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● 】 EPA/Jiji 【 BRICS Summit 2019 (Brazil in November 2019) In addition, ’s presence eldin inthe the military fi That October, Russia dispatched two Tu-160 strategic Middle East and Africa has been growing. Russia has been conducting military intervention in since September 2015. Russia has indicated that it has the ability to swiftly and continually deploy military assets in remote areas while of memorandum a signed has Russia Syria. in bases acquiring understanding with on the establishment of a DMZ. Russia’s growing involvement in the Syrian situation will attract attention as a move uence aimed at expanding its infl in the Middle East. In September 2019, Minister of Defence Sergei Shoigu stated that “Russia’s military in intervention the ict Syrian ed signifi confl not only the liberation of Syria, but also Russia’s return to global politics multipolarization of the modern world.” and the fi rst rst time, andto heldAfrica South thefor the fi China, Russia, of navies the involving exercise joint trilateral sanctions—has emerged among some of the countries with a close economic relationship to Russia. On the other hand, Russia’s ability to withstand sanctions has been growing, as it has promoted import substitution, while on the foreign policy front, President has taken the stance that “there are other organizations which play an important demonstrating been has country the and affairs” world in role a growing presence in the G20 and multilateral diplomatic forums in which countries Western do not participate, such as the SCO and the association of economies ve(BRICS: Brazil, Russia, India, China, fi and majorSouth emerging Africa).

Russia

Section 1 of this Chapter (The United States) General Situation General Security Environment Surrounding Japan Surrounding Environment Security

4 DEFENSE OF JAPAN 2020 DEFENSE OF JAPAN See Section However, the INF Treaty came August to the 2019, Treaty an INF end However, in At the annual presidential address to the Federal Since the 2014 Ukrainian crisis, Russia has faced a

Part 1 Part ❶ following the United cation States’ notifi of itsto intention withdraw from when weapon the of type c pact—which specifi became a of abolition rst-ever the the on convention fi it was concluded with the United States during the Soviet era—on the grounds that Russia had violated Russia and the the United States treaty. subsequently each announced their intention to develop intermediate-range . Assembly of Russia in March of that same year, held prior to prior held year, same that of March in Russia of Assembly the presidential election, President Putin said, “Russia ranks among the world’s leading nations with a powerful foreign President time, same that At potential.” defense and economic equipment, military Russia’s modernizing about talked Putin including its strategic nuclear forces, and emphasized that Russia would be developing new weapons as a measure in response to the deployment of defense systems by the United States domestically and abroad. President Putin also expressed the recognition that Russia’s military power helped maintain strategic parity in the world, and remarked that Russia is prepared to negotiate of toward a new construction system for international security and sustainable development of civilization. President Vladimir Putin, who has been seeking the revival the seeking who has been Putin, Vladimir as a strong uential and power, infl successfully in 2018. achieved reelection In his address inaugural in May of that same year, President Putin stated that uential participant in international life, Russia strong, active and infl is a and that the country’s security and defense wellbeing, life, capability of quality that are stated also He secured. reliably security and health were his main goals, and that Russia has risen like a phoenix a number of times throughout history, again. and believes it would achieve a breakthrough diplomatically cult diffi situation, with its rightmeetings of the leaders of the Group of Seven nations to attend subject being country the and suspended being Summits) (G7 to economic sanctions. However, a phenomenon that could be dubbed “sanctions fatigue”—the inability to bearing the continue economic burden of the prolonged imposition of 113

Defense Policies of Countries 2 Chapter 2 Defense Policies of Countries Chapter 114 ● Section 4 Section Russia Defense of Japan Russia has been expanding the range of countries to which to countries of range the expanding been has Russia Amid this situation, in January 2020, President Putin The doctrine positions nuclear weapons as an essential Furthermore, defending Russian interests in the Arctic The Strategy for the Development of Activities Maritime As for Russia’s defense budget, whereas the amounts and South Africa and off the South coast Africa of the South following month. In December rst 2019, trilateralthe jointfi exercise in place took Iran and China, Russia, of navies the involving Indian Ocean. the northern it exports weapons, including promoting sales of the latest Turkey. member weapons to NATO proposed to the State Duma a constitutional amendment bill With ce. that included changes to the term president’s of offi some remarking that this is an effort by President Putin to lay the groundwork for a regime after the end of his term of ce in 2024, developmentsoffi in Russia will be the focus of ce draws to a close. term of offi attention as the president’s addition, the doctrine expresses growing alarm, defi ning the addition, the doctrine expresses growing alarm, defi following as new military risks: military NATO’s buildup; the realization of the U.S. Global Strike concept; global rise of extremism (terrorism); formation of in governments neighboring countries that carry out policies threatening Russia’s interests; and the incitement of ethnic, social, and religious confrontations in Russia. component for preventing the outbreak of and icts military nuclear that confl use wars conventional weapons, and states that Russia will maintain an adequate level of nuclear deterrent capability. Additionally, it reserves the states right to use nuclear weapons that in retaliation not Russia only for the use of nuclear or other WMDs, but also in the event of invasion using conventional weapons, where the survival of the country itself is imperiled. tasks in peacetime. was newly added as one of the military’s of the Russian Federation up to 2030, which was revised in August 2019 in “key a as that, clear makes 2015), accordance July in (approved Doctrine with Russia’s Maritime priority for the long-term development maritime of Russia’s activities,” Russia will “strive for the development [of naval units], with the objective of providing them with strategic non-nuclear deterrent capabilities.” executed for showed FY2011-FY2016 year-on-year double- digit growth, the budgets executed since FY2017 have been 】

Russian Ministry of Defence 【

Security and Defense Policies

Basic Posture Defence and Military Veterans, Mapisa-Nqakula Veterans, Defence and Military

The Military Doctrine, revised in December 2014 as In the defense domain, the Strategy commits to giving The National Security Strategy construes that Russia 1 Kobylash, commander of Russia’s Long-Range Aviation (right) and South African Minister of (right) and South Aviation Long-Range commander of Russia’s Kobylash,

Strategic “TU-160” visiting South Africa for the first time; Front: -General Lieutenant-General first time; Front: Africa for the visiting South “TU-160” ❷ a document substantiating the principles of the Security Strategy National in the military sphere, states the existing large-scale a of outbreak an of probability the while that view such increasing, are Russia to risks military decreasing, is war military infrastructure closer to as the movement of NATO’s borders Russia’s including the expansion and of the NATO, establishment and deployment of strategic MD systems. In continued priority to lledthe byrole Russia’sfulfi military force, and to ensuring strategic deterrence and preventing cient level ict of by nuclear maintaining a suffi military confl military Russian of readiness combat and capability deterrent Federation Russian the of Forces Armed the including forces, (AFRF). has an increasingly greater role in a multipolarizing world. The Strategy perceives increased activity security, national to threats as of states member its of expansion NATO and and expresses its vigilance against the U.S. deployment of c Asia-Pacifi the and Europe to systems (MD) defense missile region for undermining global and regional stability. Against the backdrop of foreign policy factors, including the including factors, policy foreign of backdrop the Against Russia Syria, in intervention military the and crisis Ukrainian set out its objectives and strategic priorities of domestic and foreign policies in the “National Security Strategy” revised in December 2015. ● 10 50 40 30 20 10 0 － －20 －30 （％） (FY) 2020 2019 2018 Year-on-year growth rate (%) 2017 2016 2015 Changes in Russia’s Defense Expenditure Defense in Russia’s Changes 2014 2013 1 - 4 - 2 2012 - Defense expenditure (in 1 trillion rubles) 2011 Nuclear Forces Fig. I Fig.

Russia still possesses ICBMs, SLBMs, and long range Russia is obligated to reduce strategic nuclear arms Regarding the professionalization of the military forces, 1 Note: The Information on Execution of Budgets of the Russian Federation announced Note: The Information on Execution of Budgets of the Russian are expenditures and by the Russian Federal Treasury (figures for FY2011-FY2019 figures for FY2020 are the budget amount). (1 trillion rubles) 3.5 3.0 2.5 2.0 1.5 1.0 0.5 0.0 4.0 Russia emphasizes its nuclear forces to secure its position, to global strike a balance with the nuclear conventional in forces inferiority of its supplement the to and States United forces. It is thus believed that Russia is making efforts to maintain readiness. bombers (Tu-95 Bears and Tu-160 Blackjacks) comparable to the United States in scale. in order to make the combat readiness of readiness the units effective, permanent Russia promotes the introduction of a contract service system (for noncommissioned officers under serve would who personnel selects which soldiers) and contracts from the conscripted military personnel. In 2015, the number of contract servicemen exceeded the number of conscripted personnel for the firsttime, and in the future the percentage of contract servicemen is set to increase further. 2019 that it had increased said proportion to an average of 60-65% across the whole military. In addition, the share of modern weapons in the nuclear triad (ICBM, SLBM, and 82%. strategic bombers) is believed to have reached

1

Fig. I-2-4-2 (Location and Strength of Russian Military of I-2-4-2 (Location and Strength [image]) Fig. Fig. I-2-4-1 (Changes in Russia’s Defense Budget) Defense in Russia’s I-2-4-1 (Changes Fig. Military Posture and Trends Military Posture Security Environment Surrounding Japan Surrounding Environment Security 

Military Reform DEFENSE OF JAPAN 2020 DEFENSE OF JAPAN

According to documents published by Russia’s Ministry of Finance and Federal Treasury. Ministry and Federal of Finance According to documents published by Russia’s See See Regarding the modernization of the military forces, Regarding the downsizing of the military forces, it was 2

Part 1 Part ❸ 1 Russia’s military Russia’s forces are comprised of forces such as the AFRF, the Border Guard Service of the of the Russian Federation (FSB), and AFRF The the Federation. Russian Federal the of Service Guard National consists of three services and two independent forces: Land Forces; Navy; Aerospace Forces; Strategic Missile Forces; Airborne Forces. and Russia has been working to increase its percentage of new equipment to 70% by 2020, and announced in December decided that AFRF would have a strength of one million personnel as of 2016. reorganized Since its December six military 2010, districts districts Southern, (Western, Central Russia and Eastern Districts). into four military On this basis, Russia established a joint strategic command in each and operations of is its entire military carrying forces, such as out the ground integrated force, naval force, and aerospace forces under the control of the Military District In Commander. December 2014, the Northern Joint Strategic Command in charge of the Arctic became operational. Russia has implemented full-scale military reform 1997 by presenting since the three pillars of reform: downsizing; modernization; and Russia professionalization. is Moreover, advancing measures including troop reductions, structural reform (from the -based command structure to brigade-based one), a strengthening of combat readiness, and modernization of the AFRF such as the development and introduction of new equipment. declining, shrinking from a peak of 4.4% of GDP in FY2016 FY2016 in GDP of 4.4% of peak a from shrinking declining, the for 3% below remain to set look and FY2020, in 2.9% to time being. 115

Defense Policies of Countries 2 Chapter 2 Defense Policies of Countries Chapter 116 Section 4 Section Russia Defense of Japan Su-30 × 133 Su-33 × 17 Su-34 × 122 Su-35 × 90 (HQ: ) Eastern Military District 1 vessel Russia (Eastern Joint Strategic Command) 4 vessels 13 vessels 16 vessels 71 vessels Tu-95 × 60 Tu-160 × 16 Tu-22M × 62 1,470 aircraft Approx. 2,800 Approx. 141.94 million T-90, T-80, T-72, etc. Approx. 35,000 troops Approx. 900,000 troops Approx. 330,000 troops 1,130 vessels, Approx. 2,050,000 tons MiG-29 × 142 MiG-31 × 112 Su-25 × 216 Su-27 × 119 (Fourth generation : Total 934) 1 year (In addition to conscription, there is a contract service system) (Not including mothballed . Approx. 13,000 including mothballed tanks) (Not including mothballed tanks. Approx. 13,000 including (HQ: ) (HQ: ) Central Military District (Central Joint Strategic Command) (Northern Joint Strategic Command) (HQ: Rostov-on-Don) (HQ: ) Western Military District Southern Military District (Western Joint Strategic Command) (Southern Joint Strategic Command) Tanks Severomorsk Frigates Marines Cruisers Bombers Warships Population Destroyers Submarines Ground troops Combat aircraft Aircraft carriers Term of service Modern fighter aircraft Location Military of Russian and Strength (image) Astrankhan Total military forces Baltic Fleet Kaliningrad Air forces 2 Reference Sevastopol (in ) - Ground forces Black Sea Fleet 4 Maritime forces Source: “The Military Balance 2020,” etc. Ground troops include 280,000 ground force personnel and 45,000 airborne unit personnel. Source: “The Military Balance 2020,” etc. Ground troops include 280,000 ground force personnel and 45,000 airborne - 2 - Fig. I Fig. 】 】 】 JANES 【 Russian Ministry of Defence Russian Ministry of Defence 【 【 [Russian Ministry of Defence] system “Iskander” Ground-launched missile Ground-launched system “Kalibr” Sea-launched Sea-launched Borey-class submarine Borey-class ICBM “Sarmat” Description Specifications, performance Specifications, performance Specifications, Description performance Specifications, Description performance Specifications, Description Firing range: 200 km - 500 km range: Firing Guidance system: satellite + Inertia + Positioning etc. Radar, Propellant system: Solid propellant system See “Column” Under development Capable of New heavy ICBM. carrying range of a broad or and of attackingsuch as hypersonic warheads via the targets with no substantial range limitation; Scheduled to be deployedthe South Pole in 2021. 19,711 tons displacement: Water Maximum speed: 25 knots (approximately 46 km/h) Bulava SLBM armament: Main (maximum firing range 8,300 km) submarine carrying new type of strategic nuclear-powered ’s It can carry 16 rst ship being commissioned in 2012. the fi ballistic missiles, c Fleet since 2015. It has been deployed with the Pacifi SLBMs. Submarine-launched range: Firing 2,000 approx. - (antisurface) type type ship-launched Surface km; 1,500 km (antisurface) - approx. Mach 0.8 Speed: It can be loaded on various platforms Once used in the operation in Syria. ground- is a which thatsuggest some and served it for 9M729, the basis as launched intermediate-range cruise missile of the kind whose development as alleged by the Treaty and possession has been prohibited under the INF United States. does not contravene the INF Treaty, it has been pointed out that Treaty, does not contravene the INF sea- “Kalibr” the 9M729 was developed on the basis of the which is believed to have launched anti-surface cruise missile, therefore believed that It is the 9M729’s a range of 2,000 km. There is also a variant called range could easily be extended. “Iskander-M” which is based on the the -E, but its capabilities and detailed and designed for export, cations have not been revealed. specifi “Sarmat” “Sarmat” ground- “Iskander” “Iskander” “Bulava,” SLBM were commissioned. There are Security Environment Surrounding Japan Surrounding Environment Security “Kalibr” SLCM system. SLCM “Kalibr” Column The 9K720 Iskander is a Russian tactical surface-to-surface It can be used with two types of missile: missile system. the 9M728 ballistic (such as the 9M723) and cruise (including “Iskander-M” The former variant is called the and 9M729). reporting name: SS-26 / NATO DoD reporting name: (U.S. “Iskander-K.” while the latter is referred to as the Stone), SRBMs the resembles outwardly missile ballistic 9M723 The and July 25, in 2019 on May 4 and 9, launched by North Korea the 9M723 is Unlike conventional ballistic missiles, August 6. y at lower altitudes and on an irregular trajectory, believed to fl and the prevailing view is that such missiles are designed it At the same time, to breach missile defense networks. has been noted that the 9M729 cruise missile is a ground- launched intermediate-range cruise missile of the kind whose development and possession has been prohibited by the United While Russia claims Treaty. States since 2014 under the INF that the 9M729 has a range of less than 500 km and therefore DEFENSE OF JAPAN 2020 DEFENSE OF JAPAN In 2011, Russia started the deployment of “Yars” As for non-strategic nuclear forces, Russia scrapped Part 1 Part ICBM, which is considered a multi- version of the “Topol-M” ICBM. It is currently developing the pursuant pursuant to the New Strategic concluded with Arms the Reduction United States. Treaty Russia is accelerating working on the development and weapons under the introduction policy to prioritize the modernization of of new (GPV: Program Armaments State the on based forces nuclear Vooruzheniya). Gosudarstvennaya Programma with missiles intermediate-range and short- ground-launched accordance in 1991 by km 5,500 and 500 between of range a following the and States, United the with Treaty INF the with year removed tactical nuclear weapons from naval vessels for still storage possesses onshore. a Russia, broad however, array of other nuclear forces and has in recent years been the of deployments with forward moving heavy ICBM, heavy which is believed to be capable of a carrying warhead with the capability to breach systems. Three Borey-class missile SSBN vessels, which defense carry the new-type plans to deploy four such vessels each to the Northern Fleet the future. c Fleet in and Pacifi launched system, which is believed to be warheads, nuclear or conventional either carrying of capable and the 117

Defense Policies of Countries 2 Chapter 2 Defense Policies of Countries Chapter 118 Section 4 Section 】 】 】 Russia Defense of Japan Russian Ministry of Defence Russian Ministry of Defence Russian Ministry of Defence 【 【 【 Su-57 (below) flying jointly with heavy “Nudol” anti-satellite missile missile anti-satellite “Nudol” unmanned combat aerial vehicle “Okhotnik” unmanned combat aerial vehicle “Nudol” Anti-satellite missile system Fifth-generation fi ghter “Su-57” Fifth-generation fi Su-35 fi ghter Su-35 fi Specifications, performance Specifications, Description performance Specifications, Explanation Specifications, performance Specifications, Description Under development 15.0 Width × m 20.8 length Total m × Height 5.1 m; 37 tons Maximum takeoff weight: Mach 1.6 Cruising speed: It is considered that Russia is now developing an engine to enable supersonic cruise. ight in 2019. fl rst model crashed during a test The fi Speed: Mach 2.25 Speed: air-to-air RVV-BD armament: Main range ring fi (maximum missiles air-to-ship Kh-59MK km), 200 range ring fi (maximum missiles 285 km) been has it Force, Air Russian the of fighter multipurpose of type New East since 2014. deployed in the Far Anti-satellite missile system launching missiles from a transporter erector seven least At launcher (TEL). rmed so far. launches have been confi the U.S. April 2020, In thatannounced a conducted Russia test launch of anti-satellite weapons, which was allegedly for the Nudol. Under development Space Space Situational Awareness (SSA) through the use of the International Science Optical Network’s (ISON) telescopes, while optical also promoting the development of anti- satellite weapons, such as the system, for which multiple launch tests are said been conducted. to Since 2013, have Russia has put satellites into and rendezvous conduct to orbits geostationary and low both proximity operations (RPO), which have repeatedly been observed engaging in frequent RPO with other countries’ satellites on geostationary orbits. Russia is also suspected of stepping up activities using weapons of electronic warfare, with accusations AFRF that based on the Kola Peninsula in NATO major the while signals GPS jammed Circle Arctic the Juncture was taking place in 2018. Trident military exercise Su-35 fi ghter and Su-35 fi Conventional Forces and Other Issues Conventional Forces

The AFRF has also been stepping up its activities in the As well as commenting on Russia’s breaches of the 2 Russia is developing and procuring in conventional accordance with forces its GPV. It is also moving ahead with the development, procurement, and deployment development under currently “Su-57” the as such equipment, of Armata new T-14 the and fi ghter” generation fth “fi so-called the as , in addition to the introduction of the realms of space and electromagnetic spectrum years. in In recent addition to its own early warning other facilities and radar equipment, Russia has been increasing its the surface-to-surface missile system “Iskander.” In August 2019, the Russian Ministry of Defence announced that the heavy unmanned remarked have some combat As fl ight. aerial rst vehicle fi its completed successfully “Okhotnik” had that the “Okhotnik” could conceivably breach anti-aircraft defenses in combination with the close ghter, attention will need to be Su-57 paid fth-generation tofi developments fi involving these new items of equipment. The Russian Navy currently has one conventional powered aircraft carrier, but carrier aircraft nuclear-powered a acquire to plans reportedly by the end of 2030. INF Treaty since May 2013, the United States repeatedly demanded that the country return to compliance with the treaty. However, Russia consistently denied violating the treaty and has criticized the United States, saying that it is itself in breach of on the the INF grounds Treaty, Aegis that Ashore is equipped with a system cruise Thus, missiles. with the United capable States Tomahawk and of launching Russia remaining as far apart as ever, the have to ceased treaty the treaty that rmed ended confi in Russia 2019. August effect due to the United responsibility States’ the complete all withdrawal, that saying and by States United the criticized for escalating tensions across the Washington. Furthermore, Russia world stated that will it is essential rest with to resume full dialogue to safeguard strategic stability and security, and that Russia is open to that. However, Russia declared that they would take steps to counteract the threat intermediate- ground-launched deployed States United the if range missiles in c the Asia-Pacifi region. Developments involving the deployment of ground-launched intermediate- could they as closely, watched be to need will missiles range surrounding environment security the on impact major a have Japan. 】 】 】 SPUTNIK/Jiji Press Photo Russian Ministry of Defence 【 【 Russian Ministry of Defence 【 missile “Burevestnik” Nuclear-powered cruise Nuclear-powered ALBM “Kinzhal” HGV “Avangard” Specifications, performance Specifications, Description Specifications, performance Specifications, Description Description A plan A is underway elds to in construct or rebuild 10 airfi In addition, the AFRF continues to operate several Under development atying lower Viewed as capable of fl trajectory range no with substantial Speed: Mach 10 or more Speed: 2,000 km or more range: Firing missile ballistic Air-launched ghter that can be loaded on a fi Some ight. maneuvered during fl model of a ground-launched short- ALBM is an air-launched point out that “Iskander.” range ballistic missile Viewed as capable of fl ying through the atmosphere at a speed exceeding Viewed as capable of fl 20 and of avoidingMach by changing altitudes and trajectories. MD systems Started to be deployed in December 2019. altitudes and on an unpredictable unpredictable an on and altitudes powered. Some point outpoint that Some that amilitary in explosion the facility occurred powered. limitation due to being nuclear- being to due limitation weapon. this developing in byexperiment an was caused 2019 August in other other countries outside its borders. In 2019, it Africa. with Laos and South exercises held joint Arctic, the and in November 2019, Russia announced that it had installed radar capable of ghtersdetecting and stealth fi hypersonic vehicles on the archipelago of Novaya Zemlya. In Arctic, the AFRF the has not only resumed the operation but has also been conducting such of such military facilities, and SSBN by patrols deterrence nuclear strategic as activities and Tu-95 example, For bombers. long-range by ights fl patrol Tu-160 long-range bombers have frequently been observed ying throughfl international airspace off the Alaskan coast Sea and Norwegian Sea. and over the Barents permanent bases within Syria, though in December 2017 it largely terminated the military operations conducted in Syria since 2015. that it had “Avangard” “Avangard” “Kinzhal” air-launched “Burevestnik” nuclear-powered nuclear-powered “Burevestnik” Security Environment Surrounding Japan Surrounding Environment Security New Weapons Trends Related to the AFRF Related to the Trends DEFENSE OF JAPAN 2020 DEFENSE OF JAPAN

Russia also conducts joint training and exercises with In August 2019, an explosion killed several Russian 4 3 Part 1 Part Since 2010, the AFRF has been round-robin exercises conducting in large-scale each military district, objective of verifying with the combat readiness the of the military districts, etc. These exercises are helping to improve long-distance the mobilization capability of the large-scale AFRF. The Tsentr 2019 military September exercise 2019, primarily in the Central was Military District, held in with the involvement of approximately 128,000 personnel, around 600 aircraft, 15 ships, and more than 20,000 military vehicles. Like the previous year’s 2018 Vostok exercise in the Russian Far East, China also participated, as did India, October In countries. Asian Central of number a and Pakistan, place took exercises command-post strategic Grom the 2019, at training grounds in each region under President Putin’s leadership. During these exercises, ballistic missiles were red from nuclear submarines in the Barents Sea and Sea of fi Russian The base. space Plesetsk the from also and Okhotsk, Ministry of Defence oversaw the exercise and announced that all tasks prescribed in the strategic nuclear deterrence training process had been completed. Talking about priorities for 2019, President Putin Talking mentioned the need for modern strategic nuclear forces with enhanced missile defense system penetration capabilities, as laying as emphasis on future mass well production of the HGV “Avangard.” That February, President Putin ordered that development the on provided be reports progress half-yearly and deployment of new weapons, including the Ministry of Defence personnel and state corporation nuclear energy staff at Arkhangelsk a in Russian northern Russia. military As transporting a facility radioactive special material near ship was for present waters at the time of the accident, it has been suggested in that nearby the AFRF was testing the HGV, the “Sarmat” ICBM, and the ballistic missile (ALBM). Additionally, he revealed for the rst timefi that Russia was developing the “Zircon,” a sea- launched hypersonic cruise missile that is believed to have a to up speeds of capable be and km 1,000 over of range ring fi approximately Mach 9. cruise missile that it is currently developing. 119

Defense Policies of Countries 2 Chapter 2 Defense Policies of Countries Chapter 120 ● Section 4 Section 】 】 】 Russia Defense of Japan Russian Ministry of Defence Russian Ministry of Defence Russian Ministry of Defence 【 【 【 “Bal” and “Bastion” surface-to-ship “Bastion” and “Bal” Naval Forces Naval “Bastion” Surface-to-ship missile Surface-to-ship missile “Bal” Anti-air Missile system S-400 Specifications, performance Specifications, Description Specifications, performance Specifications, Description performance Specifications, Description Maximum firing range: 250km Maximum firing range: (anti-aircraft); 60 km (anti-ballistic missiles) 27km Maximum altitude: capabilitythe has missile This to intercept ballistic missiles and act It It was deployed in the Eastern District in 2012. missile. as an air-defense has been pointed out that a missile with a maximum range of 400 km also exists (the 40N6). Maximum firing range: 130km Maximum firing range: the with missile Surface-to-ship it etc., objective of coastal defense, Pacific the to deployed been has improved An 2016. since Fleet of range maximum a with missile 260 km also exists (the 3M-24U). 300km Maximum firing range: the with missile Surface-to-ship It etc. objective of coastal defense, Pacific the to deployed been has Fleet since 2014. The c Pacifi Fleet is stationedbases or deployed in Vladivostok at its main eetThe is fl and comprised of approximately Petropavlovsk-Kamchatskiy. 260 ships with a all of its combat forces into The Eastern permanent Military District readiness now consists units. of ten brigades and two divisions with approximately 80,000 personnel in total as well as a marine brigade equipped with amphibious operations capability. The Eastern Military introduced new equipment, District such as the “Iskander” has surface- system, missile to-surface missile system. surface-to-air missiles, and the “S-400” so close scrutiny of developments in this required. regard will be （3）

Russian Forces in the Vicinity of Japan Russian Forces

General Situation General Ground Forces Nuclear Forces

Given that the AFRF set their basis of operation on The current presence of AFRF the in the Far East region Russia thus appears to be stepping up military activities, In June 2019, a detachment from the Northern Fleet

1 ❹ As part of its military reforms, Russia is thought to have mostly have to thought is Russia reforms, military its of part As completed its of reorganization the command structure from a division-based to a brigade-based one, while also shifting As for strategic nuclear forces in the Far East region, one Delta one region, East Far the in forces nuclear strategic for As III-class SSBN and two Borey-class SSBNs equipped with SLBMs are deployed in and around the Sea of Okhotsk, and approximately 30 Tu-95 long-range bombers are deployed in . Russia is prioritizing the reinforcement of its greatly been had which posture deterrence strategic maritime scaled-down compared to the former , and as part of these efforts, it plans on deploying four Borey-class c Fleet by 2020. SSBNs to the Pacifi maintaining the combat readiness of their strategic nuclear units and dealing with icts confl necessary throughis it units, readiness round-the-clock theits of mobility intertheater to keep our attention on the positioning and trends of the AFRF in the Far East region while also keeping in mind the trends of units in other regions. is signifi cantly smalleris thansignifi it was at its peak. However, a considerable scale of military forces, forces, including still remains nuclear in the region. Russian in armed the forces vicinity of Japan are generally increasing including the activity, trend related to deployment of new units and military facility development. Russia newly established the Eastern Military District and the Eastern Joint Strategic Command in 2010. Land Forces, c Fleet,the andPacifi the and Air Defense Units have been placed under the Military District Commander, ed operation of these services. who conducts unifi visited Cuba. This marked the fourth time in Russia’s history Russia’s in time fourth the marked This Cuba. visited the Caribbean. warship had visited that a Russian （2） （1） 】 Russian Ministry of Defence 【 Steregushchiy-class frigate Steregushchiy-class ghter-bomber Su-34 fi Specifications, performance Specifications, Description Specifications, performance Specifications, Description Regarding aircraft, since the resumption of the patrol Speed: Mach 1.6 Speed: R-27ER1 air-to-air Main armament: missile (maximum firing range 100 air-to-surface Kh-59ME and km), missile (maximum firing range 200 km) it has been deployed Air Force, of the Russian ghter-bomber New type of fi 2020 February in time rst fi the for rmed Confi 2016. since East Far the in through scrambles. Main armament: SS-N-25 anti-ship Main armament: firing maximum a (with missiles range of 130 km (or 260 km for the ship-to- 9M96 version)), improved ring range air missiles (maximum fi 60 km) tobe deployed. ofcFleet this type andmore have two beenaredeployed scheduled to thePacifi Russian Navy’s new frigate, which was fi rst commissioned in 2007. Two frigatesTwo rst2007. in commissioned newRussianNavy’s frigate,waswhich fi activities by its strategic aviation units in 2007, Russia has ightsbeen by increasing long-rangefl bombers. Also, there ights ofTu-95were long-rangefl bombers refueled in mid- ightfl and supported by A-50 early warning and control long distance voyages have been carried out by Pacifi c Fleet long distance voyages have been carried out by Pacifi vessels, along with assigned missions involving operations in Syria and patrols by nuclear-powered September submarines. 2018, 28 In naval vessels including a Slava-class guided missile cruiser passed through the Soya Strait. This Ministry the by announced vessels of number largest the was of Defense (MOD) as having transited this strait at the same time since the end of roughly the located Island Matsuwa Cold on place War. Additionally, taken survey have activities in the middle of the Chishima Islands, with the objective of studying the feasibility of c deploying Fleet’s Pacifi forces there in the future, and it is said that a new runway has been completed on that island as well. It is also pointed out that bases will be constructed on Matsuwa Island Paramushir Island, located in as the north of Chishima Islands, well as and that there are plans to deploy Bal and Bastion surface- to-ship missiles there. Attention must be paid to movement covering system defense coastal a of construction the towards the Northern Territories and Chishima Islands. In August 2019, it was reported that a number of Bastion batteries had been deployed on Matsuwa Island. Su-34 fi ghter- Su-34 fi Steregushchiy-class frigates, and the Steregushchiy-class Security Environment Surrounding Japan Surrounding Environment Security Operations in the Vicinity of Japan in the Operations Air Forces DEFENSE OF JAPAN 2020 DEFENSE OF JAPAN

With regard to With naval vessels, their activities are generally The number of exercises carried out by the Russian Land In September 2018, 2018, Vostok considered the largest 2 Part 1 Part increasing in recent years. For example, various exercises and exercises various example, For years. recent in increasing Forces in the areas adjacent to Japan has decreased from the its activities are generally increasing. peak. However, since 1981, was carried out in the Eastern Military District. According to a Russian Defense Ministry announcement, approximately 300,000 personnel, 36,000 tanks and other vehicles, 80 vessels, and 1,000 aircraft participated in the exercise. The participating units undertook long-distance maneuvers over distances of up to 7,000 km, while vessels of the Northern Fleet sailed up to 4,000 nautical miles. The Chinese and Mongolian militaries also participated in the exercise. is positioned as an annual strategic military exercise hosted in turn by each of districts and is four regarded as an initiative military aimed at giving the participating military forces the capacity to engage in large- icts with military superpowers over a short period scale confl and the ability to uence wield over infl potential enemies. Notable features of this year’s exercise were the size of the units deployed and the participation of countries other than allies. Russia’s In the vicinity of Japan, the increasing its activities, including exercises and drills which AFRF has been generally verifying as such objectives for conducted be to believed are the results of the military reform. In the Eastern Military District, Russia deploys approximately deploys Russia District, Military Eastern the In 400 combat aircraft from its Aerospace Forces and Navy combined. Existing models are being modernized and new models, such as the ghters Su-35 and fi the , are being introduced to improve their capabilities. bombers, are being introduced to improve their total displacement in the region of approximately 610,000 tons, including approximately 20 major surface ships and approximately 20 submarines (approximately 13 of which are nuclear powered submarines) with a total displacement of approximately 290,000 tons. It also plans on deploying four multipurpose “Gremyashchiy”—an improved version of the Steregushchiy- the of version improved “Gremyashchiy”—an class frigate that could soon be deployed—is believed to be rst vessel the inc Fleetfi to the Pacifi be armed with Kalibr cruise missiles. （4） 121

Defense Policies of Countries 2 Chapter 2 Defense Policies of Countries Chapter 122 ● 9 1 Section 4 Section 0 (FY) 2 8 1 0 2 Russia 7 1 0 Defense of Japan 2 6 1 0 2 5 1 0 2 4 1 0 2 3 1 0 Changes in the Number of Scrambles againstChanges in the Russian Aircraft 2 2 1 0 2 1 1 3 0 - 2 4 - 0 2 1 0 - 2 Fig. I-2-4-3 (Changes in the Number of Scrambles against in the Number of Scrambles I-2-4-3 (Changes Fig. Russian Aircraft)  0 50 Fig. I Fig. 500 450 400 350 300 250 200 150 100

See (Times) As described above, Russia continues to station AFRF Ministerial Defense and Foreign Japan-Russia the During Etorofu and Kunashiri Islands. in the Northern Territories, which are inherent territories of Japan, and has recently been activities in the territories increasing under de facto occupation. Some the AFRF’s people’s Russian the reflect developments such that out point heightened awareness of territorial integrity Ukrainian crisis, as well as the rising military importance due of to the the Northern Territories adjacent to the Sea of Okhotsk, an operating area of SSBN. Meeting (2+2) held in May 2019, military Japan build-up stated in that the the Northern Territories by AFRF inconsistent is with Japan’s legal positions. In addition, Japan expressed a concern about the vigorous activities of Russian response calm a for called and Japan around aircraft military from Russia. Closer attention must military be movements in the Far East, including paid the Northern to Russian Territories. the first time. the first

Russian Forces in Japan’s Northern Territories Russian Forces in Japan’s

Russia has been proceeding with the development of ❺ military facilities in in the recent Northern Territories years. In November 2016, Russia announced coastal that (surface-to-ship) missiles to it Etorofu and Kunashiri deployed Islands. In January 2018, the new civilian airport built in 2014 in military Etorofu airfield Island in addition Tennei to was opened up to joint military and civilian use, with three Su-35 fighter aircraft reportedly deployed to the new airport in August 2018. Russia also continues to carry out military Territories. Northern the include can that islands on exercises In October 2019, the Eastern Military District announced that drills to repel landings by a hypothetical enemy assault regions, Primorsky and Sakhalin the in held be to were force involving up to 8,000 personnel, more of than tanks and 3,000 military equipment, units and up to 50 planes and April 2020, a tactical . It was also reported that in exercise involving about 30 naval and other vessels of the Pacific Fleet was held in waters including the vicinity of Since 1978 during the former Soviet has Union redeployed era, ground troops Russia on Kunashiri, Etorofu, and Shikotan Islands of the strength troop Russian the Northern While Japan. of territories inherent Territories, which are is division one times, peak at that than less far be to thought is Furthermore, Islands. Etorofu and Kunashiri in stationed still tanks, armored vehicles, various types of and artillery, anti- air missiles are deployed. aircraft and Su-27 fighters as well as flights of Tu-160. While While Tu-160. of flights as well as fighters Su-27 and aircraft the number of scrambles against Russian aircraft fell from the previous year, Russian aircraft continued to be active in 2019, with one flight around Japan and three incursions into Japanese airspace confirmed to have occurred. In June and Japan, around flew bombers long-range Tu-95 two 2019, flew they when twice airspace territorial Japan’s into intruded northward over the Pacific Ocean. In July of the same year, two Russian Tu-95 long-range bombers carried bombers out H-6 Chinese two with patrol” “first air joint Russia-China one addition, In Sea. China East the to Japan of Sea the from Russian A-50 early warning and control aircraft allegedly supporting Tu-95 long-rage bombers intruded into Japan’s airspace above the territorial waters of Island Takeshima in Shimane Prefecture. In February 2020, two Su-34 fighter- bombers were observed flying over the Sea of Okhotsk for ● Chapter 3, Section 6 (Transfer and Proliferation of Weapons of Weapons of and Proliferation Section 6 (Transfer Chapter 3, Mass Destruction)  Relations with China

See However, However, since the United States suspended military The United States is also demonstrating increasingly 3 Russia continues to advance close with China. Export military agreements on new armaments cooperation such as the S-400 surface-to-air missile system and Su-35 fighter jets were concluded in 2015, and since 2012, Sea.” “Joint Russia exercise naval joint conducting been have and China Most recently, in July 2019, two Russian Tu-95 long-range bombers flew with two Chinese H-6 bombers from the Sea of Japan to the East China Sea. Russia and China called this conducted patrol” air joint Russia-China “first the flight joint in line with the annual military cooperation plan between the two countries. A package of documents on military and military-technical cooperation were signed at a meeting of the Russia-China Intergovernmental Joint Commission on Cooperation Military-Technical held in September exchanges with Russia in March 2014 over the Ukrainian crisis, there have been frequent instances of both countries’ aircraft and ships coming into close proximity with other. each In June 2019, a near-miss occurred in the Philippine Sea between a U.S. Forces ship and an AFRF ship, which the United States after and Russia criticized each other for their dangerous actions. vigilance over Russian activities in 2020, space. United In States February Space Command commander Gen. (USSPACECOM) John Raymond described recent Russian satellite behavior as “unusual and disturbing” and criticized Russia for activities that “do not reflect the behavior of a responsible spacefaring nation.” In addition, in April 2019, he announced that Russia had conducted an anti-satellite weapons test, noting that this was “further proof of Russia’s hypocritical advocacy of outer space arms control proposals while States United the of capabilities the restrict to designed clearly having no intention of halting its own counterspace weapons programs.” weapons that are said to be capable of reliably penetrating systems. missile defense

Moreover, based on its 2

Relations with Other Countries Relations Security Environment Surrounding Japan Surrounding Environment Security

Relations with the United States General Situation General DEFENSE OF JAPAN 2020 DEFENSE OF JAPAN

According to The Foreign Policy Concept of the Russian Federation (November 2016) Concept of the Russian Federation Policy The Foreign According to On the military front, feeling that the United States’ Attention will be paid to how Russia would balance its Meanwhile, Russian efforts to strengthen its cooperative Furthermore, Russia aspires to deepen its relations with 2 1

Part 1 Part ❻ 2 installation of missile defense systems both at home abroad—including and in criticized has Russia security, Europe regional and global undermines and the Asia-Pacific— these moves for upsetting the strategic balance. Russia is also moving forward with the development of new strategic President Putin has striven to deepen cooperative relations with the United States in as considers Russia action any on States United the opposing the economic domain, while strategic interests.” “a U.S. attempt to encroach on Russia’s Russia considers the realization of its national interests as a guiding principle of its foreign global of shift policy, the relations, international recognizing of multipolarization the importance growing the and region, Asia-Pacific the to power of force in international relations. posture of economic-centered and benefit-focused foreign policy with Russia’s politics countries. other with relations its develop to order in security and diplomacy including relations with the West are still the facing Ukrainian crisis. challenges However, after with regard to the situation, Russia Syrian is exploring the possibility of cooperation countering and Syria stabilizing towards countries other with including ISIL. international terrorist organizations, the Asia-Pacific countries, seen as drivers economy, and in of recent the global years, has attached importance to China and India. Moves to strengthen crisis, collaboration Ukrainian the since seen been have particular with in China Russia’s of deepening the to proportion inverse in seemingly Western countries. conflict with National Security Strategy, Russia engages in open, rational, open, in engages Russia Strategy, Security National and pragmatic diplomacy to protect its national interests. It aims to pursue multidirectional out futile diplomacy confrontation and by acquiring as many ruling partners as possible around the world. 123

Defense Policies of Countries 2 Chapter 2 Defense Policies of Countries Chapter 124 Section 4 Section 】 Russia Defense of Japan Russian Ministry of Defence 【 Russian Minister of Defence Shoigu and Vice Chairman of Russian Minister of Defence Shoigu and Improvement of the equipment performance and operationImprovement of the equipment There are also moves toward deepening of the military military the of deepening toward moves also are There issued the Joint Statement on Developing Comprehensive As Era. New a Entering Interaction Strategic and Partnership military Russia-China of “upgrade the extolled statement the relations to a new level,” some suggested the possibility that capability of Chinese forces through the military/technology the through forces Chinese of capability over concern increase can countries two the of cooperation attention It is necessary to to pay close security around Japan. the trend of military partnership of the two countries. cooperation. For example, the Russia-China Summit Meeting Meeting Summit Russia-China the example, For cooperation. expressed that statement joint a announced 2019 June in “raising of the relationship level,” of the two forces to a new countries two the year, same the of 4 September in and military on “document military and technology new a signed military agreement cooperation the of place in cooperation” In disclosed). not are which of contents (the 1993 in signed relationship the described Putin President because regard, this all in partnership strategic a of “alliance an as China with that view a was there while a for 2019, October in aspects” two (the restored was Alliance Military Russia-China the militarya had countries Japanup setting alliance allies its and 1980), to 1950 from period the for enemies hypothetical as and affairs foreign the by denied officially was this but defense authorities of the two countries. been implemented almost everybeen implemented 2012 is raising the year since first the for Mongolia and China 2018, In year. by year level military exercise large-scale annual the in participated time and potentials mission the inspect to Russia by out carried Tu-95 two Russian Further in July 2019, posture of its forces. from ew with two Chinese H-6 bombers long-range bombers fl rst joint air the Sea of Japan to the East China Sea as their fi close requires usually flying formation Because patrol. planned carefully was flight this that seems it alignment, beforehand. the Chinese Central Military Commission Zhang Trends in Military and China Between Russia Cooperation Trends A notable case is arms exports by Russia to China. In the the In China. to Russia by exports arms is case notable A The expanding. be to seems also exercise in Cooperation Column Russian President Putin and Chinese President Xi at the signing ceremony for the joint statement (June 2019) [Presidential Executive Office of Russia] In the past, the relationship the and China Russia (USSR) between In the past, conflicting to due time of period long a over worsened had ict. disputes thatideologies and border had led to armed confl nal agreement in 2004 to resolve fi after reaching the However, mutual their despite countries, two the issue, border the “marriage have built a strategicrelationship called a distrust, criticism global of background a against convenience” of againstChina for the South and Crisis the Ukraine for Russia the by domination unipolar the as well as issue, Sea China the two countries are in a honeymoon Recently United States. Military Xi. President and Putin President under period progressed also has countries two the cooperation between which is China, as a result of the identity of interest between economic rapid by supported buildup military promoting its recover to planning is which Russia, and development, the of collapse the after decline the from industry military USSR. made-in-Russia of customer largest the was China past, but it is believed thatRussia restrained export of the weapons, illegal China’s of result a as partly China to weapons latest However, 2007. in fighters Su-27 Russian of copying countries Western by sanctions economic the by influenced a is there seemingly crisis, Ukraine the since against Russia the between cooperation technology military that tendency latesttwo countries has been increasing and the weapons are ghters 24 new-model Su-35 fi example, For exported to China. selected Russia and 2018 by China to delivered been had System Missile surface-to-air of importer first the as China which receives inquiries from many countries. S-400s, has which Sea,” “Joint exercise naval joint the of content 2019, which was attended by Russian Minister of Defence Shoigu and Vice Chairman of the Chinese Central Military Commission Zhang. At the Russian-Chinese Summit that preceded this meeting in June, the leaders of both countries ③ Takeshima Island Russian early warning aircraft A-50 ③Russian early Relations with Other Countries Sea of Japan

Relations with Former Republics Soviet Amid this situation, Volodymyr Zelensky became ） 5 1 President of Ukraine in May 2019 and expressed the desire to desire the expressed and 2019 May in Ukraine of President the relationship resolve the dispute with Russia and improve between the two countries, whereupon a spokesperson for normalization the that position the took president Russian the of their relations was up to four-party Ukraine. summit That involving Russia, December, Ukraine, a France, and ict in eastern Ukraine, aimed at resolving the confl Germany, took place rstfor timethe infi three years in Paris and the parties agreed to rea andcomplete theceasefi exchange of captives within the year. Russia and Ukraine captives in September and December 2019. exchanged facto rule over the Crimean Peninsula, opening the Crimean mainland Russian the between link direct a as serve to Bridge and the Crimean Peninsula in May 2018. Russia positions the development of bilateral and multilateral and bilateral of development the positions Russia Island （ Takeshima H-6×2 Tu-95×2 A-50×1 ： ： ： ① ② ③ signed by 3 ② Miyakojima Island ① East China Sea Senkaku Islands Russia-China Joint Air Patrol (July 23, 2019) (July 23, Air Patrol Joint Russia-China 4 - 4 - 2 - Fig. I-2-4-4 (Russia-China Joint Air Patrol (July 23, 2019)) Air Patrol (July 23, I-2-4-4 (Russia-China Joint Fig. Security Environment Surrounding Japan Surrounding Environment Security

Relations with Ukraine Fig. I Fig. DEFENSE OF JAPAN 2020 DEFENSE OF JAPAN

②Russian Tu-95 bomber ①Chinese H-6 bomber Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE) of the regime of non-use of weapons; (3) enact the Law of Ukraine “With respect to the temporary status of local self- temporary local status the of to respect “With Ukraine Law of the enact weapons; (3) of non-use of regime the of (OSCE) Europe Co-operation in and Security Organization for cation by the OSCE, (Law on Special Status); (4) ensure monitoring on the Ukrainian-Russian state border and verifi government in certain areas of the Donetsk and the Luhansk regions” (5) immediatelytogether with the creation release all hostages of a security area in the border regions of Ukraine and the Russian Federation; and unlawfully (6) prohibit detained persons; national dialogue; (8) the prosecution and punishment of persons in connection with the events that took place in certain areas of Donetsk and Luhansk regions; (7) conduct an inclusive adopt measures aimed at improving the humanitarian situation in Donetsk and Luhansk regions; (10) remove unlawful in Donbas; (9) ensure the holding of early local elections military territorythe from militants and mercenaries as well as and the recoveryDonbass of economic revival the for a program adopt (11) of Ukraine; military economic of hardware, formations, activity in the region; and (12) provide personal security guarantees for the participants of the consultations. See Amid the emergence of such examples indicative of 4 Part 1 Part the OSCE, Russia, and Ukraine with a view to peace has remained elusive, while Russia is gradually extending its de 3 cation by the (1) ensure the immediate bilateral cessation The Minsk Protocol of September 2014 consists of the following of the use of weapons; items: ensure monitoring and verifi (2) Following Russia’s “annexation” of , sporadic clashes sporadic Crimea, of “annexation” Russia’s Following between Ukrainian troops and separatist armed forces have continued in eastern Ukraine, with reported to over have died since April 2014. 10,000 Progress in respect people of most of the provisions in the Minsk Protocol advances in the military cooperation between Russia and China and with the Treaty of Friendly Good-Neighborliness Cooperation and Between the People’s Republic China and the Russian Federation signed of in July 2001 set to the future trends. expire in 2021, attention will focus on the two countries had concluded a “military alliance,” but the but alliance,” “military a concluded had countries two the had they that denied clearly both countries both of authorities formed a military alliance. 125

Defense Policies of Countries 2 Chapter 2 Defense Policies of Countries Chapter 126 Section 4 Section Russia Defense of Japan Relations with European Countries Regarding the North Korean nuclear issue, in December In addition, Russia has been moving ahead with defense Regarding the relationship with Japan, Russia states ） 3 Through the framework of (NRC), Russia has the worked with as NATO an equal partner NATO-Russia Council in the areas of common interest, such as by participating in certain decision-making processes. However, following the Ukrainian crisis in 2014, NATO and European countries suspended their including practical that in the military domain, except for the NRC’s cooperation ambassador-level with meetings. Although Russia, NATO and situation has Ukrainian the over Russia criticizing statements issued has deployed additional military capacity in Eastern Europe 2019, Russia and China together Security circulated Council members among a draft UN resolution that included the partial lifting of sanctions based on Security resolutions. Council cooperation with Laos in equipment the and mine and field unexploded ordnance disposal of in procurementrecent of years. In December 2019, Russia held Laros 2019, its first joint army exerciseinvolvement of with more country, than the 500 personnel, with the including regiments from both countries. tank that it will develop mutually beneficial cooperation and is intensifying its approach in many fields including politics, economy and security. missile missile system and Admiral The two Grigorovich-class countries have completed joint development of the frigates. “BrahMos” supersonic cruise missile and are now jointly developing the hypersonic cruise missile “BrahMos-II.” In March 2019, the two countries signed a deal for the lease of another Akula-class nuclear-powered attack submarine, joining the other Akula-class submarine that India has been leasing since 2012. Another example of the ongoing wide- ranging military cooperation between Russia and India is the joint exercise “INDRA ,” which has been taking place since 2003 with the involvement of the armies and navies of recent in part taking also forces air their with countries, both years. （

4 Relations with Asian Countries Relations with In May 1992, leaders of six countries (, , , Russia, Tajikistan, and Uzbekistan) signed the Collective Security Treaty (CST) in Toshkent, Uzbekistan. In 1993, In 1993, Uzbekistan. Toshkent, (CST) in Treaty and Uzbekistan) signed the Collective Security Tajikistan, Russia, Kyrgyzstan, Kazakhstan, six countries (Armenia, leaders of In May 1992, the treatyfrom withdrew Uzbekistan and 1999 without renewing it. in , , However, April1994. in into effect came which treaty, the joined Georgia and Azerbaijan, effectively August 2006 but gave notice to suspend its participation in the CSTO in June 2012, Uzbekistan returned to the CSTO in the CST was reorganized into the CSTO. In May 2002, withdrawing the organization. from President Putin once remarked, “The collapse of the In 2018, Russia concluded agreements to supply India Due to increasing activities by Islamic armed insurgents ） 2 Soviet Union was a major geopolitical disaster of the 20th century,” and he has been working to unify and strengthen the sphere of the former Soviet Union through such as the CIS, the CSTO, and the creation of the Eurasian Economic Union in 2015. Furthermore, in June 2009, a permanent joint rapid reaction force was established to strengthen the functions of the CIS Collective Rapid Deployment Force. 4 with new armaments such as the S-400 surface-to-air Russia recognizes that the significance of the Asia-Pacific region is increasing within its multi-pronged foreign policy, and considers it strategically important to status strengthen in the its region from the viewpoint of socioeconomic development in and the Far East, and security. To achieve strategic stability and equal strategic partnerships, Russia places particular comprehensive emphasis partnership on relationship cooperative developing relationship and with a China as strategic maintaining a global and regional key stability, and factor also intends in to assign an important role partnership with India. for the privileged strategic in Asia Central and the Caucasus, Russia has been pursuing military cooperation measures in the region, and organized primarily the Collective Rapid on Deployment Force in May 2001 counterterrorism within the framework of the CIS Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO). cooperation cooperation with the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) as one of its most important foreign policy objectives. Russia considers that its vital interests are concentrated in the territories of the CIS, and deploys its troops in Moldova Georgia and Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Armenia, (Transnistria), (South Abkhazia), Ossetia, which withdrew from the CIS in August 2009 announced its withdrawal from CIS. Through the conclusion of an alliance and strategic partnership treaty with Abkhazia in November 2014, the Russia efforts, other and 2015, conclusion in Ossetia South with alliance of an ensure its military influence. has been working to （ Chapter 3, Section 8 (Trends in International Terrorism) Terrorism) in International Section 8 (Trends Chapter 3,

See While supporting opposing sides in the Syrian conflict, In October 2019, Russia held the first Russia-Africa The objectives of Russian military intervention may In December 2017, President Putin visited a Russian the with Syria, in presence a maintain to continues Russia Russia and Turkey coordinate their interests to avoid direct withdrawal their announced Forces U.S. When confrontation. from northern Syria in October 2019, the agreed that two Russian countries and the Turkish army would carry out joint patrols in northern Syria. In January 2020, the foreign and defense ministers of the two countries held a meeting in Moscow to discuss the Libyan situation. During this meeting, representatives of the interim Libyan Government of National Accord led by and the Fayez powerful military organization al-Sarraj that opposes it, the Libyan National Army (LNA), attended peace talks. Russia is thus increasing its influence over both the Syrian situation and peace in Libya, while at the same time coordinating its Turkey. interests with Summit in Sochi and also dispatched two Tu-160 strategic include: (1) to sustain the is Assad friendly administration to which Russia; including (2) its to military bases defend in Syria; Russian threat (3) interests to of address the international terrorist ISIL; and (4) to organizations secure influence in the including Middle East. Thus far, Russia seems to have contributed to the the recovery Assad administration’s of areas of control and protecting Russian interests. Additionally, operations in Syria using cruise missiles and strategic bombers have provided ideal setting the to demonstrate Russia’s long-range precision strike capabilities. Considering the significant influence of Russia’s military intervention on the course of the Assad administration, coupled with the expanding between partnerships Russia and surrounding countries such as Turkey and Iran, Russia’s influence on future stability in Syria and on the political settlement process cannot be ignored. military base in Syria, where he announced that the fight against terrorism in the country had been largely resolved, that Russia would continue to operate two permanent bases Russian the of most that decided had he that and Syria, within be redeployed back to Russia. forces in Syria would 2019 November in announcing Defence of Ministry Russian that it had deployed units at Qamishli airport in Air Base. as well as at its Khmeimim northeastern Syria, by promoting initiatives that aim for political resolutions in the future. Security Environment Surrounding Japan Surrounding Environment Security DEFENSE OF JAPAN 2020 DEFENSE OF JAPAN Relations with Middle Eastern and African Countries Relations with Middle Eastern and Russian have stepped up their activities Russia revealed that it has deployed two army divisions Russia is also stepping up the pace of dialogue, with Nevertheless, Nevertheless, Russia has maintained its assertive ） Part 1 Part 4 Since September 2015, while acquiring Tartus Naval Base and Air Khmeimim Base as bases of its operations in Syria, the Russian military has conducted aerial cruise red as bombing well as bombers long-range using and fighter-bombers missiles from surface vessels and submarines deployed to the Caspian Sea and Mediterranean. In December 2016, a nationwide ceasefire agreement brokered by RussiaTurkey took and effect between the Assad administration and opposition forces. While Russia has continued to fight ISIL and Hay'at Tahrir al-Sham (HTS; formerly the “al-Nusra Front”) since January 2017, it has also held Syrian peace talks in Astana, Kazakhstan together with Turkey and Iran. Russia has been increasing its presence in the Middle East in the airspace surrounding the Baltic states, where NATO Royal U.K. the 2019, July In capacity. military deployed has Air Force Air Chief Marshal Stephen Hillier disclosed that the U.K. fighters frequently scramble in response to Russian activity over the . Chief of Staff of the U.S. Air activity AFRF that acknowledged too, Goldfein, David Force around the Baltic states is on the rise. near the border with Ukraine, and one army division near its border with Belarus, and Russia conducted the strategic command and staff exercise Zapad 2017 Military in District its Western and Belarus October in held in meeting NRC the at up brought was exercise September 2017. That of that same year, where it was pointed out that the number of actually participating soldiers and the area used for the exercise were larger than indicated in the made announcement by Russia prior to the exercise. However, there were no invasions into other countries by Russia, and no Russian units stayed in Belarus following the exercise, which were points of concern. the 2+2 joint foreign and defense ministerial consultations between Russia and France taking place for the first time in in September 2019. seven years in Moscow diplomatic diplomatic behavior, with President Putin stating chances” during “always are a there that Italy to visit official 2019 July to restore relations, but “many things will also depend on Europe.” and the Baltic states, there are differences among member Russia. to response NATO’s for enthusiasm their in countries （ 127

Defense Policies of Countries 2 Chapter 2 Defense Policies of Countries Chapter 128 Section 4 Section Russia 】 Defense of Japan SPUTNIK/Jiji Press Photo 【 the MAKS-2019 Russian President Putin introducing Su-57 to Turkish President Erdogan at President Turkish Su-57 to Russian President Putin introducing air missile systems to China. It has been pointed out that this deal was made possible because the interests of China and Russia coincided: while China promotes weapons indigenous production, it still needs Russian technology for state-of-the-art equipment, whereas Russia aims to avoid diplomatic isolation caused by the Ukrainian crisis and to t throughgain arms economic exports.profi In recent years, and allies to arms its marketing aggressively been has Russia partners of the United States, including Turkey and Saudi Arabia, in addition to traditional export the particular, export of a S-400 member to Turkey, country destinations. In of has NATO, met with strong opposition from the United to prepared is it that revealed has Russia Furthermore, States. ghters, but also the Su-57 export to not Turkey only Su-35 fi fi ghter. fth-generation fi manufactured since the 2000s, which feature an array of manufactured since the 2000s, stealth capabilities and including the latest technologies, the United Su-57, (Russia’s networked electronic instruments. into fall all example, for J-20, China’s and States’F-35, “4++ cation Russia uses the unique classifi this category.) ghters undergoing a two-stage upgrade for jet fi generation” S-35 and the Mig-35, such as the from the fourth generation, which is currently under development. Fourth/Fifth-Generation Fighters Fourth/Fifth-Generation fi ghters and two fi S-400 surface-to- In January 2007, the Russian Government 5 Column “4++ generation” Arms Exports While there are no clear criteria for defi ning jet fi ghter jet fi ning defi for criteria clear no are there While generally ghter” “fourth-generation jet fi the term generations, which indicates those manufactured since the 1980s, demonstrate excellent maneuverability thanks to their engine power and are equipped with high-performance weapon- the United States’ F-15, Su-27, (Russia’s targeting radar. all fall into this category.) for example, J-16, and China’s ghters refers to advanced jet fi ghter” jet fi “Fifth-generation

arms exports in the world (21%) after the United States. Russia exports equipment such ghters, as vessels fi and 6 5 Russia has the second largest share of and 2019 decreased by 18% compared to that Russian arms exports between 2015 of the period between 2010 and 2014. According to the SIPRI, Russia seems to actively promote the export of arms not only not arms of export the promote actively to seems Russia to maintain the infrastructure of its military industry and to foreign better promote help to also but t, profi economic make policy. The country’s export value has been increasing in recent years. bombers bombers to South Africa under agreement that it had signed Africa with in South 1995. The a military cooperation following month, it held rst the trilateral fi jointinvolving the exercise navies of Russia, China, and South Africa off rst the coast Africa. of In South December of that the year, fi China, Russia, of navies the involving exercise joint trilateral and Iran took place in the northern Indian Ocean. Thus, in partnership with China, Russia is expanding the breadth of exercises as well. its activities in multilateral surface-to-air missiles to countries including Asia, Africa, and Middle East. In recent years, Russia has exported 24 Su-35 granted the exclusive authority Rosoboron to Export State Corporation as export part of its ongoing arms to initiatives to the improve its export system. In addition, Russia nation’s the of part integral an as industry military its regards military organization and is committed to improving and further developing the military industry by such measures as promoting the integration of aircraft companies such as Tupolev. Sukhoi, MiG, and