DOCSLIB.ORG

Maschinenorientierte Programmierung

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Maschinenorientierte Programmierung Fachbereich VI - Informatik und Medien Technische Informatik Bachelor Prof. Dr.-Ing. Sven-Hendrik Voß Maschinenorientierte Programmierung (136012/3) Skript zur Vorlesung Autor: Prof. Dr. Sven-Hendrik Voß 14. Januar 2018 - vollst¨andige und korrigierte Version Vorwort und Erl¨auterungen Vorwort Das vorliegende Skript dient als Grundlage fur¨ die Vorlesung Maschinenorientierte " Programmierung\ im zweiten Semester des Bachelor-Studiengangs Technische Infor- " matik Embedded Systems\ an der Beuth Hochschule fur¨ Technik Berlin. Es dient als Referenz fur¨ die in der Vorlesung behandelten Themenbereiche, deckt aber nicht alle pe- ripheren Themengebiete ab. Es ist eine reine Vorlesungsausarbeitung, kein Lehrbuch. Entsprechend ist es sprachlich eher knapp gehalten und inhaltlich sicher an einigen Stellen weit weniger umfangreich als es ein entsprechendes Lehrbuch. Ich hoffe, dass es trotzdem den Studierenden bei der Vor- und Nachbereitung des seminaristischen Unterrichts, sowie der Prufungsvorbereitung¨ hilfreich sein wird. Es gilt zu beachten, dass dieses Skript keinesfalls den Vorlesungsbesuch ersetzt. Dieses Skript stellt nur einen Teil der Unterlagen fur¨ die Vorlesung Maschinenorien- " tierte Programmierung\ dar. Zus¨atzlich werden Kopien der Folien aus der Vorlesung, sowie ausgew¨ahlte Dokumente zum Labor (Befehlsliste 8051 Mikrocontroller, Hinwei- se zur Assembler-Programmierung, Datenbl¨atter, Schaltpl¨ane und Handbucher)¨ zur Verfugung¨ gestellt. Vorlesung und Laborubungen¨ sind aufeinander abgestimmt, wo- bei die praktischen Ubungen¨ der Vertiefung des im Unterricht vermittelten Wissens dienen. Die Laborubungen¨ werden in der Regel mit dem Simulator EdSim simuliert und mit Hilfe eines Software-Entwicklungssystems fur¨ Mikrocontroller der Serie 51 (MC- Tools) auf die Hardware gebracht. Die Handhabung der Software (z.B. EdSim, MC- Tools) muss der Studierende mit Eigenengagement bewerkstelligen. Im Internet gibt es dazu eine Vielzahl von Anleitungen. Viele der Tools beinhalten Kompendien und Ubungsbeispiele.¨ Die Vorlesung vermittelt Ihnen Fachwissen, keine Skills! Zum Inhalt: Die Vorlesung Maschinenorientierte Programmierung\ baut inhaltlich auf " der Veranstaltung Grundlagen digitaler Systeme\ auf. So wird empfohlen, die dort ver- " mittelten Stoffinhalte - insbesondere die der Zahlendarstellungen, Rechnerarithmetik und Booleschen Algebra - vor Teilnahme an dieser Veranstaltung zu wiederholen. Auch die empfohlene Fachliteratur ist zur Vertiefung heranzuziehen. Es sei auch noch auf einen weiteren Aspekt hingewiesen. Bei den Kenntnissen der technischen Informatik - insbesondere im Bereich der Digitaltechnik, Programmierung von Mikroprozessoren, Methoden der Algebra, etc. - kommt es fur¨ angehende Inge- nieurinnen und Ingenieure bzw. Informatiker(innen) nicht nur auf das Verst¨andnis der theoretischen Zusammenh¨ange an, sondern insbesondere auf das zuverl¨assige Verste- hen und Bearbeiten von Ubungsaufgaben.¨ Im Rahmen von Unterrichts-, Klausur-, so- wie Laborvor- und -nachbereitungen empfiehlt es sich, ausreichend Ubungsaufgaben¨ zu bearbeiten. So kann aktiv die Ubertragung¨ der Theorie auf die Anwendung geubt¨ und bearbeitungstechnische Routine erlangt werden. Zur Form: Es hat sich im Sprachgebrauch etabliert, die englischen Fachbegriffe zu ver- Beuth Hochschule fur¨ Technik Berlin II Prof. Dr.-Ing. Sven-Hendrik Voß wenden. Teilweise macht eine deutsche Ubersetzung¨ keinen Sinn oder ist nicht m¨oglich. Sind deutsche Fachbegriffe vorhanden, so werden diese verwendet. Der englische Ter- minologie wird meist in Klammern erg¨anzt oder kursiv hervorgehoben. Das vorliegende Skript basiert auf Fachliteratur und teilweise auf im Internet verfugbaren¨ Unterlagen. Es ist nicht m¨oglich alle Quellen im Detail zu benennen. An dieser Stelle sei den Kol- legen, Autoren und Helfern gedankt, die benannt oder unbenannt zum Gelingen dieses Skriptes beigetragen haben. Der Text des Skriptums wurde naturlich¨ mit LATEX geschrieben. Eingesetzt wurde die integrierte Benutzeroberfl¨ache TeXnicCenter 2.0 Alpha 3 zusammen mit TeX Live 2010 unter MS Windows, sowie die Editoren TeXShop und iTeXMac in Verbindung mit MacTeX unter Mac OS. Verbesserungsvorschl¨age, Hinweise auf Fehler und jedwede qualifizierte Kritik sind will- kommen. Berlin, im September 2012 Sven-Hendrik Voß Hinweis Die Informationen in diesem Dokument werden ohne Rucksicht¨ auf einen eventuellen Patentschutz ver¨offentlicht. Die erw¨ahnten Soft- und Hardware-Bezeichnungen k¨onnen auch dann eingetragene Warenzeichen sein, wenn darauf nicht besonders hingewiesen wird. Sie geh¨oren den jeweiligen Warenzeicheninhabern und unterliegen gesetzlichen Bestimmungen. Das Skript wurde mit gr¨oßter Sorgfalt erstellt und korrigiert. Den- noch k¨onnen Fehler und Ungenauigkeiten nicht ausgeschlossen werden. Fur¨ fehlerhafte Angaben oder gar deren Folgen wird keine juristische Verantwortung oder irgendeine Haftung ubernommen.¨ Beuth Hochschule fur¨ Technik Berlin III Prof. Dr.-Ing. Sven-Hendrik Voß Voraussetzungen • Grundlagen digitaler Systeme • Programmieren I Lehrinhalt und Lernziele Das vorliegende Skript erg¨anzt die Vorlesung Maschinenorientierte Programmierung\. " In dieser Veranstaltung steht die Funktionsweise von Mikrocontrollern und ihren Schnittstellen, sowie der Entwurf und die Programmierung von Systemen mit Mikro- controllern im Mittelpunkt. Voraussetzungen fur¨ die Veranstaltung sind im wesentli- chen die Grundlagen digitaler Systeme, sowie Kenntnisse im Programmieren (und nicht zuletzt Ihr Interesse an der Thematik). Lehrinhalt: 1. Rechnerarchitektur, Harvard- und von-Neumann-Architektur 2. Architektur eines einfachen realen Prozessors anhand eines 8051 Mikrocontrollers 3. Instruktionsverarbeitung 4. Programmierung in Assembler 5. Befehlssatz - arithmetische und logische Befehle 6. Adressierungsarten 7. Steuerbefehle: Sprungbefehle und Unterprogrammaufrufe 8. Programmstrukturierung: Flussdiagramm, strukturierte Programmierung 9. Hardware-/Softwareschnittstellen 10. Assemblerdirektiven 11. Aufbau und Programmierung einfacher I/O-Schnittstellen (Parallele/Serielle Schnittstellen) 12. Interrupt-Programmierung (Hard- und Software-Interrupts, Interrupt-Vektor- Tabelle, Interrupt-Service-Routinen) 13. Einfuhrung¨ in die hardwarenahe Programmierung in C Beuth Hochschule fur¨ Technik Berlin IV Prof. Dr.-Ing. Sven-Hendrik Voß Nach der Lehrveranstaltung sollten Sie in der Lage sein, reale Mikrocontrollerapplika- tionen auf Assemblerebene entwerfen, implementieren und testen zu k¨onnen. Sie ler- nen den Umgang mit g¨angiger Prozessorperipherie, I/O-Schnittstellen und Ans¨atze fur¨ Echtzeit- und Interrupt-Programmierung. Schließlich sollten Sie die Kompetenz erlangt haben, die Leistungsf¨ahigkeit einer Architektur und den Aufwand einer gegebenen Pro- blemstellung auf der Ebene der maschinennahen Programmierung abzusch¨atzen und zu beurteilen welchem Aufwand eine gegebene Implementierung in einer Hochsprache auf der Maschinenebene entspricht. Skripte, Bucher¨ etc. Prof. Dr.-Ing. Sven-Hendrik Voß: Folien und Skript 1. M. Mazidi, J. Mazidi, R. McKinlay: The 8051 Microcontroller and Embedded Systems Using Assembly and C, Prentice Hall, ISBN 013119402X 2. I. Scott MacKenzie, Raphael Chung-Wei Phan: The 8051 Microcontroller (4th Edition), Pearson, ISBN 0132059754 3. Rolf Klaus: Die Mikrokontroller 8051, 8052 und 80C517, Vdf Hochschulverlag, ISBN 3728132594 4.J urgen¨ Walter: Mikrocomputertechnik mit der 8051-Controller-Familie, Springer, ISBN 354066758X 5. Thomas Flik: Mikroprozessortechnik und Rechnerstrukturen, Springer, ISBN 3540222707 6. Klaus Wust:¨ Mikroprozessortechnik, Vieweg und Teubner, ISBN 9783834804617 7. Uwe Brinkschulte: Mikrocontroller und Mikroprozessoren, Springer, ISBN 9783540430957 8. David A. Patterson, John LeRoy Hennessy: Rechnerorganisation und Rechner- entwurf, Oldenbourg, ISBN 3486591908 9. Helmut Malz: Rechnerarchitektur - Eine Einfuhrung¨ fur¨ Ingenieure und Informa- tiker, Vieweg und Teubner, ISBN 3528133791 10. Paul Herrmann: Rechnerarchitektur - Aufbau, Organisation und Implementie- rung, inklusive 64-Bit-Technologie und Parallelrechner, Vieweg und Teubner, ISBN 3834815128 11. Andrew S. Tanenbaum: Computerarchitektur, Pearson, ISBN 9783827371515 12. Klaus Beuth: Digitaltechnik, Vogel Buchverlag, ISBN 3834330841 Beuth Hochschule fur¨ Technik Berlin V Prof. Dr.-Ing. Sven-Hendrik Voß Links im Netz Im Netz finden sich zahlreiche Links zur Assemblerprogrammierung und dem 8051 Mikrocontroller. Hier nur eine kleine Auswahl: • http://www.self8051.de/ • http://www.8052.com • http://www.goblack.de/desy/mc8051chip/ • http://www.ipd.uka.de/~buchmann/microcontroller/ • http://mikrocontroller.rahm-home.de/8051.htm • http://www.controllersandpcs.de • http://et-tutorials.de/Mikrocontroller/ Empfohlene Hilfsmittel und Software: • EdSim51 (kostenloser 8051 Simulator) • Asem-51 (kostenloser Macro-Assembler) • MC-51 Vers. 5.5 (IDE fur¨ Asem-51) • Eclipse (IDE zur Entwicklung von Software) • PL2303 Prolific USB-Seriell-Adapter Treiber Beuth Hochschule fur¨ Technik Berlin VI Prof. Dr.-Ing. Sven-Hendrik Voß Inhaltsverzeichnis Abbildungsverzeichnis XV Tabellenverzeichnis XVII 1 Einfuhrung¨ 1 1.1 Ubersicht¨ . .1 1.2 Technische und mathematische Grundlagen . .3 1.2.1 Zahlensysteme . .4 1.2.2 Komplementdarstellung . .6 1.2.3 Zahlencodierung . .8 1.2.4 Zeichencodierung . .9 1.2.5 Fehlererkennung . 12 1.2.6 Elementare Logikverknupfungen¨ . 13 2 Grundlagen der Rechnerarchitektur 16 2.1 Definition und Grundkonzept . 16 2.2 Aufbau und Struktur . 19 2.2.1 Speicherhierarchie . 20 2.2.2 Ein- und Ausgabewerk .
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Microprocessors History of Computing Nouf Assaid
    MICROPROCESSORS HISTORY OF COMPUTING NOUF ASSAID 1 Table of Contents Introduction 2 Brief History 2 Microprocessors 7 Instruction Set Architectures 8 Von Neumann Machine 9 Microprocessor Design 12 Superscalar 13 RISC 16 CISC 20 VLIW 23 Multiprocessor 24 Future Trends in Microprocessor Design 25 2 Introduction If we take a look around us, we would be sure to find a device that uses a microprocessor in some form or the other. Microprocessors have become a part of our daily lives and it would be difficult to imagine life without them today. From digital wrist watches, to pocket calculators, from microwaves, to cars, toys, security systems, navigation, to credit cards, microprocessors are ubiquitous. All this has been made possible by remarkable developments in semiconductor technology enabling in the last 30 years, enabling the implementation of ideas that were previously beyond the average computer architect’s grasp. In this paper, we discuss the various microprocessor technologies, starting with a brief history of computing. This is followed by an in-depth look at processor architecture, design philosophies, current design trends, RISC processors and CISC processors. Finally we discuss trends and directions in microprocessor design. Brief Historical Overview Mechanical Computers A French engineer by the name of Blaise Pascal built the first working mechanical computer. This device was made completely from gears and was operated using hand cranks. This machine was capable of simple addition and subtraction, but a few years later, a German mathematician by the name of Leibniz made a similar machine that could multiply and divide as well. After about 150 years, a mathematician at Cambridge, Charles Babbage made his Difference Engine.
    [Show full text]
  • Historical Perspective and Further Reading 162.E1
    2.21 Historical Perspective and Further Reading 162.e1 2.21 Historical Perspective and Further Reading Th is section surveys the history of in struction set architectures over time, and we give a short history of programming languages and compilers. ISAs include accumulator architectures, general-purpose register architectures, stack architectures, and a brief history of ARMv7 and the x86. We also review the controversial subjects of high-level-language computer architectures and reduced instruction set computer architectures. Th e history of programming languages includes Fortran, Lisp, Algol, C, Cobol, Pascal, Simula, Smalltalk, C+ + , and Java, and the history of compilers includes the key milestones and the pioneers who achieved them. Accumulator Architectures Hardware was precious in the earliest stored-program computers. Consequently, computer pioneers could not aff ord the number of registers found in today’s architectures. In fact, these architectures had a single register for arithmetic instructions. Since all operations would accumulate in one register, it was called the accumulator , and this style of instruction set is given the same name. For example, accumulator Archaic EDSAC in 1949 had a single accumulator. term for register. On-line Th e three-operand format of RISC-V suggests that a single register is at least two use of it as a synonym for registers shy of our needs. Having the accumulator as both a source operand and “register” is a fairly reliable indication that the user the destination of the operation fi lls part of the shortfall, but it still leaves us one has been around quite a operand short. Th at fi nal operand is found in memory.
    [Show full text]
  • Appendix A: Microprocessor Data Sheets
    Appendix A: Microprocessor Data Sheets Intel8085 Zilog Z80 MOS Technology 6502 Motorola 6809 Microcontrollers (Single-chip Microcomputers) Intel 8086 ( & 80186 & 80286) Zilog Z8000 Motorola 68000 32-bit Microprocessors lnmos Transputer 184 Appendix A 185 Intel 8085 Followed on from the 8080, which was a two-chip equivalent of the 8085. Not used in any home computers, but was extremely popular in early (late 1970s) industrial control systems. A15-A8 A B c D E Same register AD7-ADO H L set is used in SP 8080 PC ALE Flags Multiplexed d ata bus and lower half of address bus (require 8212 to split data and address buses) Start addresses of Interrupt P/Os Service Routines: 8155- 3 ports, 256 bytes RAM RESET-()()()(J 8255 - 3 ports TRAP- 0024 8355 - 2 ports, 2K ROM RST5.5- 002C 8755 - 2 ports, 2K EPROM RST6.5 - ()(J34 RST7.5- <XJ3C INTR - from interrupting device Other 8251- USART 8202 - Dynamic RAM controller support 8253- CTC (3 counters) 8257 - DMA controller devices: 8271 - FDC 8257 - CRT controller Intel DMA Control System Character CPU buses­ de-multiplexed Video signal to CRT 186 Microcomputer Fault-finding and Design Zilog Z80 Probably the most popular 8-bit microprocessor. Used in home computers (Spectrum, Amstrad, Tandy), office computers and industrial controllers. A F A' F' B c B' C' D E D' E' H L H' L' 8 data Interrupt Memory lines vector I refresh R Index register IX Index register IY (to refresh dynamic RAMI Stack pointer Based on the Intel 8085, but possesses second set of registers.
    [Show full text]
  • Introduction to Cpu
    microprocessors and microcontrollers - sadri 1 INTRODUCTION TO CPU Mohammad Sadegh Sadri Session 2 Microprocessor Course Isfahan University of Technology Sep., Oct., 2010 microprocessors and microcontrollers - sadri 2 Agenda • Review of the first session • A tour of silicon world! • Basic definition of CPU • Von Neumann Architecture • Example: Basic ARM7 Architecture • A brief detailed explanation of ARM7 Architecture • Hardvard Architecture • Example: TMS320C25 DSP microprocessors and microcontrollers - sadri 3 Agenda (2) • History of CPUs • 4004 • TMS1000 • 8080 • Z80 • Am2901 • 8051 • PIC16 microprocessors and microcontrollers - sadri 4 Von Neumann Architecture • Same Memory • Program • Data • Single Bus microprocessors and microcontrollers - sadri 5 Sample : ARM7T CPU microprocessors and microcontrollers - sadri 6 Harvard Architecture • Separate memories for program and data microprocessors and microcontrollers - sadri 7 TMS320C25 DSP microprocessors and microcontrollers - sadri 8 Silicon Market Revenue Rank Rank Country of 2009/2008 Company (million Market share 2009 2008 origin changes $ USD) Intel 11 USA 32 410 -4.0% 14.1% Corporation Samsung 22 South Korea 17 496 +3.5% 7.6% Electronics Toshiba 33Semiconduc Japan 10 319 -6.9% 4.5% tors Texas 44 USA 9 617 -12.6% 4.2% Instruments STMicroelec 55 FranceItaly 8 510 -17.6% 3.7% tronics 68Qualcomm USA 6 409 -1.1% 2.8% 79Hynix South Korea 6 246 +3.7% 2.7% 812AMD USA 5 207 -4.6% 2.3% Renesas 96 Japan 5 153 -26.6% 2.2% Technology 10 7 Sony Japan 4 468 -35.7% 1.9% microprocessors and microcontrollers
    [Show full text]
  • Hardware Goal: a Motorola 6809 Processor Running on a Board
    MC6809/6502 ATX/6U Computer aka COLOSSUS Hardware Goal: A Motorola 6809 processor running on a board which will mount in an ATX case or in a 6U card cage. Board dimensions are 160mm x 233.35mm (6.3” x 9.2”). A Propellor subsystem provides a VGA terminal and PS/2[?] keyboard interface. Timer, parallel ports, and a separate serial port are included. The design is based on the original “6x0x” board which operates as an ECB peripheral. A second CPU socket will be provided for either a 6502 or 6802 CPU chip. This chip may be installed and operated if the 6809 is removed. Software Goal: It looks like NitrOS9 level 2 is the most powerful s/w we could bring up on this board; but a paged MMU is required. This software goal is now driving the hardware design effort. Design Strategy: Recently the project was divided into smaller, more manageable pieces. A master schematic sheet now indexes close to a dozen independent subsystems. If individual subsystems can be handled by persons with expertise in a particular area, this will save passing around one huge schematic. Integration of an update to one subsystem which does not affect other parts of the system will be as simple as replacing one subsystem schematic with an updated version. Kicad facilitates this with the “schematic hierarchy,” and this looks to ease some of the integration headaches. Technical Stuff CPU-1: The design is for a 2Mhz MC68B09 chip. Note this is not the 6809E. The -E suffix chip is electrically different.
    [Show full text]
  • 6809 the Design Philosophy by Terry Ritter and Joel Boney
    The 6809 ing the performance of an unwieldy bureaucratic Part 1: Design Philosophy organization. And the computer makers clearly thought that processor time was valuable too; or Terry Ritter was a severely limited resource, worth as much as Joel Boney the market would bear. Motorola, Inc. Processor time was a limited resource. But 3501 Ed Blustein Blvd. some of us, a few small groups of technologists, Austin, TX 78721 are about to change that situation. And we hope we will also change how people look at computers, This is a story. It is a story of computers in and how professionals see them too. Computer general, specifically microcomputers, and of one time should be cheap; people time is 70 years and particular microprocessor - with revolutionary counting down. social change lurking in the background. The story The large computer, being a very expensive could well be imaginary, but it happens to be true. resource, quickly justified the capital required to In this 3 part series we will describer the design of investigate optimum use of that resource. Among what we feel is the best 8 bit machine so far made the principal results of these projects was the by human: the Motorola M6809. development of batch mode multiprocessing. The computer itself would save up the various tasks it Philosophy had to do, then change from one to the other at computer speeds. This minimized the wasted time A new day is breaking; after a long slow twi- between jobs and spawned the concept of an oper- light of design the sun is beginning to rise on the ating system.
    [Show full text]
  • Microprocessors: from Basic Chips to Complete Systems
    - 237 - MICROPROCESSORS: FROM BASIC CHIPS TO COMPLETE SYSTEMS R. W. Dobinson,*) University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, USA. "Good-morning, good morning!", the General said When we met him last week on our way to the line. Now the soldiers he smiled at are most of them dead, And we're cursing his staff for Incompetent swine. "He's a cheery old card," grunted Harry to Jack As they slogged up to Arras with rifle and pack. * * * * But he did for them both by his plan of attack. Siegfried Sassoon April 1917 1. AIMS OF THESE LECTURES Microprocessor technology has, since its conception and birth in the early 1970's, entered very many areas of our lives. No end to its growth is in sight, and new uses appear almost daily. The semiconductor industry continues to produce ever more powerful integrated circuits (known far and wide as chips); more functionality and speed at lower cost is every salesman's cry. These lectures aim to present and explain in general terms some of the characteristics of microprocessor chips and associated components. They will show how systems are synthesized from the basic integrated circuit building blocks which are currently available; processor, memory, input-output (I/O) devices, etc. It is not my intention to discuss in detail the many different microprocessors now available on the market, nor will a complete catalogue of support chips be presented. Time will not permit this. Instead, emphasis will be placed on explaining the basic principles of different types of chip. As far as possible X will avoid talking too much about any specific devices; thus I will spend some time discussing a generic microprocessor accessing generic memory and talking to the outside world via generic I/O devices.
    [Show full text]
  • Build a Long -Distance Data Ko= Adding a Wireles9waedio RC Out
    THE PRACTICAL MAGAZINE FOR PERSONAL COMPUTERS & MICROCONTROLLERS Formerly 11M/ill MODERN December 1991 $2.95 1111111I ELECTRONICS (Canada $3.95) Capture A d Enhance, m.P.4.apg VCDO Build A Long -Distance Data Ko= Adding A Wireles9wAedio RC Out C-10 Z cm70 Le) el0ODrsJ Cr JUTCP* Z I-' r) 70 CO * C_) s.0 0 x o < 0- -L` Fly Air Combat With Chuck Yeager CO - o Pk - Experimenting With The Z8 Microcontroller 0 DC DC Co co 1991 Cumulative Article Index 1-800-ITS-DHUT FOR FINE QUALITY PRODUCTS UPGRADE YOUR IBM, 1-800-487-3488 (U.S. & CANADA) IBM COMPATIBLE OR TANDY COMPUTER FOR LESS MONEY! Wecarry over five thousand products - computers, peripherals, printers. If you don't see or can't find it call us, toll free!! EX/HX HARD DRIVE SYSTEMS Our Hard Cards come prefo matted . pre -tested. in Tandy/IBM computers. They include Our Hard Drive systems have been preformatted and pretested in Tandy EX/Hx computers. disk management and disk cache speed-up software. Also comes wtih many other free Disk management as well as speed-up software programs such as games. utilities and many software programs such as games. utilities and many others) These Hard Cards are easy to others' By simply removing the Ex /Hx adaptor our drives will plug into any normal install and can go from one machine to another Install in minutes. just plug in and go, (Please computer. Order the flash drive today and spend hours with the free software. specify if you own a Tandy.
    [Show full text]
  • The 6502/6809 Journal No
    U S/Canada Edition $2 50 International Edition $2 95 SEPTEMBER 1982 United Kingdom Edition £1.80 THE 6502/6809 JOURNAL 68000 Feature A/D Conversion on the Atari Superimposing TV Pictures with the PET 74470 11690 Apple Program Compressor WHY THE MICROSOFT RAM C^M AKES OUR SOfTCARD AN EVEN BETTER DEA. Memory — you never seem to have quite applications like the Peachtree Software account- enough of it. ing systems. VisiCalc™ and other Apple software But if you're one of the thousands of Apple packages can take advantage of RAMCard too. owners using the SoftCard, there's an economical And RAMCard gives you the extra capacity to new way to expand your memory dramatically. develop advanced programs of your own, using the 16K ON A PLUG-IN CARD. SoftCard and CP/M. Even with the RAMCard in Microsoft's new RAMCard simply J k place, you can still access your ROM BASIC plugs into your Apple II,R and adds 16k l l J I a . and mon'tor routines. bytes of dependable, buffered 8 h P M r JOIN THE SOFTCARD read/write storage. w \ f a m iw : Together with the SoftCard, * * * j The RAMCard is just the the RAMCard gives you a 56k , __ latest addition to the SoftCard CP/M” system that's big enough 1 Q§ ‘ * ’ family — a comprehensive sys- to take on ail kinds of chores that §S| « I - j j'zZ— r5r~f tem of hardware and software woUld never fit before (until now, M ; j y.| j , ~~ . S that can make your Apple more the only way to get this much versatile and powerful than you memory was to have an Apple _ _,j; ever imagined.
    [Show full text]
  • Teil 1: Prozessorstrukturen
    Teil 1: Prozessorstrukturen Inhalt: • Mikroprogrammierung • Assemblerprogrammierung • Motorola 6809: ein einfacher 8-Bit Mikroprozessor • Mikrocontroller • Koprozessoren • CISC- und RISC-Prozessoren • Intel Pentium Technische Informatik II, WS 2001/02 Kapitel 1.4 : Mikrocontroller A. Strey, Universität Ulm 1 Was ist ein Mikrocontroller ? Als Mikrocontroller bezeichnet man • CPU • Speicher (RAM, ROM und/oder EEPROM) kombiniert mit mehreren E/A-Komponenten, wie z.B. • programmierbarer Timer • A/D- und D/A-Wandler • parallele E/A-Schnittstelle • serielle asynchrone E/A-Schnittstelle • serielle synchrone E/A- Schnittstelle auf einem einzigen Chip ! Technische Informatik II, WS 2001/02 Kapitel 1.4 : Mikrocontroller A. Strey, Universität Ulm 2 Klassen von Mikrocontrollern Mikrokontroller für einfache Mikrokontroller für komplexe Anwendungen: Anwendungen: • i.a. 8-Bit CPU • i.a. 32-Bit CPU • geringe Taktfrequenz (< 10 MHz) • mittlere Taktfrequenz (< 100 MHz) • programmiert in Assembler, ggf. • Gleitkommaeinheit für IEEE in C oder BASIC „double precision“ Format • sehr kleiner RAM-Bereich • programmiert in Hochsprache (typisch < 1 Kbyte) • kleiner RAM-Bereich • kleiner ROM/EEPROM-Bereich (typisch < 32 KByte) (typisch < 16 Kbyte) • großer EEPROM-Bereich • Chip mit ca. 40-80 Pins (typisch < 512 Kbyte) • Beispiele: Intel 8051, Motorola • Chip mit ca. 200-300 Pins 68HC5, 68HC11 • Beispiele: Motorola MPC555, AMD Elan Technische Informatik II, WS 2001/02 Kapitel 1.4 : Mikrocontroller A. Strey, Universität Ulm 3 Eigenschaften eines Mikrocontrollers Mikrocontroller
    [Show full text]
  • PC Technology Through the Ages 25 Years of PC History at Beckhoff
    6 technology PC-Control | Special 2011 PC technology through the ages 25 years of PC history at Beckhoff The personal computer (PC), as the “locomotive of automation technology,” has been used at Beckhoff for a quarter of a century and is a global standard today. At the same time in 2011, the world is celebrating (only) 30 years of the existence of the PC, which has forever changed the technical, commercial and private worlds and will continue to do so. PC “Big Bang” 30 years ago Of course, 25 or 30 years represent a very long period of time in the field The computer landscape blossomed at the end of the 1970s/beginning of the of technology. On reflection, however, the advantage of that is that many 1980s and produced a set of computers that all seemed to lay claim to the generations have experienced the development first hand and can relate from designation “personal computer” because that was also how it was actually their own personal point of view. I am certain that the readers of this article meant: one owned an affordable electronic computing machine that turned will nod in many places and will find confirmation of their own experiences. a formerly “normal” person into a technology enthusiast. These “private” The development of PC-based controllers at Beckhoff went hand in hand with computers included, for example: the general progress of PC technology and was expressed in a multitude of 1979 | Atari 400 (with MOS 6502 CPU, 1.77 MHz) devices, which made the flexibility and general validity of this platform avail- 1980 | Sinclair Z80 (with Z80 CPU, 3.25 MHz) able to the industrial world.
    [Show full text]
  • Reverse Engineering Of
    Version 2.01 01 May 2012 Reverse Engineering of the (guessed) operation of the 6702 chip to enable use of the VICE emulator in 6809 mode with the Waterloo Language Software and removal of the protection from the Waterloo Language Disks to enable users of a real SuperPET (but with a faulty 6702) to continue to enjoy their machine. Background The Commodore SuperPET (also known as the SP9000) contains two microprocessor sub- systems: a Mostek 6502 and a Motorola 6809. A common memory and peripheral sub- system is shared between the two microprocessors. Because the two microprocessors utilise different instruction sets, two sets of ROMS are required – one set for the 6502 and the other set for the 6809. An external switch allows the user to select which of the two microprocessors take control of the machine at any given time. The 6502 ROMS make the system behave in a manner similar to a ‘normal’ 80 character- wide screen PET. When the SuperPET is switched into 6809 mode – the ROMS only contain a basic ‘bare’ operating system (enough to load software from an attached floppy disk unit). The disk-resident software languages (microAPL, microBASIC, microFORTRAN, microPASCAL, microCOBOL and a 6809 Assembler) were developed by the University of Waterloo in Ontario, Canada. The SuperPET contains an integrated circuit identified as a “6702”. No known information is available on this device. It has been assumed that this 6702 device is an early form of software protection as the Waterloo software fails to operate correctly should this device fail or be removed (early SuperPETs had the 6702 integrated circuit mounted on a small daughter board).
    [Show full text]