Physical and Chemical Methods for Reduction in Aflatoxin Content Of
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Detoxification Strategies for Zearalenone Using
microorganisms Review Detoxification Strategies for Zearalenone Using Microorganisms: A Review 1, 2, 1 1, Nan Wang y, Weiwei Wu y, Jiawen Pan and Miao Long * 1 Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Liaoning Province, College of Animal Science & Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China 2 Institute of Animal Science, Xinjiang Academy of Animal Sciences, Urumqi 830000, China * Correspondence: [email protected] or [email protected] These authors contributed equally to this work. y Received: 21 June 2019; Accepted: 19 July 2019; Published: 21 July 2019 Abstract: Zearalenone (ZEA) is a mycotoxin produced by Fusarium fungi that is commonly found in cereal crops. ZEA has an estrogen-like effect which affects the reproductive function of animals. It also damages the liver and kidneys and reduces immune function which leads to cytotoxicity and immunotoxicity. At present, the detoxification of mycotoxins is mainly accomplished using biological methods. Microbial-based methods involve zearalenone conversion or adsorption, but not all transformation products are nontoxic. In this paper, the non-pathogenic microorganisms which have been found to detoxify ZEA in recent years are summarized. Then, two mechanisms by which ZEA can be detoxified (adsorption and biotransformation) are discussed in more detail. The compounds produced by the subsequent degradation of ZEA and the heterogeneous expression of ZEA-degrading enzymes are also analyzed. The development trends in the use of probiotics as a ZEA detoxification strategy are also evaluated. The overall purpose of this paper is to provide a reliable reference strategy for the biological detoxification of ZEA. Keywords: zearalenone (ZEA); reproductive toxicity; cytotoxicity; immunotoxicity; biological detoxification; probiotics; ZEA biotransformation 1. -
Saxitoxin Poisoning (Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning [PSP])
Saxitoxin Poisoning (Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning [PSP]) PROTOCOL CHECKLIST Enter available information into Merlin upon receipt of initial report Review information on Saxitoxin and its epidemiology, case definition and exposure information Contact provider Interview patient(s) Review facts on Saxitoxin Sources of poisoning Symptoms Clinical information Ask about exposure to relevant risk factors Type of fish or shellfish Size and weight of shellfish/puffer fish or other type of fish Amount of shellfish/puffer fish or other type of fish consumed Where the shellfish/puffer fish or other type of fish was caught or purchased Where the shellfish/puffer fish or other type of fish was consumed Secure any leftover product for potential testing Restaurant meals Other Contact your Regional Environmental Epidemiologist (REE) Identify symptomatic contacts or others who ate the shellfish/puffer fish or other type of fish Enter any additional information gathered into Merlin Saxitoxin Poisoning Guide to Surveillance and Investigation Saxitoxin Poisoning 1. DISEASE REPORTING A. Purpose of reporting and surveillance 1. To gather epidemiologic and environmental data on saxitoxin shellfish, Florida puffer fish or other type of fish poisoning cases to target future public health interventions. 2. To prevent additional cases by identifying any ongoing public health threats that can be mitigated by identifying any shellfish or puffer fish available commercially and removing it from the marketplace or issuing public notices about the risks from consuming molluscan shellfish from Florida and non-Florida waters, such as from the northern Pacific and other cold water sources. 3. To identify all exposed persons with a common or shared exposure to saxitoxic shellfish or puffer fish; collect shellfish and/or puffer fish samples for testing by the Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission (FWC) and the U.S. -
Interactions of Insecticidal Spider Peptide Neurotoxins with Insect Voltage- and Neurotransmitter-Gated Ion Channels
Interactions of insecticidal spider peptide neurotoxins with insect voltage- and neurotransmitter-gated ion channels (Molecular representation of - HXTX-Hv1c including key binding residues, adapted from Gunning et al, 2008) PhD Thesis Monique J. Windley UTS 2012 CERTIFICATE OF AUTHORSHIP/ORIGINALITY I certify that the work in this thesis has not previously been submitted for a degree nor has it been submitted as part of requirements for a degree except as fully acknowledged within the text. I also certify that the thesis has been written by me. Any help that I have received in my research work and the preparation of the thesis itself has been acknowledged. In addition, I certify that all information sources and literature used are indicated in the thesis. Monique J. Windley 2012 ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS There are many people who I would like to thank for contributions made towards the completion of this thesis. Firstly, I would like to thank my supervisor Prof. Graham Nicholson for his guidance and persistence throughout this project. I would like to acknowledge his invaluable advice, encouragement and his neverending determination to find a solution to any problem. He has been a valuable mentor and has contributed immensely to the success of this project. Next I would like to thank everyone at UTS who assisted in the advancement of this research. Firstly, I would like to acknowledge Phil Laurance for his assistance in the repair and modification of laboratory equipment. To all the laboratory and technical staff, particulary Harry Simpson and Stan Yiu for the restoration and sourcing of equipment - thankyou. I would like to thank Dr Mike Johnson for his continual assistance, advice and cheerful disposition. -
Mycotoxins: a Review of Dairy Concerns
Mycotoxins: A Review of Dairy Concerns L. W. Whitlow, Department of Animal Science and W. M. Hagler, Jr., Department of Poultry Science North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695 Introduction mycotoxins such as the ergots are known to affect cattle and may be prevalent at times in certain feedstuffs. Molds are filamentous (fuzzy or dusty looking) fungi that occur in many feedstuffs including roughages and There are hundreds of different mycotoxins, which are concentrates. Molds can infect dairy cattle, especially diverse in their chemistry and effects on animals. It is during stressful periods when they are immune likely that contaminated feeds will contain more than one suppressed, causing a disease referred to as mycosis. mycotoxin. This paper is directed toward those Molds also produce poisons called mycotoxins that affect mycotoxins thought to occur most frequently at animals when they consume mycotoxin contaminated concentrations toxic to dairy cattle. A more extensive feeds. This disorder is called mycotoxicosis. Mycotoxins review is available in the popular press (Whitlow and are produced by a wide range of different molds and are Hagler, 2004). classified as secondary metabolites, meaning that their function is not essential to the mold’s existence. The Major toxigenic fungi and mycotoxins thought to be U.N.’s Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) has the most prevalent and potentially toxic to dairy cattle. estimated that worldwide, about 25% of crops are affected annually with mycotoxins (Jelinek, 1987). Such surveys Fungal genera Mycotoxins reveal sufficiently high occurrences and concentrations of Aspergillus Aflatoxin, Ochratoxin, mycotoxins to suggest that mycotoxins are a constant Sterigmatocystin, Fumitremorgens, concern. -
Vomitoxin (DON) Fact Sheet
Crop File 6.05.013 Issued 09/17 ffv Livestock and Feedstuff Management Vomitoxin (DON) fact sheet “Mycotoxins” are natural chemicals produced by certain Table 2. FDA advisory levels for vomitoxin (DON) in various fungi, many that produce molds. Mycotoxins can affect commodities human or animal health if they consume contaminated food GRAINS and GRAIN PRODUCTS Advisory level1 or feed. There are currently 400 to 500 known mycotoxins, intended for: (mg/kg or ppm) Beef or feedlot cattle, older than 4 each produced by a different mold. 10 (11.4) months A. What is “vomitoxin”? Dairy cattle, older than 4 months 10 (11.4) 1. Common name for deoxynivalenol (DON) Swine 5 (5.7) Chickens 10 (11.4) 2. Produced by Fusarium and GIbberella fungi a. Fusarium graminearum is most notable for DON All other animals 5 (5.7) DISTILLERS GRAIN, BREWERS GRAINS, production Advisory level1 GLUTEN FEEDS, and GLUTEN MEAL i. Responsible for head blight or “scab” disease of (mg/kg or ppm) intended for: wheat Beef cattle, older than 4 months 30 (34) ii. Responsible for “red ear rot” in corn b. Molds can proliferate before harvest, but continue to Dairy cattle, older than 4 months 30 (34) grow postharvest TOTAL RATION2 Advisory level1 intended for: (mg/kg or ppm) B. Vomitoxin (DON) advisory levels Beef or feedlot cattle, older than 4 10 (11.4) months 1. Advisory levels differ from action levels Dairy cattle, older than 4 months 5 (5.7) a. Provide an adequate margin of safety to protect human and animal health Swine 1 (1.1) b. -
Biological Toxins As the Potential Tools for Bioterrorism
International Journal of Molecular Sciences Review Biological Toxins as the Potential Tools for Bioterrorism Edyta Janik 1, Michal Ceremuga 2, Joanna Saluk-Bijak 1 and Michal Bijak 1,* 1 Department of General Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Pomorska 141/143, 90-236 Lodz, Poland; [email protected] (E.J.); [email protected] (J.S.-B.) 2 CBRN Reconnaissance and Decontamination Department, Military Institute of Chemistry and Radiometry, Antoniego Chrusciela “Montera” 105, 00-910 Warsaw, Poland; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] or [email protected]; Tel.: +48-(0)426354336 Received: 3 February 2019; Accepted: 3 March 2019; Published: 8 March 2019 Abstract: Biological toxins are a heterogeneous group produced by living organisms. One dictionary defines them as “Chemicals produced by living organisms that have toxic properties for another organism”. Toxins are very attractive to terrorists for use in acts of bioterrorism. The first reason is that many biological toxins can be obtained very easily. Simple bacterial culturing systems and extraction equipment dedicated to plant toxins are cheap and easily available, and can even be constructed at home. Many toxins affect the nervous systems of mammals by interfering with the transmission of nerve impulses, which gives them their high potential in bioterrorist attacks. Others are responsible for blockage of main cellular metabolism, causing cellular death. Moreover, most toxins act very quickly and are lethal in low doses (LD50 < 25 mg/kg), which are very often lower than chemical warfare agents. For these reasons we decided to prepare this review paper which main aim is to present the high potential of biological toxins as factors of bioterrorism describing the general characteristics, mechanisms of action and treatment of most potent biological toxins. -
Occurrence, Impact on Agriculture, Human Health, and Management Strategies of Zearalenone in Food and Feed: a Review
toxins Review Occurrence, Impact on Agriculture, Human Health, and Management Strategies of Zearalenone in Food and Feed: A Review Dipendra Kumar Mahato 1 , Sheetal Devi 2, Shikha Pandhi 3, Bharti Sharma 3 , Kamlesh Kumar Maurya 3, Sadhna Mishra 3, Kajal Dhawan 4, Raman Selvakumar 5 , Madhu Kamle 6 , Awdhesh Kumar Mishra 7,* and Pradeep Kumar 6,* 1 CASS Food Research Centre, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Burwood, VIC 3125, Australia; [email protected] 2 National Institute of Food Technology Entrepreneurship and Management (NIFTEM), Sonipat, Haryana 131028, India; [email protected] 3 Department of Dairy Science and Food Technology, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India; [email protected] (S.P.); [email protected] (B.S.); [email protected] (K.K.M.); [email protected] (S.M.) 4 Department of Food Technology and Nutrition, School of Agriculture Lovely Professional University, Phagwara 144411, India; [email protected] 5 Centre for Protected Cultivation Technology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, Pusa Campus, New Delhi 110012, India; [email protected] 6 Applied Microbiology Lab., Department of Forestry, North Eastern Regional Institute of Science and Technology, Nirjuli 791109, India; [email protected] 7 Department of Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Gyeongbuk, Korea * Correspondence: [email protected] (A.K.M.); [email protected] (P.K.) Citation: Mahato, D.K.; Devi, S.; Abstract: Mycotoxins represent an assorted range of secondary fungal metabolites that extensively Pandhi, S.; Sharma, B.; Maurya, K.K.; occur in numerous food and feed ingredients at any stage during pre- and post-harvest conditions. Mishra, S.; Dhawan, K.; Selvakumar, Zearalenone (ZEN), a mycotoxin categorized as a xenoestrogen poses structural similarity with R.; Kamle, M.; Mishra, A.K.; et al. -
Cyanobacterial Toxins: Saxitoxins
WHO/SDE/WSH/xxxxx English only Cyanobacterial toxins: Saxitoxins Background document for development of WHO Guidelines for Drinking-water Quality and Guidelines for Safe Recreational Water Environments Version for Public Review Nov 2019 © World Health Organization 20XX Preface Information on cyanobacterial toxins, including saxitoxins, is comprehensively reviewed in a recent volume to be published by the World Health Organization, “Toxic Cyanobacteria in Water” (TCiW; Chorus & Welker, in press). This covers chemical properties of the toxins and information on the cyanobacteria producing them as well as guidance on assessing the risks of their occurrence, monitoring and management. In contrast, this background document focuses on reviewing the toxicological information available for guideline value derivation and the considerations for deriving the guideline values for saxitoxin in water. Sections 1-3 and 8 are largely summaries of respective chapters in TCiW and references to original studies can be found therein. To be written by WHO Secretariat Acknowledgements To be written by WHO Secretariat 5 Abbreviations used in text ARfD Acute Reference Dose bw body weight C Volume of drinking water assumed to be consumed daily by an adult GTX Gonyautoxin i.p. intraperitoneal i.v. intravenous LOAEL Lowest Observed Adverse Effect Level neoSTX Neosaxitoxin NOAEL No Observed Adverse Effect Level P Proportion of exposure assumed to be due to drinking water PSP Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning PST paralytic shellfish toxin STX saxitoxin STXOL saxitoxinol -
Determination of Zeranol and Its Metabolites in Bovine Muscle Tissue with Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry
Bull Vet Inst Pulawy 56, 335-342, 2012 DOI: 10.2478/v10213-012-0059-4 DETERMINATION OF ZERANOL AND ITS METABOLITES IN BOVINE MUSCLE TISSUE WITH GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY-MASS SPECTROMETRY IWONA MATRASZEK-ŻUCHOWSKA, BARBARA WOŹNIAK, AND JAN ŻMUDZKI Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland [email protected] Received: June 19, 2012 Accepted: September 7, 2012 Abstract This paper describes the quantitative method of determination of chosen substances from resorcylic acid lactones group: zeranol, taleranol, α-zearalenol, β-zearalenol, and zearalanone in bovine muscle tissue. The presented method is based on double diethyl ether liquid-liquid extraction (LLE), solid phase extraction (SPE) clean up, and gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC- MS) analysis. The residues were derivatised with a mixture of N-methyl-N-trimethylsilyltrifluoroacetamide, ammonium iodide, and DL-dithiothreitol (1,000:2:5, v/w/w). The GC-MS apparatus was operated in positive electron ionisation mode. The method was validated according to the European Union performance criteria pointed in Decision Commission 2002/657/EC. The average recoveries of all analytes at 1 µg kg-1 level were located between 83.7% and 94.5% values with the coefficients of variation values <25%. The decision limits (CCα) and detection capabilities (CCβ) for all analytes ranged from 0.58 to 0.82 µg kg-1 and from 0.64 to 0.94 µg kg-1, respectively. The procedure has been accredited and is used as a screening and confirmatory method in control of hormone residues in animal tissues. Key words: bovine muscle tissue, zeranol, GC-MS. -
Aflatoxins and Dairy Cattle
Texas Dairy Matters Higher Education Supporting the Industry AFLATOXINS AND DAIRY CATTLE Ellen R. Jordan, Ph.D. Extension Dairy Specialist Department of Animal Science Texas A&M AgriLife Extension Service The Texas A&M University System Whenever crops are under stress, the potential for aflatoxins increases. Aflatoxins are poisonous by-products of the growth of some species of the mold fungus Aspergillus. Some crops may be contaminated with aflatoxins, particularly whenever drought stress occurs. When lactating animals are fed aflatoxin contaminated feed, they excrete aflatoxin metabolites into the milk. The aflatoxins are capable of causing aflatoxicosis in consumers of milk. This is why government regulations specify that milk must be free of aflatoxin. However, action is not taken until the aflatoxin level exceeds 0.5 ppb in market milk, the level below which there is no hazard for the consuming public. "Action levels" for livestock represent the level of contamination at which the feed may be injurious to their health or result in contamination of milk, meat or eggs. Action levels by class of livestock are in table 1. Aflatoxicosis is a disease caused by the consumption of aflatoxins, the mold metabolites produced by some strains of Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasitisus. The four most common aflatoxins are B1, B2, G1 and G2. Contaminated grains and grain by- products are the most common sources of aflatoxins in Texas. Corn silage may also be a source of aflatoxins, because the ensiling process does not destroy the toxins already present in silage. Aspergillus flavus growth on corn. Table 1: The FDA Center for Veterinary Medicine "Action" levels for aflatoxin in feed grain in interstate commerce. -
Understanding Fungal (Mold) Toxins (Mycotoxins) Michael P
® ® KFSBOPFQVLCB?O>PH>¨ FK@LIKUQBKPFLK KPQFQRQBLCDOF@RIQROB>KA>QRO>IBPLRO@BP KLTELT KLTKLT G1513 Understanding Fungal (Mold) Toxins (Mycotoxins) Michael P. Carlson, Diagnostic Toxicologist/Analytical Chemist; and Steve M. Ensley, Veterinary Toxicologist of the immune system. Common mycoses include athlete’s This NebGuide briefly discusses mycotoxins commonly foot and ringworm. encountered in grains and feeds used in Nebraska and the mycotoxicoses they cause. Myco toxin sources and clini- Diagnosis and Treatment of Mycotoxicoses cal signs, lesions, diagnostic aids and treatment for each mycotoxicosis are listed. Different mycotoxins cause different diseases. Although they all are called mycotoxicoses, they are very different from Mycotoxins are chemicals produced by fungi (molds) each other. under certain conditions. They are not essential for fungal Modern agricultural practices make acute mycotoxicoses growth or reproduction, and are toxic to animals or humans. with high death loss (mortality) rare. Chronic mycotoxicoses Scientists do not yet know how many mycotoxins may ex- are often suspected when clinical signs include poor perfor- ist, even though more than 250 have been detected. They mance, ill thrift, or increased incidence of infectious diseases. represent many different kinds of chemicals. For many, if Establishing cause and effect relationships between consump- not most, their toxicological characteristics have not been tion of mycotoxin-contaminated feed and vague chronic fully determined. conditions is very difficult. Diseases in animals caused by mycotoxins are called my- Diagnosis of mycotoxicoses is usually not very easy. cotoxicoses. There are many different kinds of mycotoxicoses Exposure cannot be established by detection of mycotoxins in because there are many different kinds of mycotoxins. -
Comparative Acute and Combinative Toxicity of Aflatoxin B1 and T-2 Toxin
JOURNAL OF APPLIED TOXICOLOGY TOXICITY OF AFLATOXIN B1 AND T-2 TOXIN 139 J. Appl. Toxicol. 2006; 26: 139–147 Published online 17 October 2005 in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI: 10.1002/jat.1117 Comparative acute and combinative toxicity of aflatoxin B1 and T-2 toxin in animals and immortalized human cell lines Christopher McKean, Lili Tang, Madhavi Billam, Meng Tang, Christopher W. Theodorakis, Ronald J. Kendall and Jia-Sheng Wang* The Institute of Environmental and Human Health, Department of Environmental Toxicology, Texas Tech University, Box 41163, Lubbock TX 79409-1163, USA Received 27 September 2004; Revised 14 June 2005; Accepted 8 August 2005 ABSTRACT: Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) and T-2 toxin (T-2) are important food-borne mycotoxins that have been implicated in human health and as potential biochemical weapons threats. In this study the acute and combinative toxicity of AFB1 and T-2 were tested in F-344 rats, mosquitofish (Gambusia affinis), immortalized human hepatoma cells (HepG2) and human bronchial epithelial cells (BEAS-2B). Preliminary experiments were conducted in order to assess the acute toxicity and to obtain LD50, LC50 and IC50 values for individual toxins in each model, respectively. This was followed by testing combinations of AFB1 and T-2 to obtain LD50, LC50 and IC50 values for the combination in each model. All models demonstrated a significant dose response in the observed parameters to treatment. The potency of the mixture was gauged through the determination of the interaction index metric. The results of this study demonstrate that these two toxins interacted to produce alterations in the toxic responses generally classifiable as additive; however, a synergistic interaction was noted in the case of BEAS-2B.