tional management of all kinds of biological

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information, whether it may be about genes and techniques from three separate disci- and their products, whole organisms or even plines; molecular biology (the source of the ecological systems. Most of the bioinformat- data to be analyzed), computer science ics work that is being done can be described (supplies the hardware for running analysis as analyzing biological data, although a and networks to communicate the results), growing number of projects deal with the and the data analysis algorithms which organization of biological information. strictly define bioinformatics. (Richon, (Weizmann Institute of Science, 200?) 2001)

In its broadest sense, the term can be con- These definitions are no older than a decade at sidered to mean information technology most, and the field of bioinformatics has applied to the management and analysis of changed profoundly in these years. Altschul biological data; this has implications in (2005) commented on the growth and develop- diverse areas ranging from artificial intelli- ment of bioinformatics in the Foreword to the gence and robotics to genome analysis. . . . collected papers of the National Conference on However, in view of the recent rapid Bioinformatics Computing, held in March 2005 accumulation of available protein struc- at Patiala, India. But it can safely be said, from tures, the term now tends to be used to the above definitions (strict, loose, functional, embrace the manipulation and analysis of etc.) and descriptions, that bioinformatics is three-dimensional (3D) structural data. concerned primarily with all aspects of the life- (Attwood and Parry-Smith, 2001, p. 3) cycle of genetic and related data and infor- mation after its generation, such as its retrieval, According to Alpi (2003), bioinformatics is the dissemination, interpretation, and interrelation science of managing and analysing biological with other information (largely biological), in data using advanced computing techniques. “converting it into knowledge.” (Liebman, Other definitions include: 1995).

conceptualizing biology in terms of macro- A diverse pattern emerges out of the above molecules (in the sense of physical-chem- definitions that shows the variety of activities istry) and then applying ‘informatics’ covered under this term. Therefore, it is like an techniques (derived from disciplines such as umbrella term, with every activity dealing with applied maths, computer science, and statis- genetic and associated information for various tics) to understand and organize the infor- purposes being covered under the bioinformat- mation associated with these molecules. ics umbrella. People from many disciplines are (Luscombe et al., 2003) now coming together under this umbrella. The need of the hour is to evolve a cross-disciplin- Bioinformatics can be loosely defined as the ary definition that incorporates the concerns of application of computer technology to all disciplines that have been contributing to collect, analyse, organize and merge biologi- this emerging subject. Library and information cal and genetic information which can be professionals should bear this responsibility, as used for gene-based drug discovery and the realization of the importance of applying development. (Jeevan, 2002, p. 271) principles of knowledge organization and information retrieval (e.g. classification, The study of the information content and metadata, vocabulary control, etc.) in the information flow in biological systems and effective handling of the huge amounts of bio- processes. (Liebman, 1995) logical information generated in the laboratory – and by extension in the ‘information society’ Bioinformatics is the field of science in – or, as in some definitions, the informatics which biology, computer science, and infor- aspect of bioinformatics, has become more mation technology merge to form a single important in the evolution of bioinformatics discipline. (Bioinformatics Factsheet, 2001) than finding genetic and associated data in the laboratory. the methods that are used to collect store, retrieve, analyse, and correlate this Governments in both developed and less mountain of complex information are developed countries have recognized the poten- grouped into a discipline called bioinfor- tial of bioinformatics. In less developed countries matics. . . [It] encompasses the use of tools like India, the importance of coordination among

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experts in the various disciplines associated with The Apex [Bioinformatics] Centre should bioinformatics has also been recognized. For compile a list of work areas for general instance, in the sectoral road-map of ‘Bio-infor- guidance of the [bioinformatics] centres, matics and IT-enabled Biotechnology’ in the draft keeping in view [. . .] and basic objectives of National Biotechnology Development Strategy the Government of India. These would (NBDS) of India, the following words highlight include: the dire need for interdisciplinary cooperation, though only two subject areas and their experts • Identification of high priority research areas are named: that need to be addressed. • Identification of core interest areas of the One of the major challenges in optimum Bioinformatics programme. exploitation of bioinformatics for solving • Identification of high priority databases and life science issues is the formulation of software that need to be developed. appropriate computational biology prob- • Standardisation of course curriculum for lems that can be addressed through IT tools. bioinformatics education. This requires adequate appreciation of the • Monitoring, analysing and publishing the scope and strength of bioinformatics by market demand of different bioinformatics the biologists and basic understanding of applications (tools) and utilities. the biological sciences by the information scientists [emphasis of the author of this [...] paper and not of the NBDS draft]. The solution lies in having adequate leaders with The Apex Centre, based on the reports of expertise in both life sciences and infor- the individual centres, should evolve small mation technology and strong insti- functional work groups and foster closer tutional/program tie-up between specialists interaction within these individual groups. from both the fields. (India, Department of [. . .] On the basis of the current trends of Biotechnology, 2005, p. 40) the [BTIS] network, suggested work groups include: The following excerpts from the Bioinformatics Policy of India (India, Department of Biotech- • Medical Science nology, 2004) indicate that the Government of • Commercial Biotechnology & Intellectual India, though not very clear on what constitutes Property Management bioinformatics activities, has aimed its bioinfor- • Computational Biology & Algorithms matics programme at greater information access • Biodiversity & Environment in the post-genomic era: • Plant Science, Agriculture & Veterinary Science Bioinformatics has become a frontline • Molecular Biology, Cell Biology & Struc- applied science and is of vital importance to tural Biology” (India, Department of the study of new biology, which is widely Biotechnology, 2004, p. 17) recognised as the defining scientific endeav- our of the twenty-first century. The genomic revolution has underscored the central role Organization of Data and Databases of bioinformatics in understanding the very basics of life processes. (p. 3) Much genetic and related data and information is either born digital or is soon converted into The principal aim of the bioinformatics pro- digital form. Databases are created from primary gramme was to ensure that India emerged a data from genetic research, and with the key international player in the field of bio- increase in data and databases a system of informatics; enabling a greater access to organizing such databases into categories has information wealth created during the post- arisen. According to Zdobnov et al. (2001), genomic era and catalysing the country’s molecular biology databases are categorized as: attainment of lead position in medical, agri- bibliographic; taxonomic; nucleic acid; genomic; cultural, animal and environmental biotech- protein and specialized protein databases; nology. (p. 4) protein families, domains, and functional sites; proteomics initiatives; and enzyme/metabolic The Bioinformatics Policy has also identified the pathways. Berendsen (2002) classifies databases following areas of work and work groups: as (a) archival and derived, and (b) structural,

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and protein and nucleic acid sequence data- are readily accessible and easily retrievable bases. by users who have widely divergent knowl- edge of the organism. This goal is best In whatever way these databases may be catego- achieved by using controlled vocabularies rized, search tools are needed to retrieve the . . . without ambiguity. (p. 525) information they contain. Search tools such as the Entrez and Sequence Retrieval System (SRS) The above paragraphs give a clear indication that developed by leading database developers like ‘information’ from these databases is increasingly the National Center for Biotechnology Infor- required for correlation with already available mation (NCBI) in the United States and information for solving problems in biology, agri- EMBnet in Europe, are good efforts, but the data culture (Keshav Mohan, 2002), genetics, being generated at present is too much and will medicine (Jeevan, 2002) and other subjects. This experience a manifold increase in the coming is also evident in the following: years. Databases in bioinformatics have been related to digital libraries; in the words of Jan Ultimately, however, all of this information Aalbersberg (1998), must be combined to form a comprehensive picture of normal cellular activities so that molecular biology databases – mostly con- researchers may study how these activities sisting of gene and protein sequences – are are altered in different disease states. There- examples of digital libraries that have fore, the field of bioinformatics has evolved increasingly complex applications associ- such that most pressing task now involves ated with them. The development and use of the analysis and interpretation of various these applications (i.e., the techniques, types of data, including nucleotide and algorithms, and tools to analyse, compare, amino acid sequences, protein domains, and and classify the data in those biological protein structures. (Bioinformatics Fact- databases) takes place in the field of bio- sheet, 2001) informatics.

The importance of principles of knowledge Global Action in a Global Electronic organization and information retrieval for effec- Village tive handling of biological information and the processes related to it in bioinformatics have Though databases and tools have been been clearly emphasized by Mount (2001, p. 46) developed largely in the developed world, as follows: researches and material for research also continue in the less developed world. In a global Biological databases are beginning to use electronic village, action at the international “controlled vocabularies” for entering data level is needed to address definitional, data so that these defined terms can confidently warehousing, social and ethical issues in bio- be used for database subsequent searches. informatics across disciplinary and political ... boundaries. The Inter-Union Bioinformatics Group (IUBG), established by the International Further, he says, Council of Scientific Unions in 1998, was a good effort, although no international body of library A genome database may also be interfaced and information professionals was represented with other types of data. This type of in it. organization, termed data warehousing, can facilitate the search for novel relationships The IUBG report ((Berendsen, 2002) identified among the data by data mining methods . . . “four different aspects associated with primary The ultimate step in genome analysis is to data for which standardization should be con- collect the information found on gene and sidered: content, nomenclature, data format, and protein sequences, alignments, gene data exchange protocol”. From this report is function and location, protein families and becomes clear again that the role of information domains, relationships of genes to those in content and its organization is the cutting edge other organisms, chromosomal rearrange- in bioinformatics. ments, and so on into a comprehensive database. This database should be logically In a US Department of Energy (DOE) report on organized so that all types of information its Human Genome Project (1997) under the 337 06_kalra_061398 (jk-t) 30/11/05 1:22 pm Page 338

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heading ‘modularity and standards’ of databases, completeness, and efficiency. Indexing and the following functions have been identified: cross-referencing are critical database func- authoring, publishing and archiving, cataloging tions. It is often the case that the indexes (metadata), and data access and manipulation. which encapsulate the relationships in and Under these last two headings the following are between databases constitute a far larger mentioned: data set than the original data. Significant computer resources should go into pre- Cataloging (metadata): This is the ‘librarian’ computation of the indexes that support the function. The primary function of a library most frequent queries. is not to store information but rather to enable the user to determine what data is available and where to find it. The Averting an Information War librarian’s primary function is to generate and provide “metadata” about what data From the excerpts from the HGP report in the sets exist and how they are accessed (the previous section, two points are clearly estab- electronic analog of the card catalogue). lished. First, it has excluded the library and Other critical functions include querying, information science community from functions cross-referencing, and indexing. other than those it has termed ‘librarian’ func- tions. Secondly, it has underestimated the capa- Data access and manipulation: This is the bility of the library and information profession “user interface”. Because the data volumes and its professionals in the mammoth task of are typically large, computerized methods organizing, analyzing, and interpreting genetic for data access and manipulation must be (and associated proteomic, structural) data into provided, including graphical user interfaces meaningful information and to relate such infor- (GUIs). (Human Genome Project, 1997) mation to diverse bio-based disciplines.

In limiting the library and information pro- A contradiction of sorts regarding the relation- fession only to the metadata function, in a ship between bioinformatics and the library and restricted sense of the term (the Human Genome information community in the United States Project report says metadata does not include appears between the HGP report, on the one querying, cross-referencing and indexing) and hand, and the establishment of the NCBI under excluding it from the other important functions the National Library of Medicine, on the other. of organizing, publishing and archiving, the The need for pinpointing ‘what constitutes bio- report further damages the library and infor- informatics’, noted by Stephen Altschul, of mation profession by questioning the capabilities NCBI, has been reported earlier in this paper. of its professionals as follows: Bowles (1999, p. 169), commenting on the wars between scientists and librarians in organizing Currently, neither standards nor modularity the information produced during the first infor- are very much in evidence in the Project. mation explosion in the latter half of the 20th The DOE could contribute significantly by century, remarked that encouraging standards. Database groups should be encouraged to concentrate on the the mistakes made in the past were most “librarian” functions, and leave the publish- notably the absence of the librarian’s voice ing and archival functions to other groups in issues relating to automation and infor- . . . As part of the librarian function, invest- mation. We cannot afford that voice to be ment should be made in acquiring auto- silenced again, nor can we allow the infor- matic engines that produce metadata and mation wars to claim another victim. The catalogues. With the explosive growth of librarian must remain our primary gate- web-accessible information, it is unlikely keeper of knowledge. that human librarians will be able to keep pace with the ancillary information on the But have we, the academics, become any wiser? genome, e.g. publications and web sites Are we not heading towards another infor- [emphasis of the author of this paper and mation war, over genetic information? Library not of the HGP report]. The technology for and information professionals and their pro- such search engines is well developed for fessional bodies at national and international the web and needs to be applied specifically levels need to adopt a proactive role if we are to to genomic information for specificity, avert another information war in the near future.

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A close look at the standardization issues men- of new knowledge from the mountains of bio- tioned in the IUBG report and the standardiza- logical data and information in collaboration tion functions of databases mentioned in the with experts from other subjects and at com- HGP report reveal that library and information munity and institutional levels. This opportunity professionals have traditionally been associated arises for two reasons: first, because of the with many of the issues raised in both reports. It growing recognition of the importance of infor- becomes clear, therefore, that the application of mation in 21st century society, that is increas- the principles of library and information service ingly being termed as an ‘information society’, is now required to manage this mountain of and secondly, because librarianship and infor- data, to generate information from this data and mation work, among various ‘information’ pro- to create new knowledge from it. In contrast to fessions, is the one that has traditionally focused other players and stakeholders working in bioin- on information per se, rather than on the tech- formatics, the gravity of the situation has not nology used for its management or on other been realized fully by the library and information related aspects. The theory and the techniques community. The comments of Alpi (2003) that that the library and information profession have developed need to be applied in the diverse bio- unfortunately, the level of bioinformatics based disciplines that are coming under the exposure in most LIS graduate programs is bioinformatics umbrella and even further in the limited field of ‘biomedical informatics’ (Martin- Sanchez et al., 2004; Columbia University speaks volumes about the proactive role of Department of Biomedical Informatics, 200?). LIS profession towards the emerging trans- In the words of Liebman (1995), disciplinary subject of bioinformatics. bioinformatics is evolving to serve as a The voice of the library and information com- bridge between the observations in diverse munity is also required in relation to data access bio-based disciplines, and the derivation of and social and ethical issues associated with understanding or knowledge about how the bioinformatics. The IUBG also highlighted its system or process functions, or in the case concern about these issues as follows: of disease, dysfunctions.

Statement 3 on right to fair use of data: The voice of the library and information com- Scientific advancements rely on full and munity in evolving and shaping bioinformatics open access to data. Primary data that are has not been adequate. The formation by the accessible through the archival databases American Society for Information Science and should not be subjected to any restrictions Technology of a virtual Special Interest Group that would limit fair use of those data. Fair (SIG) on Bioinformatics to provide a forum for use includes the use for teaching and interaction between specialists in bioinformatics research purposes. (Berendsen, 2002) (e.g. scientists in computational molecular biology), information technology and infor- mation science, is a laudable effort (Paris, 2001). Concluding Remarks The Society has also published a special issue of its Journal on bioinformatics, with Bradley M. With the convergence of genetics and com- Hemminger and David Fenstermacher as guest puters, the increase in the quantity of infor- editors (Volume 56, number 5, 2005). Neverthe- mation being produced from genetic laboratories less, the fact that the library and information constitutes a ‘second information explosion’. As community is not represented on interdiscipli- a result of this convergence, bioinformatics has nary bodies like the IUBG is a matter of emerged as a transdisciplinary subject with concern. The ‘information wars’ of the latter half literature on it being produced in many estab- of the 20th century should not be repeated lished disciplines. As a consensus cross-disci- between librarians and other players in the field plinary definition of the subject still eludes, it has of bioinformatics. In the evolving information provided an opportunity to library and pro- society, the library and information community fessionals to broaden their professional horizons should work together with other subject experts in the information society by serving as primary to evolve a consensus definition of the subject gatekeepers of knowledge and information in and give it shape in such a way that it gains diverse bio-based subjects, as well as generators importance in all fields of life sciences.

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References India. Department of Biotechnology. (2004) Bioinfor- matics Policy of India. http://dbtindia.nic.in/ Aalbersberg, I.J. (1998) Bioinformatics: book review of publication/BPI-2004-V1–13thaugust.doc ‘Bioinformatics: a machine learning approach’, by P. India. Department of Biotechnology. (2005) National Baldi and S. Brunak, MIT Press, 1998. D-Lib Biotechnology Development Strategy: draft. http:// Magazine, September, http://www.dlib.org/dlib/ dbtindia.nic.in/biotechstrategy.htm september98/09bookreview-2.html Jeevan, V.K.J. (2002) Bioinformatics resources on Alpi, K. (2003) Bioinformatics training by librarians and Internet. Library Herald, 40 (4), December, 271–287. for librarians: developing the skills needed to Keshav Mohan. (2002) Bio-informatics: recent trends. support molecular biology and clinical genetics South Asian Journal of Socio-political Studies, 3 (1), information instruction. Issues in Science and Tech- December, 118–119. nology Librarianship, 37, (Spring). http://www.istl. Liebman, Michael. (1995, October) Bioinformatics: an org/03-spring/article1.html (accessed 29 January editorial perspective. Network Science, http://www. 2004) netsci.org/Science/Bioinform/feature01.html Altschul, Stephen. (2005) Foreword. In Garg, Deepak (accessed 15 December 2003). and Amardeep Singh, eds. Bioinformatics comput- Luscombe, N.M. et al. (2001) What is bioinformatics? A ing. New Delhi: Allied Publishers. p. v. proposed definition and overview of the field. Attwood, T.K. and Parry-Smith, D.J. (2001) Introduction Methods of Information in Medicine, 40 (4), to bioinformatics. Delhi: Pearson Education. 346–358. Berendsen, H.J.C., ed. (2002) Inter-Union Bioinformat- Martin-Sanchez, F. et al. (2004) Synergy between ics Group Report. http://md-chem.rug.nl/~berends/ medical informatics and bioinformatics: facilitating IUBG-FinalReport.html (accessed 3 June 2003). genomic medicine for future healthcare. Journal of Bioinformatics Factsheet. (2001) Just the facts: a basic Biomedical Informatics, 37, 30–42. introduction to the science underlying NCBI Mount, David W. (2001) Bioinformatics: sequence and resources. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/About/ genome analysis. Cold Spring Harbor, NY: Cold primer/bioinformatics.html (accessed 15 December Spring Harbor Laboratory Press. 2003) Oxford English Dictionary. (1989) 2nd edition. Oxford: Bowles, M. (1999) Information wars: two cultures and Clarendon Press. the conflict in information retrieval, 1945–1999. Paris, Greg. (2001) Proposal to form ASIST Special Proceedings of the International Conference on Interest Group on bioinformatics. (SIG/BIO). D-Lib History and Heritage of Scientific Information Magazine, May. http://www.dlib.org/may01/05in Systems, Pittsburgh. Silver Spring, MD: ASIST, brief.html (accessed 15 December 2003). 1999. http://www.chemheritage.org/explore/ASIS- Richon, Allen B. (2001) A short history of bioinformat- documents/ASIS98_Bowles.pdf (accessed 1 ics. Network Science, http://www.netsci.org/ December 2002) Science/Bioinform/feature06.html (accessed 30 Collins, F. and Galas, D. (1993) A new five-year plan for December 2003). the US Human Genome Project. Science, 262, Weizmann Institute of Science. (200?) Bioinformatics 43–46. Unit. What is bioinformatics? http://bioinformatics. Columbia University. Department of Biomedical Infor- weizmann.ac.il/cards/bioinfo_intro.html (accessed matics (200?) Biomedical Informatics: the nature of 16 April 2004). the discipline. http://www.dbmi.columbia.edu/about/ Zdobnov, E.M. et al. (2001) Using the molecular biology definition/definition.html (accessed 29 September data. In: Rehm, H.J. and Reed, G., eds. Biotechnol- 2005). ogy, 2nd completely revised ed., volume 5b, Critchlow, T. et al. (2000?) An overview of bioinformat- Genomics and bioinformatics, edited by C.W. ics research at Lawrence Livermore National Sensen. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH, pp. 281–300. Laboratory. http://www.llnl.gov/casc/people/critch low/pubs/abl-2000.pdf (accessed 20 January 2005). Den Besten, Matthijs Leendert. (2003) The Rise of Further Reading Bioinformatics: an historical approach to the emer- gence of a new scientific discipline. M.Phil Thesis. Dalrymple, P.W. (2002) The impact of medical informat- Oxford: University of Oxford, Faculty of Modern ics on librarianship. Papers of the 68th IFLA Confer- History. ence, 18–24 August, Glasgow. Harrod, L.M. (1990). Harrod’s librarians’ glossary of Kalra, H.P.S. (2004) Knowledge creation in bioinformat- terms used in librarianship and the book crafts, and ics using ICTs: a role for biomedical library and reference book. 7th edition compiled by Ray Pry- information professionals. In: Knowledge creation, therch. Aldershot: Gower. preservation, access and management: papers of the Hemminger, B.M. and Fenstermacher, David, eds. (2005) International Conference on Digital Libraries 2004, Journal of the American Society for Information New Delhi. New Delhi: The Energy and Resources Science and Technology, 56 (5) [special issue on Institute, Vol. 2, p. 1012. bioinformatics]. National Center for Biotechnology Information. (2003) Human Genome Project. (1997) [Report no.] JSR-97– Tools for bioinformatics research: Tools for data 315. http://www.ornl.gov/sci/techresources/Human_ mining. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Tools/index.htm Genome/publicat/miscpubs/jason/index.html (accessed 15 December 2003).

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Ouzounis, C.A. and Valencia, A. (2003) Early bioinfor- Rehm, H.J. and Reed, G., eds. Biotechnology, 2nd matics: the birth of a discipline – a personal view- completely revised ed., volume 5b, Genomics and point. Bioinformatics, 19 (17), 2176–2190. bioinformatics, edited by C.W. Sensen. Weinheim: Ramanathan, C.S. and Davison, D.B. (2001) Pharma- Wiley-VCH, pp. 123–144. ceutical bioinformatics and drug discovery. In:

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Globalization of Information and the Nigerian Librarian

Josephine I. Iwe Introduction

Globalization has been defined by Stern (2000) as the growing integration of economics and societies through the flow between countries of information, ideas, activities, technologies, goods, services, capital and people. Ocampo and Martin (2003) define it as the growing influence exerted at the local, national and regional levels by financial, economic, environmental, political, social and cultural processes that are global in scope. Asouzu (2004) sees globalization as a new form of humanism which bridges the differences between human beings in all spheres of life; a concept, an idea which fundamentally seeks to express uni- versal humanism designed to make the world a better place for all based on equal opportunities, rights and privileges.

These definitions highlight the fact that globalization is a world- Josephine Ifeanyichukwu Iwe is a wide phenomenon. It is multi-dimensional in nature and has Senior Librarian and current Head significant impact on the world society economically, socially, of the Processing Division of politically, and culturally. Stern’s definition goes further to say University of Calabar Library in that globalization is still growing, integrating many more nations Calabar, Nigeria. She obtained of the world. her first degree, BA (Hons.) English, at the University of Some scholars see globalization as a positive step towards Ghana, Legon in 1973 and did a development; for example, Rugumanu (1999) describes it as the Postgraduate Diploma in Library triumph of capitalism on a global scale. Others see it as a paradox Science at the University of in the sense that it is equated with a vile and sinister form of inter- Ibadan, Nigeria in 1976. She nationalization where a few powerful and greedy individuals and later obtained her Master and nations seek to subjugate and exploit an unsuspecting majority PhD degrees in English at the Uni- (Asouzu, 2004). This must be the reason why Ninsin (2000) calls versity of Calabar in 1992 and it a new phase of imperialism. The policies, treaties, and agree- 2000 respectively. She has been ments underlining globalization have been challenged and a librarian and a member of the rejected by hundreds and thousands of demonstrators all around Nigerian Library Association since the world, giving rise to what could be called anti-globalization 1976. She has published many movements. Many people have questioned the insistence of the articles on librarianship in learned World Bank, the International Monetary Fund (IMF), and the journals. She can be contacted World Trade Organization (WTO), the principal international at: Dr.(Mrs.) J.I. Iwe, University bodies promoting globalization, on the benefits of austerity, trade Library, University of Calabar, PMB liberalization and privatization measures underlining globaliz- 1115, Calabar, Cross River State, ation. People have also questioned the impact of globalization on Nigeria. E-mail: josefe2k2@ the commercialization, commoditization and privatization of yahoo.com information, which hitherto had been largely non-profit oriented. The International Federation of Library Associations and Insti- tutions (IFLA) has drawn attention to the implications of globalization for libraries (IFLA, 2001). It is also believed to have serious potential risks and negative effects such as volatility of income, adverse effect on culture, adverse effect on the environ- ment, disease spreading, emigration facilitation as a result of liberalized immigration laws, etc.

The term globalization is a recent coinage but the processes it

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describes can be traced back to the later part of climate in order to integrate with the global the Middle Ages (Yusuf et al., 2000; Stern, 2002; trading system. Ocampo and Martin, 2003; Asouzu, 2004). It is significant that such a catalytic phenomenon, According to Siddiqi (2003), many African which evolved centuries ago, has been sustained countries, such as Nigeria, are opening up more up till the present day by the scientific and industrial sectors by allowing foreign equity in cultural thinking of the Renaissance, the estab- privatization. They are also liberalizing capital lishment of the great European nations and markets with increasing scope for mergers and empires which have now culminated in the acquisitions. Countries such as Ghana, European Union and the expansion of capital- Botswana, Mauritius, Namibia and Tanzania ism. have relaxed their capital controls, which hitherto had constituted a significant deterrent According to Ocampo and Martin (2003), to FDI and international trade. Siddiqi further modern historians distinguish three stages of the asserts that many of the 53 African states have development of globalization, namely, 1870– become signatories to international trade and 1913; 1945–1973; and from 1973 to the present investment treaties which govern expropriation; day. The first stage was marked by a high degree settlement of disputes; and elimination of dis- of capital and labour mobility with a trade boom crimination between local and foreign investors. which caused much reduction of transport costs. The globalization of this first stage was halted by African countries have been evolving both the First World War, which began in 1914. The continental and regional groupings to attract second stage of globalization, which picked up investment from the developed countries and from the end of the world wars, was character- multinational companies. For example, Ghana, ized by a major effort to develop international Kenya, Malawi and Namibia have established institutions for financial and trade cooperation one-stop investment centres to expedite as well as a significant expansion of trade among approval procedures. The Eastern and Southern industrial countries. This stage was also known countries of Africa (excluding South Africa and for its widely varying models of economic Botswana) have adopted a common Road Map organizations and limitations on the mobility of for investment facilitation embodied in the Cross capital and labour. Border Initiative (CBI); the West African Economic and Monetary Union (WAEMU) and The third stage of globalization, which is the Southern African Development Community believed to have begun about 1973, is character- (SADC) have finalized regional protocols to har- ized by a number of issues which include: a monize investment laws, which are incentives gradual spread of free trade; a growing presence for both domestic and foreign investors. on the international scene of transnational corporations operating as internationally inte- Perhaps the most significant and sensitive step grated production systems; the expansion and taken so far by African countries towards notable mobility of capital; a shift towards the integration into the global economy was the standardization of development models; trade formation of the New Partnership for African protection mechanisms and tight restrictions on Development (NEPAD), a development plan the movement of labour, among other things. which seeks to liberate Africa from the history of This third stage is still expanding, integrating underdevelopment, poverty, war and corruption. more nations of the world and experiencing According to the Alternative Information and many more dimensions. Development Center (AIDC) (2002), NEPAD is essentially an attempt to negotiate with Northern powers the terms of Africa’s integra- Globalization and the African Situation tion into the world economy by ensuring that they invest their resources in the continent. In the globalized economic system, Africa is often referred to as a high-risk continent, especi- NEPAD evolved because of the bitter experi- ally with regard to security of property rights, ences of African countries over the last two regulatory frameworks and markets. Most decades in their implementation of IMF/World countries of Africa have low Gross Domestic Bank Structural Adjustment Policies, which led Product (GDP). This notwithstanding, African to higher levels of poverty, unemployment and governments are still making tangible efforts to inequality in the continent. For example, South improve their Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) African integration into the world economy

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through the adoption of the Gear Macro- means of transport and real-time transmission of Economic Policy led to loss of jobs for about one information, which started with the invention million workers and consequently higher levels of the telegraph and expanded with the advent of poverty. Moreover, the resulting financial of the telephone and television. The develop- crisis led to the devaluing of their currency. The ment of information and communications tech- same situation applied to Nigeria, whose nologies in recent years revolutionized access to currency continued to be devalued, thousands of information on a mass scale, thus reducing the workers were retrenched and the poverty which costs involved. Some countries are known to be globalization was supposed to reduce or eradi- proficient in producing information technology cate became more entrenched and widespread materials and equipment, but are very low in IT as a result of the implementation of globalization usage. For example, Wong (2001), and Kenny policies. (2003) assert that, although the Asian region accounts for a high share of global ICT produc- On the political scene, NEPAD reflects the per- tion, it trails behind some other regions in ICT spectives and language of the World Bank anti- adoption and usage. It is believed, however, that corruption and good governance initiative with time the region will begin to make effective through which they maintain an enabling use of its ICT products. But the situation in the environment for private sector investment; African region is rather different and pathetic. hence NEPAD’s Democracy and Political African countries neither produce ICT materials Governance Initiative and Economic and Cor- and equipment nor make effective use of those porate Governance Initiative. These are aimed at produced by others. The pleasant dream of reducing corruption, enhancing democracy and having a large percentage of Africans involved in achieving good governance. the production and effective use of information technology will take quite some time to materi- NEPAD also identifies with the private sector, alize. and more particularly with foreign investment, as the driving force of development. One can see The globalized information system that culmi- it as an alternative strategy towards achieving nates in Internet usage has contributed signifi- sustainable and appropriate development which cantly to world economic growth (Qiang et al., begins with inward oriented development based 2004). Yusuf et al. (2000) express it in a different on the political, social and economic integration way, saying that financial globalization is rein- of African nations. Such integration, as exempli- forcing the impact of the communications revol- fied in NEPAD and the African Union, has ution on global linkages. They give the example recently achieved long-awaited debt cancellation that 80 percent of all international data flows are for some African countries and debt relief for generated by the financial services sector. others. This may further lead to the empower- ment of the region in terms of investments in Considering these statements, one cannot help education, health, infrastructure, industrializa- agreeing with Asouzu (2004) that globalization tion and the manufacturing sectors. means different things to different people. One can also confidently assert that, whereas The purpose of this paper, therefore, is to high- globalization has effectively impacted on infor- light the position of the Nigerian librarian in the mation and communications technology, present globalized information system and to likewise the ICT revolution has contributed suggest ways of uplifting him to the status where immensely to accelerating globalization, enrich- he could maximize the benefits of globalization ing its global perspectives. The two phenomena through ICT for nation building and for better, are working hand in hand to bring about timely and more efficient information delivery. changes in the integration of world affairs and especially in the global economy.

Globalization of Information Qiang et al (2004) identify three channels of ICT contribution to the growth of the global The three stages of the development of globaliz- economy, namely, Total Factor Productivity ation have been fuelled by successive technologi- (TFP) growth in sectors producing ICT; capital cal revolutions and by advances that have cut deepening; and Total Factor Productivity (TFP) the costs of transportation, information and growth through reorganization and ICT usage. communication. These brought about the According to Qiang et al, the rapidly increasing shortening of distances, the development of new computing power of new ICT products such as

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memory chips raise the average TFP growth of from ICT-related jobs if only the country will the economy. This exemplifies the first channel. embrace ICTs profoundly. Capital deepening, which is the second channel, contributes to economic growth when higher levels of financial investment in ICT bring about The Nigerian Librarian and the new products and falling prices, thereby raising Globalization of Information the productivity of the existing capital stock and of labour. By the third channel, ICT applications Information technology and the Internet have can create new markets, new products and new been seen by some observers as a possible means ways of organizing how society operates. by which developing countries might ‘leapfrog’ Moreover, there are many ways in which ICT past outdated technologies and in the process can reduce administrative procedures, dissemi- accelerate their economic growth (Miller, 2001). nate information cheaply, efficiently and timely This could be possible to some extent, depend- and trigger new business models which are more ing on the level of development a particular productive than the existing ones. In the same country has reached. In Nigeria, the ‘leapfrog- way, sectors such as retailing, financial services ging’ may not be much because use of the and transportation are benefiting immensely Internet is not yet sufficiently widespread to from ICT utilization. reach many consumers and businessmen, and the use of ICT is still in its developmental stage. When we talk about information technology in isolation, we tend to limit the revolutionary The low levels of development and use of ICT in strength of the new technologies; but when we Nigeria, as in most of Sub-Saharan Africa, could refer to it as information and communications be attributed to a lot of things, including lack of technology – identifying the communication dependable infrastructural framework, lack of a aspect – we capture its revolutionary totality in solid pool of skilled workers, inadequate number its widest possible sense. As a revolution, ICT of personal computers, inadequate and unreli- has completely changed the face of the global able telecommunication and electric power economy in all its ramifications. It has increased infrastructures, and poor financial systems competition globally, both in technological which are unable to encourage the use of advancements and in the socio-economic consumer credit to support commercial trans- sectors, leading to lower prices for ICT goods actions. Zulu (1994) asserts that this problem- and services. It has provided a strong incentive atic situation is further compounded by the fact to replace other forms of capital and labour that the information intermediaries (librarians, with information technology. It contributes documentalists) who could play a crucial role in immensely to output, employment and export bridging the gap between ICT and the illiterate earnings; for example, in the year 2000, the end-user are accorded low status and hence White House estimated that more than 13 poorly rewarded. million Americans held ICT-related jobs and that the rate of growth in this sector was six So, the Nigerian librarian of the first decade of times as fast as overall job growth (World Bank, the 21st century finds himself in a dilemma. He 2002). In the same year, India’s software is expected to launch himself into the world of industry alone employed 400,000 people and computer networking, Internet surfing and produced USD 8 billion in sales (Economist, cyberspace exploration and repackaging of 2001). Computers are largely responsible for information, thereby integrating himself into the this increased growth. Communications equip- globalized information system; but he cannot do ment and software have also contributed signifi- so because he is severely handicapped. cantly (Jogenson, 2001). All the same, data shows that ICT contributions vary tremen- Library automation, which has been adopted by dously across regions. According to the IMF most libraries in the developed parts of the (2001), ICT benefits can accrue to producers, in world, is yet to take off in many libraries in the form of higher profits; to consumers, in the Nigeria and the Nigerian librarian continues to form of lower prices; and to labour, in the form wait to achieve his dream of library automation. of wages. Some regions are mainly producers, Many Nigerian libraries which would have loved some are consumers, some are both producers to join the rest of the world in the globalized and consumers. In Africa, Nigeria is neither a information system, accessing information producer nor a consumer nation, but her large online using the online catalogue, are still using unemployed population can benefit immensely their card catalogues and operating manual 345 07_iwe_061399 (jk-t) 30/11/05 1:23 pm Page 346

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library systems. The Nigerian librarian should comfortable to settle down there rather than acquire, process, store, disseminate, and deliver move to congest the cities the more. This means information electronically if he is to be fully inte- that necessary infrastructures such as libraries grated as an information specialist in the Infor- and information centres must be put in place to mation Age, knowledgeable in the production, support governments’ rural development application and use of information online. schemes.

Thanks to the Nigerian Government’s National Globalization in the 21st century is often associ- Universities Network (NUNet) scheme, which ated with improved and enhanced productivity, aims at connecting all tertiary institutions and high service quality, transparency, accountability their libraries into a network connected to the and organizational efficiency (Miller, 2001). Internet, Nigerian librarians may not have to Information and communications technology, wait for too long for their dreams to come true which is a special dimension of globalization, is (Unonogbo, 1998). A few universities are a forceful tool for improving governance and already connected and are enjoying Internet strengthening democracy. Nigeria is now trying services. Others will soon be connected. It is to transform and build up its democratic pro- hoped that, before the end of this decade, the cesses in governance, which need to be strength- scheme will be completed and the major cities of ened and enhanced by the forces of the country will also be connected in a web of globalization. Nigerian librarians must be at the high-speed fibre optic networks. Computer forefront if we are to achieve this, using ICT to literacy programmes, which have not yet become strengthen and mobilize Nigerian democracy, widespread, will be integrated into the day-to- which is still wavering and very unstable. day programmes of organizations, institutions Librarians must initiate and encourage the wide- and parastatals in order to equip people to use spread use of the Internet, because the large these new services. population of the country is an asset in elec- tronic commerce. It is hoped that, by the next decade, both library and business use of the Internet will expand Another benefit of globalization to developing rapidly in Nigeria because of the Federal countries of the world is that it could facilitate Government’s efforts to comply with WTO obli- poverty reduction (Yusuf et al., 2000) and at the gations such as trade liberalization and quota centre of this is ICT application and usage. Since protection (Siddiqi, 2003). This may encourage a large percentage of the Nigerian poor dwell in more and more businessmen to begin to build up the rural areas, rural development should be their own application software packages to given high priority in ICT application and usage accelerate business processes and consequently by helping the rural people learn and participate to make more profit. For example, the X-LIB in global information sourcing and delivery, computer software, which has become popular which is currently providing jobs to millions of in Nigeria for the automation of library opera- job-seekers all over the world. This globalized tions and services, was conceived and developed system of information delivery has also brought by staff of the Raw Materials Research and about the use of information to assist rural Development Council (RMRDC) of the people in their economic activities such as Nigerian Federal Ministry of Science and Tech- farming, trading entrepreneurship, etc. For nology in collaboration with BERAM Ltd., a example, farmers can greatly increase their pro- private computer company. ductivity by using information on improved technologies in agricultural inputs, on the Nigeria may be a rich country with poor people weather and on markets. Traders and other and very low GDP; it is still a large country with entrepreneurs need to find marketing infor- a large population and an expanding middle mation and disseminate such about their busi- class. Although its literacy level is low, it has nesses. The librarian, who is at the centre of many universities from which thousands of information delivery, can supply such needed graduates emerge each year seeking employ- information and direct them on how best to ment. The 21st century Nigerian librarian has apply and utilize the information procured (Iwe, many challenges to tackle in this integration 2003). process. The large population of the country and their surge into the cities in great numbers will The Nigerian librarian must ensure that infor- have to be checked by improving living con- mation technology, which has become a potent ditions in the rural areas so that people will be force in transforming social, economic, and

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political life globally, is entrenched in the The automation of library functions and services Nigerian system, because without it, there is very in Nigeria will bring about increased access to little chance of development (Hafkin and national and international resources through Taggart, 2001). Nigerian librarians must not just online searching. Ajibero (1998) agrees, when he become computer literate; they must be knowl- says that the use of automated library systems in edgeable in information and communications Nigeria will enable Nigerian libraries to become technology so as to be able to use electronic members of international bibliographic utilities communications for networking to promote such as OCLC and benefit from their services such library services for national development. as online cataloguing and interlibrary loan. Anafulu (1998) proffers that, with the long list of Stern (2002) asserts that the three most import- benefits accruing from globalization and the use of ant ways to achieve poverty reduction are: by the new technologies, user expectations of universal basic education; social protection Nigerian libraries will be high and Nigerian measures to deal with adjustment programmes; librarians will be expected to play new roles in and connection to the global economy by all the society and display a long set of strategies for regions of a country. In Nigeria, these three strat- survival. It is very disheartening that most egies are gradually being put in place. There is Nigerian librarians can only access the Internet universal basic education (UBE) at the primary outside their libraries; yet many of the new tech- school level to ensure that everyone participates nologies are meant to be maximized within infor- in and benefits from growth, development and mation environments, of which libraries are a part. globalization. There are social protection measures to cushion the effects of liberalization processes and structural adjustment pro- Conclusion grammes. There is open trade in all the parts of the country connecting all the regions directly to All through this paper there have been dis- the global economy. cussions on how globalization has impacted on information and communications technology, The non-automated nature of Nigerian libraries how ICT has contributed in globalizing has prevented librarians from benefiting fully economic, social and political understanding from the advances of new technologies. This can and cooperation among nations; and how the be noticed in many aspects of library practice and Nigerian librarian could be integrated into these service; for example, resource sharing and inter- global phenomena, achieving maximum benefits. library loan schemes, which constitute dimen- sions of library collaboration, have been tried in The use of ICT depends very much on a solid Nigeria using manual systems about 20 years ago, pool of skilled workers who are educated without success. But with the advent of the new enough not only to appreciate advancements in technologies, collaboration and resource sharing technologies but also to use the different appli- among libraries would be facilitated and made cations as directed. Moreover, a well-educated more efficient through computer networking population is far more likely to capitalize on the (Unonogbo, 1998). The Virtual Library System productivity gains from ICT. This is the reason which has been made possible by the new tech- why most, if not all, cyber cafes in Nigeria are nologies is yet to find root in Nigerian libraries. located in the cities and university towns. The Desktop publishing, which has become increas- local, state and federal governments of Nigeria ingly popular in libraries in the developed parts should increase their budget allocations to edu- of the world, is only now catching up with local cation and information in order to improve the publishers in Nigerian towns and cities, but is yet standard of education in the country and to take off in most Nigerian libraries. Stubley increase ICT application and usage. (1985) and Edkins (1990) assert that a wide range of print materials such as guides, notices, Research in national development is important forms, bibliographies, labels, pamphlets, news- for understanding and absorbing internationally letters, posters, reports, lists, etc., which are often developed knowledge. The Federal Government produced for use and changed regularly in of Nigeria should support research activities in libraries, can now be produced more cheaply and library and information science in all its ramifi- timely and changed as regularly as possible cations so as to equip the information specialists through desktop publishing applications. This is properly for the task of information delivery, an advantage that Nigerian libraries are yet to which continues to become more and more develop in their systems. sophisticated.

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The globalization of information is rooted in globalization. No. 50. Geneva: International Labour information and communications technology. Office. pp. 4–9. The positive impact on the structure of the Edkins, Jennifer (1990) Library applications of desktop economy can be seen in the digitization of infor- publishing practice: a tool and a resource. Program, 24 (2): 155–168. mation flows, communication processes, and Hafkin, Nancy and Taggart, Nancy. (2001) Gender, infor- coordination mechanisms. Meanwhile, the mation technology and developing countries: an Federal Government of Nigeria is striving to analytic study. USAID: WID Publication. complete the National Universities Network http://www.usaid.gov/wid/pubs/it01.htm (NUNet), which will not only automate all IFLA. (2001) The IFLA Position on the WTO treaty academic libraries in the country, but also negotiations, Version II, September 2001. The connect them to the Internet in a nationwide Hague, IFLA. http://www.ifla.org/III/clm/pI/wto- network. This will strongly entrench the ifla.htm IMF. (2001) The information technology revolution. Nigerian librarian in his professional position as World Economic Outlook, October. Washington DC: an information specialist in information acquisi- IMF. tion, processing, storage and delivery, as well as Iwe, J.I. (2003) Libraries and information in sustainable integrating him into the global information rural development in Nigeria. Information Develop- system. But the question may arise as to whether ment, 19 (3): 169–177. Nigerian librarians are skilled enough in the use Jogenson, Dale W. (2001) Information technology and and application of the new technologies to be the US economy. American Economic Review, 19 (1): 1–32. able to deliver cheap, efficient and timely infor- Kenny, Charles. (2003) The Internet and economic mation to Nigerians. While continuing the growth in LDC’s: a case of managing expectations? NUNet Scheme, the Federal Government Oxford Development Studies, 31 (1). should also direct resources towards training Miller, Robert R. (2001) Leapfrogging? India’s infor- and re-training Nigerian librarians to acquire the mation technology industry and the Internet. new skills they need for the proper use and Washington DC: World Bank. (Discussion Paper No. application of the new technologies, so that lack 42). Ninsin, Kwame A. (2000) Globalization and the future of skilled manpower and expertise does not mar of Africa. Occasional Papers, Series, 4 (1): 1–35. the progress of the programme. The Nigerian Ocampo, Jose Antonio and Martin, Juan, eds. (2003) librarian who is professionally equipped in the Globalization and development: a Latin American processes of information delivery is equally and Caribbean perspective. United Nations equipped to face squarely the challenges of the Economic Commission for Latin America and the profession in the new millennium, especially in Caribbean. relation to ICT application and usage for the Qiang, Christine Zhen-Wei; Pitt, Alexander; Ayers, Seth. achievement of a meaningful information system (2004) Contribution of information and communi- cation technologies to growth. Washington. on a global scale. Rugumanu, Severine M. (1999) Globalization, liberation and Africa’s marginalization. Occasional Paper References Series, 3 (1): 3–24. Siddiqi, Moin (2003) African nations fight for FDI. Alternative Information and Development Center African Review of Business and Technology, 14–18. (AIDC) (2002) NEPAD and globalization. AIDC Stern, Nicholas (2002) Globalization, reform and South Africa at http://dawn.thot.net/nepad3.html poverty reduction: the challenge and implication for (accessed 7 August 2004). Indonesia. A Strategy for Development. Washington Ajibero, M.I. (1998) Impact of computer technology on DC: World Bank. Nigerian library’s services in the 21st century: a Stubley, Peter. (1985) Desktop publishing on the Macin- Paper Presented at the 25th Annual Conference of tosh: six questions answered for librarians. Program, the Nigerian Library Association held at Abeokuta 22 (3): 247–261. from March 10–19. Unonogbo, Raphael U. (1998). User expectations: a Anafulu, Joseph C. (1998) Survival strategies for uni- vision for library services in higher education in versity libraries in the 21st century. In Committee of Nigeria. Committee of University Librarians of University Librarians of Nigeria Universities Nigerian Universities (CULNU): Proceedings of the (CULNU): Proceedings of the Ibadan & Ekpoma Ibadan & Ekpoma Seminar 1992 & 1994. Ed. Salisu, Seminars, 1992 & 1994. Ed. Salisu, Taofiq M. and Taofiq M. and Olanlokun, S. Olajire. pp. 100–120. Olanlokun, S. Olajire. pp. 34–48. Vitta, Paul (2004). International Conference on the Role Asouzu, Innocent I. (2004) The Method and principles of Private Universities in Africa. AAU Newsletter, 10 of complementary reflection: in and beyond African (1): 3–4. philosophy. Calabar: University of Calabar Press. Wong, Poh-Kam (2001). ICT production and diffusion in Economist (2001) 11/10/01, quoted in The world of Asia–digital dividends or digital divide? WIDER work: the magazine of the ILO: Toward a fair Discussion Paper, No. 2001/8.

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World Bank (2002). Constructing knowledge societies: Zulu, Saul F.C. (1994) Africa’s survival plan for meeting new challenges for tertiary education. Washington the challenges of information technology in the DC: World Bank. 1990s and beyond. Libri, 44 (1): 77–94. Yusuf, Shahid; Wu Weiping and Evenett, Simon, eds. (2000). Local dynamics in a globalizing world: 21st century catalysts for development. Oxford: OUP.

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REPORTS TO COUNCIL IN OSLO

President’s Report

Kay Raseroka, IFLA President 2003–2005 cultural, democratic and economic well being of all people • high quality library and information services • IFLA activities should be accessible for all, applying the principle of non-discrimination.

1. IFLA is Changing

The main focus of this Presidency has been to facilitate transition and change of IFLA, based on the outcome of consultations with members. This consultative process started with the brain- storming session in 2002 and has continued electronically as well as in various national and regional association conferences which I was fortunate to engage in. In addition, members’ views were sought, on the paper A Green Light for IFLA.

The outcomes of these consultations reinforced the following prioritized areas of activity:

• Advocacy Dear members of IFLA, • Partnerships and Alliances • Continuing Professional Development. I would like to begin this Presidential Report by referring to my initial commitment as a candidate Furthermore, members stressed the responsi- for IFLA’s presidency. My main pledge was to bility to identify and recognize diversity within facilitate communication between different the communities served by IFLA’s libraries. They library and information worlds. This means to also asked for more programmatic coherence of build on global communication that unites the IFLA activities. Last but not least, there was electronic information rich with the oral infor- recognition that IFLA has an urgent need to mation rich. I want to see the two worlds comp- diversify revenue streams and consolidate lement one another in creating an information human resources to meet increased expectations rich society regardless of medium of transmission. of members.

I also promised to uphold IFLA’s core values This clearly pointed the way in which members and to support the members, striving to apply wish to change IFLA, and upon which we these in practice. These core values are our ‘red embarked. thread’ for all our activities as IFLA: Well, some of IFLA’s changes were not foreseen. • freedom of access to information, and freedom We did not expect to work as a President with of expression three secretaries-general, but it happened. It has • universal and equitable access to information, caused delays in our planning process, but also ideas and works of imagination for the social, made clearer than ever before, that the IFLA

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administrative structure is exceptionally under- The Members Pillar is of course central to IFLA. resourced. It includes the services we offer to members, management of their membership of IFLA, As IFLA members we were galvanized into a conferences and publications. We must work quick response to the Indian Ocean Tsunami together to make IFLA more vibrant and attrac- disaster. The empathy of IFLA members has laid tive and beneficial for members throughout the a foundation for action under similar situations. world.

We acknowledge that the strength of IFLA is its The three pillars and the underlying infrastruc- members: colleagues and IFLA staff who sustain ture are interdependent and not mutually exclus- programmatic and administrative activities in ive. They offer a way of understanding and various parts of the globe. I applaud the presenting IFLA holistically to the library and generous contributions of these dedicated pro- information sector and to governments and the fessionals. Please join me in the expression of wider community. The pillars also provide the our gratitude and applause. framework for IFLA’s management and their focus will be reflected in program based budget- 2. Achievements ing.

The Management of Library Associations The Governing Board has approved a more Section (MLA) has been drawn closer to IFLA’s focused presentation of IFLA, based on three objectives and strategies. In acknowledgement of pillars: Society, Profession and Members. This this fact, a representative of the MLA section new model for IFLA’s operations, recognizes was appointed as a member of the Governing that IFLA’s core functions relate to the societal Board. contexts in which libraries and information services operate, IFLA’s membership and pro- MLA’s valuable expertise, that contributed to the fessional matters. These three pillars are sup- creation of a more equitable fee structure, is ported by the infrastructure offered by IFLA highly appreciated. We also recognize that HQ, IFLANET and the Federation’s governance the statutes should be revisited to reposition structures. MLA, in IFLA’s reorientation towards global advocacy. The Society Pillar focuses on the role and impact of libraries and information services in society and the contextual issues that condition and The Governing Board acknowledges and accepts constrain the environment in which they operate in principle that IFLA’s core activities are central across the world. Those issues are addressed to the IFLA structure, both in terms of human currently through FAIFE, CLM, Blue Shield, and resources and financial investment. our advocacy in the World Summit on the Infor- mation Society (WSIS) and other arenas. We However, the necessary allocation of finance for need to place particular emphasis on the World sustained support of core activities through Summit on the Information Society in which IFLA budgets is dependent on IFLA’s willing- IFLA has invested so much and to such good ness to develop a priority based program budg- effect. We must capitalize on that investment eting system. and those results so that we take full advantage of this second phase leading up to the November We see an increase in active involvement of 2005 summit meeting in Tunis and to achieve more members in the congress. Sections cooper- the longer term goals. ate, even across divisions, to prepare interesting programmes. However, there is need for more The Profession Pillar focuses on the issues programmatic interaction. New professionals covered by the long established Core Activities – have raised their voice during the brainstorming ALP, ICABS, PAC, UNIMARC – and the sessions, and have now formed a discussion Sections and Divisions. They lie at the core of group and found a shelter within the MLA our professional practice and help libraries and section. The high speed with which this was information services to fulfil their purposes and achieved demonstrates that decisions in IFLA’s to shape responses to the needs of clients in a bureaucracy can be implemented fast, if pro- rapidly changing global environment. fessionals so wish.

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3. Advocacy To achieve this goal, attention must be focussed on developing and maintaining lifelong infor- mation literacy, in its broadest sense, not only IFLA concluded that worldwide advocacy for among information users, but also among libraries is what distinguishes IFLA from any librarians and other information workers. national library association. IFLA is the only one that can do this. Global advocacy means that In this way Libraries for Lifelong Literacy has IFLA, as a federation of library associations, been put on the agenda for all IFLA units. works first and foremost with and through the national library associations. That means that The Presidential theme was further developed by IFLA should work with active participating a task force chaired by Cristóbal Pasadas, members, and have a good strategy and com- entitled the Presidential Committee for Life munication between the national, regional and Long Literacies. The committee expects to the international levels on common advocacy complete its work by the end of September. issues. The theme has been discussed at various fora, Advocacy in Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) such as UNESCO’s Information Literacy Forum and Freedom of Access to Information and and in Alexandria in partnership with the U.S. Freedom of Expression (FAIFE) contrives to National Forum on Information Literacy, demand our attention and resources. UNESCO and IFLA.

The most successful activities in this area of By putting lifelong literacy on the world agenda advocacy have been in the World Summit on the of library associations and IFLA members, it has Information Society (WSIS). We presented our- become easier for colleagues in developing selves well at the Summit in Geneva in 2003. It countries to discuss these matters, in relation to was a first step, that provided us with many development of local content in local languages learning experiences and forged invaluable through multimodal text. teamwork, based on extensive support of library associations, institutional members and individ- The theme has also helped to promote a deeper ual commitment to volunteerism. The sustained understanding of literacy in many parts of the support, particularly of the Swiss colleagues, is world and look beyond mere information warmly acknowledged. However, for future literacy, which seems so closely related to ICT advocacy activities we will need to organize skills, forgetting about the critical faculties extensive resources (the WSIS 2003 cost an esti- which are necessary for citizens in an infor- mated 200,000 Euros). mation society.

We need to create international groups and Some issues related to world problems have manage knowledge as a means to monitor the been brought closer to the international library global issues continuously. We need to cooperate community, acknowledging that information with national library associations in the countries and information services play a large role in where international summits take place. these issues. One of them is sustainable develop- ment. IFLA members were present at the Summit in Johannesburg, but our advocacy was 4. Professional Development not yet well developed.

The core values have been vivified: they form a The issue of HIV/AIDS continues to challenge shared framework of operation. They are made us all as it has strong links to lack of access to visible in our statements and programmes. But it information and poverty. is time to ACT. A third issue addresses the role of indigenous The challenge for us librarians is to stretch our knowledge systems and oral cultures. Appli- frames of reference to creatively and imagina- cation of intellectual property rights in these tively exploit all aspects of ICT for the benefit of cases demands creative solutions from all of us humanity. We should be conscious of the fact through the CLM core activities. Fundamentally, that many, many people, all over the world, have local communities should have access to their no opportunity to make use of or benefit from own sources of knowledge, and have them pro- the written word. tected. ICT could be helpful, on condition that 352 08_reports_061400 (jk-t) 30/11/05 1:23 pm Page 353

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the local communities themselves have a say in librarians, they could help to give access to its applications and are able to benefit from local content and community sources which them. Contacts have been made with speakers are unknown by the local communities them- who explained the implications of valuing selves. indigenous knowledge systems on an equal basis as printed sources. But we haven’t come very far in legal protection of these sources. Summing Up

5. Partnerships Summing up this Presidency leaves some doubts about what has been achieved and what could be achieved in these circumstances. It is clear The true understanding that a library cannot on that we have not yet resolved our financial situ- its own achieve good community service, and ation. We have recruited help in various ways to therefore has to look for partnerships, is also find funds, but more is necessary. true for library associations, even more so at the international level. We have identified organiz- For my part, another worry is still the lack of ations which have a consultative status within continuity in IFLA. The development of the IFLA, and the reverse, where IFLA has a con- position of President-elect has ensured that there sultative status, e.g. in the ECOSOC of the is continuity in the presidency. However, there United Nations. are still problems of continuity in committees and the Governing Board. This is an issue that We have made progress in partnerships with needs to be addressed when IFLA revisits the publishers (IPA), and with organizations to current statues. protect cultural heritage, the Blue Shield.

We have successfully reached agreement on the principles of partnerships with the International As a Sort of Testament Reading Association and the International Board on Books for Young People (IBBY). We should all work to strengthen our Federa- tion. We need to build the resources to under- At the same time, we have to face the reality that take fully the priorities which IFLA members our human resources to follow up on first have signalled, especially a strong advocacy contacts are limited. program, flourishing professional activities, valued membership benefits and an effective Efforts were made to reach out to other import- infrastructure. All members need to join with ant partners at the international level, such as IFLA staff and elected leaders to help secure the UNICEF. UNICEF, however, operates in a required financial strength which will allow us to structure that works mainly through its national achieve these goals. All need to promote IFLA committees. So here is another task for national and its priorities. library associations, to make the necessary con- nections. In this way we can influence UNICEF Recommends: programmes to enhance their support for children’s rights to information, literacy edu- • to work for a strategic plan cation through collaborative activities with • to consolidate the expertise within the associ- libraries and community resource centres. ation • to involve more IFLA members in IFLA Another effort to achieve global access was to advocacy and professional development. partner with telecenters as a means of starting community based services. Contacts in Geneva Acknowledgments at the WSIS resulted in a joint seminar during our Buenos Aires congress. But further involve- Allow me, members of Council and Delegates, to ment of IFLA members is needed to make it a pay tribute to President-elect Alex Byrne for his fruitful partnership. unstinting support in the partnerships we forged.

A special partnership could grow out of the I pay tribute to the members of the Governing contacts with e.g. African researchers, who are Board for their dedication to the well being of all over the world. Together with specialized IFLA.

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Our sincere thanks go to the IFLA staff at Head- Last but not least I thank my institution, the quarters and in the various parts of the world, for University of Botswana. managing continuity and smooth flow of IFLA operations. Colleagues,

I had the opportunity of addressing members of I’m confident that the incoming Presidents, Alex IFLA in many countries in the five continents. I Byrne and Claudia Lux will follow up and thank, most sincerely, the various host library continue the route of changing IFLA already associations and institutions that supported and taken. welcomed me on these visits. To you as members, I would like to say: I would like to acknowledge and pay a special tribute to the Nordic Library Associations whose ‘Take care of IFLA’. There is still a lot to be done. continuing financial support made it possible for IFLA’s well-being and future is in your hands. me to fulfil my responsibilities as IFLA Presi- dent. Thank you for the wonderful opportunity of service that you provided to me. Through their support I had the opportunity to address a number of audiences ranging from Presented at the IFLA Council I meeting, Sunday 14 scholars in African Studies to library school August, 71st IFLA General Conference, Oslo, Norway, 14–18 August 2005. students, and participants at the World Social Forum. And of course, amplified IFLA’s as the global voice.

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Kay Raseroka, IFLA President 2003–2005

Alex Byrne, IFLA President 2005–2007 invigorated our discussions and shaped our priorities as we seek to make IFLA more relevant to the day-to-day concerns of our professional colleagues across the globe and our clients, the peoples of the world. They have assisted us to engage with the greatest international forum for our issues that has ever been available to us, the World Summit on the Information Society. Our success in raising our concerns and our priorities through the Summit processes over the past four years has been in no small way due to Kay’s energy and determination.

Kay’s concern for the well being of all peoples has been demonstrated in her choice of presi- dential theme. “Lifelong literacies” makes an important statement about our role in society as library and information professionals. It pro- claims that we are involved with people through- out their lives, from cradle to grave. It recognizes that we provide information which can: assist mothers to prepare for birth and to care for their infants after birth; support the educational needs of the growing child; prepare graduates for their careers; improve agriculture; inform business and the work of government; and enable research to extend knowledge and deal with global and local problems including the scourge Colleagues and friends, it is an honour and a of HIV/AIDS which is devastating the popu- pleasure to farewell our colleague and friend lation of sub-Saharan Africa, including Kay’s Mma Kay Raseroka who has been our President own country Botswana, as well as other parts of and leader for the past two years. As we are all the world. aware, Kay has been an outstanding leader of the Federation and of the wider professional But Kay Raseroka’s presidential theme, community. We will miss her wisdom and inspi- “Lifelong literacies”, goes beyond the provision ration from the meetings of the Governing of information by stating that we, as library and Board and when presiding over our Councils information professionals, and our institutions and other meetings but I am sure that we will have a particular responsibility to promote continue to draw on her in the months and years understanding. Because that is what literacy is at to come. root, it is the capacity to access and comprehend communication, to have the skills to access and As the first IFLA President from a country understand information. We recognize that outside the United States or Europe north of the literacy is multidimensional and highly contex- Alps, Kay has brought a fresh perspective to the tualized so it is appropriate for us to talk of work of the International Federation of Library lifelong literacies, to be concerned with the Associations and Institutions. In particular, she multiple forms of literacy illustrated in our has brought an understanding of the challenges support for reading programs, for information of life and professional work in developing literacy, for programs to facilitate use of special- countries, especially in the many nations located ized information sources and, at least in some in the great continent of Africa. Her insights have societies, with oracy.

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By choosing this theme for her presidential term, a very fine library at the University of Botswana Kay Raseroka drew our attention to important where she is very highly regarded. Like all of us global issues including the crucial importance of she has had to balance commitment to IFLA addressing major social problems. In doing this, with the demands of a busy professional career she built on her many years of commitment to and with the pressures and pleasures of personal IFLA, its ideals and its programs. That contri- and family life. bution has been made in many ways including service on the Governing Board and the former We will hold Kay in our hearts not just as a great Executive Board, work with the Section of Uni- professional but as a friend. Kay’s warmth and versity and Other Research Libraries and leader- charm have enriched our lives and have ship in Division VIII to mention just a few enlivened our interactions. Her addresses to our examples. Kay’s dedication has been demon- meetings and to conferences and seminars strated in so many ways that we in IFLA and in throughout the world have enthralled and the library and information profession owe her a inspired her audiences. Who can forget her great debt which we recognize today and will presidential address in the splendid Teatro continue to remember. It places Kay in the tra- Colon in Buenos Aires last year when Kay dition of the great IFLA Presidents including the responded with great dignity and humour to the Norwegians Wilhelm Munthe and Else very trying loss of the speaker system due to Granheim. As they responded to the needs of major power problems in the city, which unfor- their times, especially Munthe in his magnificent tunately coincided, with her speech? That is our reconstruction of the Federation in the chaos Kay, our friend and leader, always poised, always that followed the Second World War, Kay with the right words, always passionate about Raseroka’s commitment to the Federation has librarianship. helped to change it profoundly through her drive, along with others, to make IFLA more So, today we thank Mma Kay Raseroka for her relevant, more vocal and more democratic. commitment to IFLA and for leading us as our President. We wish her well in her future initia- But while doing so much for IFLA, Kay has not tives, for we know that they will be as inspira- neglected her other life. Like the rest of us she is tional and relevant as those we have seen to a volunteer who is not paid for her hours on long date. And we will not lose Kay from IFLA but flights, time waiting in airport lounges, frustra- will continue to call upon her guidance when tions with authorities over visas, nights away required. So, it’s au revoir, Kay, not goodbye! from family (including her husband, Ben, who is With heartfelt thanks from all of us. here with us), and time spent preparing and delivering a host of speeches and professional Presented at the IFLA Council II meeting, Thursday 18 papers. In between all of her work for IFLA, Kay August, 71st IFLA General Conference, Oslo, Norway, has raised a wonderful family and has developed 14–18 August 2005.

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Partnership to Advance Library and Information Service: Presidential Address

Alex Byrne, IFLA President 2005–2007 that war, he reminded IFLA conference dele- gates that libraries must be places of free inquiry and that librarians must always work “à human- iser l’homme [to humanise humanity]” (IFLA 1939, p. 11). After he assumed the Presidency following the war, Munthe turned to the increas- ing international distrust evident as the Cold War developed and asked what was happening to freedom:

The freedom from fear has totally vanished, and the freedoms of thought, of speech, of reading – which we librarians are mostly interested in – are gradually vanishing in one country after another . . . we must prepare for the worst, but we must also work for the best. And perhaps never have we librarians had a greater opportunity to make a positive contribution . . . (IFLA 1948, p. 11)

Sadly, sixty years later we might say the same in a world in which division between peoples is being fomented, distrust and fear are growing, and freedoms of thought, speech and access to information are being curtailed. We must unite against the marriage of ignorance and intoler- Colleagues and friends, I am deeply honoured ance and their twin children, terror and state and humbled to stand before you as the control. We must continue to proclaim the incoming President of the International Federa- human right to know, the crucial importance of tion of Library Associations and Institutions. It freedom of opinion, freedom of expression and is the highest possible honour and privilege to communication and freedom of information. have been elected to the leadership of our global They are fundamental rights and they lie at the professional organization and to represent such core of our profession. an outstanding body of colleagues throughout the world. But is also very humbling to take on Together with library associations and insti- the responsibility of guiding the Federation in its tutions, IFLA is actively working on the big important work for its members, the profession issues for society which are relevant to library and society. and information practice. We have engaged wholeheartedly with the World Summit on the I am very conscious that I stand on the shoul- Information Society (WSIS) and through CLM ders of giants, as Newton put it. Of the many have become an influential voice in the deliber- great IFLA Presidents, including our immediate ations of the World Intellectual Property Organ- past President Kay Raseroka, I will single out isation (WIPO) and other fora dealing with only two, the Swiss Marcel Godet and the Nor- major legal matters which affect our practice and wegian Wilhelm Munthe. Godet was President our commitment to access to information. through the dreadful years from 1936 to 1947 Despite limited resources, IFLA/FAIFE has and kept IFLA going through the divisions and become an influential and respected advocate terror of the Second World War. On the eve of for intellectual freedom including opposition to

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the restrictions imposed in response to fear of combinations. This is partnership. It is demon- terrorism. Through these strategies and in many strated throughout IFLA in the work of the other ways, IFLA is demonstrating the relevance sections and core activities, in the ways in which of libraries and information services to both the colleagues from throughout the world come daily life and the major concerns of society, our together to work on important matters. It is also first pillar. to be seen in our work with library associations, which has been especially visible in regard to This work is advanced through the professional WSIS, and the work of CLM. Our collaborative dialogue which we enjoy through IFLA and our work is much strengthened by our longstanding associations. The fact that colleagues from some partnership with many corporate partners and 140 countries come together annually at this with our suppliers who we see in the Congress Congress to share experience and pursue collab- exhibition year after year. orative projects and programs is testimony to the strength of our profession. Through that inter- But our partnerships extend beyond the Federa- action and collaboration we have developed a tion, as for example in our most important most impressive body of standards and guide- relationship with the Conference of Directors of lines which underpin our work. We also promote National Libraries (CDNL) which is demon- the advancement of library and information strated through the IFLA CDNL Alliance for service throughout the world with particular Bibliographic Standards and in the International emphasis on underdeveloped regions and ways Committee of the Blue Shield which links us of addressing the special needs of the most with the peak bodies for the other memory insti- vulnerable including those with disabilities, tutions – the International Council of Archives, children, women, minorities and Indigenous the International Council of Museums and the peoples. With the creation of the IFLA Relief International Committee on Monuments and and Development Partnership we have estab- Sites. The importance of collaboration is also lished a mechanism to provide modest assist- visible in our 57-year-old partnership with ance to those colleagues who have suffered or UNESCO and our growing relationships with are in regions prone to disasters. This many- other international governmental and non- layered work which is pursued by our sections governmental organizations. In the WSIS pro- and core activities immeasurably strengthens the cesses we have worked very closely with many profession, our second pillar. NGOs representing civil society and much of our effectiveness can be traced to those relation- IFLA can promote and facilitate this work for ships which have been fostered. society and for the profession because of the strength of our membership. As a membership To be a strong partner, the Federation needs to organization, we need to deliver value to our be strong. That means that we need to make 1700 plus members from 154 countries and the IFLA more efficient and robust, diversify the extended constituency of the hundreds of thou- financial base, increase membership to extend sands who belong to our association members or our mandate and reach, develop a more effective work in our member institutions. We do that advocacy capability. This is summarized in the through pursuing the programs and projects of three pillars model – our focus on society, the relevance to society and the profession but also profession and members. It is very important by providing direct services to members through that we keep doing the things which strengthen IFLA HQ, the regional offices, IFLA Journal our profession including bibliographic stan- and, most significantly, IFLANET. But, perhaps dards, preservation and conservation, ALP and the most important benefit for our members is the work of the IFLA Sections. But it is also vital the opportunity for dialogue and cooperation that we demonstrate our relevance to society by that the Federation provides: this is a process to engaging more directly and visibly with the which we all contribute and from which we all needs of society including universal and unre- benefit much, much more than each of us con- stricted access to information to promote com- tributes. This third pillar, our members, is the munity building and strengthening, linguistic core of IFLA’s strength. and cultural diversity, health and education, research and freedom. IFLA can do much at the As an engineer by training, I know that strength global level but that needs to be mirrored by derives from interrelationship, from assembling action at national and local levels which brings the right elements and joining them in effective us back to the importance of partnership.

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Partnership is thus a key enabler for our work. Claudia Lux, to the position of President-elect. We must work in partnership within our field, We will work in partnership with each other, with those in cognate professions, with those with the other members of the Governing Board, with shared interests and with those who are with the Secretary General and IFLA staff, with influential. Thus, my presidential theme is part- officers and members and with others within nership because we must work to develop even and outside librarianship to strengthen the stronger collaboration across the IFLA Sections, Federation, promote our values and achieve our with our members and especially the library goals. As Munthe put it, we have a great oppor- associations, with other sections of the library tunity to make a positive contribution! and information service community across the world and with our colleagues in archives, References museums, publishing, information technology and civil society. By working together we will do IFLA (1939). Comité International des Bibliothèques great things to assist the global network of 12me Session, La Haye-Amsterdam, 10–12 Juillet library and information services to provide un- 1939 Actes. Comité International des Bibliothèques 12me Session, The Hague and Amsterdam, Martinus restricted access to information and thereby to Nijhoff. respond to the needs of humanity including the IFLA (1948). Comité International des Bibliothèques strongly felt concerns of all peoples for freedom, 14me Session, Londres, 20–23 Septembre 1948 security and development. Actes. Comité International des Bibliothèques 14me Session, London, Martinus Nijhoff.

In accepting the great responsibility and honour Presented at the IFLA Council II meeting, Thursday 18 of being the President of IFLA, I am delighted to August, 71st IFLA General Conference, Oslo, Norway, be able to welcome my colleague and friend, 14–18 August 2005.

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Secretary General’s Report

Peter Lor, IFLA Secretary General This trend is probably due to the difficult economic conditions that many libraries and associations have to face. Market conditions also affect our corporate partners. Here we have also seen a small but unfortunate decline.

At this point I would like to insert a small piece of “advertorial” matter: Please visit the exhibi- tion! Our corporate partners and exhibitors make it possible for us to continue presenting an affordable and sustainable World Library and Information Congress. To continue supporting us they need a healthy flow of delegates visiting their booths.

Plenty of Good News, Too

The year 2005 is shaping up as a better year for IFLA. And in 2004 there was plenty of good news too. Let me mention some highlights:

Dear Colleagues World Library and Information Congresses I am honoured to present to you a brief report The 2004 WLIC in Buenos Aires was by all on IFLA’s operations over the year since the accounts a most successful and enjoyable 2004 World Library and Information Congress congress. The congress on which we are now in Buenos Aires. It is also a challenge, as I have embarking looks set to be a great success too. been your Secretary General for exactly six During the past year work proceeded on the months, since 15 February 2005. Not everything planning of four WLICs: Oslo 2005, Seoul 2006, I report on is based on first-hand experience. Durban 2007, Québec 2008. It is worth men- Time is limited. Therefore I have to be selective. tioning here that the way the congress is organ- I shall try to avoid topics that our President has ized is changing. In the new dispensation IFLA already dealt with. “owns” the WLIC and Congrex Holland handles the organization on our behalf, leaving a much smaller role for the national committee. A Difficult Year The new system will enable IFLA to ensure greater continuity in terms of quality and It is no secret that 2004 was a difficult year. It branding, more emphasis on professional ended with the resignation, only eight months content, and it is hoped, increased income. In after assuming office, of my predecessor. The the new dispensation the responsibilities of the rapid turnover in this senior position has had National Advisory Committee are greatly some negative consequences, including some reduced. This will make the holding of a loss of momentum and continuity. 2004 was also congress much less burdensome for the pro- a difficult year financially, as you will shortly fessional associations and institutions of the hear from our Treasurer. This is related, among countries concerned. We hope that this will other factors, to our membership numbers. Since make it possible for us to hold congresses in 2003 our membership is no longer growing from countries in which the local profession has thus year to year. Instead, it seems to be hovering far hesitated because of the enormous commit- around 1750 members in 150 countries. ment a congress would have entailed.

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Peer Evaluation • whether we are doing the right things in the most efficient way A noteworthy “first” was the successful com- whether we can free resources through greater pletion of a peer evaluation of FAIFE, our office • efficiency and more appropriate workflows for Freedom of Access to Information and and structures Freedom of Expression, in Copenhagen. This what resources and structures we need for exercise yielded a positive evaluation with con- • effective support of the Society Pillar, and structive and useful criticism. It is the first in a specifically for advocacy series of peer evaluations of all the core activi- what the gap is, if any, between the resources ties. The evaluation of the Preservation and • we can free and those we need. Conservation Core Activity (PAC) has also been completed and was considered and endorsed by There will be an external panel (comprising the Professional Committee on Friday. people not on the GB) to evaluate the process and report to the Board. At the same time we are proceeding with a pro- gramme encompassing the evaluation of all our sections. This is an important mechanism for Building Capacity for Advocacy self-renewal. The evaluation process forces us to The Business Process Review will feed into a look afresh at what we are doing. We need to more general restructuring process aimed at question not only how well we are doing things, building IFLA’s capacity for advocacy. For effec- but also why we are doing them, and whether we tive, well-coordinated and well-researched are doing the right things at all. In most cases advocacy, IFLA needs a strong professional this should bring about revitalization. In some component at HQ. We need to strengthen the cases, we may find that the raison d’être or Society Pillar by positioning two of our core justification for a section has eroded to the point activities more centrally within our structure. where it is no longer sustainable. This point was already reached in March this year when the The two core activities in question are FAIFE Governing Board decided to terminate three of (Freedom of Access to Information and Freedom our 47 sections because they had not succeeded of Expression) and CLM (Copyright and other in attracting enough nominations to their Legal Matters). Each of them is at the centre of standing committees. The inability of these a network of information gathering and expert- sections to reach the very low threshold (five ise. They have built up a significant capacity for nominations) was seen as an indicator of lack of environment scanning, policy analysis and sufficient interest and marginal sustainability to evaluation, and for representation and interven- continue as a section. But of course this does not tion on our behalf. In March this year the Board reflect any reservations about the importance of decided that FAIFE should be integrated with the issues addressed by those sections. IFLA HQ. This will mean a physical move of the FAIFE office to The Hague towards the end of IFLA needs to constantly renew itself. Renewal 2006, by which time additional accommodation means not only cutting back but also encourag- can be provided by the Royal Library, the ing growth. We need to find new modalities for national library of the Netherlands. accommodating new groups and interest, without necessarily expanding and further com- CLM does not currently have any paid staff. It is plicating our structure and operations. entirely run by volunteers, and the amount of advocacy they have done for us is truly astound- ing. Thanks to their efforts and those of other Review of IFLA’s Business Processes IFLA members and partners, IFLA now enjoys The imperative of renewal also applies to IFLA a high degree of acceptance in international Headquarters and our regional offices. An exter- forums. We no longer have to batter down the nally facilitated review of business processes will doors to get admitted to international meetings be undertaken at IFLA HQ within the next three of the World Intellectual Property Organisation months. It will be extended as far as feasible also (WIPO), the World Trade Organisation (WTO), to regional offices and core activity offices. The the World Summit on the Information Society review will look critically at (WSIS) and similar bodies. The trickle of invita- tions to meetings at which the interests of our • what we are doing members, profession and our users are at stake • whether we are doing the right things or may be affected, has become a flood. It has 361 08_reports_061400 (jk-t) 30/11/05 1:23 pm Page 362

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become too great for unpaid volunteers to cope library profession worldwide. A Google with. Proposals are being developed to create a search facility has now been added to the site, paid position for CLM, and this position too for more effective searching. should be integrated into the developing struc- Large project grant from SIDA: The Swedish aid ture for advocacy. agency SIDA has made a significant grant to FAIFE and ALP. They will receive a total of 23 million SEK over five years for a range of And a Great Deal More . . . projects aligned to SIDA’s objectives. This is a A great deal more is happening at IFLA. The vote of confidence in IFLA, and also a chal- carefully timed script for this Council Session lenge for us, because project grant funding does not allow me to elaborate on those here, usually does not fully cover the infrastructural but let me mention just a few more, in no par- costs and overheads of running the agencies ticular order: concerned, hence we need to raise more funds to be able to conduct the grant-funded Successful implementation of the new system of projects successfully. membership fees, voting rights and section memberships for association members, which ensures a more equitable distribution of fees. Challenges A bumper crop of publications: the number of book titles published per year in the “green- This brings me to the next section of my back” series (IFLA Publications) increased report: our challenges. For the coming year I from four to six. This year’s batch included expect that we need to address at least six major books on disaster preparedness, continuing challenges: professional development and e-learning annual – important resources for the pro- Funding fession. Do go and have a look at our inter- esting range of titles at the Thomson booth in We need to diversify our resource base. Too the exhibition. much of IFLA’s income comes from membership Progress of the IFLA interlending voucher fees. We need to develop other sources of scheme: the number of vouchers in circu- income, for example from conferences, work- lation continues to rise, as does the number of shops, education and training programmes, con- libraries using them, and the scheme is now sultancies, project grants, bequests and gifts. The paying for itself. Treasurer will speak about this shortly. Increase in PAC regional centres: during the report period the number of regional centres Advocacy of our Preservation and Conservation (PAC) core activity doubled, as five were added. The President and I have already touched on Agreements were made with libraries in advocacy. To play an effective advocacy role Benin, Chile, China, South Africa and with limited resources, we need to leverage the Trinidad & Tobago. enormous expertise and capacity of our IFLA’s discussion lists increased to 45, covering members. This requires better coordination, a wide range of activities and interests. greater support of networking activities, and a Libjobs, a mailing list for librarians and infor- capacity for research, representation and inter- mation professionals seeking employment, as vention. In the coming year we must make a 6,500 subscribers and Digital libraries close to breakthrough in restructuring ourselves for 3,000. The total number of subscribers to our effective support of the Society pillar. lists is close to 20,000. IFLANET continued to expand. All submitted Information and Communications Technology IFLA conference papers since 1994 can be found there, along with a large number of IFLANET is a very important strategic asset for IFLA publications and documents. This year’s IFLA. We urgently need to modernize our web conference pages are up in three languages, so site and make it more of a communication far 181 papers and 165 translations. (A big medium for two-way traffic. Our administrative thank-you to the volunteer translators!) It is systems also need to be better integrated one an enormous amount of work and constitutes with the other, and with IFLANET. IFLA a significant information resource for the urgently needs to invest in its ICT capacity.

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Membership Development At the end of February, three weeks after I joined IFLA, I posted a general message on IFLA-L. In IFLA needs to grow its membership. Libraries it I listed three things that had impressed me: worldwide benefit from our work. We need to recruit more of them. We also need to make sure The wide range and international reach of that we retain our existing members. Can we add IFLA’s activities more value? What are members getting from The dedication of so many colleagues who are IFLA that non-members do not? We need to prepared to serve the profession and society communicate better about what IFLA is doing actively as members and officers of standing for you as members, for the profession, and for committees and other IFLA structures society. The professionalism of the IFLA staff at IFLA Headquarters, in regional offices and core activities Communication Communicate, communicate, communicate! Information is the life-blood of any voluntary The intervening months have brought more association, and IFLA as a federation of associ- insights and a better understanding of our ations and institutions is no exception. IFLA context, but in general these initial impressions needs a communication strategy to communi- have proved valid. Like most other organiz- cate better within and among its various organs ations in our profession, IFLA will never have and units, with its membership and with its enough money. But we do have enormous broader constituency. human resources, not only in our dedicated staff, but also in our membership. Since I joined IFLA I have made a point of personally signing letters Strategic Planning to members, in particular, those written to members who have been elected to serve on We have elements of strategic planning in place Standing Committees. So many have replied to (core values, professional priorities, and medium these letters, saying how excited they are at their term plans for our professional units), but we election, how they are looking forward to the SC lack an integrating strategic framework. IFLA meetings, and how keen they are to contribute needs a robust, flexible and economical strategic to the work of IFLA. process that will yield a manageable set of high- level strategic directions or strategic thrusts. To me, that exemplifies our strength.

I conclude therefore with a word of thanks to Conclusion IFLA’s greatest resource, its people: the Presi- dent and President-elect, Governing Board, officers and members of committees, Divisions It is with some hesitation that I have put this and Sections, IFLA members and my colleagues “menu” of challenges before you. Hesitation, on the IFLA staff. Thank you! because I am raising expectations and next year I will have to appear before you again and report Presented at the IFLA Council II meeting, Thursday 18 about what we have achieved in addressing the August, 71st IFLA General Conference, Oslo, Norway, challenges! 14–18 August 2005.

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Committee on Copyright and other Legal Matters (CLM)

Winston Tabb, Chair access to knowledge in c. 50 transition and developing countries; David Mann, representing In 2002, when IFLA’s Professional Committee the World Blind Union, with which IFLA CLM decided, in concert with Members of the Associ- is working to secure adequate access for print- ation, to develop an explicit list of professional disabled people; and Luis Villarroel, Copyright priorities, there was immediate and unanimous Advisor to the Minister of Education in Chile, agreement that one of those priorities should who has shown particular interest in provisions relate explicitly to intellectual property, since in copyright law that will benefit libraries. Strate- laws in this area have such a major impact on gic partnerships with organizations like eIFL IFLA’s core value of providing “universal and and the World Blind Union are indispensable if equitable access to information, ideas and works we are to serve IFLA’s members effectively, and of imagination.” So one of IFLA’s eleven pro- we very much appreciate their support. I want fessional priorities is “Balancing the Intellectual publicly to thank all of my CLM colleagues who Property Rights of Authors with the Needs of have worked hard to help us achieve IFLA’s Users,” and CLM is the body within IFLA goals within our broad area of responsibility. charged to work with IFLA’s national associ- ations and organizations such as the World In the two years since my predecessor, Marianne Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO), Scott, last reported on CLM to this Council, your World Trade Organization (WTO), and committee has been extraordinarily busy. CLM UNESCO in the drafting of appropriate treaties representatives have participated in several and legislative models which attempt to bring meetings at UNESCO, including sessions balance between the rights of authors and the focused on the proposed UNESCO Convention needs of users. on the Protection of the Diversity of Cultural Contents and Artistic Expressions and the recent CLM was created by IFLA in 1997 to advise quadrennial session of the Intergovernmental IFLA and its members not only on matters with Copyright Committee. We have also been active respect to copyright and other areas of intellec- in The Netherlands at discussions involving the tual property but also on economic and trade Hague Convention on Exclusive Choice of Court barriers to the acquisition and use of library Agreements. The CLM chair serves as an ex collections, disputed claims of ownership of officio member of the IFLA IPA Committee, library materials, repatriation, subscription and which has met seven times since the Council license agreements, and a wide range of other meeting in Berlin to discuss areas of mutual legal matters of international significance to concern such as open access, library access for libraries and librarianship. print-disabled people, and legal deposit of elec- tronic publications. CLM was invited by WIPO The members of the Committee, who were earlier this year to participate in a regional appointed last year and are now ending the first workshop in Hong Kong focused on ‘The role of year of their three-year terms, come from libraries as information providers in the digital countries from all parts of the world – the chair era.’ And we are preparing to participate actively plus 22 members from 22 countries on 6 conti- in the forthcoming Ministerial Conference of the nents. These members are assisted by a small World Trade Organization whose actions, as cadre of expert resource persons who provide those of you who attended our Oslo program on legal and strategic advice and without whom our ‘Libraries and Free Trade Agreements’ heard, progress would be severely constrained. In this may have significant impacts on libraries, especi- context I am pleased to report the addition in the ally in developing countries. Documents relating past year of three expert resource persons: to most of these activities can be found on the Teresa Hackett, representing eIFL, a not-for- IFLA CLM website, so I will not elaborate profit organization headquartered in Rome that further. Instead, I would like to use the balance has a special program devoted to advocacy for of my time to talk about three specific activities

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that have engaged our sustained attention this ensure they are not financed from library past year and to highlight two major needs to budgets.” support our increasing effectiveness. It was in this context that the CLM report boldly affirms first that “IFLA does not favor the prin- Public Lending Right ciples of ‘lending right,’ which can jeopardize free access to the services of publicly accessible At the second Council meeting in Buenos Aires, libraries, which is the citizen’s human right. a resolution was introduced with regard to IFLA endorses freedom of access to information, ‘public lending right,’ a right that has long existed and will continue to resist all circumstances that in some countries but by no means all, that could hamper this access.” enables authors in those countries to receive some form of compensation when their works However, CLM also felt that it was crucial in the are lent. Because the issue was quite compli- report to acknowledge that a number of cated, unfamiliar to many delegates, and of par- countries, particularly in Europe [e.g., all dele- ticular relevance at that time only to countries gates to this Congress received a brochure about within the European Union, the President ‘The public lending right in Norway,’ which was declared that the Governing Board would established in 1947], have already made PLR a consider the matter and take appropriate action. statutory requirement, and to provide practical Subsequently the Governing Board decided to advice to librarians in countries where such a forward the resolution to CLM, requesting the right exists or might be introduced about how to Chair to look into the issue, in cooperation with influence the design of such a scheme to ensure the Chairs of Division 8 and the Section on that the financial and administrative support for Public Libraries, both of whom are also PLR does not come from library budgets. Again, members of the Governing Board, and to report limitations of time preclude my mentioning each to the Governing Board. Following receipt of recommendation within this section of the this directive, the Chair asked Barbara Stratton, report, but I must call attention to the one CLM member and Senior Copyright Adviser to relating explicitly to developing countries. The CILIP, to take the lead in preparing the report states that “Lending right should be requested report, which she did. After extensive rejected in the greater public interest in situ- consultation with CLM members and with the ations where a country cannot afford to fund Chairs of Division 8 and the Public Libraries PLR without diverting resources earmarked to Section, the chair submitted the final report to fund more fundamental public services. In par- the Governing Board on March 1, and it was ticular, lending right should not be established in approved at the GB meeting later that month. countries that are not considered high or middle The report and a very informative background income by the World Bank.” paper on PLR were subsequently posted on the IFLA CLM website, where they remain publicly On such a complex issue where national laws accessible to any reader. The two documents govern and vary widely throughout the world, combined cover 15 pages so I cannot begin to do we realized that it would be impossible to them justice here. But let me summarize by produce a report that could completely satisfy saying that we decided from the beginning that everyone, but I am pleased that our final product the report should flow from IFLA’s values, boldly upholds IFLA’s core values, builds on including universal and equitable access to previous IFLA and UNESCO statements, and information; from the IFLA/UNESCO Public received consensus approval from the Govern- Library Manifesto (1994), which declares that ing Board and CLM, including the CLM member the “public library shall in principle be free of who introduced the PLR resolution in Buenos charge; and from the IFLA/UNESCO Guide- Aires. CLM will use this report as a basis for lines for Public Library Service Development maintaining a ‘watching brief’ throughout the (2001), which state that “funds for payment of world to ensure that our principles are not public lending right should not be taken from violated, and will provide information and libraries’ funds for the purchase of materials . . . support, to the extent our resources permit, to [but that] librarians should participate in the national associations in countries where these development of public lending right schemes to principles appear to be in jeopardy.

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The Right to Read for Print-Disabled has now been endorsed by more than 700 insti- People tutions and individuals. It was launched at last fall’s meeting of the WIPO General assembly, at which government delegates from Brazil and CLM is working closely with the Libraries for Argentina proposed the establishment of a the Blind Section, with WIPO, and with the ‘development agenda’ for WIPO. In response International Publishers Association to secure WIPO scheduled a series of three meetings – in for print-disabled readers throughout the world April, June and July 2005 – and invited Member broader access to library materials, including States and accredited NGOs, including IFLA legislation within national copyright laws that and eIFL, to begin developing that agenda. All will enable libraries to produce and borrow a of us are deeply indebted to Barbara Stratton vastly broader range of such materials than are and CILIP and to Teresa Hackett and eIFL for now available. WIPO has worked with the their relentless efforts at each of these Geneva World Blind Union to produce a ‘draft law’ that meetings to ensure that the needs of libraries we must encourage countries lacking such remain front and center in the debate about the enabling legislation to adopt. This report is to WIPO development agenda. Their interventions alert you that the Chair of the Libraries for the at each of the sessions are posted on the CLM Blind Section and I will soon be writing to website, and I urge you to read them. I also urge IFLA’s national library association members to you to familiarize yourselves with the ‘Library- explain these issues and seek your support for related Principles for the International Develop- changes in national copyright laws needed to ment Agenda of WIPO,’ also posted on our site. provide equitable access for print-disabled These principles were drafted by the US library readers. associations, under the leadership of CLM expert Robert Oakley, and have now been Access to Knowledge Treaty – ‘A2K’ endorsed by IFLA, IALL and many other groups. The specific goals in this document were the subject of lively discussion among the large Less than a year ago, President Raseroka and I number of delegates to this Congress who were invited to Geneva to participate in a unique attended the CLM program on Monday, a dis- gathering of librarians, policy makers, Nobel- cussion we hope to continue online after this prize winning scientists, software developers, conference since it is critical that we be aware of international aid and consumer organizations the issues that are most critical for libraries in and other NGOs to debate the future of the your country as we work in Geneva to secure World Intellectual Property Organization A2K for all. (WIPO). A declared intent of this gathering was to craft a Declaration on the Future of WIPO It was quite disappointing that after three that would prod both the Member States and the meetings covering nine days, resistance from the WIPO Secretariat into concerted efforts to take US and Japan foreclosed the possibility of con- a “more balanced and realistic view of the social sensus either on substantive or procedural benefits and costs of intellectual property rights matters relating to the development agenda. But as a tool . . . for supporting creative intellectual we will not, we must not, give up. IFLA will be activity.” An important theme of the Declaration present at a meeting of NGOs being quickly was the inappropriateness of a ‘one size fits all’ convened by WIPO in September to consider approach to intellectual property that often leads next steps. We will continue to keep IFLA to “unjust and burdensome outcomes for members aware of our activities via the CLM countries that are struggling to meet the most website. basic needs of their citizens.” But equally import- ant was the theme that the development agenda for WIPO is not only an agenda for developing Needs countries, but one also for developed countries. Since knowledge is a universal right and equi- table access is an indispensable underpinning for In closing, I want to mention briefly CLM’s two all democratic societies, A2K is about North and major needs, which may seem obvious after this South, not North v. South, and the Geneva Dec- report. The first is the need for strong support of laration called for WIPO’s 182 Member States to our efforts from associations and librarians at adopt an A2K Treaty. The Geneva Declaration, the national level. WIPO is driven entirely by of which IFLA was one of the first signatories, official representatives from the Member States.

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IFLA and other NGOs are sometimes permitted sidering later this week a proposal in principle to be present and speak, but not always; and we for securing stable staff support for the crucial are never permitted to vote. Therefore it is efforts I have describe. As both the President and critical that your representatives hear from you President-Elect have said, we have done a good before they go forth to Geneva. To help us job in recent months of opening doors that were become more effective we need you, and we will previously closed to us; now we as an associ- shortly be writing to all IFLA national associ- ation must ensure that we are able to send ation members asking for names and email through those doors effective advocates for addresses of your copyright advisors and copy- libraries in all part of the IFLA community. right committees so that we can develop a streamlined advocacy network. Second, CLM Colleagues, it is an honor to serve this associ- suffers from having no staff support and no ation and its members. I thank you for the privi- funding from IFLA. All of the activities I have lege, and for your continuing support of CLM’s described above have been undertaken by our critical mission. volunteers at their expense or the expense of their home organizations. We have received the Presented at the IFLA Council II meeting, Thursday 18 strongest possible moral support from IFLA’s August, 71st IFLA General Conference, Oslo, Norway, leaders, and the Governing Board will be con- 14–18 August 2005.

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Committee on Free Access to Information and Freedom of Expression (FAIFE)

Paul Sturges, Chair they have proved their capacity to provide swift electronic communication between meetings. 1. During the period August 2003 to August This has made them a highly reliable resource of 2005, the FAIFE Core Activity was under new ideas and criticism in support of the Director Chairmanship for the first time, following Alex and Chair. The existence of an Advisory Board Byrne’s two distinguished terms of office. Conti- with a proven capacity to provide immediate nuity was assured by the presence of Susanne support has been highly important, but the Seidelin as Director of the FAIFE Office, with growing ability of the Committee to provide the assistance of Stuart Hamilton, research long-term guidance on FAIFE policy and activi- student at the Danish Library School. A new ties is also much appreciated. FAIFE Advisory Board, consisting of Barbara Schleihagen, Frode Bakken, Bob McKee and 3. Finance has proved a great concern over the Ellen Tise (representing the Governing Board), period under review. Quite simply, FAIFE has was appointed in 2003 and will remain in office only the bare minimum of core funding from until August 2007, with the exception of Ellen assured sources to pay for staff, premises, office Tise who is leaving the Governing Board. Ellen’s expenses, etc. This problem has diverted the excellent contribution to the work of the AB attention of staff and officers towards fund- should be noted here. In August 2004, at the raising to the potential detriment of the activity’s Buenos Aires WLIC, the existing Committee’s mission. We are happy to report that Swedish period of office came to an end. The Governing SIDA has agreed to provide a substantial grant Board selected a new Committee on the basis of spread over the next few years to support a range the Chair’s recommendations from the nomina- of projects that fit with their own mission (which tions received after a call for names. New fortunately meshes very effectively with that of members of the Committee attended the FAIFE FAIFE). However, obtaining the grant required meetings in Buenos Aires and made positive a great deal of time and energy, and it must be contributions on the subject of how they could stressed that this is project funding. At more or most effectively forward FAIFE’s mission. As a less the same time as the prolonged negotiations result, a mid-term Committee meeting was were taking place with SIDA, FAIFE entered scheduled on March 14th 2005 in The Hague. A into the IFLA Peer Review process. As the pilot reasonably well-attended meeting resulted and it review, FAIFE spent time working on methodol- has been resolved to hold a debate meeting to re- ogy as well as applying it. The review was examine any aspects of the FAIFE activity that thorough, frank and very positive. We believe Committee members wish on 18th August 2005, that it demonstrated that IFLA, and the pro- during the WLIC in Oslo. fessional community, get very good value from the money spent on FAIFE. We look forward to 2. FAIFE is fortunate that, because it has from the results of the review process when applied to its foundation had full-time staff, it has been able other IFLA activities. to develop a strong and consistent programme. The programme includes both a global, research- 4. One of the great benefits that will follow from based approach to library-related access and the SIDA grant is that it calls for a closer expression matters, and a response capacity for working relationship between FAIFE and ALP, matters of immediate concern. The Advisory which are in effect the joint recipients of the Board has proved its value in relation to both of grant. The grant conditions call for a training these, but particularly in relation to FAIFE’s seminar for staff and officers of both activities in response capacity. This small, expert and highly Uppsala in October 2005. FAIFE welcomes this committed group meets three times a year (at opportunity to cement a fruitful link between WLIC, and in December and March in the our financial sponsors and a core activity (ALP) Hague). Attendance has always been 100 percent, whose work complements our own to such a and all members have made substantial contri- great extent. Another considerable benefit of the butions to discussion. More than this, however, grant is that it supports FAIFE’s intention to

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develop its activities with a more specific focus President and/or President Elect. Although the on matters such as women’s access to infor- unfavourable comment received in relation to mation and the better dissemination of infor- some of these releases gives us cause to check mation relating to the HIV/AIDS pandemic. that we have responded fairly and in line with Amongst other effects, this will allow important IFLA and FAIFE’s mission, we are encouraged new programme input from FAIFE to future that criticism does not come only from one WLICs. specific direction. In addition to responding to reports of cases in specific countries, FAIFE also 5. Whilst comment on FAIFE activity and, it is responds to broad problems of immediate important to recognize, criticism of FAIFE con- concern and has, for instance, directed consider- centrates on FAIFE’s response to issues of able effort towards the question of the detrimen- current concern, it is vital to draw attention to tal effects of the anti-terror legislation (most FAIFE’s long term, global programme. This is notably the USA PATRIOT Act) planned and expressed through its published World Report passed in many countries. FAIFE is not merely a series (the World Report published every second responding activity, but I believe that its year and the Theme Reports published in the response capacity is effectively and responsibly alternate years). The FAIFE Office cannot be used. praised too much for this evolving body of meticulously assembled baseline data on 7. The future of the FAIFE activity is clearly freedom of access to information and freedom of within a broader IFLA advocacy capacity that it expression worldwide as it impinges on library is planned to develop. All those connected with and information work. Obtaining the responses FAIFE welcome this and believe that FAIFE’s from the professional community for these accumulated expertise has a great deal to offer volumes has proved extremely demanding, but to advocacy throughout the range of IFLA’s we express our hearty gratitude to everyone who concerns. Close cooperation with ALP is already has sent information for the World Reports and in the process of being cemented. Cooperation written articles for these important and highly with CLM is natural and will be fruitful. Beyond informative volumes. This report provides yet that there is great potential for synergy in many another opportunity for us to call on the pro- areas. FAIFE is already engaging with the issues fessional community to tell us about the situ- that are high priorities for IFLA. For instance, ation in their own countries. the 2004 Theme Report directly supported the Presidential Theme of ‘Libraries for Lifelong Literacy’. The physical and financial integration 6. On the question of FAIFE response: a of advocacy will undoubtedly call for difficult number of carefully researched responses have decisions in relation to FAIFE (located away been made on issues of current concern, in the from IFLA HQ, in Copenhagen, as it currently form of press releases. The important thing to is). We believe that with the proven goodwill note is that we do not put out a press release from all directions this can be a harmonious and unless we have reports about the problem from successful process. more than one independent source, and that the releases are made on the responsibility of the Presented at the IFLA Council II meeting, Thursday 18 Chair of FAIFE and of the Secretary General of August, 71st IFLA General Conference, Oslo, Norway, IFLA, and when appropriate, after consulting 14–18 August 2005.

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NEWS

IFLA/FAIFE Statements

NEWS CONTENTS open access to information for all to the politico-legal and extra- its citizens that are imposed by its judicial impediments imposed by IFLA/FAIFE Statements . . . . . 370 policies. governments. • IFLA, WSIS and Intellectual Freedom in Tunisia ...... 370 As a participant in the WSIS Consequently, • Development Agenda for process IFLA has successfully put WIPO ...... 371 libraries on the agenda. The aim is to • IFLA urges the Government of • IFLA Position on Internet promote a fair and just knowledge Tunisia to remove the impedi- Governance ...... 371 and information society which is ments to freedom of access to • Pastors for Peace Convoy . 372 vitally supported by libraries and information, freedom of Membership ...... 372 information services. Libraries are expression and freedom of associ- Officers of IFLA ...... 373 essential to a transparent, account- ation before, during and after the IFLANET News ...... 379 able, and democratic Information meeting of the World Summit on Future IFLA Conferences. . . . 379 Society in which they help to create the Information Society in Tunis New IFLA/PAC Agreement . . . 382 a well-informed citizenry and lay a in November 2005. Grants and Awards...... 382 basis for good governance. IFLA IFLA Publications ...... 385 shares the common vision of an The full IFLA/FAIFE report on From Other Organizations . . . 387 Information Society for All adopted the mission to Tunisia can be Other Publications ...... 387 by the World Summit on the Infor- requested via e-mail from the FAIFE Obituaries ...... 388 mation Society in Geneva in Office: [email protected]. It is now avail- November 2003. That vision pro- able on IFLANET: www.ifla.org/ motes an inclusive society in which faife/faife/tunis-report2005.htm. everyone will be able to create, access, use and share information The official mission report, pro- IFLA, WSIS and and knowledge. This means provid- duced by the IFEX-TMG is available Intellectual Freedom in ing the opportunity for people to from IFEX’s website: http://cam- Tunisia seek, receive and impart information paigns.ifex.org/tmg/TMGSept2005 and ideas without restriction, in Report.doc accordance with Article 19 of the On the occasion of the launch of the Universal Declaration of Human IFLA/FAIFE and the International Rights. Furthermore, IFLA regards Background Freedom of Expression Exchange libraries as a living expression of this On the 6th to the 11th of September Tunisia Monitoring Group (IFEX- principle and therefore: IFLA/FAIFE joined a mission to TMG) reports on the current state Tunisia organized by the Tunisia of intellectual freedom in Tunisia: • IFLA looks forward to outcomes Monitoring Group (TMG) a from WSIS that fully endorse the volunteer group of 14 members of • IFLA restates its strong commit- principle of intellectual freedom the International Freedom of ment to the fundamental human and recognize the importance of Expression Exchange (IFEX). The rights to know, learn and com- libraries as instruments of this aim of the mission was to assess the municate without restriction. freedom. human rights situation in the • IFLA opposes any form of censor- • IFLA urges national, regional and country prior to the WSIS PrepCom ship and violations of these rights, local governments as well as inter- III meeting in Geneva 19–30 Sep- and consequently we look upon national organizations to invest in tember, and to the World Summit the human rights situation in library and information services on the Information Society (WSIS) Tunisia with deep concern. as vital elements of their Infor- itself to be held in Tunisia 16–18 • IFLA confirms its wholehearted mation Society strategies. November. FAIFE’s role was to commitment to the success of the assess the situation concerning WSIS process and expresses its To achieve this goal, IFLA freedom of access to information concern that the policy positions stresses the importance of removing and freedom of expression and the of the host nation might under- barriers to open access to infor- role of libraries in the country. mine the credibility of the process. mation for all, whether these barri- We therefore urge the Tunisian ers are social, structural, economic government to remove barriers to or legal, and seeks to draw attention 26 September 2005

Copyright © 2005 International Federation of Library Associations & Institutions (www.ifla.org). IFLA Journal 31(4): 370–389. 370 ISSN: 0340-0352. DOI: 10.1177/0340035205061401 09_news_061401 (jk-t) 30/11/05 1:24 pm Page 371

IFLA/FAIFE Statements

Development Agenda for ability is essential to development 1. As the peak international pro- WIPO and relies on exceptions and limi- fessional association concerned tations to copyright. In the last with information and library serv- decade international treaties, supra- ices, IFLA is concerned that Inter- The following statement was issued national directives from the Euro- net governance and management by the IFLA Committee on Copy- pean Union, national legislation should facilitate unrestricted right and other Legal Matters (CLM) and the terms of some Free Trade access to information and freedom and Electronic Information for Agreements have created a trend of expression and should enable Libraries (eIFL) at the IFLA World towards the monopolization and social and economic development Library and Information Congress, privatization of information by and cultural creation by and for all Oslo, 16 August 2005: eroding the exceptions and limi- the peoples of the world. tations to copyright, especially in 2. IFLA opposes any measures which the digital environment. would lead to control of infor- International library mation access and free expression organizations call for an end Fair access to information for all by commercial, governmental or to deadlock in discussions for is essential to nurture education and sectoral interests. Measures which a Development Agenda for stimulate innovation. A treaty is may be necessary to ensure the WIPO necessary to redress the balance and reliable operation of the Internet, establish an international frame- control spam, support intellectual Are the UN’s richest members com- work setting out the norms by which property protection and enable mitted to access to knowledge for copyright protects user rights while individuals to protect their privacy all? IFLA and eIFL welcome the maintaining adequate protection for must not be used to limit the rights broad agreement on the need for a rights holders. expressed in the Universal Decla- ‘Development Agenda’ for WIPO ration of Human Rights, especially following the third session of the “This is not an issue just for those in Article 19. specially convened Inter-Sessional developing countries, but one also 3. IFLA supports the development Intergovernmental Meeting (IIM) for developed countries since of the Internet as a reliable multi- in Geneva, July 20–22, 2005. knowledge is a universal right, and lingual system which will be Together with many public interest equal access is an indispensable available to all and will facilitate NGOs, IFLA and eIFL supported underpinning for an inclusive, unrestricted access to infor- proposals by the Group of Friends democratic society,” said Winston mation by all peoples in their lan- of Development submitted to the Tabb and Rima Kupryte today in a guages of choice. 2004 General Assemblies and joint statement. 4. In regard to the proposed elaborated upon during the IIMs. approaches to the governance of Further information: the Internet, IFLA supports a “We are deeply disappointed, multi-stakeholder approach however, that after nine days of dis- Winston Tabb Chair, IFLA Com- which involves governments, cussion not only did the delegates mittee on Copyright and other Legal civil society and business and fail to agree on any of the substan- Matters (CLM) Dean of University which offers a path for increasing tive issues, but due to resistance Libraries and Sheridan Director participation by those interests in from the US and Japan a consensus Johns Hopkins University 3400 N all countries as the capacity to on how to handle the discussions in Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland participate develops. IFLA con- the future was rendered impossible,” 21218–2683, USA Tel. +(1)(410) sequently endorses both the says Mr. Winston Tabb, Chair of 5168328 Fax +(1)(410)5165080 forum and the principles for IFLA CLM. “We share in the frus- E-mail: [email protected] http://www. global public policy and oversight tration of many government dele- ifla.org/III/clm/copyr.htm proposed in the WGIG report. gates from developing countries 5. Consistent with these principles, that the IIMs are thus unable to Rima Kupryte, Director Electronic IFLA favours a model which will make recommendations and will Information for Libraries (eIFL) c/o enable all of the key stakeholder instead leave it to the 2005 General ADN Kronos Piazza Mastai 9 interests to influence governance Assemblies to decide on the future 00153 Rome, Italy Tel: +(39)(06) of the Internet though appropriate of this important process,” echoed 5807216/17 Fax: +(39)(06)5807246 participation. It appears that this Ms. Rima Kupryte, Director E-mail: info@eifl.net http://www. goal might be achieved best, and eIFL.net. eifl.net/ without causing undue adminis- trative overheads, by implement- A key component of the Develop- ing modified versions of model 1 ment Agenda proposals is a call for IFLA Position on Internet (with direct representation of all a Treaty on Access to Knowledge. Governance stakeholders on the proposed An ‘A2K’ treaty is important for Global Internet Council) or model libraries since our business is to 2 (with effective representation of enable people to find and use The following statement was issued the proposed forum in the deci- knowledge and information. This by IFLA on 6 September 2005 sion making processes). 371 09_news_061401 (jk-t) 30/11/05 1:24 pm Page 372

News

6. As a voice for the 2.5 billion regis- at the US Mexico border by the US We draw attention to our previ- tered library users across the world Commerce Department. ous statements on this issue, notably and an ECOSOC accredited inter- the Resolution adopted at IFLA national professional organiz- According to the organizers of the Council held at the World Library ation, IFLA is available to assist caravan, which every year takes and Information Congress in with the development of effective donations of the American people to Boston, USA on Friday 24th August models for Internet governance. Cuba, officials from the US Depart- 2001 http://www.ifla.org/IV/ifla67/ ment of Commerce seized a large resol-01.htm Alex Byrne, President proportion of humanitarian aid des- tined for Cuba, mostly computer We also restate our previous equipment. It is understood that the concerns about US efforts to isolate Pastors for Peace Convoy seizure was being made under the Cuba including policies restricting terms of the continuing US embargo professional interaction: IFLA/ IFLA/FAIFE responds to the Cuban on Cuba and that it includes infor- FAIFE Press release, 8 May 2003: Library Association’s concerns mational materials which are for- http://www.ifla.org/V/press/faife- regarding the Pastors for Peace mally excluded from the embargo. cuba03pr.htm; IFLA/FAIFE Press Convoy. At the time of writing, this aid is not release 12 June 2003: http://www. being allowed into Mexico to con- ifla.org/V/press/faife120603 pr.htm IFLA/FAIFE has consistently tinue its journey on to Cuba. promoted freedom of access to 9 August 2005 information in Cuba as in other IFLA/FAIFE once again calls countries and has called on both the upon the US government to elimi- IFLA/FAIFE Contacts: Cuban and US Governments to nate obstacles to access to infor- remove any obstacles to un- mation and professional interaction Professor Paul Sturges, Chair, restricted access to information. imposed by its embargo and any IFLA/FAIFE Committee, Lough- other US Government policies. We borough University, UK. E-mail: IFLA/FAIFE is therefore most urge the US Government to put [email protected] concerned to learn from the Cuban policies in place to facilitate the Library Association (ASCUBI) and sharing of both information and Susanne Seidelin, Director, IFLA/ other sources that the Pastors For information technology with the FAIFE Office. E-mail: susanne. Peace Convoy was recently stopped people of Cuba. seidelin@ifla.org or [email protected]

Membership

New Members San Jose State University, School of Michael R. Leach, United States Library and Information Science, Ms Nicole Luce-Rizzo, United States United States David Oldenkamp, United States We bid a warm welcome to the Division of Libraries, Archives Ms Ellie Valentine, United States following 31 members who have and Museums, U.S. Virgin joined the Federation between 5 Islands August and 21 October 2005. National Archives of Zimbabwe Student Affiliates Library, Zimbabwe Ms Eve Lagacé, Canada Asif Shahzad, United Kingdom Institutions Abdul Rasheed, United Kingdom Personal Affiliates Brisbane City Council, Library Ser- Bart Stinson, United States vices, Australia Andrew Stephenson, Australia Ms Tatiana Nikolova-Houston, Public Enterprises Evaluation & Robert Pestell, Australia United States Privatisation Agency (PEEPA), Ms Sophie Royer, Canada Botswana Ms Lorena Pozuelo Martinez, Lux- Gold Corporate Partner State Institute of Library Studies, embourg Bulgaria Brian Michael Hall, United ProQuest Information and Learn- Panafrican Institute for Develop- Kingdom ing, United Kingdom ment, Burkina Faso Ms Ia McIlwaine, United Kingdom University Library of Stavanger, Ms Rookaya Bawa, United States We are also pleased that EBSCO Norway Ms Nancy Bolt, United States Information Services, one of our Bibliothèque de l’Heure Joyeuse, Ms Catherine Guarcello, United longest-standing Bronze Corporate Spain States Partners, has increased its committ- Biblioteca Regional de Madrid, John Hostage, United States ment to IFLA by becoming a Gold Spain Alfred Kagan, United States Corporate Partner.

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Officers of IFLA 2005–2007

Officers of IFLA 2005–2007

Division of General Research University Libraries and Other (207) 9422388; Fax +(44)(207) 942 Libraries General Research Libraries 2410; E-mail: [email protected] Section Chair: Ms Donna W. Scheeder Genealogy and Local History Chair/Treasurer: Ms Susan Mc- Section Secretary/Financial Officer: Ms Knight, Director of Libraries and Genevieve Clavel-Merrin Knowledge Resources, Nottingham Chair: Melvin P. Thatcher, Trent University, The Boots Library, Asia/Pacific/Africa/US acquisitions Goldsmith Street, NOTTINGHAM manager, Genealogical Society of Library and Research Services NG1 5LS, United Kingdom; Tel. Utah, 50 East North Temple, SALT for Parliaments Section +(44)(115)8486494; Fax +(44)(115) LAKE CITY, UT 84150, United 8482286; E-mail: sue.mcknight@ States; Tel. +(1)(801) 2403048; Fax Chair/Treasurer: Ms Donna W. ntu.ac.uk Scheeder, Deputy Assistant Direc- +(1)(801) 2401448; E-mail: thatch- [email protected] tor, Information Research, US Secretary/Information Coordina- Library of Congress, 101 Indepen- tor/Editor: James G. Neal, Vice Secretary: Ms Ruth Hedegaard, dence Ave., SE, WASHINGTON President of Info. Ser. and Uni- Librarian, Vendsyssel Historical DC 20540, United States; Tel. versity Librarian, Columbia Uni- Museum Historical Archives, Muse- +(1)(202)7078939; Fax +(1)(202) versity, Butler Library 517, 535 West umsgade 2, 9800 HJOERRING, 7071833; E-mail: [email protected] 114th Street, NEW YORK, NY Denmark; Tel. +(45) 96241060; 10027, United States; Tel. +(1) Fax +(45) 96241051; E-mail: rhe@ Secretary/Editor: Ms Margareta (212)8542247; Fax +(1)(212)854 stofanet.dk Brundin, Senior Librarian, Deputy 4972; E-mail: [email protected] Head Office for Inf. and Knowledge Management, Parliament of Treasurer: Ms Janice McFarlane, Sweden (RIKSDAG), SE-100 12 Division of Special Libraries Enquiries and Reference Services STOCKHOLM, Sweden; Tel. Manager, National Library of Scot- +(46)(8)7864151; Fax +(46)(8)786 Chair: Ms Nancy Bolt land, George IV Bridge, EDIN- 5871; E-mail: margareta.brundin@ BURGH, Scotland, EH1 1EW, riksdagen.se Secretary/Financial Officer: B.R. United Kingdom; Tel. +(44)(131) Klaverstijn 6233824; Fax +(44)(131) 6233830; E-mail: [email protected] National Libraries Section Art Libraries Section Chair/Treasurer: Ms Ingrid Parent, Geography and Map Libraries Assistant Deputy Minister, Docu- Chair: Ms Olga Sinitsyna, Deputy Section mentary Heritage Collection Sector, Director General, All-Russia State Library and Archives Canada / Bib- Library for Foreign Literature, 1 Chair/Editor: Ms Anita K. Oser, liothèque et Archives Canada, 395 Nikolojamskaja Street, 109 189 Western Carolina University, PO Wellington Street, OTTAWA, MOSCOW, Russian Federation; Tel. Box 2834, CULLOWHEE, NC Ontario K1A ON4, Canada; Tel. +(7)(095) 9153621; Fax +(7)(095) 28723, United States; Tel. +(1)(828) +(1)(613)9345789; Fax +(1)(613) 9153637; E-mail: olgas@libfl.ru/ 2935484; E-mail: oanitak@yahoo. 9344422; E-mail: ingrid.parent@ ombs@libfl.ru com lac-bac.gc.ca Secretary/Information Coordina- Secretary/Treasurer: David C. Secretary/Information Coordina- tor/Editor: Ms Eila Rämö, Infor- McQuillan, Map Librarian, Uni- tor/Editor: Ms Genevieve Clavel- mation Specialist, Deputy Director, versity of South Carolina, Thomas Merrin, International Relations, University of Art and Design, Cooper Library, COLUMBIA, SC Swiss National Library, Hallwyl- Hämeentie 135 C, FIN-00560 29208, United States; Tel. +(1)(803) strasse 15, 3003 BERN, Switzer- HELSINKI, Finland; Tel. +(358)(9) 7774723; Fax +(1)(803) 7774661; land; Tel. +(41)(31)3228936; 75630243; Fax +(358)(9) 7563 E-mail: [email protected] Fax +(41)(31)3228463; E-mail: 0246; E-mail: eila.ramo@uiah.fi [email protected] Treasurer: John Meriton, Deputy Government Libraries Section Keeper, Word & Image Department, Victoria and Albert Museum, Chair: Ms Nancy Bolt, Nancy Bolt Cromwell Road, LONDON SW7 & Associates, 9018 Ute Drive, 2RL, United Kingdom; Tel. +(44) GOLDEN, CO 80403, United States; Tel. +(1)(303) 6420338; Fax

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+(1)(303) 6420932; E-mail: nancy Social Science Libraries Director, South African Library for [email protected] Section the Blind, PO Box 115, 6140 GRA- HAMSTOWN, South Africa; Tel. Secretary/Treasurer: B.R. Klaver- Chair: Steve W. Witt, Associate +(27)(46) 6227226; Fax +(27)(46) stijn, Knowledge and Information Director, Center for Global Studies, 6224645; E-mail: director@blindlib. Centre, Senior Consultant, Ministry University of Illinois, 302 East John, org.za of Health, Welfare and Sport, Suite 1705, CHAMPAIGN, IL PO Box 20350, 2500 EJ THE 61820 MC-428, United States; Tel. Secretary/Treasurer: Ms Helen HAGUE, Netherlands; Tel. +(31) +(1)(217)2657518; Fax +(1)(217) Brazier, Chief Executive, National (70) 3405669; Fax +(31)(70) 340 2657519; E-mail: [email protected] Library for the Blind, Far Cromwell 5044; E-mail: br.klaverstijn@min Road, BREDBURY STOCKPORT vws.nl Secretary/Treasurer: Jacques Helle- SK6 2SG, United Kingdom; Tel. mans, Chief, Economics Section, +(44)(161)3552000; Fax +(44)(161) Université Libre de Bruxelles, 50, 3552098; E-mail: helen.brazier@ Health and Biosciences Avenue F.D. Roosevelt, CP 181, B- nlbuk.org Libraries Section 1050 BRUXELLES, Belgium; Tel. +(32)(2) 6504417; Fax +(32)(2) Chair/Treasurer/Information Coor- 6504198; E-mail: jhellema@ulb. Libraries Serving dinator: Bruce Madge, Temporary ac.be Disadvantaged Persons Sub Librarian, British Medical Section Association, The Library, Tavistock Square, LONDON WC1H 9JP, Division of Libraries Serving Chair/Treasurer: Ms Joanne Locke, United Kingdom; Tel. +(44)(207) the General Public Associate Professor and Vice Dean, 3836184; Fax +(44)(207) 3882544; Curriculum and Appraisals, Faculty E-mail: [email protected] Chair/Financial Officer: Ms Torny of Arts and Sciences, Concordia Kjekstad University, 7141 Sherbrooke Street Secretary/Information Coordinator: West, MONTREAL, QUEBEC H4B Ms Rowena Cullen, Associate Pro- Secretary: John Bruce Lake 1R6, Canada; Tel. +(1)(514) fessor, School of Information Man- 8482424 ext 2084; Fax +(1)(514) agement, Victoria University of 8482877; E-mail: [email protected] Wellington, PO Box 600, Libraries for Children and cordia.ca WELLINGTON, New Zealand; Tel. Young Adults Section +(64)(4) 4635788; Fax +(64)(4) Secretary: Ms Tone Eli Moseid, 4635446; E-mail: rowena.cullen@ Chair: Ms Ivanka Stricevic, Head of Senior Adviser, Norwegian Archive, vuw.ac.nz Children’s Department, Public Library and Museum Authority, Box Library Medvescak, Trg Zrtava 8145 DEP, N-0033 OSLO, Norway; Fasizma 7, 10 000 ZAGREB, Tel. +(47) 23117500; Fax +(47) Science and Technology Croatia; Tel. +(385)(1) 4611929; 23117501; E-mail: tone.moseid@ Libraries Section Fax +(385)(1) 4611480; E-mail: abm-utvikling.no [email protected] Chair/Treasurer: Ms Irma Pasanen, Associate Library Director for Secretary: Ms Ingrid Bon, Consul- Library Services to Information Services, Helsinki Uni- tant Libraries of Children and Multicultural Populations versity of Technology, POB 7000, Reading Promotion, Biblioservice Section ESPOO 02015 TKK, Finland; Tel. Gelderland, Zeelandsingel 40, NL- +(358)(9) 4514125; Fax +(358)(9) 6845 BH ARNHEM, Netherlands; Chair: Ms Kirsten Leth Nielsen, 4514132; E-mail: irma.pasanen@ Tel. +(31)(26) 3860911; Fax Head of Multicultural Library, Oslo tkk.fi +(31)(26) 3820019; E-mail: ingrid. Public Library, Henrik Ibsensgt. 1, [email protected] 0179 OSLO, Norway; Tel. Secretary/Information Coordinator/ +(47)23432838; Fax +(47)2220 Editor: Raymond P. Schwartz, Treasurer: Ms Nic Diament, Conser- 7214; E-mail: kirstenn@ deich- Systems Specialist Librarian, vateur General, Directrice de La man.no William Paterson University, David Joie par les Livres, 25 Bd. de Stras- and Lorraine Cheng Library, 300 bourg, 75010 PARIS, France; Tel. Secretary/Treasurer: Ms Susy Taste- Pompton Road, WAYNE, New +(33)(1)55334444; Fax +(33)(1) sen, Librarian Head of Department, Jersey 07470, United States; Tel. 55334455; E-mail: nic.diament@ Copenhagen Public Libraries, +(1)(973) 7203192; Fax +(1)(973) lajoieparleslivres.com Audio Department, KKB-LYD, 7202585; E-mail: schwartzr2@ Lyrskovgade 2,1. 1758 COPEN- wpunj.edu HAGEN V, Denmark; Tel. +(45)332 Libraries for the Blind Section 44254; Fax +(45)33246038; E-mail: [email protected] Chair: Johan Wilhelm Roos,

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Metropolitan Libraries Section +(31)(475) 452400; Fax +(31)(475) 3240625; Fax +(41)(31) 3228463; 453997; E-mail: ifl[email protected] E-mail: [email protected] Chair: Ms Liv Saeteren, City Librarian, Oslo City Library, Deich- Secretary/Treasurer: Ms Barbara manske Bibliotek, Henrik Ibsens Division of Bibliographic Tillett, Chief, Cataloging Policy & GT 1, 0179 OSLO, Norway; Tel. Control Support Office, Library of Congress, +(47) 23432870; Fax +(47) 2211 101 Independence Ave., S.E., 3389; E-mail: [email protected] Chair/Financial Officer: Ms Barbara WASHINGTON, DC 20540–4305, Tillett United States; Tel. +(1)(202) 707 Secretary/Treasurer: Tay Ai Cheng, 4714; Fax +(1)(202) 7076629; Senior Director, Public Library Ser- Secretary: Ms Judith A. Kuhagen E-mail: [email protected] vices, National Library Board, 278 Marine Parade Road, SINGAPORE Bibliography Section 449282, Singapore; Tel. +(65) Knowledge Management 63424555; Fax +(65) 63424222; Section Chair: Ms Unni Knutsen, Lecturer, E-mail: [email protected] Oslo University College, Faculty of Chair/Treasurer: Ms Irene Wormell, Journalism, Library and Inf. Professor, Swedish School of Public Libraries Section Science, PO Box 4, St. Olavs plass, Library and Information Science, NO-0130 OSLO, Norway; Tel. Allèg. 1, SE-501 90 BORÅS, Chair: Ms Torny Kjekstad, Library +(47) 22452656; Fax +(47) 2245 Sweden; Tel. +(46)(33)4354413; Director, Baerum Kommune, 2605; E-mail: unni.knutsen@jbi. Fax +(46)(33)4354005; E-mail: Baerum Bibliotek, 1304 SAND- hio.no [email protected] VIKA, Norway; Tel. +(47) 6711 6900/+(47) 95184887 (mobile); Secretary/Treasurer: Beacher J. Secretary: Ms Judith J. Field, Senior Fax +(47) 67539755; E-mail: torny. Wiggins, Director for Acquisitions Lecturer, Wayne State University, [email protected] and Bibliographic Access, Library 106 Kresge, DETROIT, MI 48167, of Congress, 101 Independence United States; Tel. +(1)(313) 577 Secretary: John Bruce Lake, Ave., S.E., WASHINGTON D.C. 8539; Fax +(1)(313) 5777563; Librarian, Barbican Library, Corpo- 20540, United States; Tel. +(1)(202) E-mail: [email protected] ration of London, Silk Street, 7075325; Fax +(1)(202) 7076269; LONDON EC2Y 8DS, United E-mail: [email protected] Kingdom; Tel. +(44)(20) 73827098; Division of Collections and Fax +(44)(20) 76384141; E-mail: Services Cataloguing Section john.lake@corpoflondon.gov.uk Chair/Financial Officer: Edward Chair/Treasurer: Ms Judith A. Treasurer: Klaus-Peter Boettger, Swanson Kuhagen, Senior Cataloging Policy Director General, Public Library Specialist/Cataloging Policy & Mülheim an der Ruhr, Friederich- Secretary: Hartmut Walravens Support Office, Library of Congress, Ebert-Str. 47, D-45468 MÜLHEIM 101 Independence Avenue, SE, AN DER RUHR, Germany; Tel. WASHINGTON DC, 20540–4134, +(49)(208) 4554141; Fax +(49) Acquisition and Collection United States; Tel. +(1)(202) 707 (208) 4554125; E-mail: klaus-peter. Development Section 4381; Fax +(1)(202) 7076629; [email protected] E-mail: [email protected] Chair/Treasurer: Pentti Vattulainen, Director, National Repository School Libraries and Resource Secretary: Ben Gu, Director, Acqui- Library, POB 1710, FIN-70421 Centres Section sitions & Cataloging Department, KUOPIO, Finland; Tel. +(358)(17) National Library of China, 33 2646000; Fax +(358)(17) 3645050; Chair/Treasurer: James Henri, Zhongguancun Nandajie, BEIJING E-mail: pentti.vattulainen@nrl.fi/ Associate Professor, University of 100081, China; Tel. +(86)(10) 8854 varkirja@nrl.fi Hong Kong, Faculty of Education, 5661; Fax +(86)(10) 68482790; Pokfulam Road, HONG KONG, E-mail: [email protected] Secretary/Information Coordina- China; Tel. +(852) 28592849; Fax tor/Editor: Lynn F. Sipe, Coordina- tor, Collection Development, +(852) 25177194; E-mail: jhenri@ Classification and Indexing hkucc.hku.hk Information Services Division, Section University of Southern California Secretary: Ms Lourense H. Das, Libraries, Leavey Library, 301-A, Chair: Patrice Landry, Head, Director, Meles Meles School LOS ANGELES, CA 90089–2571, Subject Indexing, Swiss National Library Service, Rijksweg 26, 6095 United States; Tel. +(1)(213) 740 Library, Hallwylstrasse 15, 3003 NC BAEXEM, Netherlands; Tel. 2929; Fax +(1)(213) 7407713; BERN, Switzerland; Tel. +(41)(31) E-mail: [email protected]

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Document Delivery and Newspapers Section Serials and Other Continuing Resource Sharing Section Resources Section Chair: Hartmut Walravens, Library Chair: Poul Erlandsen, Head Docu- Director, Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin, Chair/Treasurer: Edward Swanson, ment Access Services, National D-10772 BERLIN, Germany; Tel. Manager, Contract Cataloging Library of Education, PO Box +(49)(30) 2662498; Fax +(49)(30) Program, MINITEX Library Infor- 840, 2400 NV, COPENHAGEN, 2662378; E-mail: walravens@sbb. mation Network, 15 Andersen Denmark; Tel. +(45) 88889306; Fax spk-berlin.de Library, University of Minnesota, +(45) 88889392; E-mail: poer@ 222–21st Avenue South, MIN- dpu.dk Secretary/Treasurer: Edmund King, NEAPOLIS MN 55455–0439, Head, BL Newspaper Collections, United States; Tel. +(1)(612) 624 Secretary/Editor: Ms Penelope The British Library, Colindale 6390; Fax +(1)(651) 2911261; Street, Faculty Librarian for Medi- Avenue, LONDON NW1 4UA, E-mail: esifl[email protected] cine and Veterinary Science, Uni- United Kingdom; Tel. +(44)(20) versity of Liverpool, Harold Cohen 74127362; Fax +(44)(20) 74127386; Secretary: Ms Hildegard Schäffler, Library, PO Box 123, LIVERPOOL, E-mail: [email protected] Head of Serials and Electronic Merseyside, L69 3DA, United Media Subdivision, Bayerische Kingdom; Tel. +(44)(151) 7945418; Staatsbibliothek, Ludwigstrasse 16, Fax +(44)(151) 7942681; E-mail: Rare Books and Manuscripts 80539 MÜNCHEN, Germany; Tel. [email protected] Section +(49)(89) 286382216; Fax +(49)(89) 286382309; E-mail: schaeffler@ Treasurer: Ms Debra McKern, Chair: Ms Susan M. Allen, Chief bsb-muenchen.de Manager, Baseline Inventory Librarian, Research Library, Getty Program, Library of Congress, Jef- Research Institute, Research ferson Deck 38, 101 Independence Library, 1200 Getty Center Drive, Division of Management and Ave., S.E, WASHINGTON, DC Suite 1100, LOS ANGELES, CA Technology 20540, United States; Tel. +(1)(202) 90049–1688, United States; Tel. 7079156; Fax +(1)(202) 2522094; +(1)(310) 4407611; Fax +(1)(310) Chair/Financial Officer: Ms Nancy E-mail: [email protected] 4407781; E-mail: [email protected] E. Gwinn

Secretary/Treasurer: Jan Bos, Editor Secretary: Bruce Royan Government Information and of Bibliopolis and STCN, Konin- Official Publications Section klijke Bibliotheek, PO Box 90407, 2509 LK THE HAGUE, Nether- Audiovisual and Multimedia Chair: Ms Jane M. Wu, Chief lands; Tel. +(31)(70) 3140336; Fax Section Librarian, David Lubin Memorial +(31)(70) 3140655; E-mail: jan.bos Library, Food and Agriculture @kb.nl Chair/Editor: Bruce Royan, Chief Organization FAO, David Lubin Executive Officer, Concurrent Com- Library, Viale delle Terme di Cara- puting Ltd, 41 Greenhill Gardens, calla, 00100 ROMA, Italy; Tel. Reference and Information EDINBURGH, Scotland, EH10 +(39)(06) 57053703; Fax +(39)(06) Services Section 4BL, United Kingdom; Tel. +(44) 57052002; E-mail: [email protected] (131) 4473151; E-mail: bruce.royan Chair: Ms Annsofie Oscarsson, @concurrentcomputing.co.uk Secretary: Ms Jackie Druery, Head Head of Reference and User Donald E. Stokes Library, Princeton Services, Umea University Library, Secretary/Treasurer: Gregory Miura, University, Wallace Hall, PRINCE- S-90174 UMEA, Sweden; Tel. +(46) Head of the Electronic Documents TON, NJ 08544, United States; Tel. (90) 7865491; Fax +(46)(90) 786 Section, Bibliothèque National de +(1)(609) 2584782; E-mail: jdruery 7474; E-mail: annsofie.oscarsson@ France, Quai François Mauriac, @princeton.edu ub.umu.se 75706 PARIS CEDEX 13, France; Tel. +(33)(1) 53795307; Fax +(33) Treasurer: Peter Raggett, Head, Secretary/Treasurer: Martin Kessel- (1) 53794727; E-mail: gregory. Centre for Documentation and man, Life Sciences Librarian, [email protected] Information, OECD, Tour Europe, Rutgers University, State University 33 Place des Corolles, 92049 PARIS of New Jersey, Chang Science Information Technology LA DEFENSE 2, France; Tel. Library, Foran Hall, 59 Dudley +(33)(1) 45248109; Fax +(33)(1) Road, NEW BRUNSWICK, New Section 45241551; E-mail: peter.raggett@ Jersey 08901–8520, United States; oecd.org Tel. +(1)(732) 9320305x163; Fax Chair: Lawrence Woods, Director, +(1)(732) 9320311; E-mail: martyk Information Systems and Technical @rci.rutgers.edu Services, University of Iowa Libraries, 606 South Johnson Street, IOWA CITY, IA 52240, United

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States; Tel. +(1)(319) 3545107; Fax United States; Tel. +(1)(312) 280 Division of Education and +(1)(319) 3355870; E-mail: larry- 3205; Fax +(1)(312) 9443897; Research [email protected] E-mail: kfi[email protected] Chair/Financial Officer: Ms Gwyn- Secretary/Treasurer: Reinhard Secretary: Ms Jill Martin, Director, neth Evans Altenhöner, Head of the IT-depart- Knowledge and Information, ment, Die Deutsche Bibliothek, CILIP, 7 Ridgmount St., LONDON Secretary: Jesus Lau Adickesallee 1, 60322 FRANK- WC1E 7AE, United Kingdom; Tel. FURT AM MAIN, Germany; Tel. +(44)(20) 72550642; Fax +(44)(20) +(49)(69) 15251700; Fax +(49)(69) 72550501; E-mail: jill.martin@cilip. Continuing Professional 15251799; E-mail: altenhoener@ org.uk Development and Workplace dbf.ddb.de Learning Section Treasurer: Ms Carla J. Funk, Execu- tive Director, Medical Library Chair: Ms Jana Varlejs, Associate Library Buildings and Association, 65 E. Wacker Place, Professor, Rutgers SCILS, 4 Hunt- Equipment Section Suite 1900, CHICAGO, Illinois ington Street, NEW BRUNSWICK, 60601, United States; Tel. +(1)(312) NJ 08901–1071, United States; Tel. Chair/Treasurer: Andrew Cranfield, 4199094 ext 14; Fax +(1)(312) +(1)(732) 9321726; Fax +(1)(732) Horsholm Public Library, Bibliotek- 4198950; E-mail: [email protected] 9322644; E-mail: varlejs@scils. storvet 1, 2970 HORSHOLM, rutgers.edu Denmark; Tel. +(45) 160814; Fax +(45) 160871; E-mail: anc@hors Preservation and Conservation Secretary/Treasurer: Ian Smith, holm.dk Section Senior Librarian (Personnel), La Trobe University Library, Kingsbury Secretary: Ms Karen Latimer, A&FS Chair: Ms Nancy E. Gwinn, Drive, BUNDOORA, VIC 3086, Librarian, Queen University Belfast, Director, Smithsonian Institution Australia; Tel. +(61)(3) 94791918; Newforge Lane, BELFAST, N. Libraries, PO Box 37012, NHB 22 Fax +(61)(3) 94793018; E-mail: Ireland, BT9 5PX, United Kingdom; MRC 154, WASHINGTON, D.C. [email protected] Tel. +(44)(28) 90255226; Fax 20013–7012, United States; Tel. +(44)(28) 90255400; E-mail: +(1)(202) 6332240; Fax +(1)(202) [email protected] 7862866; E-mail: [email protected] Education and Training Section Secretary/Treasurer: Per Cullhed, Management and Marketing Director/Cultural Heritage Library Chair/Treasurer/Interim Editor: Section Group, Uppsala University Library, Terry L. Weech, Associate Professor, PO Box 510, SE-75120 UPPSALA, University of Illinois, Grad. School Chair: Ms Angels Massísimo i Sweden; Tel. +(46)(18)4716214; of Lib. & Info. Science, 501 East Sanchez de Boado, Professor, Uni- Fax +(46)(18)4713929; E-mail: Daniel Street, CHAMPAIGN, IL versity of Barcelona Faculty of [email protected] 61820, United States; Tel. +(1)(217) Library and Information Science, c/ 3330646; Fax +(1)(217)2443302; Melcior de Palau 140, 08014 E-mail: [email protected] BARCELONA, Catalonia, Spain; Statistics and Evaluation Tel. +(34)(93) 4035784; Fax +(34) Section Secretary: Niels Ole Pors, Associate (93) 4035772; E-mail: amassisimo Professor, Royal School of Library @ub.edu Chair/Editor: Michael Heaney, and Information Science, Bir- Head of Service Assessment and ketinget 6, DK-2300 COPEN- Secretary/Treasurer: Ms Trine Plannning, Oxford University HAGEN S, Denmark; Tel. +(45) Kolderup Flaten, Library Director, Library Services, Clarendon Build- 32586066; Fax +(45) 32840201; Bergen Off. Bibliotek, Stromgaten ing, Bodleian Library, OXFORD E-mail: [email protected] 6, 5015 BERGEN, Norway; Tel. OX1 3BG, United Kingdom; Tel. +(47)55568501; Fax +(47)5556 +(44)(1865) 277236; E-mail: 8555; E-mail: [email protected] [email protected] Information Literacy Section bibl.no Secretary/Treasurer: Ms Roswitha Chair/Treasurer: Jesus Lau, Univer- Poll, Former Chief Librarian, Uni- sidad Veracruzana, Ruiz Cortines Management of Library versity and Regional Library 650, Frac Costa Verde, 94294 Boca Associations Section Münster, Krummer Timpen 3–5, del Rio, VERACRUZ, Mexico; Tel. 48143 MÜNSTER, Germany; Tel. +(52)(229) 7752021; Fax +(52) Chair: Keith Michael Fiels, Execu- +(49)(251) 8324060; Fax +(49) (229) 7752000/22102; E-mail: jlau tive Director, American Library (251) 8328398; E-mail: pollr@uni- @uv.mx Association (ALA), 50 East Huron muenster.de Street, CHICAGO, IL 60611,

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Secretary/Editor: Ms Sylvie Chevil- TAMPERE, Finland; Tel. +(358) Fax +(26)(34) 335383; E-mail: lotte, Head Librarian, ENSSIB, (3)2156971; Fax +(358)(3)215 [email protected] 17–21 Bd du 11 Novembre 1918, 6560; E-mail: ilkka.mäkinen@uta.fi 69623 VILLEURBANNE, France; Tel. +(33)(4) 72444318; Fax +(33) Asia and Oceania Section (4) 72444344; E-mail: chevillo@ Reading Section enssib.fr Chair/Treasurer: Gary E. Gorman, Chair/Treasurer: Ms Gwynneth Professor, School of Information Evans, 226 Goulburn Ave., Management, Victoria University of Library Theory and Research OTTAWA, Ontario K1N 8E4, Wellington PO Box 600, Section Canada; Tel. +(1)(613) 5656214; WELLINGTON, New Zealand; Tel. E-mail: [email protected] +(64)(4) 4635782; Fax +(64)(4) Chair: Ragnar Andreas Audunson, 4635184; E-mail: gary.gorman@ Professor, Oslo University College, Secretary: Alec Williams, Freelance vuw.ac.nz Faculty of Journalism, Library and Trainer + Consultant, 1 Victoria Information Science, Pilestredet 48, Street, Cullingworth, BRADFORD Secretary: Ms Premila Gamage, Postboks 4, St. Olavsplass, NO- BD13 5AE, United Kingdom; Tel. Librarian, Institute of Policy 0130 OSLO, Norway; Tel.+(47) +(44)(1535) 271946; Fax +(44) Studies, 99, St. Michael’s Road, 22452600; Fax +(47) 22452605; (1535) 271946; E-mail: alecw@ COLOMBO 3, Sri Lanka; Tel. E-mail: [email protected] tiscali.co.uk +(94)(11) 2431368; Fax +(94)(11) 2431395; E-mail: [email protected]/ Secretary/Treasurer: Ms Marydee [email protected] Ojala, Editor, ONLINE: The Division of Regional Leading Magazine for Information Activities Professionals, PO Box 78225, Latin America and the INDIANAPOLIS, IN 46278–0225, Chair/Financial Officer: Ms María Caribbean Section United States; Tel. +(1)(317) 870 Isabel Cabral da Franca 1994; Fax +(1)(317) 8701996; Chair/Treasurer: Ms María Isabel E-mail: [email protected] Secretary: Gary E. Gorman Cabral da Franca, President, Grupo de Informaçao e Documentaçao Juridica Do RJ, Major Daemon, 60 Library History Section Africa Section Centro, 20081–190 RIO DE JANEIRO/RJ, Brazil; Tel. +(55)(21) Chair/Treasurer/Information Coor- Chair/Treasurer: Ms Helena R. 22332843; Fax +(55)(21) 2233 dinator/Editor: Alistair Black, Pro- Asamoah-Hassan, University 2844; E-mail: mifranca@centroin. fessor of Library and Information Librarian, Kwame Nkrumah Uni- com.br History, Leeds Metropolitan Uni- versity of Science and Technology, versity, School of Information Man- KNUST Library, KUMASI, Ghana; Secretary: Filiberto Felipe Martínez- agement, Headingley Campus, Tel. +(233)(51) 60133; Fax +(233) Arellano, Director University LEEDS LS6 3QS, United Kingdom; (51) 60358; E-mail: maadwoa2000 Center for Library Science Tel. +(44)(113) 2832600/3738; @yahoo.com Research, National Autonomous Fax +(44)(113) 2837599; E-mail: University of Mexico, Torre II de [email protected] Secretary: Buhle Mbambo, Uni- Humanidades, Piso 12, CD Univer- versity Librarian, University of Zim- sitaria, MEXICO 04510 DF, Secretary: Ilkka Mäkinen, Lecturer, babwe Library, PO Box MP45, MT. Mexico; Tel. +(52)(55) 56230327; University of Tampere, Department PLEASANT, Harare, Zimbabwe; Fax +(52)(55) 55507461; E-mail: of Information Studies, FIN-33014 Tel. +(26)(34) 303211 ext 1164; [email protected]

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IFLANET News

IFLANET News

Peter Lor, IFLA Secretary General (at left) and Herbert Gruttemeier, Head of International Relations, INIST-CNRS, signing a new contract in Oslo for INIST to host IFLANET for another year.

Future IFLA Conferences

WLIC Seoul, Korea, 2006 quarters. The Professional Com- form and a detailed description of mittee of IFLA will review all sub- the poster session is 15 February missions. 2006. Early April 2006 IFLA Head- quarters will inform applicants of Call for Poster Presentations Colleagues interested in present- the final decision of the Professional An alternative approach for the ing a poster session are invited to Committee. presentation of projects/new work complete the application form and will be available for conference par- to send it with a brief description of ticipants. An area on the conference not more than 200 words of the Shanghai Pre-Conference, premises has been designated for session (in English, French, 16–17 August 2006 the presentation of information Spanish, German or Russian). The form can be found on IFLANET: regarding projects or activities of Theme: Library Management interest to librarians. Presentations http://www.ifla.org/IV/ ifla72/call- poster-pr2006.htm and Marketing in a may include posters, leaflets (etc.) in Multicultural World several of the IFLA working lan- Hosts: IFLA Management and guages (English, French, Spanish, Time Schedule German and Russian), if possible. Marketing (M&M) Section; Further advice on poster sessions The Deadline for receipt at IFLA Shanghai Pudong New Area may be obtained from IFLA Head- Headquarters of the application Government.

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Organizers: Shanghai Library; e. Means of communication includ- in length. The Preconference Plan- Shanghai Pudong New Area ing e-mail address, phone and fax ning Committee, in consultation Library; Shanghai Life Sciences with RSCAO, KLA, and KERIS, Library, Chinese Academy of Sci- Contact: Zhang Yijing, Shanghai will select the best papers in January ences. Library. E-mail: [email protected]. 2006. Successful applicants will be cn sent a formal letter of invitation by Special Supporter: Communication mid-February 2006. and Cooperation Committee, China Society for Library Science IFLA Satellite Meeting: Abstracts and papers should be sent Scholarly Information on East by email or fax to: English is the working language. Asia in the 21st Century Chinese–English simultaneous Philip Melzer, Team Leader, interpretation will be available Organized by the Council on East Korean/Chinese Cataloging Team, during the Opening Ceremony. Asian Libraries (CEAL) of the Regional and Cooperative Cata- Association for Asian Studies. Spon- loging Division, Library of Con- Registered participants are en- sored by the IFLA Asia and Oceania gress. E-mail: [email protected]. Tel +1 titled to attend the Opening Section (RSCAO), the Korean 202–707–7961. Fax: +1 202–707– Ceremony of the 3rd Shanghai Library Association (KLA), and the 2824. International Library Forum on Korean Education and Research August 17, 2006 free of charge. The Information Service (KERIS). or theme of the Third SILF is ‘Manage- ment Innovation and Library Ser- Call for Papers Joy Kim, Curator, Korea Heritage vices’. Library, East Asian Library, Uni- The Council on East Asian Libraries versity of Southern California. invites the submission of proposals E-mail: [email protected]. Tel. +1 Call for Papers for papers to be given at the Precon- 213–740–2329. ference Meeting on Friday, August Participants are invited to submit 18, 2006 at KERIS Headquarters in papers via email by June 15, 2006 to Seoul. Asia and Oceania Section the Conference Secretariat at Open Session Shanghai Library. Deadline for the Topics should address issues such abstract of papers is December 1, as: Theme: Open Access – 2005. E-mail: [email protected]. Promoting Implementation in Fax: 86–21–6445 2003. • publishing trends of scholarly information in East Asia; Asia and Oceania Original papers on all aspects of • issues related to the digitization of The Asia and Oceania Section will library management and marketing nonroman scripts and digital hold a 2-hour Open Session at the are solicited for submission to this collections; World Library and Information conference. Topics of interest • cooperative collection develop- Congress to be held in Seoul, Korea, include but are not limited to: ment and resource sharing on 20–24 August 2006. Papers will East Asia; focus on practical rather than • Impact of globalization on library • technical processing and coopera- theoretical aspects of Open Access, management and marketing tive cataloging of East Asian and on Open Access resources • Information technology and material; (materials, software, information). library management and market- • preservation and storage; ing • information technology for East Contacts: Professor Gary Gorman, • Changing libraries in a multi- Asian materials; RSCAO Chair. E-mail: gary.gorman cultural world • cooperative reference service; @vuw.ac.nz; Ms Premila Gamage, • Case studies of advanced library • instruction and information liter- RSCAO Secretary. E-mail: premi management and marketing acy; [email protected] • How to promote library services • outreach and user studies.

Please furnish the following infor- An abstract of no longer than 200 Rare Books and Manuscripts mation: words should be submitted by Section Open Session January 1, 2005. Papers must be a. Title of paper original; written in English, or with Theme: West by East – East by b. Abstract describing the content an English translation attached; and of the paper (no more than 300 between 3000 and 6000 words in West: Cultural and words) length. The submission deadline for technological exchange – Old c. Author(s) and Organization papers is May 1, 2006. Presenta- technology, new technology, d. Author presenting the paper (in tions should be made in English, collecting and describing rare case of multi-authors) and should not exceed 20 minutes materials 380 09_news_061401 (jk-t) 30/11/05 1:24 pm Page 381

Future IFLA Conferences

Inspired by the early invention of with RFID, will convey added infor- Please note that all fees, including printing in Korea and the booming mation and make objects situation- registration for the conference, technological developments in aware. travel, accommodation, etc. are the Asian countries in recent years, the responsibility of the authors of programme will focus on the inte- There will be numerous entrance accepted papers. gration of materials from other cul- points to the library, seamless inter- tures, in particular the view of action, and additional communi- For additional information, please countries like Korea and Japan on cation channels between humans contact: Ray Schwartz. E-mail: Western cultures: the ‘Occidental- and information systems in the [email protected] ism’ in the East compared to the omnipresent library. ‘Orientalism’ in the West. The IFLA For more information about the Rare Books and Manuscripts As dynamic engines, libraries can concept of ‘the ubiquitous library’ Section invites librarians, aca- continue to play a part in defining please see: demics and other interested parties their own future. We are therefore to participate in the 2-hour open interested in exploring the concept session on this theme. of ‘the ubiquitous library’. We are http://www.lib.umd.edu/deans/ubl looking for leading edge technologi- ibreport.pdf Further information from: Section cal solutions in libraries that http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/portal Secretary, Jan Bos. E-mail: jan.bos@ demonstrate the application of the _libraries_and_the_academy/v00 kb.nl concept. The papers can address 5/5.3lowry.html technology applications and/or http://www.inforum.cz/inforum20 standards, case studies, and/or prin- 05/pdf/Obst_Oliver.pdf Science and Technology ciples involved in matters regarding Libraries Section Open the library as always present. The Also, the article that was pub- Session theme of this program will thus be lished in the New York Times Tech- ‘Workings of the Ubiquitous nology Section, October 5, 2005 Call for Papers Library’. might be of interest. By Pamela Licalzi O’Connell. Connections: Libraries have been in the forefront Three to four papers will be Korea’s High-Tech Utopia, Where of change when it comes to the digi- selected for presentation. Proposals Everything Is Observed. New tized information delivered over the for papers must be submitted by 15 Songdo City, a large ‘ubiquitous city’ networks. Today’s developing January 2006 to irma.pasanen@ being built in South Korea, is being digital library and wireless tech- tkk.fi. The proposal should include viewed as an opportunity to show nologies, and their associated open a title, a 200–400 word abstract and off technological prowess and standards are converging to create relevant biographical information of attract foreign investment. http:// ‘the ubiquitous library’. Ubiquitous author(s) / presenter(s). Successful www.nytimes.com/2005/10/05/tech library services will be always avail- proposals will be identified by 15 nology/techspecial/05oconnell.htm able at the fingertips of the users. February 2006 and the full paper is l?ex=1129 089600&en=cc33c7d0b Smart objects, such as books tagged due by 1 May 2006. d28c6ad&ei=5070&emc=eta1

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New IFLA/PAC Agreement

Signature of new agreement between IFLA and the Bibliothèque national de France (BnF) regarding the hosting of IFLA’s Preservation And Conservation (PAC) Programme by the French national library. From left to right: Marie-Thérèse Varlamoff, Director IFLA/PAC; Agnes Saal, Directeur General BnF; and Peter Lor, IFLA Secretary General.

Grants and Awards

IFLA Honours and and Information Congress in Seoul IFLA Medal in August 2006. Awards Awarded for distinguished contri- bution either to IFLA or to Following are the categories of international librarianship. The We are inviting IFLA Members and Honours and their criteria: expectation is that, on average, two Personal Affiliates to submit nomi- such medals would be awarded each nations for an IFLA Honour and/or year, one of which would be to Award. All nominations should be Honorary Fellow someone from the country hosting accompanied by a citation. The case A rare and unusual award for long the WLIC/IFLA Congress that year. for an Honour would be strength- and distinguished service to IFLA. ened if there were multiple nomina- The expectation is that it would be tions for a candidate. The Executive awarded only four or five times a IFLA Scroll of Appreciation Committee will consider nomina- decade. tions in confidence in March 2006. Awarded to the WLIC/IFLA Con- The awards will be announced and gress host committee for that year. conferred during the World Library No nominations are therefore

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Grants and Awards

required for this. But it is also Hans-Peter Geh Grant aim of the grant is to enable one awarded to individuals who have expert in library and information given distinguished service to IFLA, science who is a national of an Arab such as long serving core activities The Hans-Peter Geh Grant is country to attend the IFLA Confer- staff, for whom nominations are awarded annually to enable a ence. Candidates should not have required. librarian from the geographic region attended an IFLA conference previ- previously called the Soviet Union, ously. including the Baltic States, to attend IFLA Certificate of Service an IFLA Seminar or Conference in The grant is to meet up to a Germany or elsewhere for becom- Awarded to those retiring from maximum of USD 1,900 the cost of ing acquainted with new inter- IFLA activities who have served travel (economy class air trans- national developments in the field eight years or more in the capacity portation) to and from the host of information. of an IFLA officer. Such service country of the conference, registra- does not need to be consecutive. tion, hotel costs and a per diem The amount of the Grant is EUR allowance. 1,135. All authorised representatives of Members and Personal Affiliates are IFLA will act as administrator to The Grant is administered by eligible to make nominations. Nom- the grant and will provide the Sec- IFLA Headquarters under the inations for awards to be conferred retary of the jury. supervision of the Governing in 2006 are therefore invited, in Board. The selection is made by a confidence, on the form you can The deadline for receiving appli- Jury consisting of the Sponsor, Dr find on IFLANET http://www.ifla. cations is 1 February 2006. Hans-Peter Geh, and the Secretary org/III/eb/Call-Honours-Awards. General of IFLA. htm The selection of a grantee will be made before 1 April of the relevant The applicants should be either This form may be posted or sent year by a jury consisting of members IFLA Personal Affiliates or by fax to: appointed by Shawky Salem and by employees of IFLA Members. IFLA. The grantee will be informed Honours and Awards, IFLA, PO of his or her selection by the Secre- The applications must be accom- Box 95312, 2509 CH The Hague, tary of the Jury in April every year. panied by a Statement of Intent in Netherlands. Fax: +31 70 3834827. English, French or German (not The application form you can find more than 3 pages), which should Nominations may also be sent by on IFLANET at: http://www.ifla. include: e-mail to: magda.bouwens@ifla.org org/III/grants/grant04.htm provided that full details as required the reasons for application speci- on the form are provided. • IFLA Headquarters, PO Box fying the seminar or conference 95312, 2509 CH The Hague, the applicant wishes to attend Nominations must arrive no later Netherlands. Fax: +31 70 3834827. a proposed budget, including than 1 February 2006. Please note • E-mail: ifla@ifla.org. financial sources from elsewhere that late submissions will not be • a curriculum vitae considered. Gates Foundation Access Deadline of application: 1 Febru- This call for nominations is being to Learning Award ary 2006. issued on IFLANET, IFLA-L and in IFLA Journal. It is not being posted The application form you can find The Council on Library and Infor- separately. Previous recipients of on IFLANET: http://www.ifla.org/ mation Resources (http://www.clir. IFLA Honours are listed at: III/grants/grant03.htm org/) welcomes applications for the http://www.ifla.org/III/eb/honme Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation m.htm IFLA Headquarters, PO Box (http://www.gatesfoundation.org/) 95312, 2509 CH The Hague, Access to Learning Award for 2006. Neither the Executive Committee Netherlands. Fax: +31 70 3834827. nor the Secretary General will enter E-mail: ifla@ifla.org. Each year, the program presents into correspondence on individual an award of up to USD 1 million to nominations. a public library or similar organiz- ation outside the United States that Peter Johan Lor, Secretary General Dr. Shawky Salem Conference Grant has an innovative program offering the public free access to information technology. Preference will be given The Dr. Shawky Salem Conference to institutions that the Gates Foun- Grant is an annual grant established dation has not funded in the past. by Dr Shawky Salem and IFLA. The US libraries are not eligible to apply.

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A library offers free public access Libraries and Electronic Infor- Merlyna Lim, Social Construction if it allows all members of the public, mation Systems. of Technology (SCoT) Research including children and young 4th Place: Selenay Aytac (Turkey): Group, Indonesia adults, to use its facilities free of Multilingual Information Ifeanyi Njoku, Federal College of charge (without membership or Retrieval on the Internet: A Case Fisheries and Marine Tech- Internet fees). Organizations should Study of Turkish Users. nology, Nigeria show how they make information 5th Place: Alma Beatriz Rivera- Duncan Omole, The World Bank technology available to the public Aguilera (Mexico): XML Markup Jadranka Stojanovski, Rudjer free of charge and what kinds of and Retrieval in Magazine Arti- Boskovic Institute Library, technology training they offer to the cles: Exploratory Results and Croatia public and staff. Preference will be Implementation Issues. Jun Wang, Beijing University, China given to organizations that reach 6th Place: Akshay Mathur (India): Julian Warner, Queen’s University out to underserved populations, ICT and Rural Societies: Oppor- of Belfast, Northern Ireland such as poor or disabled patrons, or tunities for Growth. Yin Zhang, Kent State University those from minority groups. The theme of this year’s paper Their effort makes it possible to A library’s programs are con- contest is ‘Bringing Research and develop and sustain this inter- sidered innovative if they provide Practice Together – the Developing national network of digital scholars access to information technology World Perspective.’ The six winning and experts on digital libraries and and services that were previously papers were selected from 30 papers information technology in develop- unavailable to the community. The by 39 authors from 12 developing ing countries. More information programs could be relatively new, countries received for this year’s about the paper competition is small ones or long-term, larger ini- competition. The contest has also available from the SIG III website tiatives. seen its first winner from Latin (http://www.asis.org/SIG/SIGIII/) America. under Paper Contest. Program guidelines, an appli- cation form, and a list of previous Thanks to the generous donations recipients are available at the CLIR from Elsevier, SIGs, Chapters, LIS IFLA/OCLC Early Career Web site: http://www.clir.org/ Schools, and many other organiz- Development Fellowship ations and individuals, we have Awards, 2006 Deadline for applications: 28 Febru- raised USD 9,000 to support the ary 2006 International Paper Contest. Each of the eight winners will be awarded The winners of the IFLA/OCLC a two-year individual membership Early Career Development Fellows Winners of the 2005 in ASIST. In addition, the first place for 2006 were announced during ASIST SIG III winner will be rewarded a minimum the Oslo Conference by Phyllis B. International Paper of USD 1,000 to attend the 2005 Spies, Vice President, OCLC Contest ASIST Annual Meeting, October Collection Management Services. 28–November 2, in Charlotte, They are: North Carolina. These winning The American Society for Infor- papers and other submitted papers • Ms. Maria Cherrie, Librarian, mation Science & Technology for the competition will be con- Trinidad & Tobago National (ASIST) International Information sidered for publication by Elsevier’s Library and Information System Issues Special Interest Group (SIG International Information and Authority, Port-of-Spain, Trinidad III) is pleased to announce the Library Review, which is edited by & Tobago winners of its sixth International Toni Carbo. • Mrs. Janete Estevão, Head Paper Contest: Librarian, O Boticário Franchis- Congratulations to the winners! ing S/A, São José dos Pinhais, 1st Place: Lukman Ibraheem Diso The Contest Committee worked Paraná, Brazil (Nigeria): Information Tech- really hard in selecting the winning • Mr. Festus Ngetich, College nology Policy Formulation In papers. This year’s paper contest Librarian, Kenya Highlands Bible Nigeria: Answers Without Ques- was organized by Liwen Vaughan College, Kericho, Kenya tions. (Chair) from University of Western • Mr. Roman Purici, Director, 2nd Place: Sanjeev Kumar and Ontario, and Duncan Omole at Information Resource Center, Nandini Dutta (India): Designing World Bank. U.S. Embassy, Chisinau, Moldova a National Fashion Information • Mr. Salmubi, Head of Library, The System: A Perspective Plan. This year’s judges are: State Polytechnic of Ujung 3rd Place: M.G. Sreekumar and T. Pandang, Makassar, Indonesia Sunitha. (India) Seamless Aggre- K.T. Anuradha, National Centre for gation and Integration of Diverse Science Information, India The IFLA/OCLC Fellowship Datastreams: Essential Strategies Yunfei Du, Wayne State University supports library and information for Building Practical Digital Nathalie Leroy, United Nations science professionals from 384 09_news_061401 (jk-t) 30/11/05 1:24 pm Page 385

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countries with developing econom- in information technologies, library For more information: http://www. ies. The fellowship program, hosted operations and global cooperative oclc.org/education/earlycareer/def by OCLC at its headquarters in librarianship. Since the first class ault.htm Dublin, Ohio, USA, provides arrived in 2001, 28 fellows repre- advanced continuing education and senting 23 different countries have exposure to a broad range of issues participated.

IFLA Publications

IFLA Cataloguing Principles: Steps Continuing Professional Develop- IFLA Guidelines for Online Public towards an International Cata- ment – Preparing for New Roles in Access Catalogue (OPAC) Displays. loguing Code, 2. Report from the 2nd Libraries: a Voyage of Discovery. Final Report May 2005. München: Meeting of Experts on an Inter- Sixth World Conference on Continu- Saur, 2005, 61 p. ISBN national Cataloguing Code, Buenos ing Professional Development and 3–598–24276-X. (IFLA Series on Aires, Argentina 2004. / Principios de Workplace Learning for the Library Bibliographic Control; vol. 27). Catalogación IFLA: Hacia un and Information Professions. Edited Price: EUR 34.00 (IFLA Members Código Internacional de Catalo- by Paul Genoni and Graham EUR 26.80) gación, 2. Informe de la 2a Reunión Walton. München: Saur, 2005, 307 IFLA de Expertos sobre un Código p. (IFLA Publications; 116) ISBN Existing Online Public Access Cata- Internacional de Catalogación, 3–598–21844–3. Price: EUR 78.00 logues (OPACs) demonstrate differ- Buenos Aires, Argentina 2004. (IFLA Members EUR 58.00) ences in the range and complexity of Edited by/Editado por Barbara B. their functional features, terminol- Tillett and Ana Lupe Cristán. The papers collected in this volume ogy, and help facilities. Many München: Saur, 2005, 227 p. ISBN have been selected from the pro- libraries already have OPACs and 3–598–24277–8. (IFLA Series on ceedings of the Sixth World Confer- many of them have a need for guide- Bibliographic Control; vol. 28.) ence on Continuing Professional lines that help them to design or Price: EUR 78.00 (IFLA Members Development and Workplace redesign the displays for their EUR 58.00) Learning for the Library and Infor- OPACs, taking their users’ needs mation Professions, held in Oslo in into account. This book provides This book contains the proceedings August 2005. such guidelines, recommendations of the second IFLA Meeting of and a corpus of good practice to Experts on an International Cata- Since the first one in the series assist libraries in this process. loguing Code, which was held in was held in Chicago in 1985, this Buenos Aires, Argentina in August Conference has become established The audience for these guidelines 2004. A large number of inter- as the leading international meeting is librarians charged with customiz- national cataloguing experts met on dedicated to the practice and theory ing OPAC software and vendors and that occasion – just days before of continuing professional develop- producers of this software. The IFLA’s General Conference was ment for library and information guidelines are mainly designed for held – to discuss the use of cata- professionals. general libraries with collections of loguing rules throughout Latin resources in the humanities, the America and the Caribbean. It is testimony to the importance social sciences, and the pure and of the conference that the call for applied sciences. They are intended The first event in the series papers for this sixth edition attracted to apply to any type of catalogue, (Frankfurt, Germany, 2003) formed in excess of eighty submissions from independently of the kind of inter- the start of a process towards an all over the globe! Nearly thirty of face and technology used. International Cataloguing Code these have been brought together in that will continue through 2010. the current volume. This is the Final Report of a Task The proceedings of that meeting Force on the matter, which was were brought together in IFLA This collection presents a com- approved by the Standing Com- Series on Bibliographic Control; prehensive overview of current con- mittee of the IFLA Cataloguing vol. 26 (2004). tinuing professional development Section. theory and practice for those who Future meetings will be held in manage and work in library and The Virtual Customer: a new para- Cairo, Egypt (December 2005) and information services. Papers by aca- digm for improving customer Seoul, Korea (August 2006). Their demics and practitioners describe relations in libraries and infor- proceedings will also be included in numerous innovative responses to mation services. Edited by Sueli the IFLA Series on Bibliographic emerging continuing education and Mara Soares Pinto Ferreira and Control. training needs, including workplace Réjean Savard. München: Saur, learning, individual learning and 2005, 385 p. (IFLA Publications; learning organizations. 117) ISBN 3–598–21845–1. Price:

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EUR 128.00 (IFLA Members EUR based on a systematic data collec- and AIDS and women’s access to 96.00) tion process that provides an information in many parts of the overview of how libraries around world, although in many countries For several years the concept of the world are tackling barriers to the library service is yet to engage «virtual client» or «virtual cus- freedom of access to information in these important areas. tomer» has been part of the world of and freedom of expression. This libraries and information services. year’s edition includes 84 country IFLA/FAIFE’s World Report This publication contains the pro- reports submitted by IFLA Series is an extremely important ceedings of a satellite meeting on members. The main findings are instrument that helps the inter- this topic, organized by IFLA’s that the state of intellectual freedom national library community move Management and Marketing in many parts of the world remains towards providing more equitable Section and held in São Paulo in fragile, and that libraries are striving access to information for our users. Brazil in August 2004. to do their best to provide access to The World Report 2005 helps information to their users, even if measure our progress in tackling It contains papers from more this is extremely problematic in barriers to accessing information general points of view such as the some countries. and identifies the outstanding issues democratization of access to digital that must be confronted if libraries information to more specific ques- In particular, the 2005 World are to play a full part in the infor- tions such as virtual libraries and Report finds that: mation society. new services, not forgetting user and librarian education, web site design, • While Internet access across the The report is available from the more specialized information, etc. international library community is FAIFE Office or IFLA Headquar- The readers of these proceedings slowly increasing, many parts of ters. For further information on the will find among these pages a very the world, especially Africa and 2005 World Report or the rest of the stimulating content which will guide Asia are still struggling with the series please contact the following: them towards better services for problems of the digital divide. virtual clients. • The use and acceptance of Inter- Professor Paul Sturges, Chair, net filtering software in libraries is IFLA/FAIFE Committee, Lough- Papers are presented in the origi- increasing, fuelled by the prob- borough University, UK. E-mail: nal language of their presentation lems of providing safe Internet [email protected] (Portuguese, French, Spanish and access for children. Since the last English) with summaries in these World Report the use of filtering Susanne Seidelin, Director, IFLA/ four languages. software has increased and more FAIFE Office, Denmark. E-mail: library associations are in favour susanne.seidelin@ifla.org or sus@ For publications issued by K.G. of using it. db.dk Saur, contact: • Although anti-terror legislation is not currently a problem for FAIFE Office: E-mail faife@ifla.org K.G. Saur Verlag, PO Box 701620, libraries in the countries of many or [email protected] Phone: +45 32 34 15 81316 Munich, Germany. http:// IFLA members, the consequences 32. Fax: +45 32 84 02 01. www.saur.de. Tel: +49–89–76902– of the war against terror are 300. Fax: +49–89–76902–150/250. affecting library users in places IFLA Headquarters: Email ifla@ifla. E-mail: [email protected]. such as the USA, the Netherlands org Phone: +31 70 31 40 884. Fax: and Syria. Librarians in other +31 70 38 34 827. IFLA/FAIFE World Report 2005: countries around the world are Libraries, National Security, concerned about the possible Designing and Building Integrated Freedom of Information Laws and future effects of anti-terror legis- Digital Library Systems - Guidelines. Social Responsibilities. 406 p. lation. Bente Dahl Rathje, Margaret (IFLA/FAIFE World Report Series, • Violations of intellectual freedom McGrory, Carol Pollitt and Paivi no. 5) Price: EUR 27.00 including that affect library users continue Voutilainen under the auspices of handling and postage. to occur around the world. Cen- the IFLA Libraries for the Blind sorship, restrictions of press Section. The Hague, IFLA Head- This fifth volume in the IFLA/ freedom and governmental quarters, 2005. 67 p. 30 cm. (IFLA FAIFE World Report Series updates restriction and surveillance of Professional Reports: 90) ISBN and expands upon previous Internet use were reported in 9077897054. World Reports in 2001 and 2005. many countries including China, Summary reports in 2002 and 2004 Egypt, Italy, Nepal and Uzbek- These Guidelines provide libraries examined libraries, conflicts and the istan. In Turkmenistan it was for the blind with a broad overview Internet, and libraries and lifelong reported that libraries have been of matters to be considered in plan- literacy. closed under presidential order, ning and implementing an inte- on the grounds that ‘no one reads’. grated digital library system. While The IFLA/FAIFE World Report • Libraries are making laudable the publication was prepared for series is unique. It is the only source efforts to raise awareness of HIV libraries for the blind, apart from 386 09_news_061401 (jk-t) 30/11/05 1:24 pm Page 387

From Other Organizations

content dealing with ‘accessibility’ lines can be used by any library For more information on ordering and ‘copyright and related legal seeking information about what to these guidelines, see: http://www. matters’ which are particularly consider when implementing an ifla.org/V/pr/index.htm. relevant to libraries serving print- integrated digital library system. disabled populations, the Guide-

From Other Organizations

contributes substantially to its eco- Blue Shield Statement on nomic sustainability and welfare. A Plans for European Hurricane Katrina community cannot function effec- Digital Libraries tively in the larger societal context if deprived of its identity through the The International Committee of the The European Commission has loss of its cultural heritage. Blue Shield (ICBS) expresses its unveiled its strategy to make sorrow and solidarity with the Europe’s written and audiovisual American people and in particular ICBS, therefore, calls on the heritage available on the Internet. with the population of Louisiana, Federal Government of the United Turning Europe’s historic and cul- Mississippi and Alabama for the loss States of America, and on the tural heritage into digital content of lives and for the terrible disrup- Governments of the States of will make it usable for European tion of their livelihood caused by Louisiana, Mississippi and Alabama citizens for their studies, work or hurricane Katrina and the ensuing to swiftly draw up and implement leisure and will give innovators, floods. plans to ensure the survival and artists and entrepreneurs the raw restoration of historic buildings and material that they need. The Com- Although the highest priorities sites, museums collections, books in mission proposes a concerted drive must be accorded to minimizing the libraries, and documents in by EU Member States to digitize, loss of life and to the humanitarian archives. ICBS also calls on the preserve, and make this heritage activities intended to re-establish international community to give the available to all. It presents a first set decent living conditions for the hun- fullest possible support to the of actions at European level and dreds of thousands of people whose efforts, official and voluntary, now invites comments on a series of homes and means of subsistence being made by United States citi- issues in an online consultation have been wrecked by this natural zens and agencies to rescue the rich (deadline for replies 20 January disaster, the International Com- and unique heritage of New Orleans 2006). The replies will feed into a mittee of the Blue Shield must and other cities and towns in the proposal for a Recommendation on express its profound concern for the region. digitization and digital preservation, fate of the cultural heritage in the to be presented in June 2006. affected states. Paris, 12 September 2005 Full text at: http://copyrightand ICBS wishes to emphasize that culture.com/main.php?page=news the cultural heritage of a community /10_05/eu_plan_digital_libraries. reflects its way of life, its history and Further information about ICBS is identity, provides the link between available from its website: http:// Marco Marandola IFLA CLM its past, present and future, and www.ifla.org/blueshield.htm [email protected]

Other Publications

The African Journal of Information The papers in this first issue of the African Journal of and Communication Technology AJICT come from different Information & (AJICT) is a peer reviewed inter- countries around the world: China, Communication national journal providing a publi- Italy, Germany, Norway, South Technology cation vehicle for coverage of topics Africa, United Kingdom and the of interest to those involved in com- USA. They deal with emerging tech- puting, communication networks, nologies and address new and exist- Vol 1, No 1 (2005) of the African electronic communications, infor- ing areas of information and Journal of Information & Communi- mation technology systems and communication technology (ICT). cation Technology has just been pub- bioinformatics. It is international in The editors reflect the international lished by UTSePress and is available focus but with a particular orien- orientation and are Professor at http://epress.lib.uts.edu.au/jour- tation towards developing countries Johnson I Agbinya (Chief Editor – nals/ajict. and especially the nations of Africa. University of Technology, Sydney,

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News

Australia), Professor H. Anthony as a source of ideas and solu- Portal: Journal of Multidisciplinary Chan (Editor – Department of Elec- tions to some of the difficult International Studies http://epress. trical Engineering, University of problems in this area. We there- lib.uts.edu.au/journals/portal/, Cape Town, Rondebosch, South fore encourage authors to which has recently completed its Africa) and Professor Donald A. include tutorial materials in second bibliographic year by pub- Adjeroh (Editor – Lane Department each paper to make it under- lishing Vol 2 No 2. Portal has of Computer Science and Electrical standable to a diverse audience. become well established as a peer Engineering, West Virginia Uni- In addition to sharing the reviewed journal in the burgeoning versity, USA). They note in the general ICT research problems, field of international studies and is Preface: the Journal will also include distinctive for both its multidiscipli- papers on ICT research prob- nary character and its preparedness This Journal is international. lems relevant to the specific to publish multilingually. Yet we call it ‘African’ Journal needs of developing countries. to emphasis that the fruits of We are pleased and honoured Other titles are in preparation ICT can serve people of all to be of service in editing the including some in the fields of nations including the develop- Journal and to ensure it is avail- history, indigenous knowledge, cul- ing countries in Africa. The title able as an open source period- tural studies and information man- also underlines the fact that ical of high quality, dealing with agement. UTSePress supports the people in developing countries, contemporary and emerging open access movement through its such as those in Africa and else- technical, policy and regulatory commitment to open access and where, can serve not just as a matters in ICT. universal availability. consumer of research results in information and communi- AJICT is the second journal pub- cation technology, but equally lished by UTSePress and joins Alex Byrne

Obituaries

and Namibia. Her extensive list of celebrating her achievements. We Anne Clyde publications include Weblogs and should lift a glass of good wine to Libraries (2004), An Introduction to her as she would have liked us to do. I am very sorry to advise you that a the Internet (1994, twelfth edition great friend and colleague to many 2004), Managing InfoTech in Alex Byrne of us in IFLA and the library and School Library Media Centers information profession, Professor L. (1999), School Libraries and the Anne Clyde, died suddenly in Electronic Community: The Inte- Cynthia Durance Reykjavik. It is a most untimely rnet Connection (1997), and Com- loss of an outstanding library puter Applications in Libraries For those of you who worked with educator, vigorous proponent for (1993). and cared for Cynthia Durance, our school libraries and strong IFLA former colleague from both the supporter. Anne’s work has spanned many National Library and then the aspects of the library and infor- National Archives, it is with great Anne Clyde was the 2003–2007 mation field, especially school regret that we pass on the sad news Chair of the IFLA Section of School librarianship where she has made of her passing on September 7. She Libraries and Resource Centres and an extensive and notable contri- died, suddenly, of a blood clot in the Professor in the Department of bution. Besides her leadership in the lung, yesterday afternoon, after a Library and Information Science at IFLA Section of School Libraries successful battle with cancer. She the University of Iceland, an Associ- and Resource Centres, Anne has will be greatly missed. ate of the Australian Library and contributed enormously to the Information Association, a Fellow International Association of School Cynthia was appointed Director of CILIP and a Member of the Aus- Librarianship for which she was of the Cataloguing Branch of the tralian College of Educators. In an most recently Webmaster. National Library of Canada, in outstanding academic career, Anne 1975, coming from her position as held academic positions in three I know that I speak for many, Assistant Librarian, Planning at the Australian states, at the University many colleagues throughout the University of Waterloo Library. Pre- of British Columbia in Canada and world in expressing our great viously, she had worked at Dal- at the University of Iceland. She has sadness at losing Anne and our housie University and at Sir George taught and researched in many gratitude for the ways in which she Williams University as Reference other places in Australia and has enriched our lives. We join with Librarian and then in 1969, as Head Iceland and beyond, including her family, friends, colleagues and of the Serials Department at the projects in North America, Europe students in mourning Anne and in Carleton University Library.

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Obituaries

In her early years, as head of the Durance. Celle-ci a oeuvré à la contribué à la mise en place du MARC Office, Cynthia was Bibliothèque nationale ainsi qu’aux système MIKAN. involved in the development of Archives nationales. Son décès est MiniMARC in the NLC, spearhead- le résultat d’une embolie pul- Cynthia a été très active au sein ing Open Standards and, later, con- monaire et fait suite à un combat de l’IFLA et du CIA. Au Canada, tributing to the development of the pourtant réussi contre le cancer. Les elle a présidé plusieurs comités ainsi MIKAN system of the former NA. collègues qui l’ont côtoyée et appré- que de nombreux groupes de travail. ciée se souviendront d’elle avec Elle s’est fait connaître, partout au Cynthia was active in both IFLA beaucoup d’affection. pays, pour son travail avec les sys- and the ICA. She chaired a number tèmes et pour le développement, of national committees and working En 1975, Cynthia fut nommée d’un réseau canadien destiné au groups and was well known directrice de catalogage à la Biblio- partage des ressources entre les bib- throughout the country for her thèque nationale du Canada. Elle liothèques, grâce à l’élaboration de work fostering systems, and the avait préalablement travaillé normes bibliographiques et de com- development of the Canadian comme bibliothécaire adjointe pour munication. Elle s’est identifiée à la library resource sharing network la planification à l’université Water- vision d’un accès généralisé pour through the development of biblio- loo, comme bibliothécaire de tous les Canadiens. Et c’est dans cet graphic and communications stan- référence aux universités Dalhousie esprit qu’elle a profondément dards. She believed in the vision of et Sir George Williams et à partir de marqué le développement de universal access for Canadians and 1969 comme chef du département normes importantes comme le championed the development of de publications en série à la Biblio- format MARC, le protocole PEB et key standards such as MARC, the thèque de l’université Carleton. le Z 39.50 pour la recherche et le ILL protocol and Z 39.50 for search repérage. Elle a été un leader sur la and retrieval. She developed a repu- À ses débuts à la BNC, en tant scène internationale dans le tation as a worldwide leader in que responsable du Bureau MARC domaine des normes bibli- bibliographic and communications canadien, elle a participé au le ographiques et de communications standards and systems. développement du MiniMARC et a ainsi que des systèmes. été à l’avant-garde de l’introdution Nous avons le grand regret de des « normes ouvertes ». Plus tard, vous annoncer le décès de Cynthia lors de son passage aux AN, elle a Ralph Manning

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INTERNATIONAL CALENDAR

2006 May 21–26, 2006. Nairobi, Kenya. CH, The Hague, The Nether- International Association of lands. Tel. +31 70 314–0884. Fax: Agricultural Information Special- + 31 70 3834827. E-mail: IFLA@ January 30–February 1, 2006. ists (IAALD). Managing Agri- ifla.org. Website: http://ifla.inist. Tallinn, Estonia. cultural Information for fr/index.htm. BOBCATSSS 2006 Symposium Sustainable Food Security and Information. Innovation. Res- Improved Livelihoods in Africa. ponsibility: Information Pro- Further information: Dr. Joseph 2007 fessional in the Network Society. Kiplang, Moi University, School Further information: Sirje Virkus, of Information Sciences, Depart- Coordinator of the BOBCATSSS ment of Library, Records Man- 2007. Durban, South Africa. 2006 Tallinn Team. E-mail: sirvir agement and Information World Library and Information @tlu.ee. Website: http://www.db. Studies, PO Box 3900, Eldoret, Congress: 73rd IFLA Council dk/bobcatsss Kenya. Tel. Mobile: +254–722 and General Conference. Theme: 223872. Office: 254–53–43620 Libraries for the future: progress, February 6–7, 2006. Melbourne, Ex 333. Fax: 254–53–43047. development and partnerships. Australia. E-mail: [email protected]. Further information from: Inter- Open Road 2006 Conference: national Federation of Library Challenges and Possibilities. May 29–June 4, 2006. Dubrovnik Associations and Institutions Contact: [email protected] and Mljet, Croatia. (IFLA), PO Box 95312, 2509 CH or phone +61–3-8664–7046 for Libraries In The Digital Age The Hague, Netherlands. Tel. +31 further information. Website: (LIDA) 2006. (70) 3140884. Fax: +31 (70) http://www.openroad.net.au/co Course web site: http://www.ffos. 3834827. E–mail: IFLA@ifla.org. nferences/2006/ hr/lida/; Course e-mail: lida@ Website: http://ifla.inist.fr/index. ffos.hr htm.

February 7–9, 2006. Bielefeld, August 16–17, 2006, Shanghai, Germany. China. 2008 8th International Bielefeld Con- WLIC Pre-Conference: Theme: ference 2006. Theme: Academic Library Management and library and information services – Marketing in a Multicultural August 10–14, 2008, Québec, new paradigms for the digital age. World. Canada. Further information: Dr Norbert Contact: Zhang Yijing, Shanghai World Library and Information Lossau, Library Director, Chief Library. [email protected] Congress: 74th IFLA General Information Officer Scholarly Conference and Council. Information, Bielefeld University August 22–28, 2006. Seoul, Korea. Further information from: Inter- Library. Tel.: +49 – 521 106– World Library and Information national Federation of Library 4050. Fax.: +49 – (0) 521 106– Congress: 72nd IFLA General Associations and Institutions 4052. E–mail: norbert.lossau@ Conference and Council. (IFLA), PO Box 95312, 2509 CH uni–bielefeld.de. Website: http:// Theme: Libraries: dynamic The Hague, Netherlands. Tel. +31 www.ub.uni–bielefeld.de. engines for the knowledge and (70) 3140884. Fax: +31 (70) information society. 3834827. E–mail: IFLA@ifla.org. For more information: IFLA Website: http://ifla.inist.fr/index. Headquarters, POB 95312, 2509 htm.

Copyright © 2005 International Federation of Library Associations & Institutions (www.ifla.org). IFLA Journal 31(4): 390. 390 ISSN: 0340-0352. DOI: 10.1177/0340035205061402 Abstracts ABSTRACTS

Francis Sejersted. Freedom of others in countries affected by H.P.S. Kalra. Bioinformatics and Information in a Modern Society. similar disasters to identify vulner- the Library and Information IFLA Journal 31 (2005) No. 4, able resources, assess the damage Science Community. pp. 301–306 and take remedial action. IFLA Journal 31 (2005) No. 4, pp. 339–347 In 2004 the Norwegian Parlia- Ellen Forsyth. Public Libraries ment adopted a new article on the and the Millennium Development Discusses the emergence of bioin- freedom of expression in the Con- Goals. formatics in the last three decades stitution. The problems confront- IFLA Journal 31 (2005) No. 4, as a result of the convergence of ing a liberal society as considered pp. 321–329 networks and genetics. Though a in this connection are discussed. variety of defi nitions and descrip- Special attention is given to the Public libraries can make a major tions of bioinformatics are avail- conditions for the freedom of infor- contribution to the achievement able, a cross-disciplinary defi nition mation in a modern society. The of the eight United Nations Mil- eludes. The paper emphasizes problems of the information policy lennium Development Goals. This that the core activities of library of the public authorities are given paper examines actual and poten- and information science can be special attention, as are also the tial uses highlighting the impor- of immense value in advancing problems and possibilities caused tance of libraries to community the theoretical foundations of this by the new technological develop- development, and provides some emerging subject, as well as devel- ment. The importance of the insti- examples, such as mobile libraries oping the mechanisms and tools tutional setting and the need for in slums and reading tents, where for quality biomedical information diversity are emphasized. libraries are already assisting with in a timely manner. The creation, Millennium Development Goals management, and dissemination of being achieved. biomedical knowledge and infor- Upali Amarasiri. Rising from mation for both specialists and for the Wreckage: development of Khalid Mahmood and Muhammad laymen is a challenge and an oppor- tsunami-affected libraries in Sri Ilyas. Copyright and Book Piracy tunity for library and information Lanka. in Pakistan. professionals to broaden their pro- IFLA Journal 31 (2005) No. 4, IFLA Journal 31 (2005) No. 4, fessional horizons and to generate pp. 307–314 pp. 330–338 new knowledge in the process.

Describes the devastation caused Pakistan has to face a tremendous Josephine I. Iwe. Globalization to public, school and other kinds of pressure from Western countries of Information and the Nigerian libraries and public records by the due to widespread book piracy. Librarian. tsunami which hit the coasts of Sri This study presents the results of a IFLA Journal 31 (2005) No. 4, Lanka and other Asian countries survey of the book trade regarding pp. 348–355 on 26 December 2004. Outlines copyright and book piracy in the the rebuilding efforts now under country. International conventions The globalization of information is way, including the establishment to which Pakistan is a signatory strongly identifi ed with information of a national disaster management and national copyright law and and communications technologies committee for library and infor- its implementation are described. (ICTs). The Nigerian librarian may mation services and archives, the American views on the situation of be constrained from maximizing ICT involvement of local communities copyright in Pakistan are summa- usage and application but has many and the response of the interna- rized. The survey reveals that the opportunities and new possibilities tional community. Notes that the high price of foreign books is the for the future in a globalized eco- rebuilding of the village-based main cause of book piracy. Local nomic system. The paper suggests social fabric in the coastal zone of publishers and booksellers are the that the local, state, and federal gov- Sri Lanka is the principal challenge major benefi ciaries of book piracy. ernments in Nigeria should increase at present. Emphasizes the need to Suggestions are given to protect the budget allocations and resources keep libraries on the reconstruc- intellectual copyright in Pakistan. allocated to education and informa- tion agenda and to establish an Concludes that measures to mini- tion as investments in the human international rapid response team mize book piracy will not be suc- capital required to maximize the able to team up with local librar- cessful until books at low price are benefi ts of ICT applications in a ians, archivists, archaeologists and available for local readers. globalized system.

Copyright © 2005 International Federation of Library Associations & Institutions (www.ifl a.org). IFLA Journal 31(4): 391–396. ISSN: 0340-0352. DOI: 10.1177/0340035205061403 391

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SOMMAIRES

Francis Sejersted. Freedom of en place une équipe internationale le prix élevé des livres étrangers Information in a Modern Society. capable de réagir rapidement en est la cause principale du piratage, [La liberté de l’information dans s’associant aux bibliothécaires, dont les éditeurs et libraires locaux une société moderne] archivistes, archéologues locaux, sont les principaux bénéfi ciaires. IFLA Journal 31 (2005) No. 4, etc. dans des pays affectés par des L’auteur fait des suggestions pour pp. 301–306 catastrophes similaires afi n d’iden- protéger les droits intellectuels sur tifi er les ressources vulnérables, le copyright au Pakistan. Il conclut En 2004, le Parlement norvégien d’évaluer les dégâts et de prendre en disant que les mesures en vue de a adopté un nouvel article sur la des mesures pour y remédier. réduire le piratage des livres seront liberté d’expression dans la Cons- sans effet tant que des livres à bas titution. Ce document aborde les Ellen Forsyth. Public Libraries prix ne seront pas mis à la disposi- problèmes auxquels est confron- and the Millennium Development tion des lecteurs locaux. tée une société libérale dans ce Goals. [Les bibliothèques publi- cadre. Une attention particulière ques et les objectifs de développe- H.P.S. Kalra. Bioinformatics and est accordée aux conditions de la ment pour le Millénium.] the Library and Information liberté de l’information dans une IFLA Journal 31 (2005) No. 4, Science Community. [La bioin- société moderne. L’auteur traite pp. 321–329 formatique et la communauté ainsi des problèmes de la politique des sciences bibliothécaires et de menée par les pouvoirs publics en Les bibliothèques publiques l’information.] matière d’information, ainsi que peuvent apporter une contribu- IFLA Journal 31 (2005) No. 4, des problèmes et des possibilités tion essentielle pour atteindre les pp. 339–347 qu’entraînent les nouveaux progrès huit objectifs de développement technologiques. L’accent est mis sur pour le Millénaire défi nis par les Cet article engage une discussion l’importance du cadre institution- Nations Unies. Cet article examine sur l’émergence de la bioinforma- nel et sur le besoin de diversité. les applications réelles et poten- tique, résultat de la convergence tielles, soulignant l’importance des des réseaux et de la génétique, au Upali Amarasiri. Rising from bibliothèques dans le développe- cours des trois dernières décennies. the Wreckage: development of ment communautaire, et fournit Bien qu’une variété de défi nitions tsunami-affected libraries in Sri quelques exemples, notamment et de descriptions de la bioinfor- Lanka. [Renaître des décombres: celui des bibliothèques itinérantes matique soient disponibles, il n’y le redéveloppement des bibliothè- dans les bidonvilles et des tentes en pas de défi nition interdiscipli- ques ruinées par le Tsunami au de lecture, là où les bibliothèques naire. L’article insiste sur le fait Sri Lanka.] aident déjà à réaliser ces objectifs que les activités essentielles de la IFLA Journal 31 (2005) No. 4, de développement pour le Millé- bibliothéconomie et des sciences pp. 307–314 naire. de l’information peuvent avoir une importance considérable pour Cet article décrit les ravages causés Khalid Mahmood and Muhammad faire avancer le fondement théo- aux bibliothèques publiques, sco- Ilyas. Copyright and Book Piracy rique de ce sujet émergent, ainsi laires et aux autres bibliothèques in Pakistan. [Copyright et pira- que pour développer en temps utile ou archives publiques causée par tage des livres au Pakistan.] les mécanismes et les outils en vue le tsunami qui a frappé les côtes du IFLA Journal 31 (2005) No. 4, d’une information biomédicale de Sri Lanka et d’autres pays d’Asie pp. 330–338 qualité. La création, la gestion et le 26 décembre 2004. Il évoque la propagation des connaissances les efforts de reconstruction en Le Pakistan subit une pression et des informations biomédicales cours, y compris la fondation d’un considérable de la part des pays aussi bien à l’intention des spécia- comité national de gestion des occidentaux en raison de la pra- listes que des profanes constituent catastrophes pour les services de tique très répandue du piratage un défi et une opportunité pour les bibliothèques, les services d’infor- des livres. Cette étude présente professionnels de la bibliothécono- mation et les archives, ainsi que les résultats d’une enquête sur le mie et des sciences de l’information l’implication des communautés commerce des livres portant sur le susceptible d’élargir leurs horizons locales et la réaction de la com- copyright et le piratage des livres professionnels et de générer dans munauté internationale. Il remar- dans le pays. Elle aborde les con- le même temps de nouvelles con- que que la reconstruction du tissu ventions internationales dont le naissances. social fondé sur les villages dans Pakistan est co-signataire, ainsi les régions côtières du Sri Lanka que la législation nationale sur le Josephine I. Iwe. Globalization est actuellement le principal défi . Il copyright et son application. Elle of Information and the Nige- insiste sur la nécessité de maintenir résume les opinions américaines à rian Librarian. [Le bibliothécaire les bibliothèques à l’ordre du jour propos de la situation du copyright nigérian et la globalisation de de la reconstruction et de mettre au Pakistan. L’enquête révèle que l’information.]

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IFLA Journal 31 (2005) No. 4, dans la maximalisation de l’usage les budgets et ressources alloués à pp. 348–355 et de l’application des TIC, mais de l’éducation et à l’information ainsi nombreuses possibilités nouvelles que les investissements en capital La mondialisation de l’information s’offrent à lui pour le futur dans humain nécessaires pour optima- se confond fortement avec les tech- un système économique globalisé. liser les bénéfi ces des applications nologies de l’information et de la L’auteur estime que les gouverne- TIC dans un système globalisé. communication (TIC). Le biblio- ments locaux, d’états et fédéraux thécaire nigérian peut être limité au Nigeria devraient augmenter

ZUSAMMENFASSUNGEN

Francis Sejersted. Freedom of Bemühungen um den Wiederauf- die potenziellen Anwendungen Information in a Modern Society bau, einschließlich der Gründung und betont die wichtige Rolle der [Informationsfreiheit in einer eines landesweiten Katastrophen- Bibliotheken bei der Entwicklung modernen Gesellschaft]. ausschusses im Zusammenhang des Gemeinwesens. Hierfür zitiert IFLA Journal 31 (2005) Nr. 4, mit den Bibliotheks- und Informa- die Autorin auch einige Beispiele, S. 301–306 tionsdienstleistungen sowie den wie die mobilen Bibliotheken in Archiven, die Beteiligung der ört- Slums und die Lesezelte, wo die Im Jahr 2004 hat das norwegische lichen Gemeinschaften und auch Bibliotheken bereits heute zum Parlament eine neue Klausel zum die internationalen Reaktionen. Erreichen der Entwicklungsziele Recht auf die Meinungsäußerung Der Artikel weist darauf hin, dass des Jahrtausends (Millennium in der Konstitution verankert. der Wiederaufbau der dörfl ichen Development Goals) beitragen. Zudem werden in diesem Artikel Sozialstruktur in der Küstenregion auch die Probleme angesprochen, von Sri Lanka zurzeit die größte Khalid Mahmood and Muhammad mit der sich eine liberale Gesell- Herausforderung darstellt. Er weist Ilyas. Copyright and Book Piracy schaft in diesem Zusammenhang deutlich auf die Notwendigkeit hin, in Pakistan [Das Urheberrecht konfrontiert sieht. Insbesondere die Bibliotheken auch längerfristig und die Buchpiraterie in Pakis- geht es dabei um die Voraussetz- in den Wiederaufbau einzubezie- tan]. ungen für die Informationsfreiheit hen und ein internationales Rapid IFLA Journal 31 (2005) Nr. 4, in einer modernen Gesellschaft. Response – Team ins Leben zu S. 330–338 Auch die Probleme der Informa- rufen, das schnell reagieren kann tionspolitik sowie die Schwierig- und gleichzeitig in der Lage ist, mit Pakistan wird aufgrund der weit keiten und Möglichkeiten, die sich den Bibliothekaren vor Ort, den verbreiteten Buchpiraterie von den aus der neuen technologischen Archivleitern, Archäologen und westlichen Ländern stark unter Entwicklung ergeben, kommen anderen Personen in den Ländern Druck gesetzt. Die vorliegende schwerpunktmäßig zur Sprache. zusammenzuarbeiten, die von ähn- Studie beschreibt die Ergebnisse Der Autor unterstreicht die Wich- lichen Naturgewalten heimgesucht einer Umfrage im Buchhandel, die tigkeit der institutionellen Imple- worden sind, um empfi ndliche Res- sich mit dem Urheberrecht und mentierung und weist auch auf den sourcen identifi zieren, die Schäden der Buchpiraterie im Land befasst. Bedarf für Diversität hin. aufnehmen und entsprechende Zur Sprache kommen dabei auch Maßnahmen in die Wege leiten zu die internationalen Staatsverträge Upali Amarasiri. Rising from können. mit Pakistan als Vertragspartner the Wreckage: development of sowie das nationale Urheber- tsunami-affected libraries in Sri Ellen Forsyth. Public Libraries rechtsgesetz und seine Implemen- Lanka [Die Auferstehung aus der and the Millennium Development tierung. Zudem zitiert der Artikel Asche: Der Wiederaufbau der Goals [Die öffentlichen Biblio- übersichtsweise amerikanische vom Tsunami betroffenen Biblio- theken und die Entwicklungsziele Meinungen zur Situation des Urhe- theken in Sri Lanka]. im neuen Jahrtausend]. berrechts in Pakistan. Die Umfrage IFLA Journal 31 (2005) Nr. 4, IFLA Journal 31 (2005) Nr. 4, zeigt, dass die hohen Preise für aus- S. 307–314 S. 321–329 ländische Bücher in erster Linie für die Buchpiraterie verantwortlich Der Artikel beschreibt die Zerstö- Die öffentlichen Bibliotheken sind. Es sind vor allem die Verlage rungen der öffentlichen Bibliothe- können einen wichtigen Beitrag zur im Land und der Buchhandel, die ken, der Schulbibliotheken und Realisierung der Entwicklungsziele von der Buchpiraterie profi tieren. anderer Bibliotheken sowie der der Vereinten Nationen für das Zudem werden Vorschläge zum Staatsarchive durch den Tsunami an neue Jahrtausend (United Nations Schutz des geistigen Urheberrechts den Küsten Sri Lankas sowie weite- Millennium Development Goals) in Pakistan unterbreitet. Schluss- ren Ländern Asiens am 26. Dezem- leisten. Der vorliegende Beitrag folgernd weisen die Autoren darauf ber 2004. Er skizziert die heutigen untersucht die tatsächlichen und hin, dass die Schutzmaßnahmen

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gegen die Buchpiraterie erst dann Informationswissenschaft bei der IFLA Journal 31 (2005) Nr. 4, erfolgreich sein können, wenn den weiteren Ausarbeitung der theore- S. 348–355 Lesern in Pakistan preisgünstige tischen Grundlagen dieses jungen Bücher zur Verfügung stehen. Fachgebiets ausgesprochen wert- Die Globalisierung der Information voll sein und durchaus zur Ent- wird eng mit den Informations- H.P.S. Kalra. Bioinformatics and wicklung der Mechanismen und und Kommunikationstechnologien the Library and Information Werkzeuge für eine anspruchsvolle (ICTs) verknüpft. Die Bibliothe- Science Community [Bioinfor- und rechtzeitige biomedizinische kare in Nigeria haben nicht immer matik und die Fachgemeinschaft Information beitragen können. die Möglichkeit zur unbegrenzten in der Bibliotheks- und Informa- Die Beschaffung, Verwaltung ICT-Nutzung und Anwendung. tionswissenschaft]. und Weitergabe der biomedizini- Trotzdem bieten sich ihnen eine IFLA Journal 31 (2005) Nr. 4, schen Kenntnisse und Informati- Vielzahl von Situationen und neue S. 339–347 onen an Spezialisten und Laien Möglichkeiten im Hinblick auf die ist eine Herausforderung und Zukunft in einem globalisierten Der Artikel befasst sich mit dem bietet gleichzeitig den Professio- Wirtschaftssystem. Die Autorin ist Aufkommen der Bioinformatik in nals im Bibliothekswesen und in der Auffassung, dass die örtlichen den letzten dreißig Jahren infolge der Informationswissenschaft die Behörden, der Staat und die Regie- der Annäherung des Netzwerk- Möglichkeit, ihren professionellen rungen in Nigeria mehr Gelder und prinzips und der Genetik. Obwohl Horizont zu verbreitern und sich Ressourcen für die Bildung und eine Vielzahl von Defi nitionen und dabei neues Wissen anzueignen. Information zur Verfügung stellen Beschreibungen für die Bioinfor- sollten. Das wäre ihrer Meinung matik vorliegen, fehlt immer noch Josephine I. Iwe. Globalization nach eine notwendige Investition eine fächerübergreifende Defi - of Information and the Nigerian in das menschliche Kapital, wenn nition. Dabei wird die Tatsache Librarian [Die Globalisierung der die Vorteile der ICT-Anwendun- unterstrichen, dass die Kernak- Information und das Bibliotheks- gen in einem globalisierten System tivitäten der Bibliotheks- und wesen in Nigeria]. optimiert werden sollen.

RESÚMENES

Francis Sejersted. Freedom of Lanka. [El resurgir tras la devas- la reconstrucción, y de formar un Information in a Modern Society. tación: desarrollo de las bibliote- equipo internacional de respuesta [Libertad de información en una cas afectadas por el tsunami en rápida capaz de colaborar con los sociedad moderna.] Sri Lanka.] bibliotecarios, archiveros, arqueó- IFLA Journal 31 (2005) Nº. 4, IFLA Journal 31 (2005) Nº. 4, logos y otras fi guras locales de pp. 301–306 pp. 307–314 los países afectados por desastres similares para identifi car los recur- En 2004, el Parlamento de Noruega En esta publicación se describe la sos vulnerables, evaluar el daño y incorporó un nuevo artículo sobre devastación que han sufrido las tomar medidas encaminadas a su la libertad de expresión a la Cons- bibliotecas públicas, escolares y resolución. titución del país. En esta publica- de otro tipo, así como los archivos ción se abordan los problemas a públicos, a causa del tsunami que Ellen Forsyth. Public Libraries los que se enfrenta una sociedad alcanzó las costas de Sri Lanka y and the Millennium Development liberal a este respecto, y se presta de otros países de Asia el 26 de Goals. [Bibliotecas públicas y los especial atención a las condiciones diciembre de 2004. También se objetivos de desarrollo del Pro- para la libertad de información en mencionan las tareas de recons- grama Millenium.] una sociedad moderna. También trucción en curso, incluida la crea- IFLA Journal 31 (2005) Nº. 4, se abordan detenidamente los pro- ción de un comité nacional de pp. 321–329 blemas de la política de informa- desastres para servicios de archivos ción que imponen los organismos de bibliotecas y de información, Las bibliotecas públicas pueden públicos, así como las difi cultades así como la participación de las infl uir signifi cativamente en la y oportunidades que resultan de los sociedades locales y la respuesta consecución de los ocho objeti- nuevos avances tecnológicos. Por de la comunidad internacional. El vos de desarrollo del Programa otro lado, se resalta la importan- artículo destaca que la reconstruc- Millenium de las Naciones Unidas. cia del escenario institucional y la ción del tejido social, compuesto Este documento examina los usos necesidad de la diversidad. por aldeas, de la zona costera de reales y potenciales de las biblio- Sri Lanka es, en este momento, el tecas, y resalta la importancia de Upali Amarasiri. Rising from reto principal. También resalta la las mismas para el desarrollo de the Wreckage: development of necesidad de que las bibliotecas la comunidad. También propor- tsunami-affected libraries in Sri estén presentes en la agenda de ciona algunos ejemplos, como las

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bibliotecas móviles en suburbios y concluye que las medidas para cialistas como para los ciudadanos las carpas de lectura, donde estas minimizar la piratería de libros no de a pié, es un reto y una opor- entidades ya están ayudando a tendrán éxito hasta que se baje el tunidad para los profesionales de alcanzar los objetivos de desarrollo precio de los mismos para que los la biblioteconomía y la informa- del Programa Millenium. lectores locales puedan comprar- ción, ya que permite ampliar sus los. horizontes profesionales y generar Khalid Mahmood and Muhammad nuevos conocimientos durante el Ilyas. Copyright and Book Piracy H.P.S. Kalra. Bioinformatics and proceso. in Pakistan. [Derechos de autor y the Library and Information piratería de libros en Pakistán.] Science Community. [Bioin- Josephine I. Iwe. Globalization IFLA Journal 31 (2005) Nº. 4, formática y la comunidad de la of Information and the Nigerian pp. 330–338 biblioteconomía y la ciencia de la Librarian. [Globalización de la información.] información y los bibliotecarios Pakistán debe afrontar una enorme IFLA Journal 31 (2005) Nº. 4, nigerianos.] presión por parte de los países pp. 339–347 IFLA Journal 31 (2005) Nº. 4, occidentales debido a la prolifera- pp. 348–355 ción de la piratería de libros. Este Este documento debate el surgi- estudio presenta los resultados de miento de la bioinformática en los La globalización de la información un estudio del mercado editorial en últimos 30 años como resultado de se identifi ca estrechamente con las relación con los derechos de autor la convergencia de las redes y la tecnologías de la información y la y la piratería de publicaciones en genética. Aunque el autor aporta comunicación (ICT). Los biblio- dicho país. También se describen una serie de defi niciones y des- tecarios nigerianos pueden verse los convenios internacionales que cripciones de la bioinformática, no limitados a la hora de aprovechar ha fi rmado Pakistán, las leyes ofrece ninguna defi nición multi- al máximo la utilización y aplica- nacionales de propiedad intelec- disciplinar. El documento resalta ción de las ICT, pero tienen ante sí tual y su implantación. Asimismo, que las actividades principales de un gran número de oportunidades se resumen diversas opiniones de la biblioteconomía y la ciencia de y nuevas posibilidades de cara al Estados Unidos acerca de la situa- la información pueden tener un futuro, dentro de un sistema eco- ción de los derechos de autor en enorme valor a la hora de aportar nómico globalizado. El documento Pakistán. El estudio revela que los los fundamentos teóricos de está recomienda a los gobiernos locales, altos precios de los libros extran- disciplina emergente, así como estatales y federales de Nigeria jeros son la principal causa de la para desarrollar los mecanismos aumentar las partidas presupues- piratería de libros. Los editores y y herramientas para ofrecer una tarias y los recursos destinados a la libreros locales son los principa- información biomédica de calidad educación y la información como les benefi ciarios de la piratería de de manera puntual. La creación, inversión en el capital humano libros. El documento aporta suge- gestión y distribución del cono- necesario para maximizar las ven- rencias para proteger la propiedad cimiento y la información sobre tajas de la aplicación de las ICT en intelectual en Pakistán. El autor biomedicina, tanto para los espe- un sistema globalizado.

Рефeраты статей

Francis Sejersted. Freedom of государственной власти, а также Журнал ИФЛА 31 (2005), № 4, стр. Information in a Modern Society. на трудностях и возможностях, 307–314 Фрэнсис Седжерстед. Свобода слова обусловленных новыми научно- в современном обществе. техническими достижениями. Автор описывает разрушения, Журнал ИФЛА 31 (2005), № 4, стр. Подчеркивается важность нанесенные публичным, 301–306 создания общественного института школьным и другим библиотекам и необходимости введения и общественным архивам в связи В 2004 году норвежский парламент разнообразия. с цунами, обрушившимся на принял новую статью Конституции, побережья Шри-Ланки и других посвященную свободе слова. В азиатских стран 26 декабря работе обсуждаются вопросы, Upali Amarasiri. Rising from 2004 года. Обрисованы контуры возникающие перед либеральным the Wreckage: development of восстановительных работ, включая обществом в связи с этой темой. tsunami-affected libraries in Sri создание руководящего комитета Особое внимание уделено условиям Lanka. по восстановлению последствий распространения информации в Упали Амарасири. Восставая из национальной катастрофы для современном мире. Заостряется руин: восстановление библиотек, библиотек, информационных внимание на информационной разрушенных цунами в Шри- служб и архивов, участие местного политике, проводимой органами Ланке. населения и реакцию международной

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общественности. Отмечено, что Журнал ИФЛА 31 (2005), № 4, стр. неуловимым. В работе подчеркнуто, основной задачей в настоящее 330–338 что основная деятельность время является восстановление специалистов библиотековедения и социальной структуры, основанной Пакистан вынужден признать информатики может представлять на деревенском укладе, в прибрежной массивное давление со безграничную ценность для зоне Шри-Ланки. Подчеркнута стороны стран Запада в связи с усовершенствования теоретических необходимость сохранения библиотек широкомасштабным нарушением основ этого бурно развивающегося в общей программе восстановления авторских и издательских прав предмета, наряду с разработкой и создания международной в стране. В этом исследовании установок и инструментов для группы быстрого реагирования, представлены результаты изучения своевременного получения способной к согласованным вопросов, связанных с защитой биомедицинской информации совместным действиям с и нарушениями авторских и высокого качества. Формирование и местными библиотекарями, издательских прав на книжном рынке распространение биомедицинских архивариусами, археологами страны. Описаны международные знаний и информации, распоряжение и другими специалистами, соглашения, в которых Пакистан ими, открывает неограниченные с целью определения самых выступает в качестве подписавшей перспективы и возможности по уязвимых ресурсов, проведения стороны, государственный закон расширению профессиональных оценки повреждений и принятия о защите авторских прав и его горизонтов и одновременному немедленных восстановительных мер внедрение. Приведен краткий обзор возникновению новых познаний, в странах, подвергшихся подобным ситуации по защите авторских как для специалистов по катастрофам. прав в Пакистане с точки зрения библиотековедению и информатике, американских специалистов. На так и для юристов. Ellen Forsyth. Public Libraries основании исследования было and the Millennium Development установлено, что основной причиной Josephine I. Iwe. Globalization Goals. «книжного пиратства» является of Information and the Nigerian Эллен Форсайт. Публичные высокая цена на зарубежные книги. Librarian. библиотеки и Цели Развития Основную выгоду от «книжного Жозефин Ай. Ив. Глобализация Тысячелетия. пиратства» получают местные информации и нигерийские Журнал ИФЛА 31 (2005), № 4, стр. издатели и книготорговцы. Внесены библиотекари. 321–329 предложения по защите прав Журнал ИФЛА 31 (2005), № 4, стр. интеллектуальной собственности в 348–355 Публичные библиотеки способны Пакистане. Авторами сделан вывод внести колоссальный вклад в о том, что меры по сведению к Глобализация информации достижение Целей Развития минимуму «книжного пиратства» упорно отождествляется с Тысячелетия, провозглашенных не принесут реального успеха до информационными сетевыми «группой восьми» в Декларации тех пор, пока цены на книги не технологиями (ИСТ). Нигерийские Организации Объединенных Наций. станут доступными для местных библиотекари, возможно, ограничены В этой работе изучены современные читателей. в возможностях максимального и потенциальные возможности использования и применения эксплуатации, высвечена важная H.P.S. Kalra. Bioinformatics and средств ИСТ, но имеют огромные роль библиотек в развитии общества the Library and Information потенциальные возможности при и представлены некоторые примеры, Science Community. создании в будущем открытой такие как, передвижные библиотеки, Х.П.С. Калра. Биоинформатика международной экономической организованные в кварталах трущоб и специалисты в области системы. В работе вносится и «читальные залы» в палатках, в библиотековедения и предложение об увеличении качестве образцов таких мест, где информатики. местными, государственными и библиотеки уже оказывают активную Журнал ИФЛА 31 (2005), № 4, стр. федеральными органами власти помощь в достижении Целей Развития 339–347 Нигерии бюджетных расходов и Тысячелетия. ресурсов, предназначенных на Рассуждения автора о бурном развитии образование и информационное Khalid Mahmood and Muhammad биоинформатики за последние три обеспечение, представляющих Ilyas. Copyright and Book Piracy десятилетия, в результате сближения собой инвестиционные вложения in Pakistan. и взаимопроникновения сетевых в человеческий капитал, который Халид Махмуд и Мохамед Илияс. технологий и генетики. Несмотря на необходим для извлечения Защита и нарушение авторских наличия разнообразных определений максимальной выгоды от применений прав в Пакистане. и описаний биоинформатики, единое ИСТ в системе глобализации. толкование на стыке наук остается

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Copyright © 2005 International Federation of Library Associations & Institutions (www.ifla.org). IFLA Journal 31(4): 398. 398 ISSN: 0340-0352. DOI: 10.1177/0340035205061404 12_index_061661 (jk-t) 30/11/05 1:28 pm Page 397

IFLA Vol. 31, 2005 INDEX

Articles Jönsson Adrial, Christina, Johan Edgren, Jan Nilsson and Susanna Månsby, Together We Shape Better Libraries: the Swedish Quality Handbook Project, Amarasiri, Upali, Rising from the Wreckage: develop- 31(2), 188–193 ment of tsunami-affected libraries in Sri Lanka, Kalra, Harinder P.S., Bioinformatics and the Library and 31(4), 307–314 Information Science Community, 31(4), 333–341 Ashcroft, Linda and Chris Watts, ICT Skills for Infor- Kauhanen-Simanainen, Anne, Collaborative Infor- mation Professionals in Developing Countries: per- mation Literacy by Government, 31(2), 183–187 spectives from a study of the electronic information Knoche, Michael, Report: The Herzogin Anna Amalia environment in Nigeria, 31(1), 6–12 Library after the Fire, 31(1), 90–92 Audunson, Ragnar, How do Politicians and Central Langeland, Asbjørn, The Nordic Countries: cultural and Decision-Makers View Public Libraries? The case of library cooperation, 31(2), 146–150 Norway, 31(2), 174–182 Mahmood, Khalid and Muhammad Ilyas, Copyright and Babini, Dominique, Cooperative Virtual Libraries: Book Piracy in Pakistan, 31(4), 324–332 training librarians and editors via the Internet, 31(3), Parker, Stephen, Editorial: More from Buenos Aires – 229–233 and elsewhere, 31(3), 227–228 Boserup, Ivan, The Manuscript and the Internet: digital Parker, Stephen, Editorial: Fresh from Buenos Aires, repatriation of cultural heritage, 31(2), 169–173 31(1), 3–5 Bravo, Blanca Rodríguez, Audiovisual and Multimedia Parker, Stephen, Editorial: Hallo from Oslo!, 31(4), Content in the Curriculum for Librarianship Studies 299–300 at the University of León in Spain, 31(3), 234–240 Pharo, Nils, Nordic Networking: cooperation in Nordic Brindley, Lynne, The British Library and E-learning, LIS research, 31(2), 194–198 31(1), 13–18 Reade-Fong, Elizabeth and Gary E. Gorman, NGOs, Brundin, Margareta, Democracy Building Activities in ICTs and Information Dissemination in Asia and the Swedish Riksdag: the role of a parliamentary Oceania, 31(1), 45–51 library, 31(1), 19–27 Roos, J.W., Copyright Protection as Access Barrier for Byberg, Lis, Editorial: Northern Highlights, 31(2), People who Read Differently: the case for an inter- 131–132 national approach, 31(1), 52–67 Cadenas, Paula, Los buenos Libros: un puente hacia la Ryskamp, George R., European Emigration Records, elaboración personal, 31(3), 268–270 1820–1925, 31(1), 68–75 Curry, Ann, Unreliable Research: are librarians liable?, Sambaíno, Samira, Images and Sounds in Uruguay, 31(1), 28–34 31(3), 249–259 Ferreiro, Emilia, Librarians and Basic Education Sejersted, Francis, Freedom of Information in a Modern Teachers in the Context of ‘Digital Literacy’, 31(1), Society, 31(4), 301–306 35–44 Smith, Alastair G., Citations and Links as a Measure of Forsyth, Ellen, Public Libraries and the Millennium Effectiveness of Online LIS Journals, 31(1), 76–84 Development Goals, 31(4), 315–323 Thorhauge, Jens, New Demands – Old Skills. A strategy Franklin, Brinley, Managing the Electronic Collection for bridging the competence gap: building competen- with Cost per Use Data, 31(3), 241–248 cies in a daily working context, 31(2), 162–168 Gömpel, Renate, ICABS – A New Approach to Inter- Ward, Laura Susan, A Revolution in Preservation: digi- national Cooperation, 31(2), 199–203 tizing political posters at the National Library of Hannesdóttir, Sigrún Klara, Library Development in the Cuba, 31(3), 260–267 Electronic Environment: Iceland 2005, 31(2), Weber, Jutta, The Manuscript Collections of Europe: a 151–161 mirror of migration, separation and reunification as Indergaard, Leikny Haga, A Voyage Through the Nor- seen in the Alexander von Humboldt Collection in wegian Library Landscape and Some Challenges on Berlin, 31(1), 85–89 the Horizon, 31(2), 133–145 Iwe, Josephine I., Globalization of Information and the Nigerian Librarian, 31(4), 342–349

Copyright © 2005 International Federation of Library Associations & Institutions (www.ifla.org). IFLA Journal 31(4): 397. ISSN: 0340-0352. DOI: 10.1177/0340035205061661 397