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Fumonisin B1 Toxicity in Swine

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Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Graduate Theses and Dissertations Dissertations 2014 Fumonisin B1 toxicity in swine: a comparative analysis of genetically engineered Bt corn and non- Bt corn by using quantitative dietary exposure assessment modeling and ecotoxicological investigations on earthworms James Edward Delgado Iowa State University Follow this and additional works at: https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/etd Part of the Agriculture Commons, Animal Sciences Commons, Environmental Sciences Commons, and the Toxicology Commons Recommended Citation Delgado, James Edward, "Fumonisin B1 toxicity in swine: a comparative analysis of genetically engineered Bt corn and non-Bt corn by using quantitative dietary exposure assessment modeling and ecotoxicological investigations on earthworms" (2014). Graduate Theses and Dissertations. 14158. https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/etd/14158 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Dissertations at Iowa State University Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Graduate Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Iowa State University Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Fumonisin B1 toxicity in swine: A comparative analysis of genetically engineered Bt corn and non-Bt corn by using quantitative dietary exposure assessment modeling and ecotoxicological investigations on earthworms by James Edward Delgado A dissertation submitted to the graduate faculty in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Major: Toxicology Program of Study Committee: Jeffrey Wolt, Major Professor Patricia Murphy Gary Munkvold Michael Thompson Joel Coats Iowa State University Ames, Iowa 2014 Copyright © James Edward Delgado, 2014. All rights reserved. ii DEDICATION This is dedicated to all...may we find peace through understanding. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page NOMENCLATURE .................................................................................................. v ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ....................................................................................... vii ABSTRACT………………………………. .............................................................. ix CHAPTER 1 GENERAL INTRODUCTION ....................................................... 1 CHAPTER 2 FUMONISIN MYCOTOXICOSES IN SWINE AND FACTORS INFLUENCING THE OCCURRENCE OF FUMONISIN IN SWINE .................... 4 Introduction ......................................................................................................... 4 Early Evidence of Fumonisin Toxicosis in Swine ......................................... 5 Mechanism of Action ..................................................................................... 6 Factors Influencing the Occurrence of Fumonisin in Swine Diets ....... 7 Insect Herbivory.............................................................................. 8 Negative Morphological Alterations in Corn Kernels .................... 9 Growth Stage and Fusarium Role................................................... 9 Agronomic Management ................................................................ 10 Swine Management ......................................................................... 11 Effects Characterization ....................................................................................... 11 Specific Fumonisin Toxicosis ........................................................................ 12 Porcine Pulmonary Edema (PPE) .................................................................. 13 Hepatic Toxicosis........................................................................................... 14 Cardiovascular Toxicity ................................................................................. 15 Discussion ......................................................................................................... 16 CHAPTER 3 FUMONISIN B1 AND IMPLICATIONS IN NURSERY SWINE PRODUCTIVITY: A QUANTITATIVE EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT .................. 24 Abstract ......................................................................................................... 24 Introduction ......................................................................................................... 25 Materials and Methods ......................................................................................... 26 Analytical Model ........................................................................................... 26 Effect Characterization .................................................................................. 27 Exposure Characterization and Model Parameterization ............................... 30 Agronomic Management ............................................................................... 32 Results ......................................................................................................... 35 Discussion ......................................................................................................... 37 iv CHAPTER 4 FUMONISIN B1 TOXICITY IN GROWER-FINISHER PIGS: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF GENETICALLY ENGINEERED BT CORN AND NON-BT CORN BY USING QUANTITATIVE DIETARY EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT MODELLING ................................................................................. 55 Abstract ......................................................................................................... 55 Introduction ......................................................................................................... 56 Materials and Methods ......................................................................................... 57 Analytical Model ........................................................................................... 57 Exposure Characterization and Model Parameterization ............................... 58 Agronomic Management ............................................................................... 59 Effect Characterization .................................................................................. 60 Results ......................................................................................................... 61 Discussion ......................................................................................................... 62 CHAPTER 5 EFFECTS CHARACTERIZATION OF FUSARIUM AND MYCOTOXIN EXPOSURE TO EARTHWORMS: A REVIEW ............................ 75 Introduction ......................................................................................................... 75 A Review of Ecotoxicological Studies ................................................................ 76 Discussion ......................................................................................................... 79 CHAPTER 6 ACUTE ECOTOXICOLOGICAL STUDY OF FUMONISIN B1 TO EISENIA FETIDA EARTHWORMS .................................................................. 83 Abstract ......................................................................................................... 83 Introduction ......................................................................................................... 84 Materials and Methods ......................................................................................... 85 Test Organism and System ............................................................................ 85 Exposure Characterization ............................................................................. 87 Experiment Design and Dosing ..................................................................... 88 Statistical Analysis ......................................................................................... 89 Results ......................................................................................................... 90 Discussion ......................................................................................................... 90 CHAPTER 7 CONCLUSIONS............................................................................. 102 APPENDIX ............................................................................................................ 104 v NOMENCLATURE ADFI Average Daily Feed Intake ADG Average Daily Gain Bt Bacillus thuringiensis BUF Bt Use fraction BW Body Weight CDF Cumulative Distribution Function CP Crude Protein DCF DDGS Concentration Factor DDGS Distiller Dried Grains with Solubles DON Deoxynivalenol DUF DDGS Use Fraction ECB European Corn borer EEC Estimated Environmental Concentration ELEM Equine Leukoencephalomalacia EWSS Earth Waste Storage Structures FB Fumonisin FB1 Fumonisin B1 FDA Food and Drug Administration FICC Feed Intake Curve Calculator GE Genetically Enginnered LOC Levels of Concern vi ME Metabolizable Energy NOAEL No Observable Adverse Effects Level NTD’s Neural Tube Defects PPE Porcine Pulmonary Edema QDEA Quantitative Dietary Exposure Assessment QEA Quantitative Exposure Assessment Sa/So Sphinganine to Sphingosine ratio TCIF Total Corn Intake Fraction Total FB FB1+FB2+FB3 USDA United States Department of Agriculture vii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS May you grant me forgiveness, for my words could never accurately express my appreciation for your assistance and love during this journey. I would like to thank God and all that is good. I am thankful to all who have supported me. If I tried to thank everyone I would undoubtedly forget many; yet I would be remiss if I didn’t try. To my parents, Patricio & Maria Ellena Delgado,
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