A Study of Multimodality with Focus on the Combination of Bicycles And
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A Study of Multimodality with Focus on the Combination of Bicycles and Trains Technical Solutions Combined with Mobility Management and Nudging for an Effective Bicycle-Train System in Region Västra Götaland Master’s thesis in Infrastructure and Environmental Engineering ALMA SJÖÖ LINA SKÖLDBERG Department of Architecture and Civil Engineering Division of Geology and Geotechnics Urban Mobility Systems Research Group CHALMERS UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY Master’s Thesis ACEX30-19-23 Gothenburg, Sweden 2019 MASTER’S THESIS ACEX30-19-23 A Study of Multimodality with Focus on the Combination of Bicycles and Trains Technical Solutions Combined with Mobility Management and Nudging for an Effective Bicycle-Train System in Region Västra Götaland Master’s Thesis in the Master’s Programme Infrastructure and Environmental Engineering ALMA SJÖÖ LINA SKÖLDBERG Department of Architecture and Civil Engineering Division of Geology and Geotechnics Urban Mobility Systems Research Group CHALMERS UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY Göteborg, Sweden 2019 A Study of Multimodality with Focus on the Combination of Bicycles and Trains Technical Solutions Combined with Mobility Management and Nudging for an Effective Bicycle-Train System in Region Västra Götaland Master’s Thesis in the Master’s Programme Infrastructure and Environmental Engineering ALMA SJÖÖ LINA SKÖLDBERG © ALMA SJÖÖ, LINA SKÖLDBERG, 2019 Examensarbete ACEX30-19-23 Institutionen för arkitektur och samhällsbyggnadsteknik Chalmers tekniska högskola, 2019 Department of Architecture and Civil Engineering Division of Geology and Geotechnics Urban Mobility Systems Research Group Chalmers University of Technology SE-412 96 Göteborg Sweden Telephone: + 46 (0)31-772 1000 Department of Architecture and Civil Engineering Göteborg, Sweden, 2019 I A Study of Multimodality with Focus on the Combination of Bicycles and Trains Technical Solutions Combined with Mobility Management and Nudging for an Effective Bicycle-Train System in Region Västra Götaland Master’s thesis in the Master’s Programme Infrastructure and Environmental Engineering ALMA SJÖÖ LINA SKÖLDBERG Department of Architecture and Civil Engineering Division of Geology and Geotechnics Urban Mobility Systems Research Group Chalmers University of Technology ABSTRACT The aim of the report is to evaluate possibilities and challenges regarding bicycles on trains, and to apply the found knowledge to a case in the Region Västra Götaland. The goal is to combine technical measures with Mobility Management and Nudging to promote the possibility. A literature study was conducted to explore the concept of multimodality and the use of services for door-to-door trips. A bicycle-train system is a viable option where both modes are sustainable and time efficient. Examples of implementations from Denmark, The Netherlands and the three big city regions in Sweden were explored. Technical measures were investigated regarding how the train and station environments should be created. The most commonly used are bicycle stands under foldable chairs or different hanging functions. Different Mobility Management and Nudging measures were further discussed. Examples of these are informational measures like implementation of real-time signs or marketing measures such as campaigns with trial bicyclists. A survey was created and distributed in order to obtain information regarding the habits and views of travellers. The survey was performed in Sweden’s three big city regions; Gothenburg, Stockholm and Malmö. The outcome was that not many bring their bicycle on the train but that a larger share is interested in the possibility if it were to be improved. The outcome was analysed in a regression model that was used to create focus groups and areas. This showed that the most important age groups are 20-29 and 40-49. Furthermore, it showed that the distance to the station is important whereas gender was not. It was discussed that since Mobility Management and Nudging are relatively new concepts within the transport sector, it was difficult to evaluate the effectiveness of proposed measures. The report concluded in a package of measures. Hard measures expand capacity without affecting other passengers too much, through shared spaces with possibilities to fasten the bicycles. Clear information and communication are important in all stages. The number of spaces should be in line with a proposed EU guideline of a minimum of eight dedicated spaces. Key words: Mobility Management, Nudging, Bicycle-Train System, Multimodality, Public transport, Bicycles I En Studie av Multimodalitet med Fokus på Kombinationen av Cykel och Tåg Tekniska Lösningar Kombinerat med Mobility Management och Nudging för ett Effektivt Cykel-Tåg System i Västra Götalandsregionen Examensarbete inom mastersprogrammet Infrastruktur och Miljöteknik ALMA SJÖÖ LINA SKÖLDBERG Institutionen för arkitektur och samhällsbyggnadsteknik Avdelningen för Geologi och Geoteknik Väg och trafik Chalmers tekniska högskola SAMMANFATTNING Syftet med rapporten är att utvärdera möjligheter och svårigheter angående cyklar på tåg och sedan applicera kunskapen till ett case i Västra Götalandsregionen. Målet är att kombinera tekniska lösningar med Mobility Management och Nudging för att marknadsföra möjligheten. En litteraturstudie genomfördes för att utforska konceptet multimodalitet och användandet av olika medel för resor dörr-till-dörr. Ett cykel- tågsystem är ett bra alternativ där båda transportmedlen är hållbara och effektiva tidsmässigt. Exempel från implementering i Danmark, Nederländerna samt Sveriges tre storstadsregioner undersöktes. Tekniska lösningar undersöktes angående hur tågen och stationsmiljöerna borde utformas. Den mest använda lösningen är cykelställ under fällbara säten eller olika upphängningsanordningar. Vidare diskuteras olika Mobility Management- och Nudging-åtgärder. Exempel på detta är informationsåtgärder såsom implementering av realtidsskyltar eller marknadsföringsåtgärder såsom kampanjer med testcyklare. Dessutom utformades en enkät och spreds för att få information om resvanor och åsikter från pendlare. Enkäten skickades ut till Sveriges tre storstadsregioner; Göteborg, Stockholm och Malmö. Resultatet var att få tar med sig cykel på tåget i nuläget men att många är intresserade av möjligheten om den förbättras. Resultatet från enkäten analyserades i en regressionsmodell som användes för att identifiera fokusområden och -grupper. Slutsatsen av detta var att de viktigaste ålderskategorierna är spannen 20–29 samt 40–49. Den visade också att avståndet till stationen är viktig samtidigt som kön inte spelade roll. Det diskuterades att eftersom Mobility Management och Nudging är relativt nya koncept inom transportsektorn var det svårt att utvärdera effektiviteten av de föreslagna åtgärderna. Rapporten slutade i ett åtgärdspaket. Tekniska åtgärder som ökar kapaciteten för cyklar utan att påverka resterande passagerare märkbart är delade utrymmen med möjlighet att fästa cykeln. Tydlig information och kommunikation är viktigt i alla steg. Antalet cykelplatser på tågen borde ligga i linje med EU-förslaget på minimalt 8 dedikerade platser per tåg-set. Nyckelord: Mobility Management, Nudging, Cykel-Tåg System, Multimodalitet, Kollektivtrafik, Cyklar II Contents ABSTRACT I SAMMANFATTNING II CONTENTS III PREFACE V 1 INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 Background 2 1.2 Aim and Objectives 2 1.3 Limitations 3 2 METHODOLOGY 4 2.1 Literature Study 4 2.1.1 Interviews 4 2.2 Survey 4 2.3 Binomial Logistic Regression Model 5 2.3.1 Mathematical Framework 6 2.3.2 SPSS Software 7 2.3.3 Model Setup 9 2.4 Data Analysis 10 3 LITERATURE STUDY 11 3.1 Transportation Systems 11 3.1.1 Transportation Modes 11 3.1.2 Multimodality 12 3.1.3 Examples for Implementation of Hard Measures 15 3.2 Current Situation in Different Cities 18 3.2.1 Sweden 19 3.2.2 The Netherlands: Amsterdam 27 3.2.3 Denmark: Copenhagen 28 3.2.4 Previous Survey for the Swedish Transport Administration 30 3.3 Soft Measures 31 3.3.1 Mobility Management 32 3.3.2 Nudging 34 3.3.3 Effectiveness of Soft Measures 36 3.3.4 Examples for Implementation of Soft Measures 38 4 RESULTS OF SURVEY 44 4.1 Outcome of Survey 44 4.2 Binomial Logistic Regression Model 49 4.2.1 Statistical Significance 50 CHALMERS Architecture and Civil Engineering, Master’s Thesis ACEX30-19-23 III 4.2.2 Calculations 53 4.3 Data Analysis 56 5 DISCUSSION 61 5.1 Hard measures 61 5.2 Different Cities 62 5.3 Soft Measures 63 5.4 Survey 64 5.5 Binomial Logistic Regression Model 65 5.6 Total Data Analysis 66 5.7 Package of Measures for Region Västra Götaland 67 5.8 Additional Thoughts 69 6 CONCLUSION 71 REFERENCES 72 APPENDIX I – ORIGINAL SURVEY IN SWEDISH 78 APPENDIX II – SURVEY TRANSLATED 81 APPENDIX III – CALCULATIONS OF PROBABILITIES 84 APPENDIX IV – EXCERPT FROM RAIL PASSENGERS' RIGHTS AND OBLIGATIONS, EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT 85 IV CHALMERS Architecture and Civil Engineering, Master’s Thesis ACEX30-19-23 Preface The thesis work was carried out at Ramboll’s office in Gothenburg. We would like to thank our supervisors Sara Johansson and Karin Blomsterberg for guiding us with suggestions and feedback throughout the semester, together with other employees with interest of thoughts about the subject. We are also grateful to our supervisor at Chalmers, Ivana Tasic, who came up with multiple interesting ideas along the way of how to develop the thesis. Furthermore, thanks to everyone who took the time to answer the survey that worked as a foundation for this report, Ramboll employees as well as others. Without those answers the report would