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Russia and Strategic Non-Nuclear Deterrence Capabilities, Limitations and Challenges
Russia and strategic Briefing Paper non-nuclear deterrence Russia and Eurasia Programme Capabilities, limitations July 2021 and challenges Summary — An analysis of Russian military theory and practice suggests that Russia’s views have undergone an evolution, moving from reliance on nuclear deterrence towards a greater emphasis on non-nuclear deterrence. The development of Russia’s new long-range precision-guided weapons strongly supports the notion of such a shift. — At the same time, Russia is pressing ahead with the development of both non-nuclear and nuclear capabilities. It ceaselessly emphasizes its nuclear weapons, and its nuclear projects continue to proliferate. — In Russian theory and practice, nuclear and non-nuclear (conventional) deterrence are inextricably linked. A picture emerges of a flexible package of capabilities, with non-nuclear strategic systems complementing non-strategic and strategic nuclear weapons. — In anything less than large-scale high-intensity warfare, Russia’s non-nuclear strategic deterrent is valid conceptually and has clear practical utility. — This paper examines Russian non-nuclear deterrence in its primary, military manifestations. It outlines the capabilities involved in the exercise of non-nuclear deterrence and explores its potential limitations as well as its ambiguities. Studying these nuances offers a way to gain a fuller understanding of the challenges that they present, including for NATO. Valeriy Akimenko Russia and strategic non-nuclear deterrence Capabilities, limitations and challenges Introduction An analysis of Russian military theory and practice suggests that Russia’s views have undergone an evolution, moving from reliance on nuclear deterrence towards a greater emphasis on non-nuclear deterrence. Uncertainty surrounds this emphasis, both conceptually and practically. -
Russia’S Presence Eldin Inthe the Military Fi That October, Russia Dispatched Two Tu-160 Strategic Middle East and Africa Has Been Growing
Part 1 Security Environment Surrounding Japan Section 4 Russia ❶ General Situation ● President Vladimir Putin, who has been seeking the revival sanctions—has emerged among some of the countries with of Russia as a strong and infl uential power, successfully a close economic relationship to Russia. On the other hand, achieved reelection in 2018. In his inaugural address in May Russia’s ability to withstand sanctions has been growing, of that same year, President Putin stated that Russia is a as it has promoted import substitution, while on the foreign strong, active and infl uential participant in international life, policy front, President Vladimir Putin has taken the stance and that the country’s security and defense capability are that “there are other organizations which play an important Chapter reliably secured. He also stated that quality of life, wellbeing, role in world affairs” and the country has been demonstrating 2 security and health were his main goals, and that Russia has a growing presence in the G20 and multilateral diplomatic risen like a phoenix a number of times throughout history, forums in which Western countries do not participate, such Defense Policies of Countries Defense Policies and believes it would achieve a breakthrough again. as the SCO and the association of fi ve major emerging At the annual presidential address to the Federal economies (BRICS: Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Assembly of Russia in March of that same year, held prior to Africa). the presidential election, President Putin said, “Russia ranks In addition, Russia’s presence in the military fi eld in the among the world’s leading nations with a powerful foreign Middle East and Africa has been growing. -
The Future of the Air Forces and Air Defence Units of Poland’S Armed Forces
The future of the Air Forces and air defence units of Poland’s Armed Forces ISBN 978-83-61663-05-8 The future of the Air Forces and air defence units of Poland’s Armed Forces Pulaski for Defence of Poland Warsaw 2016 Authors: Rafał Ciastoń, Col. (Ret.) Jerzy Gruszczyński, Rafał Lipka, Col. (Ret.) dr hab. Adam Radomyski, Tomasz Smura Edition: Tomasz Smura, Rafał Lipka Consultations: Col. (Ret.) Krystian Zięć Proofreading: Reuben F. Johnson Desktop Publishing: Kamil Wiśniewski The future of the Air Forces and air defence units of Poland’s Armed Forces Copyright © Casimir Pulaski Foundation ISBN 978-83-61663-05-8 Publisher: Casimir Pulaski Foundation ul. Oleandrów 6, 00-629 Warsaw, Poland www.pulaski.pl Table of content Introduction 7 Chapter I 8 1. Security Environment of the Republic of Poland 8 Challenges faced by the Air Defence 2. Threat scenarios and missions 13 System of Poland’s Armed Forces of Air Force and Air Defense Rafał Ciastoń, Rafał Lipka, 2.1 An Armed attack on the territory of Poland and 13 Col. (Ret.) dr hab. Adam Radomyski, Tomasz Smura collective defense measures within the Article 5 context 2.2 Low-intensity conflict, including actions 26 below the threshold of war 2.3 Airspace infringement and the Renegade 30 procedure 2.4 Protection of critical 35 infrastructure and airspace while facing the threat of aviation terrorism 2.5 Out-of-area operations 43 alongside Poland’s allies Chapter II 47 1. Main challenges for the 47 development of air force capabilities in the 21st century What are the development options 2. -
Air and Missile Defense at a Crossroads New Concepts and Technologies to Defend America’S Overseas Bases
AIR AND MISSILE DEFENSE AT A CROSSROADS NEW CONCEPTS AND TECHNOLOGIES TO DEFEND AMERICA’S OVERSEAS BASES CARL REHBERG MARK GUNZINGER AIR AND MISSILE DEFENSE AT A CROSSROADS NEW CONCEPTS AND TECHNOLOGIES TO DEFEND AMERICA’S OVERSEAS BASES CARL REHBERG AND MARK GUNZINGER 2018 ABOUT THE CENTER FOR STRATEGIC AND BUDGETARY ASSESSMENTS (CSBA) The Center for Strategic and Budgetary Assessments is an independent, nonpartisan policy research institute established to promote innovative thinking and debate about national security strategy and investment options. CSBA’s analysis focuses on key questions related to existing and emerging threats to U.S. national security, and its goal is to enable policymakers to make informed decisions on matters of strategy, security policy, and resource allocation. ©2018 Center for Strategic and Budgetary Assessments. All rights reserved. ABOUT THE AUTHOR Carl D. Rehberg is a Non-resident Senior Fellow at the Center for Strategic and Budgetary Assessments. Carl is a retired GS-15, Air Force Colonel and Command Pilot with over 6,200 hours flying time. Carl’s previous job was as Director of the Headquarters Air Force Asia-Pacific Cell, which played a pivotal role in the development of Air Force strategy, force development, planning, analysis and warfighting concepts supporting initiatives related to the Asia-Pacific and the DoD Third Offset Strategy. As Chief, Long-Range Plans of the Air Staff, Carl led the development of future force structure plans and courses of action for numerous Air Force and defense resource and tradespace analyses. In the late 1990s, he served in the Pentagon as a strategic planner, programmer, and analyst, leading several studies for the Secretary of Defense on the Total Force. -
Security & Defence European
a 7.90 D 14974 E D European & Security ES & Defence 10/2019 International Security and Defence Journal ISSN 1617-7983 • US Army Priorities • The US and NATO • European Combat Helicopter Acquisition • EU Defence Cooperation • Surface-to-Air Missile Developments www.euro-sd.com • • New Risks of Digitised Wars • Italy's Fleet Renewal Programme • Light Tactical Vehicles • UGVs for Combat Support • Defence Procurement in Denmark • Taiwan's Defence Market • Manned-Unmanned Teaming • European Mortar Industry October 2019 Politics · Armed Forces · Procurement · Technology LIFETIME EXCELLENCE At MTU Aero Engines, we always have your goals in mind. As a reliable partner for military engines, our expertise covers the entire engine lifecycle. And our tailored services guarantee the success of your missions. All systems go! www.mtu.de Militaer_E_210x297_European_Security_Defence_20191001_01.indd 1 17.09.19 08:06 Editorial Juncker’s Heritage The end of October marks the conclusion of the term of office of Jean-Claude Juncker as President of the European Commission. His legacy to his successor Ursula von der Leyen is largely a heap of dust and ashes. Five years ago he came to power with a fanfare for the future. The European Union was to be given a new burst of vitality, become closer to its citizens, at last put an end to its constant preoccupation with itself, and work towards solving the real problems of our times. None of these good intentions have been transformed into reality, not even notionally. Instead, the situation has become worse – a whole lot worse. This is due not least to the fact that the United Kingdom is on the verge of leaving the Euro- pean Union. -
(CUWS) Outreach Journal #1190
USAF Center for Unconventional Weapons Studies (CUWS) Outreach Journal CUWS Outreach Journal 1190 6 November 2015 Feature Item: “Nuclear Nonproliferation: NNSA’s Threat Assessment Process Could Be Improved”. Report to Congressional Committees: prepared and published by the Government Accounting Office (GAO); released 31 October 2015; 40 pages. http://www.gao.gov/assets/680/673470.pdf The threat posed by the proliferation of nuclear and radiological weapons remains one of the most pressing U.S. national security challenges, and these threats are evolving. Information produced by the “Over the Horizon” (OTH) initiative about future proliferation threats is intended to support long-term Defense Nuclear Nonproliferation (DNN) planning and other DNN management decisions. The Joint Explanatory Statement Accompanying the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2014 includes a provision for GAO to assess the National Nuclear Security Administration’s (NNSA’s) nuclear nonproliferation programs. This report (1) describes how NNSA assessed potential proliferation threats through its OTH initiative and assesses the limitations, if any, in the process used by the initiative and (2) examines the extent to which NNSA used information about the potential threats assessed through the OTH initiative in DNN organization and planning decisions. GAO analyzed NNSA documentation on the OTH initiative and NNSA planning documents. GAO also interviewed DOE and NNSA officials, DOE national laboratory representatives, and external subject matter experts and external validators in peer review groups involved in OTH activities. U.S. Nuclear Weapons 1. Federal Bomb Squad Neutralizes Fake Nuke in Anchorage Training Exercise 2. Boeing Protests Northrop's Long Range Strike Bomber Contract 3. -
The Russian Operational-Tactical
MAANPUOLUSTUSKORKEAKOULU STRATEGIAN LAITOS JULKAISUSARJA 4: TYÖPAPEREITA No 42 NATIONAL DEFENCE UNIVERSITY DEPARTMENT OF STRATEGIC AND DEFENCE STUDIES SERIES 4: WORKING PAPERS No 42 THE RUSSIAN OPERATIONAL- TACTICAL ISKANDER MISSILE SYSTEM STEFAN FORSS MAANPUOLUSTUSKORKEAKOULU Strategian laitos HELSINKI 2012 Stefan Forss: The Russian Operational-Tactical Iskander Missile System Maanpuolustuskorkeakoulu, Strategian laitos Julkaisusarja 4: työpapereita No 42 National Defence University, Department of Strategic and Defence Studies Series 4: Working Papers No 42 Uusimmat julkaisut pdf-muodossa: http://www.mpkk.fi/ Kannen kuva: Janne Kopu ISSN 1236-4983 Maanpuolustuskorkeakoulu – National Defence University Strategian laitos – Department of Strategic and Defence Studies Juvenes Print Tampere 2012 THE RUSSIAN OPERATIONAL-TACTICAL ISKANDER MISSILE SYSTEM Stefan Forss Land- and sea-based long-range ballistic nuclear missiles and air-launched cruise missiles play a central role in upholding Russia's strategic nuclear deterrent. So- called intermediate-range missiles were banned and eliminated as a result of the INF Treaty between the United States and the Soviet Union, signed in December 1987. Short- and intermediate-range ballistic missiles have, since then, been taken into widespread use in several nation-states, not least in states neighbouring Rus- sia. The Iskander missile system is a logical response to this development. The INF Treaty1 did not cover short-range also tested in combat, during the August tactical ballistic missiles or short-range 2008 Russo-Georgian War. The deploy- land-based cruise missiles. The importance ment of these missiles to Luga, in the West- of these weapons, considerably lighter than ern Military District, neighbouring Estonia strategic weapons, in military defence is and Finland, raises questions of a possible high both in conventional and nuclear roles. -
An Air Force for an Era of Great Power Competition
AN AIR FORCE FOR AN ERA OF GREAT POWER COMPETITION MARK GUNZINGER CARL REHBERG JACOB COHN TIMOTHY A. WALTON LUKAS AUTENRIED AN AIR FORCE FOR AN ERA OF GREAT POWER COMPETITION MARK GUNZINGER CARL REHBERG JACOB COHN TIMOTHY A. WALTON LUKAS AUTENRIED 2019 ABOUT THE CENTER FOR STRATEGIC AND BUDGETARY ASSESSMENTS (CSBA) The Center for Strategic and Budgetary Assessments is an independent, nonpartisan policy research institute established to promote innovative thinking and debate about national security strategy and investment options. CSBA’s analysis focuses on key questions related to existing and emerging threats to U.S. national security, and its goal is to enable policymakers to make informed decisions on matters of strategy, security policy, and resource allocation. ©2019 Center for Strategic and Budgetary Assessments. All rights reserved. ABOUT THE AUTHORS Mark Gunzinger is a Senior Fellow at the Center for Strategic and Budgetary Assessments. Mr. Gunzinger has served as the Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense for Forces, Transformation and Resources. A retired Air Force Colonel and Command Pilot, he joined the Office of the Secretary of Defense in 2004 and was appointed to the Senior Executive Service and served as Principal Director of the Department’s central staff for the 2005–2006 Quadrennial Defense Review (QDR). He served as Director for Defense Transformation, Force Planning and Resources on the National Security Council staff. Mr. Gunzinger holds an M.S. in National Security Strategy from the National War College, a Master of Airpower Art and Science degree from the School of Advanced Air and Space Studies, an M.P.A. -
Explosive Weapons
Explosive Weapons - Factors that produce wide area effects There is broad agreement that wide area effects from explosive weapons result from three main characteristics, either individually or in combination. These effects are cumulative, with blast and fragmentation effects always present and with inaccuracy of delivery and the use of multiple warheads, where applicable, extending those effects across a wider area. As well as increasing the likelihood of direct civilian deaths and injuries, the combination of these effects also results in the destruction of civilian property and infrastructure vital to the civilian population, with longer-term implications for public health and development (sometimes called ‘tertiary’ or ‘reverberating’ effects). This table highlights some common types of explosive weapon systems that have caused grave civilian harm. It does not aim to be exhaustive. LARGE BLAST OR FRAGMENTATION RADIUS INACCURACY OF DELIVERY MULTIPLE WARHEADS OR FIRINGS A large amount of explosive substance can An explosive munition may land anywhere A number of explosive munitions is fired or create a powerful blast wave. Fragments within a wide area released and spreads to cover a wide area (pieces of the casing and debris) can be Examples projected over a long distance Air-dropped bombs Certain air-dropped bombs have a Unguided gravity bombs, dropped To counteract uncertainty about • Unguided Mk82 (500lb) very high explosive yield that can from an aircraft, can be difficult to hitting the target, amongst other • BLU-117 (Mk84) create a powerful blast effect, which place accurately on a target. Many reasons, an aircraft may release • Guided GBU-12 • GBU-43/B (MOAB) can lead to the collapse of entire factors influence where the bomb will multiple bombs in what is called a • FAB-1500 (3307lb) buildings. -
Nuclear Threshold Lowered?
Print ISSN 2433-4189 / Online ISSN 2433-4197 グローバルセキュリティセミナー叢書 第6号 GLOBAL SECURITY SEMINAR SERIES NO. 6 NDA-FOI Joint Seminar Nuclear Threshold Lowered? Coedited by Hideya Kurata and Jerker Hellström 防衛大学校先端学術推進機構 グローバルセキュリティセンター © National Defense Academy, Japan Ministry of Defense 1-10-20 Hashirimizu, Yokosuka, 239-8686 JAPAN Global Security Seminar Series No.6 NDA-FOI Joint Seminar Nuclear Threshold Lowered? Coedited by Hideya Kurata and Jerker Hellström March 2021 Center for Global Security, National Defense Academy Yokosuka, Japan i CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS iv INTRODUCTION 1 CHAPTER 1 Frank A. Rose Assessing the 2018 U.S. Nuclear Posture Review? 7 CHAPTER 2 Hirofumi Tosaki Regional Deterrence and Nuclear Arms Control: 20 A Japanese Perspective CHAPTER 3 John Rydquist Nuclear Dilemmas in Europe: Nuclear Deterrence and 38 Strategic Stability post-INF CHAPTER 4 Naomi Koizumi Russia’s Debate on Strategic Deterrence: 50 From Strategic Nuclear Deterrence to Hybrid Warfare CHAPTER 5 Masahiro Kurita Strategic Stability in Changing Nuclear South Asia: 63 Emerging Risks CHAPTER 6 Johan Englund China’s Nuclear Policy and Sino–Indian Relations in the 77 Nuclear Realm CHAPTER 7 Hideya Kurata Escaping from the Accuracy-Vulnerability Paradox: 93 The DPRK’s Initial Escalation Ladders in War Strategy CHAPTER 8 Jerker Hellström North Korea’s Nuclear Posture after the Summit 105 Meetings: A View from China CHAPTER 9 Takeshi Watanabe South Korean Civilians’ Political Domain behind 110 Coercion: A Chance for Autonomy from Alliances CONTRIBUTORS 124 ii GLOBAL SECURITY SEMINAR SERIES Global Security Seminar Series is published occasionally by the Center for Global Security. The Center designs series of international seminars and other independent seminars. -
The Development of Russian Military Policy and Finland
AND FINLAND AND FINLANDAND FINLAND AND FINLAND MILITARY POLICY MILITARY POLICYMILITARY POLICY MILITARY POLICY Stefan Forss, Lauri Kiianlinna, Pertti Inkinen & Heikki Hult Stefan Forss, Lauri Kiianlinna, Pertti Inkinen & Heikki Hult Stefan Forss, Lauri Kiianlinna, Pertti Inkinen & Heikki Hult THE DEVELOPMENT OF RUSSIAN Stefan Forss, Lauri Kiianlinna, Pertti Inkinen & Heikki Hult THE DEVELOPMENT OF RUSSIAN THE DEVELOPMENT OF RUSSIAN THE DEVELOPMENT OF RUSSIAN National Defence University Department of Strategic and Defence Studies Series 2: Research Reports No 49 National Defence UniversityNational Defence University Department of Strategic and Defence StudiesDepartment of Strategic and Defence Studies Series 2: Research Reports No 49Series 2: Research Reports No 49 National Defence University Department of Strategic and Defence Studies Series 2: Research Reports No 49 Stefan Forss, Lauri Kiianlinna, Pertti Inkinen & Heikki Hult The Development of Russian Military Policy and Finland Series 2: No 49, 2013 .maanpuolustuskorkeakoulu. .maanpuolustuskorkeakoulu..maanpuolustuskorkeakoulu. .maanpuolustuskorkeakoulu. w ww w ww wwww ww +358 299 800 +358 299 800+358 299 800 +358 299 800 Tel. strategianlaitos@mil. Tel. Tel. [email protected]@mil. Tel. strategianlaitos@mil. National Defence University Department of Strategic and Defence Studies P.O.Box 266, 00171 HELSINKI Suomi Finland National Defence UniversityNational Defence University Department of StrategicDepartment of Strategic and Defence Studiesand Defence Studies P.O.Box -
Security &Defence European
€8.90 European D 14974 E Security ESD & Defence 10/2020 International Security and Defence Journal ISSN 1617-7983 ISSN • Medium Tactical Vehicles www.euro-sd.com • • Modernisation of the RNoN’s • Hypersonic Developments MCM Capabilities • Lightweight Field Artillery • NATO’s Collaborative Programmes • Cyber Warfare in October 2020 • Modernisation of the Czech Armed Forces Eastern Europe Politics · Armed Forces · Procurement · Technology ELCAN SPECTER® WEAPON SIGHTS Long range. Close up. One sight. Only the ELCAN Specter® DR dual-role weapon sight can instantly switch between close-combat battle mode and precision ranged fire mode. It delivers superior capabilities to protect troops – and provide a trusted advantage – across any domain, any challenge, and every mission. RTX.com/ELCAN © 2020 Raytheon Company. All rights reserved. Editorial Grumpy Old Men Between this and the next edition of Europe’s leading defence and security journal the world of US politics will rear its ugly head and bite us all – again. In a year of high drama, not to mention tragedy, the US still leads in its perplexing way; perplexing to a continent where anything other than an apolitical military and a neutral judiciary was, at least until very recently, unthinkable. In the US, and more generally around the globe, modern, democratic govern- ments have failed in their duty to protect their citizens, and not just from COVID-19. Popular media and professional pollsters suggest that we may soon see the back of Mr Trump, but wait a moment! Thousands of unopened ballot papers from 2016; stories of gangs knocking on doors to deliver pre-filled ballot papers to vulnerable voters, and the anarchic, fiery – “but mostly peaceful” – scenes in US cities suggest that a landslide might well be on the cards, given Mr Trump surviving his latest brush with COVID-19.