2/27/2020 Introduction MULTIPLE MYCOTOXINS IN • Main mycotoxins of interest in Iowa are vomitoxin (DON), zearalenone, fumonisin and CORN – AND RELATED ochratoxin. TOPICS – May see aflatoxin, but it is more associated with hot, dry weather • Mycotoxins are produced by molds John Patience & Leigh Ruckman – Aspergillus, Fusarium, Penicillium Applied Swine Nutrition Dept. of Animal Science & – You can have mold in corn without mycotoxins, Iowa Pork Industry Center Iowa State University but you cannot have mycotoxins without molds – Mold without mycotoxins can still be a problem IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY Presented at 2020 IPPA/IPIC Regional Swine Conferences APPLIED SWINE NUTRITION APPLIED SWINE NUTRITION 1 2 Digestibility of energy in moldy corn Relationship between % damaged kernels selected for low toxin content and energy content of corn 89 88 88 87 87 R² = 0.2186 86 85 86 84 ATTD, % ATTD, 85 83 82 84 81 83 80 Energy Digestibility, % Digestibility, Energy Good 1234567 Corn 82 Moldy corn contained, on average, 3.4% less energy than clean corn. 0 20 40 60 80 The worst sample contained 5.1% less energy than clean corn. Percent Damaged Kernels IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY APPLIED SWINE NUTRITION Source: Pilcher at al., 2010 APPLIED SWINE NUTRITION 3 4 Relationship between % damaged kernels Random thoughts and messages - 1 and energy content of corn 88 • When expressing the concentration of mycotoxins in feed, mg/kg is the same as ppm 87 R² = 0.5885 • Mycotoxins present in corn will be concentrated in 86 co-products such as DDGS (~3X) 85 • Compared to other species, pigs seem especially 84 susceptible to the effects of vomitoxin 83 • More than 1 mycotoxin can be present in a single Energy Digestibility, % Digestibility, Energy sample of corn 82 – This may be a problem when feeding pigs as the 0 20 40 60 80 effects of each mycotoxin may be additive Percent Damaged Kernels IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY APPLIED SWINE NUTRITION APPLIED SWINE NUTRITION 5 6 1 2/27/2020 Random thoughts and messages - 2 Mycotoxin test kits - Romer • Assaying for mycotoxins is very, very difficult because sampling is very difficult Toxin Detection Limit Quantitation – Toxins are often localized in the sample. Range Collecting samples from one region of the DON 0.2 ppm 0.25 – 5.00 ppm field or section of a grain bin may give an inaccurate or negative result, when only one Fumonisin 0.2 ppm 0.25 –5.0 ppm part of the field or grain bin can be very “hot” Ochratoxin 1.9 ppb 2 to 40 ppb – There is considerable variation in lab results; T-2 toxin 10 ppb 20 –500 ppb the same sample submitted to different labs may differ Zearalenone 20 ppb 25 – 1,000 ppb IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY APPLIED SWINE NUTRITION APPLIED SWINE NUTRITION Source: Romer Labs, 2020 7 8 Mycotoxins and molds Mycotoxins symptoms - Vomitoxin • Field molds – Grow prior to harvest when humidity is above 70% • Also called deoxynivalenol and grain moisture is above 22% – Fusariums are field molds and produce vomitoxin • Reduced feed intake, up to complete feed (DON), zearalenone and fumonisin refusal if concentration is high enough • Storage molds – Grow after harvest (can grow in the field in some • Reduced growth rate which is conditions) and require grain moisture between 12% concentration dependent and 18% – Aspergillus and Penicillium are storage molds and • At high concentrations, vomiting, diarrhea, produce aflatoxin and ochratoxin severe lesions in the gut, sudden death • NB. Field molds can continue to grow during storage; storage molds can grow prior to harvest, eg Aspergillus flavus which produces aflatoxin IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY APPLIED SWINE NUTRITION APPLIED SWINE NUTRITION 9 10 Mycotoxins symptoms - Zearalenone Mycotoxins symptoms - Fumonisins • Reduced feed intake • Swelling and redness of the vulva • Reduced growth rate • Prolapse (rectal and vaginal) • Possible immunosuppression • Reduced litter size • Lung lesions • Failure to cycle • Liver impairment • False pregnancy • Difficulty breathing • Death IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY APPLIED SWINE NUTRITION APPLIED SWINE NUTRITION 11 12 2 2/27/2020 Mycotoxins symptoms - Ochratoxin Mycotoxin tolerances - 1 • Not well defined, especially for • Reduced growth rate zearalenone (because it is so heavily related to reproduction), fumonisins (relatively new) and ochratoxin (little science or experience • Kidney lesions, or even kidney failure • Following tolerances assume no other confounding toxins present IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY APPLIED SWINE NUTRITION APPLIED SWINE NUTRITION 13 14 Mycotoxin tolerances - 2 Mycotoxin levels in new crop corn Total • Vomitoxin Loc’n N Vomitoxin Zearalenone Aflatoxin – <1 ppm for finishing swine; <0.5 ppm for nursery pigs fumonisins ppm ppb ppm ppb – No defined tolerance for breeding stock IA 13 2.1 103 0.8 1.4 • Zearalenone – <1 ppm is current recommendation for nursery pigs MN 12 0.6 39 0.1 0.5 and sows; may actually be lower than this in the breeding herd. We recommend avoiding zearalenone NE 10 1.9 31 0.7 0.7 in all diets for breeding stock. – <3 ppm for finishing swine SD 3 0.4 0.1 0.6 0.5 • Fumonisin – <10 ppm IL 2 0.7 4 0.7 0.3 Ave. 40 1.0 39 0.4 0.6 • Ochratoxin A Min. 0.1 0.02 0.01 0.0 – <0.2 ppm Max. 4.3 316 3.2 1.9 High 16 ? 0 0 IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY APPLIED SWINE NUTRITION APPLIED SWINE NUTRITION 15 16 Mean of positive samples in 2019 Mycotoxin analysis of feed (ppm) Corn Corn by-product Deoxynivalenol Zearalenone Total fumonisins 4.5 3.97 Phase 1 (d 0-14) 4.0 3.54 CTL 1.6 0.3 0.7 3.5 CTL+DZF 9.2 0.6 1.0 3.0 2.76 Phase 2 (d 14-42) 2.5 CTL 1.6 0.3 0.8 CTL+DZF 6.9 0.7 1.1 2.0 Phase 3 (d 42-70) 1.5 CTL 1.8 0.5 0.8 1.0 0.88 CTL+DZF 5.8 0.9 1.2 0.59 Mycotoxin level (mg/kg) 0.45 0.5 Phase 4 (d 70-126) CTL 1.2 0.3 0.9 0.0 B-trichothecenes Zearalenone Fumonisin CTL+DZF 3.8 0.6 0.9 IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY Adapted from Biomin, 2020 APPLIED SWINE NUTRITION APPLIED SWINE NUTRITION 17 18 3 2/27/2020 Impact of mycotoxins on BW over time Impact of mycotoxins on overall growth (d 0-95) performance (d 0-126) Diet: P < 0.001 CTL CTL+DZF Diet × time: P < 0.001 280 * Diet P-value 250 Item CTL CTL+DZF SEM Diet 220 * Initial BW, lb 75.0 75.2 2.0 0.985 a b 190 Final BW, lb 287.3 265.7 2.6 <0.001 a b 160 * ADG, lb 2.09 1.74 0.04 <0.001 a b 130 * ADFI, lb 6.02 5.49 0.13 0.016 Body weight, Body weight, lb G:F ratio 2.85a 3.13b 0.01 0.043 100 * 70 0 14 28 42 70 95 Day of experiment IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY APPLIED SWINE NUTRITION APPLIED SWINE NUTRITION 19 20 Impact of mycotoxins on carcass Impact of mycotoxins on fecal scoring characteristics Diet: P = 0.032 CTL CTL+DZF Diet × time: P = 0.005 2.0 * Diet P-value 1.8 * Item CTL CTL+DZF SEM Diet 1.6 203.5a 197.1b 1.8 0.024 1.4 HCW, lb 1.2 Dressing, % 70.9a 74.3b 0.8 0.009 1.0 Backfat depth, inch 0.51 0.47 0.01 0.172 0.8 * Loin depth, inch 2.76 2.68 0.03 0.057 Fecal Fecal score 0.6 0.4 Lean, % 56.9 56.7 0.2 0.597 0.2 0.0 0 14 28 42 70 95 Day of experiment IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY APPLIED SWINE NUTRITION APPLIED SWINE NUTRITION 21 22 Analyzed mycotoxin concentration of the Impact of mycotoxin contamination of feed on dietary treatments final BW Trt: P < 0.001 250 Item Control DON 34 lb Deoxinivalenol (vomitoxin), mg/kg 0.1 1.8 230 226.9 Fumonisin B1, mg/kg 0.9 0.9 210 Fumonisin B2, mg/kg 0.1 0.1 192.9 Zearalenone, mg/kg <0.1 1.9 190 Final BW, lb BW, Final 170 150 Control Toxins IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY APPLIED SWINE NUTRITION APPLIED SWINE NUTRITION 23 24 4 2/27/2020 Impact of mycotoxin contamination of feed on Impact of vomitoxin (3.2 ppm) on ADFI nursery pig performance Trt: P < 0.001 7.50 Time: P < 0.001 Trt. × Time: P < 0.001 Treatment P-value 6.50 Item Control Vomitoxin Diet 5.50 Initial wt., lb 14.2 14.2 0.752 50% Control Final wt., lb 36.3 35.7 0.185 4.50 Toxins ADFI, ADFI, lb Daily gain, lb 0.79 0.75 0.001 3.50 Daily feed, lb 1.21 1.17 0.068 2.50 Feed:gain 1.54 1.56 0.149 1.50 NB. Experiment commenced 1 week after weaning 0 7 14 21 28 Time (d) IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY APPLIED SWINE NUTRITION APPLIED SWINE NUTRITION 25 26 Impact of vomitoxin (3.2 ppm) on Mycotoxin mitigation strategies - 1 number of medical treatments Treatment 1. Screen corn to lower mycotoxin levels in Wk postweaning Control Vomitoxin corn 1 23 38 2 4 15 3 0 1 4 1 7 Total 28 61 IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY APPLIED SWINE NUTRITION APPLIED SWINE NUTRITION 27 28 Screening as a means of reducing Mycotoxin mitigation strategies – 1 mycotoxin content of corn 1.