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@Pearson Shefalijha About Pearson @Pearson Shefalijha About Pearson Pearson is the world’s learning company, with presence across 70 countries worldwide. Our unique insights and world-class expertise comes from a long history of working closely with renowned teachers, authors and thought leaders, as a result of which, we have emerged as the preferred choice for millions of teachers and learners across the world. We believe learning opens up opportunities, creates fulfilling careers and hence better lives. We hence collaborate with the best of minds to deliver you class-leading products, spread across the Higher Education and K12 spectrum. Superior learning experience and improved outcomes are at the heart of everything we do. This product is the result of one such effort. Your feedback plays a critical role in the evolution of our products and you can contact us – [email protected]. We look forward to it. A01_SHEF9343_02_SE_FM.indd 1 12/06/2018 11:19 A01_SHEF9343_02_SE_FM.indd 2 12/06/2018 11:19 Western Political Thought Second Edition A01_SHEF9343_02_SE_FM.indd 3 12/06/2018 11:19 A01_SHEF9343_02_SE_FM.indd 4 12/06/2018 11:19 Western Political Thought From The Ancient Greeks to Modern Times Second Edition Shefali Jha A01_SHEF9343_02_SE_FM.indd 5 12/06/2018 11:19 Copyright © 2018 Pearson India Education Services Pvt. Ltd Published by Pearson India Education Services Pvt. Ltd, CIN: U72200TN2005PTC057128. No part of this eBook may be used or reproduced in any manner whatsoever without the publisher's prior written consent. This eBook may or may not include all assets that were part of the print version. The publisher reserves the right to remove any material in this eBook at any time. ISBN 978-93-528-6934-3 eISBN 978-93-530-6471-6 Head Office: 15th Floor, Tower-B, World Trade Tower, Plot No. 1, Block-C, Sector-16, Noida 201 301, Uttar Pradesh, India. Registered Office: 4th Floor, Software Block, Elnet Software City, TS-140, Block 2 & 9, Rajiv Gandhi Salai, Taramani, Chennai 600 113, Tamil Nadu, India. Fax: 080-30461003, Phone: 080-30461060 Website: in.pearson.com, Email: [email protected] A01_SHEF9343_02_SE_FM.indd 6 12/06/2018 11:19 For My Mother A01_SHEF9343_02_SE_FM.indd 7 14/06/2018 15:29 A01_SHEF9343_02_SE_FM.indd 8 12/06/2018 11:19 CONTENTS Preface to the Second Edition xi Preface to the First Edition xiii About the Author xvii Introduction 1 1. The Greek City-State: Democratic Institutions in Athens 13 2. Plato (427–347 bce): Justice and Reason 26 3. Aristotle (384–322 bce): Moral Action and the Best Constitution 49 4. Augustine and Thomas Aquinas: Christian Political Thought in the Middle Ages 71 5. Machiavelli (1469–1527): Humanism and Republicanism 86 6. Thomas Hobbes (1588–1679): Contract as the Basis of Political Obligation 103 7. John Locke (1632–1704): Theological Premises and Liberal Limits on Government 125 8. Rousseau (1712–1778): The General Will and Moral and Political Liberty 142 9. Jeremy Bentham (1748–1832): Representative Government as the Maximizer of Utility 162 10. John Stuart Mill (1806–1873): The Benefits of the Liberty of Men and Women for Society 179 11. G.W.F. Hegel (1770–1831): The Social Conditions for a Non-Contractual Theory of Freedom 198 12. Karl Marx (1818–1883): The State and Class Struggle 216 A01_SHEF9343_02_SE_FM.indd 9 12/06/2018 11:19 x Contents 13. Antonio Gramsci (1891–1937): Hegemony in Civil Society as a Basis of the Modern State 232 14. John Rawls (1921–2002): A Liberal Egalitarian Theory of Justice 245 15. Carole Pateman, Martha C. Nussbaum, Judith Butler: Contemporary Feminist Theory 266 Afterword 284 Index 285 A01_SHEF9343_02_SE_FM.indd 10 12/06/2018 11:19 PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION I have often wondered at the nature of the hyper-political times we seem to live in. The news about the world, whether of my immediate national context, or from more distant parts, predominantly is about political events; this makes me want to be able to make sense of the importance of politics in our lives all the more. The use of political power to bring about change is a constant motif of our time. Whether it is through the capture of the power of the state, or through the mobilization of large groups of people into a movement, the political domain has become the medium of change and evolution of the world as we know it. Are the problems that confront us today of such a scale that they cannot be addressed except by organizing collectively? We also have to be careful about maintaining autonomy at some level, whether it is in the case of a cultural association or a sports association or a University. Whose idea of change is to be allowed to become politically effective and why? The dominant political idea of a representative democracy—which is multicultural and inclusive, egalitarian and socially just— is being challenged by the idea of majoritarianism. As this has set forth a cascading number of political conflicts, the question then arises, ‘How do we resolve these issues?’ This second edition of Western Political Thought is an attempt to include in its reach the political ideas of some of the more recent thinkers. These thinkers certainly draw on the classics of western political thought like the writings of Marx, Rousseau, Locke and Aristotle; however, they also extend our understand- ing of the political in several ways. Rawls, for instance, shows us that if the idea behind democracy is that of cooperation between A01_SHEF9343_02_SE_FM.indd 11 12/06/2018 11:19 xii Preface to the Second Edition free and equal citizens, then our acceptance of democracy as a form of government requires us to abide by certain other specific principles. Gramsci argues that democratization entails fundamental social change which cannot come about without political mobilization. And feminist political theory claims that the central ideas of western political thought— justice, individual liberty, equality, community, democracy—need to be re-examined in the light of how they apply to the position of women. Several of the chapters of this book have emerged out of my teaching of political thinkers to my students. I remain grateful to my students for their interest as well as their questions, which have enabled me to think more deeply about the arguments of the political philosophers. If students have been one mainstay of the development of the book, the other resource has been access to libraries. Here I must acknowledge both the Central Library of Jawaharlal Nehru University as well as the W.A.C. Bennett Library of Simon Fraser University for providing me access to some of the material on which these chapters are based. I would also like to thank both my editors at Pearson, Kaushal Jajware and Jubi Borkakoti, without whose constant encouragement, I would not have managed to find time from my University duties to finish this edition. Shefali Jha A01_SHEF9343_02_SE_FM.indd 12 12/06/2018 11:19 PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION The year 2009 began with a deluge of stories and analyses of the economic meltdown affecting almost each and every country in the world. News of shrinking economies, millions of jobs being lost, soaring unemployment rates, and governments trying dif- ferent measures to stimulate their economies dominated the media. This only highlighted the important role that govern- ments play in managing the welfare of their citizens. Why is it that in times of crisis we expect the government to bail us out, yet at other times, we want the government to stay out of our affairs? What does this assume about the relationship between us and the government? States, in order to ensure the welfare of their population, not only have to administer their own territories, but sometimes have to decide about intervening in the affairs of another coun- try. When the citizens of a country are accused of ‘terror strikes’ against the citizens of another country, can the government of the first country excuse itself by claiming these citizens to be non-state actors? Whether it is the case of what happened on 26 November 2008 in Mumbai, or on 11 September 2001 in New York, states are held accountable not only for the well-being of their citizens, but also for their actions. So states are not only to look after the welfare of their citizens, but also to exercise control over their population. Not only are they to control the actions of their citizens with respect to each other, but also with respect to other countries and other peoples. The twin governmental objec- tives of control and welfare are linked to one another. Without control, there will be no welfare, that is, control or disciplining by the state is always justified on the basis of its benefits or advantages for the members of the state. What happens, if, as it did happen in 2009, the head of a regime of a sovereign country is sought to be arrested by an A01_SHEF9343_02_SE_FM.indd 13 12/06/2018 11:19 xiv Preface to the First Edition international body? When the International Criminal Court issued an arrest warrant against the president of an independent country in early 2009, for crimes against his own people, demonstrations erupted in that country. Should not only the people of a country have a right to decide if its leaders have committed crimes against them? What if the people are so deeply divided that their government can act with impunity towards one section of them? We are back to the question of the relationship between people and their government or their state. It is clear that these political questions are not yet resolved, even though the institutions of the state and government have been with us for a long time.
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