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Home , Fumonisin B2, Mycotoxin

2/27/2020

Introduction MULTIPLE IN • Main mycotoxins of interest in Iowa are (DON), , and CORN – AND RELATED . TOPICS – May see , but it is more associated with hot, dry weather • Mycotoxins are produced by John Patience & Leigh Ruckman – , , Applied Swine Nutrition Dept. of Animal Science & – You can have in corn without mycotoxins, Iowa Pork Industry Center Iowa State University but you cannot have mycotoxins without molds – Mold without mycotoxins can still be a problem

IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY Presented at 2020 IPPA/IPIC Regional Swine Conferences APPLIED SWINE NUTRITION APPLIED SWINE NUTRITION 1 2

Digestibility of energy in moldy corn Relationship between % damaged kernels selected for low content and energy content of corn 89 88 88 87 87 R² = 0.2186 86 85 86 84

ATTD, % 85 83 82 84 81 83 80 Energy Digestibility, % Good 1234567 Corn 82 Moldy corn contained, on average, 3.4% less energy than clean corn. 0 20 40 60 80 The worst sample contained 5.1% less energy than clean corn. Percent Damaged Kernels IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY APPLIED SWINE NUTRITION Source: Pilcher at al., 2010 APPLIED SWINE NUTRITION 3 4

Relationship between % damaged kernels Random thoughts and messages - 1 and energy content of corn 88 • When expressing the concentration of mycotoxins in feed, mg/kg is the same as ppm 87 R² = 0.5885 • Mycotoxins present in corn will be concentrated in 86 co-products such as DDGS (~3X) 85 • Compared to other species, pigs seem especially 84 susceptible to the effects of vomitoxin

83 • More than 1 can be present in a single

Energy Digestibility, % sample of corn 82 – This may be a problem when feeding pigs as the 0 20 40 60 80 effects of each mycotoxin may be additive Percent Damaged Kernels IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY APPLIED SWINE NUTRITION APPLIED SWINE NUTRITION 5 6

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Random thoughts and messages - 2 Mycotoxin test kits - Romer

• Assaying for mycotoxins is very, very difficult because sampling is very difficult Toxin Detection Limit Quantitation – are often localized in the sample. Range Collecting samples from one region of the DON 0.2 ppm 0.25 – 5.00 ppm field or section of a grain bin may give an inaccurate or negative result, when only one Fumonisin 0.2 ppm 0.25 –5.0 ppm part of the field or grain bin can be very “hot” Ochratoxin 1.9 ppb 2 to 40 ppb – There is considerable variation in lab results; T-2 toxin 10 ppb 20 –500 ppb the same sample submitted to different labs may differ Zearalenone 20 ppb 25 – 1,000 ppb

IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY APPLIED SWINE NUTRITION APPLIED SWINE NUTRITION Source: Romer Labs, 2020 7 8

Mycotoxins and molds Mycotoxins symptoms - Vomitoxin

• Field molds – Grow prior to harvest when is above 70% • Also called deoxynivalenol and grain moisture is above 22% – Fusariums are field molds and produce vomitoxin • Reduced feed intake, up to complete feed (DON), zearalenone and fumonisin refusal if concentration is high enough • Storage molds – Grow after harvest (can grow in the field in some • Reduced growth rate which is conditions) and require grain moisture between 12% concentration dependent and 18% – Aspergillus and Penicillium are storage molds and • At high concentrations, vomiting, diarrhea, produce aflatoxin and ochratoxin severe lesions in the gut, sudden death • NB. Field molds can continue to grow during storage; storage molds can grow prior to harvest, eg which produces aflatoxin

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Mycotoxins symptoms - Zearalenone Mycotoxins symptoms -

• Reduced feed intake • Swelling and redness of the vulva • Reduced growth rate • Prolapse (rectal and vaginal) • Possible immunosuppression • Reduced litter size • Lung lesions • Failure to cycle • Liver impairment • False pregnancy • Difficulty breathing • Death

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Mycotoxins symptoms - Ochratoxin Mycotoxin tolerances - 1

• Not well defined, especially for • Reduced growth rate zearalenone (because it is so heavily related to reproduction), fumonisins (relatively new) and ochratoxin (little science or experience • Kidney lesions, or even kidney failure • Following tolerances assume no other confounding toxins present

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Mycotoxin tolerances - 2 Mycotoxin levels in new crop corn

Total • Vomitoxin Loc’n N Vomitoxin Zearalenone Aflatoxin – <1 ppm for finishing swine; <0.5 ppm for nursery pigs fumonisins ppm ppb ppm ppb – No defined tolerance for breeding stock IA 13 2.1 103 0.8 1.4 • Zearalenone – <1 ppm is current recommendation for nursery pigs MN 12 0.6 39 0.1 0.5 and sows; may actually be lower than this in the breeding herd. We recommend avoiding zearalenone NE 10 1.9 31 0.7 0.7 in all diets for breeding stock. – <3 ppm for finishing swine SD 3 0.4 0.1 0.6 0.5 • Fumonisin – <10 ppm IL 2 0.7 4 0.7 0.3 Ave. 40 1.0 39 0.4 0.6 • Min. 0.1 0.02 0.01 0.0 – <0.2 ppm Max. 4.3 316 3.2 1.9 High 16 ? 0 0 IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY APPLIED SWINE NUTRITION APPLIED SWINE NUTRITION 15 16

Mean of positive samples in 2019 Mycotoxin analysis of feed (ppm)

Corn Corn by-product Deoxynivalenol Zearalenone Total fumonisins 4.5 3.97 Phase 1 (d 0-14) 4.0 3.54 CTL 1.6 0.3 0.7 3.5 CTL+DZF 9.2 0.6 1.0 3.0 2.76 Phase 2 (d 14-42) 2.5 CTL 1.6 0.3 0.8 CTL+DZF 6.9 0.7 1.1 2.0 Phase 3 (d 42-70) 1.5 CTL 1.8 0.5 0.8 1.0 0.88 CTL+DZF 5.8 0.9 1.2 0.59 Mycotoxin level (mg/kg) level Mycotoxin 0.45 0.5 Phase 4 (d 70-126) CTL 1.2 0.3 0.9 0.0 B- Zearalenone Fumonisin CTL+DZF 3.8 0.6 0.9 IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY Adapted from Biomin, 2020 APPLIED SWINE NUTRITION APPLIED SWINE NUTRITION 17 18

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Impact of mycotoxins on BW over time Impact of mycotoxins on overall growth (d 0-95) performance (d 0-126) Diet: P < 0.001 CTL CTL+DZF Diet × time: P < 0.001 280 * Diet P-value 250 Item CTL CTL+DZF SEM Diet 220 * Initial BW, lb 75.0 75.2 2.0 0.985 a b 190 Final BW, lb 287.3 265.7 2.6 <0.001 a b 160 * ADG, lb 2.09 1.74 0.04 <0.001 a b 130 * ADFI, lb 6.02 5.49 0.13 0.016 Body weight, lb weight, Body G:F ratio 2.85a 3.13b 0.01 0.043 100 * 70 0 14 28 42 70 95 Day of experiment IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY APPLIED SWINE NUTRITION APPLIED SWINE NUTRITION 19 20

Impact of mycotoxins on carcass Impact of mycotoxins on fecal scoring characteristics Diet: P = 0.032 CTL CTL+DZF Diet × time: P = 0.005 2.0 * Diet P-value 1.8 * Item CTL CTL+DZF SEM Diet 1.6 203.5a 197.1b 1.8 0.024 1.4 HCW, lb 1.2 Dressing, % 70.9a 74.3b 0.8 0.009 1.0 Backfat depth, inch 0.51 0.47 0.01 0.172 0.8 * Loin depth, inch 2.76 2.68 0.03 0.057 Fecal score Fecal 0.6 0.4 Lean, % 56.9 56.7 0.2 0.597 0.2 0.0 0 14 28 42 70 95 Day of experiment IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY APPLIED SWINE NUTRITION APPLIED SWINE NUTRITION 21 22

Analyzed mycotoxin concentration of the Impact of mycotoxin of feed on dietary treatments final BW

Trt: P < 0.001 250 Item Control DON 34 lb Deoxinivalenol (vomitoxin), mg/kg 0.1 1.8 230 226.9 , mg/kg 0.9 0.9 210 , mg/kg 0.1 0.1 192.9 Zearalenone, mg/kg <0.1 1.9 190 Final BW, lb 170

150 Control Toxins

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Impact of mycotoxin contamination of feed on Impact of vomitoxin (3.2 ppm) on ADFI nursery pig performance Trt: P < 0.001 7.50 Time: P < 0.001 Trt. × Time: P < 0.001 Treatment P-value 6.50 Item Control Vomitoxin Diet 5.50 Initial wt., lb 14.2 14.2 0.752 50% Control Final wt., lb 36.3 35.7 0.185 4.50 Toxins ADFI, lb ADFI, Daily gain, lb 0.79 0.75 0.001 3.50 Daily feed, lb 1.21 1.17 0.068 2.50 Feed:gain 1.54 1.56 0.149

1.50 NB. Experiment commenced 1 week after weaning 0 7 14 21 28 Time (d)

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Impact of vomitoxin (3.2 ppm) on Mycotoxin mitigation strategies - 1 number of medical treatments

Treatment 1. Screen corn to lower mycotoxin levels in Wk postweaning Control Vomitoxin corn 1 23 38 2 4 15 3 0 1 4 1 7 Total 28 61

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Screening as a means of reducing Mycotoxin mitigation strategies – 1 mycotoxin content of corn 1. Screening corn to lower mycotoxin levels in corn 2. Include mycotoxin binders in the feed Unclean Cleaned – Select the correct binder for the toxin present in the feed Toxin, ppb Screenings SEM corn Corn – Aluminosilicates bind aflatoxin well but other toxins poorly Vomitoxin, ppb 425 138 2,856 218 – Diffusion or binders based on sodium metabisulfite Zearalenone, ppb 15 61 385 26 (SMBS) appear to work well against vomitoxin • Pay attention to thiamine, which is degraded by SMBS NB. Determined using NeoGen AccuScan Gold system

IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY APPLIED SWINE NUTRITION Source: Hagen et al., 2019 APPLIED SWINE NUTRITION 29 30

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Effectiveness of mycotoxin binders in Mycotoxin binders finisher pig diets

Item Positive Negative Diffusion Integral P-value Control Control Init.Wt., lb 50.1 50.3 51.2 50.3 0.49 Mycotoxin Recommended binder(s) Final Wt., lb 239.0a 218.5b 234.6a 225.6b <0.001 Vomitoxin Sodium metabisulfite, Diffusion, Integral? Gain, lb/d 1.65a 1.46c 1.59a 1.52b <0.001 Zearalenone Very limited data Feed, lb/d 4.32a 3.95c 4.17a,b 4.08b,c 0.001 Fumonisins Very limited data Feed:gain 2.62a,b 2.69c 2.61a 2.67b,c 0.02 Ochratoxin A Very limited data Average Toxin levels, ppm Aflatoxin Aluminosilicates; some clays Vomitoxin 0.5 4.9 4.7 3.8 Zearalenone 0.1 0.5 0.5 0.6 Fumonisin B1 0.2 0.7 0.8 0.8 Study conducted on a 1,000 head commercial research facility in central Iowa. IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY APPLIED SWINE NUTRITION APPLIED SWINE NUTRITION Source: Patience et al., 2014 31 32

Mycotoxin mitigation strategies - 1 Mycotoxin mitigation strategies - 1

1. Screen corn to lower mycotoxin levels in 1. Screen corn to lower mycotoxin levels in corn corn 2. Include mycotoxin binders in the feed 2. Include mycotoxin binders in the feed 3. If you have some clean corn and some 3. Use the clean corn for the breeding herd contaminated corn, use the clean corn for 4. Use DDGS or other corn co-products the breeding herd cautiously, especially in diets for the breeding herd – midds should also be used cautiously

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Mycotoxin mitigation strategies - 1 Mycotoxin mitigation strategies - 2

6. Feed contaminated corn to beef cattle which 1. Screen corn to lower mycotoxin levels in are much less susceptible to mycotoxins corn 2. Include mycotoxin binders in the feed 3. Use the clean corn first for the breeding herd 4. Use DDGS or other corn co-products cautiously 5. Dilute the contaminated corn with clean corn or other uncontaminated ingredients

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Mycotoxin mitigation strategies: Longer Mycotoxin mitigation strategies - 2 term approaches 6. Feed contaminated corn to beef cattle which are much less susceptible to mycotoxins • Crop rotation to reduce fungal infection 7. Organic acids, such as propionic acid, can be used to impair mold growth, but it will not destroy the toxins already present.

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Questions? Relationship between energy digestibility and bushel weight

90 89 88 87 86 85

ATTD, % 84 83 82 81 80 40 45 50 55 60 Bushel Weight, lb

IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY APPLIED SWINE NUTRITION APPLIED SWINE NUTRITION Source: Pilcher at al., 2010 39 40

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