DOCSLIB.ORG

Evolution & Development

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Evolution & Development DOI: 10.1111/ede.12325 EDITORIAL Biases in the study of developmental bias In November 2018 the Santa Fe Institute hosted a two‐ workshop, why should we call it developmental bias, when day workshop titled Developmental Bias and Evolution, all we mean is development? funded by a grant from the John Templeton Founda- Brigandt (2019) responds to this challenge by positing tion. Involving 34 participants and 22 talks, the that even if we cannot agree on exactly what we mean by workshop covered a wide range of approaches toward developmental bias, including its distinctness from the study of bias exerted by developmental systems in development per se, the term, and its study are the production of phenotypic variation, the impact worthwhile and timely because they are able to motivate such bias might have on evolutionary dynamics, and a valuable research program. He argues that concepts the methods that exist to assess the nature and such as novelty or evolvability likewise carry with them consequences of this impact. Talks included historical some ambiguity, such that they mean different things at retrospectives, philosophical examinations, and a great different levels of biological organization, and to different diversity of empirical treatments of the subject. practitioners. What makes them valuable, however, is, Significant discussion and debate followed each pre- according to Brigandt, that they establish a shared sentation, and creative tensions emerged around key intellectual identity across disciplinary boundaries that issues that characterize the diversity of perceptions of motivates investigation, exchange, and a collective what, exactly, constitutes bias in developmental sys- advancing of an explanatory framework. The same can tems, when or how such bias may be evolutionarily be said for developmental bias, whose many manifesta- relevant, and at the most basic level, whether the tions may be differentially nuanced by different research- concept of developmental bias is itself useful in fueling ers and disciplines, yet coalesce around a shared under- a productive research program. This special issue is standing that developmental bias shapes, and is shaped meant to capture this diversity of viewpoints, and to by evolution in ways that have the potential to greatly provide a collection of perspectives that will inform impact our understanding of why and how develop- and motivate the next round of research, and the next mental evolution unfolds as it does. generation of researchers. Hordijk and Altenberg (2019) in turn emphasize that the idea that phenotypic variation could ever be unbiased is simply a historical artifact, resulting from a mindset WHAT IS DEVELOPMENTAL BIAS? that treats genetic and its associated phenotypic variation akin to “a gas that can fill any selective phenotypic Developmental processes transduce diverse genetic and bottle.” But everything we know about the nature of environmental inputs during phenotype production, development teaches us that the processes that produce causing some phenotypes to arise more frequently than organisms and their traits will also structure the others (Uller, Moczek, Watson, Brakefield, & Laland, phenotypic variation that emerges as a result of variation 2018). The resulting phenotypic variation is thus not in genetic and environmental inputs. To Hordijk and isotropic, but biased in certain directions. At the extreme Altenberg unbiased phenotypic variation is thus as end of this scenario stands the complete inability of sensible as the idea of unstructured development. Instead, development to produce a conceivable variant, and it is at they posit that the questions that need to be asked should this point that the bias inherent in organismal develop- not stop at if development biases phenotypic variation, ment becomes synonymous with the narrower notion of but rather, how development structures variation, with “developmental constraint.” But if bias is an inherent what consequences for evolutionary processes, and how feature of all of development, if very nature of develop- the structuring imposed by developmental bias may itself ment is to channel phenotypes towards preferred out- evolve. Using a cellular automata model of ontogeny comes, is a term such as developmental bias needed? Or their contribution then seeks to address precisely these to paraphrase the title of Salazar‐Ciudad’s talk at the and related questions. Evolution & Development. 2019;1–4. wileyonlinelibrary.com/journal/ede © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. | 1 2 | EDITORIAL DEVELOPMENTAL PLASTICITY, FROM CONSTRAINT TO DEVELOPMENTAL BIAS, AND FACILITATION: THE DEEP TIME EVOLUTIONARY CONSEQUENCES OF DEVELOPMENTAL BIAS Developmental plasticity is the ability of an individual to adjust patterns of phenotype expression in response The second half of this special issue is then devoted to to environmental changes (Pfennig et al., 2010). diverse case studies on the significance of developmental Developmental plasticity, and related phenomena such bias in micro‐ and especially macroevolution. This as phenotypic accommodation (the mutual adjustment includes the second foray into deep time through a of multiple traits in response to perturbations) and contribution by Jablonski (2019), who discusses how the genetic accommodation (heritable changes in the study of present‐day species and their development may regulation of an environmentally induced trait) are be leveraged to predict developmental bias in the fossil increasingly considered relevant in the initiation and record, and, conversely, how analyses that begin with the structuring of phenotypic variation, including the fossil record may be used to predict developmental bias in origin of phenotypic novelties (Moczek, 2012). The extant lineages. resulting possibility of plasticity‐led evolution is the The significance of learning as a potential source of bias subject of five contributions to this issue. Uller, Feiner, in the production of evolutionarily relevant phenotypic Radersma, Jackson, and Rago (2019) explore how variation is the focus of a contribution by Laland, assumptions meant to simplify the starting point for a Toyokawa, and Oudman (2019). Learning does many conceptual framework set the stage for what counts, things for organisms: It may help solve problems and and what does not, as an evolutionary explanation, increase adaptive fit, it may solve novel problems and hence and why prevailing idealizations prevent an integration introduce novel phenotypes into phenotype space, and if of the role of development in general, and plasticity learning occurs via observing other individuals it may fuel in particular, in evolutionary theory. Parsons, the nongenetic inheritance of acquired traits. Laland et al. McWhinnie, Pilakouta, and Walker (2019) then (2019) explore the different types of biases that may explore how developmental plasticity may contribute manifest along the way, and when and how they may to developmental bias, and how the resulting biased affect adaptive evolution, evolutionary rates and outcomes, variation may echo past adaptations that reflect the and evolvability. Behavior also features prominently evolutionary history of a lineage, or alternatively, in a contribution by Wilkins (2019), which examines the serve to initiate evolution when environments change. role of developmental bias in facilitating the domestication The contribution by Levis and Pfennig (2019), in turn, of a select subset of mammalian species. Here, the term focuses on the gaps in our knowledge of the mechan- "domestication syndrome” refers to a suite of behavioral, isms and consequence of plasticity‐led evolution morphological, and physiological traits that all underwent regarding the developmental mechanisms, traits, or concerted evolutionary change during domestication taxa most affected by it, and provide suggestions for events, even though none of them were selected deliber- future research approaches to address these short- ately, thereby providing a particularly compelling example comings. Draghi (2019) then examines the evolution of developmental bias in evolution. Among others, Wilkins of, and through, plasticity by using a modeling (2019) reviews how selection for tameness alone may be approach that incorporates developmental noise to sufficient to fuel the domestication syndrome and the explore the competitive and evolutionary relationships significance of the regulation of neural crest cell develop- of specialist and generalist genotypes inhabiting a ment and the nature of neuroendocrine systems in that heterogeneous landscape. These models show not only process. Another major evolutionary transition is the how plasticity may arise in the context of specializa- subject of a contribution by Gilbert (2019), namely the role tion, but also how developmental noise may help a of developmental symbioses in the multiple origins of mutant with imperfect plasticity compete successfully herbivory. Gilbert’s contribution echoes key points stressed against its ancestor, thereby providing an evolutionary by other authors as well, such as the significance of path through which subsequent mutations can refine plasticity‐led evolution, where the facultative acquisition of plasticity toward an optimum (Draghi, 2019). Finally, symbionts precedes the evolution of features that ensure Jackson (2019) extends our conceptualization of reliable transmission across individuals, and how, like plasticity‐led evolution into deep time and explores learning, if transmission of symbionts
Load more

Recommended publications
  • From Developmental Constraint to Evolvability
    From Developmental Constraint to Evolvability How Concepts Figure in Explanation and Disciplinary Identity Ingo Brigandt Department of Philosophy, University of Alberta 2-40 Assiniboia Hall, Edmonton, AB T6G2E7, Canada [email protected] Abstract The concept of developmental constraint was at the heart of develop- mental approaches to evolution of the 1980s. While this idea was widely used to criticize neo-Darwinian evolutionary theory, critique does not yield an alternative framework that offers evolutionary explanations. In current Evo-devo the concept of constraint is of minor importance, whereas notions as evolvability are at the center of attention. The latter clearly defines an explanatory agenda for evolution- ary research, so that one could view the historical shift from ‘developmental con- straint’ towards ‘evolvability’ as the move from a concept that is a mere tool of criticism to a concept that establishes a positive explanatory project. However, by taking a look at how the concept of constraint was employed in the 1980s, I argue that developmental constraint was not just seen as restricting possibilities (‘con- straining’), but also as facilitating morphological change in several ways. Ac- counting for macroevolutionary transformation and the origin of novel form was an aim of these developmental approaches to evolution. Thus, the concept of de- velopmental constraint was part of a positive explanatory agenda long before the advent of Evo-devo as a genuine scientific discipline. In the 1980s, despite the lack of a clear disciplinary identity, this concept coordinated research among pale- ontologists, morphologists, and developmentally inclined evolutionary biologists. I discuss the different functions that scientific concepts can have, highlighting that instead of classifying or explaining natural phenomena, concepts such as ‘devel- opmental constraint’ and ‘evolvability’ are more important in setting explanatory agendas so as to provide intellectual coherence to scientific approaches.
    [Show full text]
  • Why Call It Developmental Bias When It Is Just Development? Isaac Salazar-Ciudad1,2,3
    Salazar-Ciudad Biology Direct (2021) 16:3 https://doi.org/10.1186/s13062-020-00289-w OPINION Open Access Why call it developmental bias when it is just development? Isaac Salazar-Ciudad1,2,3 Abstract The concept of developmental constraints has been central to understand the role of development in morphological evolution. Developmental constraints are classically defined as biases imposed by development on the distribution of morphological variation. This opinion article argues that the concepts of developmental constraints and developmental biases do not accurately represent the role of development in evolution. The concept of developmental constraints was coined to oppose the view that natural selection is all-capable and to highlight the importance of development for understanding evolution. In the modern synthesis, natural selection was seen as the main factor determining the direction of morphological evolution. For that to be the case, morphological variation needs to be isotropic (i.e. equally possible in all directions). The proponents of the developmental constraint concept argued that development makes that some morphological variation is more likely than other (i.e. variation is not isotropic), and that, thus, development constraints evolution by precluding natural selection from being all-capable. This article adds to the idea that development is not compatible with the isotropic expectation by arguing that, in fact, it could not be otherwise: there is no actual reason to expect that development could lead to isotropic morphological variation. It is then argued that, since the isotropic expectation is untenable, the role of development in evolution should not be understood as a departure from such an expectation.
    [Show full text]
  • Getting to Evo-Devo: Concepts and Challenges for Students Learning Evolutionary Developmental Biology Anna Hiatt
    Bryn Mawr College Scholarship, Research, and Creative Work at Bryn Mawr College Biology Faculty Research and Scholarship Biology 2013 Getting to Evo-Devo: Concepts and Challenges for Students Learning Evolutionary Developmental Biology Anna Hiatt Gregory K. Davis Bryn Mawr College, [email protected] Caleb Trujillo Mark Terry Donald P. French See next page for additional authors Let us know how access to this document benefits ouy . Follow this and additional works at: http://repository.brynmawr.edu/bio_pubs Part of the Biology Commons Custom Citation Hiatt A, Davis GK, Trujillo C, Terry M, French DP, Price RM and Perez KE . "Getting to evo-devo: concepts and challenges for students learning evolutionary developmental biology". CBE-Life Sciences Education 12 (2013): 494-508. This paper is posted at Scholarship, Research, and Creative Work at Bryn Mawr College. http://repository.brynmawr.edu/bio_pubs/10 For more information, please contact [email protected]. Authors Anna Hiatt, Gregory K. Davis, Caleb Trujillo, Mark Terry, Donald P. French, Rebecca M. Price, and Kathryn E. Perez This article is available at Scholarship, Research, and Creative Work at Bryn Mawr College: http://repository.brynmawr.edu/ bio_pubs/10 CBE—Life Sciences Education Vol. 12, 494–508, Fall 2013 Article Getting to Evo-Devo: Concepts and Challenges for Students Learning Evolutionary Developmental Biology Anna Hiatt,*† Gregory K. Davis,‡ Caleb Trujillo,§ Mark Terry, Donald P. French,* Rebecca M. Price,¶ and Kathryn E. Perez** *Department of Zoology, Oklahoma
    [Show full text]
  • Evodevo: an Ongoing Revolution?
    philosophies Article EvoDevo: An Ongoing Revolution? Salvatore Ivan Amato Department of Cognitive Sciences, University of Messina, Via Concezione 8, 98121 Messina, Italy; [email protected] or [email protected] Received: 27 September 2020; Accepted: 2 November 2020; Published: 5 November 2020 Abstract: Since its appearance, Evolutionary Developmental Biology (EvoDevo) has been called an emerging research program, a new paradigm, a new interdisciplinary field, or even a revolution. Behind these formulas, there is the awareness that something is changing in biology. EvoDevo is characterized by a variety of accounts and by an expanding theoretical framework. From an epistemological point of view, what is the relationship between EvoDevo and previous biological tradition? Is EvoDevo the carrier of a new message about how to conceive evolution and development? Furthermore, is it necessary to rethink the way we look at both of these processes? EvoDevo represents the attempt to synthesize two logics, that of evolution and that of development, and the way we conceive one affects the other. This synthesis is far from being fulfilled, but an adequate theory of development may represent a further step towards this achievement. In this article, an epistemological analysis of EvoDevo is presented, with particular attention paid to the relations to the Extended Evolutionary Synthesis (EES) and the Standard Evolutionary Synthesis (SET). Keywords: evolutionary developmental biology; evolutionary extended synthesis; theory of development 1. Introduction: The House That Charles Built Evolutionary biology, as well as science in general, is characterized by a continuous genealogy of problems, i.e., “a kind of dialectical sequence” of problems that are “linked together in a continuous family tree” [1] (p.
    [Show full text]
  • A Release from Developmental Bias Accelerates Morphological Diversification in Butterfly Eyespots
    A release from developmental bias accelerates morphological diversification in butterfly eyespots Oskar Brattströma,b,1,2, Kwaku Aduse-Pokua,3, Erik van Bergena,4, Vernon Frenchc, and Paul M. Brakefielda,d aDepartment of Zoology, University of Cambridge, CB2 3EJ Cambridge, United Kingdom; bAfrican Butterfly Research Institute (ABRI), 0800 Nairobi, Kenya; cInstitute of Evolutionary Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3JT, United Kingdom; and dCambridge University Museum of Zoology, CB2 3EJ Cambridge, United Kingdom Edited by Sean B. Carroll, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, College Park, MD, and approved September 8, 2020 (received for review April 28, 2020) Development can bias the independent evolution of traits sharing cells releasing a signal (e.g., a diffusible morphogen) that spreads ontogenetic pathways, making certain evolutionary changes less out to form a circular concentration gradient (21, 26). The sur- likely. The eyespots commonly found on butterfly wings each have rounding cells have sensitivity thresholds that direct the color of the concentric rings of differing colors, and these serially repeated pigmented scales that are formed. Below a certain signal threshold, pattern elements have been a focus for evo–devo research. In the the cells do not respond and will continue to develop into the butterfly family Nymphalidae, eyespots have been shown to func- normal base color of the wing, effectively forming the outer edge tion in startling or deflecting predators and to be involved in sex- of the eyespot. Despite two decades of research gradually unrav- ual selection. Previous work on a model species of Mycalesina eling the genetic basis of the developmental processes of butterfly butterfly, Bicyclus anynana, has provided insights into the devel- eyespots, the exact nature of the focal signal remains unknown.
    [Show full text]
  • The Structure of Evolutionary Theory: Beyond Neo-Darwinism, Neo
    1 2 3 The structure of evolutionary theory: Beyond Neo-Darwinism, 4 Neo-Lamarckism and biased historical narratives about the 5 Modern Synthesis 6 7 8 9 10 Erik I. Svensson 11 12 Evolutionary Ecology Unit, Department of Biology, Lund University, SE-223 62 Lund, 13 SWEDEN 14 15 Correspondence: [email protected] 16 17 18 19 1 20 Abstract 21 The last decades have seen frequent calls for a more extended evolutionary synthesis (EES) that 22 will supposedly overcome the limitations in the current evolutionary framework with its 23 intellectual roots in the Modern Synthesis (MS). Some radical critics even want to entirely 24 abandon the current evolutionary framework, claiming that the MS (often erroneously labelled 25 “Neo-Darwinism”) is outdated, and will soon be replaced by an entirely new framework, such 26 as the Third Way of Evolution (TWE). Such criticisms are not new, but have repeatedly re- 27 surfaced every decade since the formation of the MS, and were particularly articulated by 28 developmental biologist Conrad Waddington and paleontologist Stephen Jay Gould. 29 Waddington, Gould and later critics argued that the MS was too narrowly focused on genes and 30 natural selection, and that it ignored developmental processes, epigenetics, paleontology and 31 macroevolutionary phenomena. More recent critics partly recycle these old arguments and 32 argue that non-genetic inheritance, niche construction, phenotypic plasticity and developmental 33 bias necessitate major revision of evolutionary theory. Here I discuss these supposed 34 challenges, taking a historical perspective and tracing these arguments back to Waddington and 35 Gould. I dissect the old arguments by Waddington, Gould and more recent critics that the MS 36 was excessively gene centric and became increasingly “hardened” over time and narrowly 37 focused on natural selection.
    [Show full text]
  • Phenotype Bias Determines How RNA Structures Occupy the Morphospace of All Possible Shapes
    bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.12.03.410605; this version posted December 3, 2020. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license. Phenotype bias determines how RNA structures occupy the morphospace of all possible shapes Kamaludin Dingle1, Fatme Ghaddar1, Petr Sulcˇ 2, Ard A. Louis3 1Centre for Applied Mathematics and Bioinformatics, Department of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Gulf University for Science and Technology, Hawally 32093, Kuwait, 2School of Molecular Sciences and Center for Molecular Design and Biomimetics at the Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA 3Rudolf Peierls Centre for Theoretical Physics, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PU, United Kingdom (Dated: December 3, 2020) The relative prominence of developmental bias versus natural selection is a long standing con- troversy in evolutionary biology. Here we demonstrate quantitatively that developmental bias is the primary explanation for the occupation of the morphospace of RNA secondary structure (SS) shapes. By using the RNAshapes method to define coarse-grained SS classes, we can directly mea- sure the frequencies that non-coding RNA SS shapes appear in nature. Our main findings are, firstly, that only the most frequent structures appear in nature: The vast majority of possible struc- tures in the morphospace have not yet been explored. Secondly, and perhaps more surprisingly, these frequencies are accurately predicted by the likelihood that structures appear upon uniform random sampling of sequences.
    [Show full text]
  • Development Evolution 9. Phenotypic Plasticity Phenotypic Plasticity
    Development Evolution 9. Phenotypic plasticity 1. development 2. evolution The short version: 3. epigenetics 4. canalization 5. cryptic genetic variation / capacitance phenotype depends on the environment 6. genetic assimilation 7. evolvability 8. preadaptation 9. phenotypic plasticity 10. epistasis 11. modularity 12. developmental bias / constraint Phenotypic plasticity: long version Phenotypic plasticity • Gradual response to environmental gradient OR “When I use a word, it means just what I discrete switching between types choose it to mean – neither more nor less” • Fixed traits (eg size after metamorphosis) OR Humpty Dumpty labile traits (eg behavioral) • Change in the phenotypic mean (reaction norm) OR change in the phenotypic variance “When I make a word do a lot of work like that, • Response to a directional environmental shift OR I always pay it extra” response to residual environmental “noise” Humpty Dumpty • Adaptive, evolved response OR side effect of basic physiology How does phenotypic plasticity trait Spectrum adaptive tie in to other concepts? phenotypic plasticity Some contradictory (?) ideas: random preadapted • Genetic assimilation of plastic trait is loss not gain mutation cryptic variation of complexity, so genetic assimilation is irrelevant • Random variation unlikely to be adaptive to the evolution of novelty (Williams) • Very deleterious stuff weeded out • Canalization is the opposite of phenotypic • Revealed variation more likely to be adaptive plasticity (Goggy) • Trait needed briefly, then lost • Revelation of cryptic genetic variation in response • Easier to find it again in cryptic variation to stress is one kind of phenotypic plasticity • Frequent environmental switching ⇒ evolution of adaptive phenotypic plasticity (or reaction norm) • Environment stabilizes ⇒ genetic assimilation with loss of complexity 1 10.
    [Show full text]
  • Downloaded from Brill.Com09/24/2021 08:16:07PM Via Free Access 210 R.A
    Contributions to Zoology, 74 (1/2) 209-211 (2005) Short notes and reviews Combating footnote status in evolutionary theory Ronald A. Jenner Section of Evolution & Ecology, University of California, Davis, CA95616, USA (e-mail: rajenner@ucdavis. edu) Review of: Biased Embryos and Evolution, by empirical and theoretical information generated Wallace Arthur. Cambridge University Press, 2004, within the mushrooming discipline of evolutionary xiii + 233 pp. ISBN 0 521 54161 1 (Paperback). development biology, or, in short, evo-devo. De- pending on the reader’s background, they can then On 11 May 2004, Wallace Arthur presented a char- choose to flesh out Arthur’s conceptual framework acteristically engaging seminar at the Department with intellectually more taxing and empirically of Zoology of the University of Cambridge in or- more dense works such as Gerhart and Kirschner der to promote his new book Biased Embryos and (1997), Davidson (2001), Minelli (2003), and Wilkins Evolution. After the lecture the speaker and his au- (2002). dience adjourned to the University Museum of Zo- The core question in Arthur’s book is: what de- ology for the official launch of the book. There, termines the direction of evolutionary change? A amidst wine and canapés, the flocked friends and resounding “natural selection!” will certainly be collected colleagues were given the opportunity to the most common answer to this question from the purchase, with a considerable reduction in prize of educated layman to most professional biologists. course, the first copies of Arthur’s book, which the However, Arthur labels this expected answer as author dutifully signed in between his munching of “overly Darwinian” (p.
    [Show full text]
  • The Role of Developmental Bias In
    THE ROLE OF DEVELOPMENTAL BIAS IN A SIMULATED EVO-DEVO SYSTEM by SEAN THOMAS PSUJEK Submitted in partial fulfillments of the requirements For the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Department of Biology CASE WESTERN RESERVE UNIVERSITY May, 2009 CASE WESTERN RESERVE UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF GRADUATE STUDIES We hereby approve the thesis/dissertation of _____________________________________________________ candidate for the ______________________degree *. (signed)_______________________________________________ (chair of the committee) ________________________________________________ ________________________________________________ ________________________________________________ ________________________________________________ ________________________________________________ (date) _______________________ *We also certify that written approval has been obtained for any proprietary material contained therein. Table of Contents Abstract .............................................................................................................................. 2 List of Figures ................................................................................................................... 4 Chapter 1 : Introduction ...................................................................................................... 6 Chapter 2 : Background .................................................................................................... 12 Modeling in Evo-devo ...............................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Evolution & Development
    Received: 28 March 2019 | Revised: 5 August 2019 | Accepted: 6 August 2019 DOI: 10.1111/ede.12312 RESEARCH Developmental bias in the fossil record Illiam S. C. Jackson Department of Biology, Lund University, Sweden Abstract The role of developmental bias and plasticity in evolution is a central research Correspondence interest in evolutionary biology. Studies of these concepts and related Illiam S. C. Jackson, Lund University, Sweden. processes are usually conducted on extant systems and have seen limited Email: [email protected] investigation in the fossil record. Here, I identify plasticity‐led evolution (PLE) as a form of developmental bias accessible through scrutiny of paleontological Funding information Knut och Alice Wallenbergs Stiftelse, material. I summarize the process of PLE and describe it in terms of the Grant/Award Number: KAW 2012.0155 environmentally mediated accumulation and release of cryptic genetic variation. Given this structure, I then predict its manifestation in the fossil record, discuss its similarity to quantum evolution and punctuated equili- brium, and argue that these describe macroevolutionary patterns concordant with PLE. Finally, I suggest methods and directions towards providing evidence of PLE in the fossil record and conclude that such endeavors are likely to be highly rewarding. KEYWORDS cryptic genetic variation, developmental bias, plasticity‐led evolution 1 | INTRODUCTION we might expect to result from PLE in the fossil record, anchor these patterns in historical work and suggest Developmental bias describes the manner in which methods and future directions for examining PLE using certain changes to development are more accessible to fossil data. evolution than others (Arthur, 2004). A key generator of developmental bias, and integral to understanding its role in evolution, is developmental plasticity, which 2 | CONSTRUCTIVE refers to an organism’s ability to adjust its phenotype in DEVELOPMENT response to environmental conditions (Laland et al., 2015; Schwab, Casasa, & Moczek, 2019).
    [Show full text]
  • Animal Learning As a Source of Developmental Bias
    1 2 3 4 5 Animal Learning as a Source of Developmental Bias 6 7 In: Developmental Bias in Evolution, 8 Special Edition of Evolution and Development 9 10 11 12 13 Kevin N Laland1, Wataru Toyokawa1,2,3 & Thomas Oudman1,4 14 15 1 School of Biology, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, UK 16 2 Department of Evolutionary Studies of Biosystems, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced 17 Studies), Hayama, Kanagawa 240-0193, Japan 18 3 Current address: Department of Psychology, University of Konstanz, Germany 19 4 NIOZ Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, Department of Coastal Systems, and Utrecht University, 20 The Netherlands 21 22 23 The authors declare that they have no relevant conflicts of interest. 24 25 Article: Laland, KN, Toyokawa, W & Oudman, T 2019, 'Animal learning as a source of 26 developmental bias' Evolution and Development, vol. Early View, 27 e12311. https://doi.org/10.1111/ede.12311 28 Pure ID: 260877183 29 30 Author accepted manuscript (accepted August 10 2019) 1 31 ABSTRACT. As a form of adaptive plasticity that allows organisms to shift their phenotype 32 toward the optimum, learning is inherently a source of developmental bias. Learning may be 33 of particular significance to the evolutionary biology community because it allows animals to 34 generate adaptively biased novel behavior tuned to the environment and, through social 35 learning, to propagate behavioral traits to other individuals, also in an adaptively biased 36 manner. We describe several types of developmental bias manifest in learning, including an 37 adaptive bias, historical bias, origination bias and transmission bias, stressing that these can 38 influence evolutionary dynamics through generating nonrandom phenotypic variation and/or 39 nonrandom environmental states.
    [Show full text]