Mycotoxin Analysis IV Section 7
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Predominant Mycotoxins, Pathogenesis, Control Measures, and Detection Methods in Fermented Pastes
toxins Review Predominant Mycotoxins, Pathogenesis, Control Measures, and Detection Methods in Fermented Pastes Guozhong Zhao 1, Yi-Fei Wang 1, Junling Chen 2 and Yunping Yao 1,* 1 State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, 300457 Tianjin, China; [email protected] (G.Z.); [email protected] (Y.-F.W.) 2 College of Food and Bioengineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, 471023 Luoyang, China; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +86-22-6091-2585 Received: 2 January 2020; Accepted: 21 January 2020; Published: 23 January 2020 Abstract: Fermented pastes are some of the most popular traditional products in China. Many studies reported a strong possibility that fermented pastes promote exposure to mycotoxins, including aflatoxins, ochratoxins, and cereulide, which were proven to be carcinogenic and neurotoxic to humans. The primary mechanism of pathogenicity is by inhibiting protein synthesis and inducing oxidative stress using cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes. The level of mycotoxin production is dependent on the pre-harvest or post-harvest stage. It is possible to implement methods to control mycotoxins by using appropriate antagonistic microorganisms, such as Aspergillus niger, Lactobacillus plantarum, and Saccharomyces cerevisiae isolated from ordinary foods. Also, drying products as soon as possible to avoid condensation or moisture absorption in order to reduce the water activity to lower than 0.82 during storage is also effective. Furthermore, organic acid treatment during the soaking process reduces toxins by more than 90%. -
Detoxification Strategies for Zearalenone Using
microorganisms Review Detoxification Strategies for Zearalenone Using Microorganisms: A Review 1, 2, 1 1, Nan Wang y, Weiwei Wu y, Jiawen Pan and Miao Long * 1 Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Liaoning Province, College of Animal Science & Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China 2 Institute of Animal Science, Xinjiang Academy of Animal Sciences, Urumqi 830000, China * Correspondence: [email protected] or [email protected] These authors contributed equally to this work. y Received: 21 June 2019; Accepted: 19 July 2019; Published: 21 July 2019 Abstract: Zearalenone (ZEA) is a mycotoxin produced by Fusarium fungi that is commonly found in cereal crops. ZEA has an estrogen-like effect which affects the reproductive function of animals. It also damages the liver and kidneys and reduces immune function which leads to cytotoxicity and immunotoxicity. At present, the detoxification of mycotoxins is mainly accomplished using biological methods. Microbial-based methods involve zearalenone conversion or adsorption, but not all transformation products are nontoxic. In this paper, the non-pathogenic microorganisms which have been found to detoxify ZEA in recent years are summarized. Then, two mechanisms by which ZEA can be detoxified (adsorption and biotransformation) are discussed in more detail. The compounds produced by the subsequent degradation of ZEA and the heterogeneous expression of ZEA-degrading enzymes are also analyzed. The development trends in the use of probiotics as a ZEA detoxification strategy are also evaluated. The overall purpose of this paper is to provide a reliable reference strategy for the biological detoxification of ZEA. Keywords: zearalenone (ZEA); reproductive toxicity; cytotoxicity; immunotoxicity; biological detoxification; probiotics; ZEA biotransformation 1. -
Interactions of Insecticidal Spider Peptide Neurotoxins with Insect Voltage- and Neurotransmitter-Gated Ion Channels
Interactions of insecticidal spider peptide neurotoxins with insect voltage- and neurotransmitter-gated ion channels (Molecular representation of - HXTX-Hv1c including key binding residues, adapted from Gunning et al, 2008) PhD Thesis Monique J. Windley UTS 2012 CERTIFICATE OF AUTHORSHIP/ORIGINALITY I certify that the work in this thesis has not previously been submitted for a degree nor has it been submitted as part of requirements for a degree except as fully acknowledged within the text. I also certify that the thesis has been written by me. Any help that I have received in my research work and the preparation of the thesis itself has been acknowledged. In addition, I certify that all information sources and literature used are indicated in the thesis. Monique J. Windley 2012 ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS There are many people who I would like to thank for contributions made towards the completion of this thesis. Firstly, I would like to thank my supervisor Prof. Graham Nicholson for his guidance and persistence throughout this project. I would like to acknowledge his invaluable advice, encouragement and his neverending determination to find a solution to any problem. He has been a valuable mentor and has contributed immensely to the success of this project. Next I would like to thank everyone at UTS who assisted in the advancement of this research. Firstly, I would like to acknowledge Phil Laurance for his assistance in the repair and modification of laboratory equipment. To all the laboratory and technical staff, particulary Harry Simpson and Stan Yiu for the restoration and sourcing of equipment - thankyou. I would like to thank Dr Mike Johnson for his continual assistance, advice and cheerful disposition. -
Feed Safety 2016
Annual Report The surveillance programme for feed materials, complete and complementary feed in Norway 2016 - Mycotoxins, fungi and bacteria NORWEGIAN VETERINARY INSTITUTE The surveillance programme for feed materials, complete and complementary feed in Norway 2016 – Mycotoxins, fungi and bacteria Content Summary ...................................................................................................................... 3 Introduction .................................................................................................................. 4 Aims ........................................................................................................................... 5 Materials and methods ..................................................................................................... 5 Quantitative determination of total mould, Fusarium and storage fungi ........................................ 6 Chemical analysis .......................................................................................................... 6 Bacterial analysis .......................................................................................................... 7 Statistical analysis ......................................................................................................... 7 Results and discussion ...................................................................................................... 7 Cereals ..................................................................................................................... -
Patulin – a Contaminant of Food and Feed: a Review
Acta fytotechn zootechn, 19, 2016(2): 64–67 http://www.acta.fapz.uniag.sk Review Patulin – a contaminant of food and feed: A review Katarína Zbyňovská*, Peter Petruška, Anna Kalafová, Marcela Capcarová Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra, Slovak Republic Article Details: Received: 2016-07-28 | Accepted: 2016-02-18 | Available online: 2016-05-31 dx.doi.org/10.15414/afz.2016.19.02.64–67 Contamination of food and agricultural commodities by various types of toxigenic molds (microscopic filamentous fungi) is a serious and widely neglected problem. Poor harvesting practices, improper drying, handling, packaging, storage and transport conditions contribute to fungal growth and increase the risk of mycotoxin production. Patulin is a toxic chemical contaminant produced by several species of microscopic filamentous fungi. It is the most common mycotoxin found in apples, apricots, grapes, grape fruit, peaches, pears, olives and cereals. Patulin has been reported to be a genotoxic, reprotoxic, embryotoxic, and immunosuppressive compound. Further research needs to be focused on the generation of data dealing with epidemiological and toxicity effects, especially in humans. Keywords: mycotoxin, patulin, toxicity 1 Mycotoxin patulin and as an ointment for treating fungal skin infections Mycotoxins are low-molecular-weight toxic chemical (Chalmers et al., 2004; Ciegler, 1977). However, during the compounds with low volatility, representing secondary 1950s and 1960s, it became apparent that, in addition metabolites produced by certain filamentous fungi to its antibacterial, antiviral, and antiprotozoal activity, that colonize crops, in the field or post-harvest, capable patulin was toxic to both plants and animals, precluding of causing disease and death in humans and animals its clinical use as an antibiotic. -
Enhanced Representation of Natural Product Metabolism in Uniprotkb
H OH metabolites OH Article Diverse Taxonomies for Diverse Chemistries: Enhanced Representation of Natural Product Metabolism in UniProtKB Marc Feuermann 1,* , Emmanuel Boutet 1,* , Anne Morgat 1 , Kristian B. Axelsen 1, Parit Bansal 1, Jerven Bolleman 1 , Edouard de Castro 1, Elisabeth Coudert 1, Elisabeth Gasteiger 1,Sébastien Géhant 1, Damien Lieberherr 1, Thierry Lombardot 1,†, Teresa B. Neto 1, Ivo Pedruzzi 1, Sylvain Poux 1, Monica Pozzato 1, Nicole Redaschi 1 , Alan Bridge 1 and on behalf of the UniProt Consortium 1,2,3,4,‡ 1 Swiss-Prot Group, SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, CMU, 1 Michel-Servet, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland; [email protected] (A.M.); [email protected] (K.B.A.); [email protected] (P.B.); [email protected] (J.B.); [email protected] (E.d.C.); [email protected] (E.C.); [email protected] (E.G.); [email protected] (S.G.); [email protected] (D.L.); [email protected] (T.L.); [email protected] (T.B.N.); [email protected] (I.P.); [email protected] (S.P.); [email protected] (M.P.); [email protected] (N.R.); [email protected] (A.B.); [email protected] (U.C.) 2 European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SD, UK 3 Protein Information Resource, University of Delaware, 15 Innovation Way, Suite 205, Newark, DE 19711, USA 4 Protein Information Resource, Georgetown University Medical Center, 3300 Whitehaven Street NorthWest, Suite 1200, Washington, DC 20007, USA * Correspondence: [email protected] (M.F.); [email protected] (E.B.); Tel.: +41-22-379-58-75 (M.F.); +41-22-379-49-10 (E.B.) † Current address: Centre Informatique, Division Calcul et Soutien à la Recherche, University of Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland. -
Mycotoxins: a Review of Dairy Concerns
Mycotoxins: A Review of Dairy Concerns L. W. Whitlow, Department of Animal Science and W. M. Hagler, Jr., Department of Poultry Science North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695 Introduction mycotoxins such as the ergots are known to affect cattle and may be prevalent at times in certain feedstuffs. Molds are filamentous (fuzzy or dusty looking) fungi that occur in many feedstuffs including roughages and There are hundreds of different mycotoxins, which are concentrates. Molds can infect dairy cattle, especially diverse in their chemistry and effects on animals. It is during stressful periods when they are immune likely that contaminated feeds will contain more than one suppressed, causing a disease referred to as mycosis. mycotoxin. This paper is directed toward those Molds also produce poisons called mycotoxins that affect mycotoxins thought to occur most frequently at animals when they consume mycotoxin contaminated concentrations toxic to dairy cattle. A more extensive feeds. This disorder is called mycotoxicosis. Mycotoxins review is available in the popular press (Whitlow and are produced by a wide range of different molds and are Hagler, 2004). classified as secondary metabolites, meaning that their function is not essential to the mold’s existence. The Major toxigenic fungi and mycotoxins thought to be U.N.’s Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) has the most prevalent and potentially toxic to dairy cattle. estimated that worldwide, about 25% of crops are affected annually with mycotoxins (Jelinek, 1987). Such surveys Fungal genera Mycotoxins reveal sufficiently high occurrences and concentrations of Aspergillus Aflatoxin, Ochratoxin, mycotoxins to suggest that mycotoxins are a constant Sterigmatocystin, Fumitremorgens, concern. -
Comprehensive Review of Patulin Control and Analysis in Foods
COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW OF PATULIN CONTROL AND ANALYSIS IN FOODS A Project Paper Presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School of Cornell University in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Professional Studies in Agriculture and Life Sciences Field of Food Science and Technology by Ana Cristina Barsallo Cochez May 2018 © 2018 Ana Cristina Barsallo Cochez ii ABSTRACT Patulin is a mycotoxin produced by a number of fungal species that include Penicillium, Aspergillus, and Byssochlamys genera. Several adverse health effects have been attributed to patulin—it is suspected of being clastogenic, mutagenic, teratogenic, and in higher concentrations cytotoxic, hence the importance of prevention, timely detection, and mitigation of contamination by this toxic fungal metabolite. The primary dietary origin of patulin is apples and its products, with the occasional contamination of other fruits, vegetables, and products thereof. The persistence and stability of the molecule allow it to survive processing, poses a major issue for the safety of susceptible foods. This challenge calls for techniques that will allow us to properly identify and eliminate the metabolite from food products. This paper reviews prior research on patulin focusing on detection, control, and level-reduction methods of patulin in several stages of production of these products. iii BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH Ana Cristina Barsallo Cochez is pursuing a Master of Professional Studies in Food Science and Technology, immediately after the completion of her Doctorate of Veterinary Medicine from the University of Panama. Her interest in food safety grew while in vet school from bromatology courses, as well as an internship in the Food Safety Authority of Panama on her senior year. -
FOLIA VETERINARIA Is a Scientific Journal Issued by the University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy in Košice, Komenského 73, 041 81 Košice, Slovakia
FOLIA VETERINARIA The scientific journal of the ISSN 0015-5748 UNIVERSITY OF VETERINARY MEDICINE AND eISSN PHARMACY IN KOŠICE — Slovakia 2453-7837 2 LXIV • 2020 FOLIA VETERINARIA is a scientific journal issued by the University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy in Košice, Komenského 73, 041 81 Košice, Slovakia. The journal is published quaterly in English (numbers 1—4) and distributed worldwide. The list of Editorial Board of scientific journal Folia Veterinaria: Editor-in-Chief: Jana Mojžišová Deputy/Managing Editor: Juraj Pistl Editorial Board: Aland, A. (Tartu, Estonia), Banhazi, T. (Toowomba, Aus- tralia), Bao, E. (Nanjing, China), Bíreš, J. (Bratislava, Slovakia), Celer, V. (Brno, Czechia), Fablet, Ch. (Ploufragan, France), Faix, Š. (Košice, Slovakia), Faixová, Z. (Košice, Slovakia), Fedoročko, P. (Košice, Slovakia), Gunnarsson, S. (Skara, Sweden), Kolacz, R. (Wrocław, Poland), Könyves, L. (Budapest, Hungary), Nagy, J. (Košice, Slovakia), Novák, M. (Bratislava, Slovakia), Paulsen, P. (Vienna, Austria), Pěchová, A. (Brno, Czechia), Sossidou, E. N. (Thermi Thessa- loniki, Greece), Večerek, V. (Brno, Czechia), Vorlová, V. (Brno, Czechia) Vargová, M. — technical editor (Košice, Slovakia) Contact: tel.: +421 915 984 669 e-mail: [email protected] Electronic Publisher: De Gruyter Poland, Bogumila Zuga 32A 01-811 Warsaw, Poland ISSN 2453-7837 on-line ISSN 0015-5748 print EV 3485/09 Publisher’s Identification number: IČO 00397474 June 2020 FOLIA VETERINARIA PUBLISHED BY THE UNIVERSITY OF VETERINARY MEDICINE AND PHARMACY IN KOŠICE SLOVAK IA Folia Veterinaria Vol. 64, 2, 2020 V YDÁVA UNIVERZITA VETERINÁRSKEHO LEKÁRSTVA A FARMÁCIE V KOŠICIACH 2020 F O L I A V E T E R I N A R I A, 64, 2, 2020 C O N T E N T S ADESOKAN, H. -
Evaluation of the Individual and Combined Toxicity of Fumonisin Mycotoxins in Human Gastric Epithelial Cells
International Journal of Molecular Sciences Article Evaluation of the Individual and Combined Toxicity of Fumonisin Mycotoxins in Human Gastric Epithelial Cells Song Yu, Bingxuan Jia, Na Liu, Dianzhen Yu and Aibo Wu * SIBS-UGENT-SJTU Joint Laboratory of Mycotoxin Research, CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China; [email protected] (S.Y.); [email protected] (B.J.); [email protected] (N.L.); [email protected] (D.Y.) * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +86-21-54920716 Received: 23 July 2020; Accepted: 14 August 2020; Published: 18 August 2020 Abstract: Fumonisin contaminates food and feed extensively throughout the world, causing chronic and acute toxicity in human and animals. Currently, studies on the toxicology of fumonisins mainly focus on fumonisin B1 (FB1). Considering that FB1, fumonisin B2 (FB2) and fumonisin B3 (FB3) could coexist in food and feed, a study regarding a single toxin, FB1, may not completely reflect the toxicity of fumonisin. The gastrointestinal tract is usually exposed to these dietary toxins. In our study, the human gastric epithelial cell line (GES-1) was used as in vitro model to evaluate the toxicity of fumonisin. Firstly, we found that they could cause a decrease in cell viability, and increase in membrane leakage, cell death and the induction of expression of markers for endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. Their toxicity potency rank is FB1 > FB2 >> FB3. The results also showed that the synergistic effect appeared in the combinations of FB1 + FB2 and FB1 + FB3. -
Occurrence, Impact on Agriculture, Human Health, and Management Strategies of Zearalenone in Food and Feed: a Review
toxins Review Occurrence, Impact on Agriculture, Human Health, and Management Strategies of Zearalenone in Food and Feed: A Review Dipendra Kumar Mahato 1 , Sheetal Devi 2, Shikha Pandhi 3, Bharti Sharma 3 , Kamlesh Kumar Maurya 3, Sadhna Mishra 3, Kajal Dhawan 4, Raman Selvakumar 5 , Madhu Kamle 6 , Awdhesh Kumar Mishra 7,* and Pradeep Kumar 6,* 1 CASS Food Research Centre, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Burwood, VIC 3125, Australia; [email protected] 2 National Institute of Food Technology Entrepreneurship and Management (NIFTEM), Sonipat, Haryana 131028, India; [email protected] 3 Department of Dairy Science and Food Technology, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India; [email protected] (S.P.); [email protected] (B.S.); [email protected] (K.K.M.); [email protected] (S.M.) 4 Department of Food Technology and Nutrition, School of Agriculture Lovely Professional University, Phagwara 144411, India; [email protected] 5 Centre for Protected Cultivation Technology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, Pusa Campus, New Delhi 110012, India; [email protected] 6 Applied Microbiology Lab., Department of Forestry, North Eastern Regional Institute of Science and Technology, Nirjuli 791109, India; [email protected] 7 Department of Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Gyeongbuk, Korea * Correspondence: [email protected] (A.K.M.); [email protected] (P.K.) Citation: Mahato, D.K.; Devi, S.; Abstract: Mycotoxins represent an assorted range of secondary fungal metabolites that extensively Pandhi, S.; Sharma, B.; Maurya, K.K.; occur in numerous food and feed ingredients at any stage during pre- and post-harvest conditions. Mishra, S.; Dhawan, K.; Selvakumar, Zearalenone (ZEN), a mycotoxin categorized as a xenoestrogen poses structural similarity with R.; Kamle, M.; Mishra, A.K.; et al. -
Aflatoxins and Dairy Cattle
Texas Dairy Matters Higher Education Supporting the Industry AFLATOXINS AND DAIRY CATTLE Ellen R. Jordan, Ph.D. Extension Dairy Specialist Department of Animal Science Texas A&M AgriLife Extension Service The Texas A&M University System Whenever crops are under stress, the potential for aflatoxins increases. Aflatoxins are poisonous by-products of the growth of some species of the mold fungus Aspergillus. Some crops may be contaminated with aflatoxins, particularly whenever drought stress occurs. When lactating animals are fed aflatoxin contaminated feed, they excrete aflatoxin metabolites into the milk. The aflatoxins are capable of causing aflatoxicosis in consumers of milk. This is why government regulations specify that milk must be free of aflatoxin. However, action is not taken until the aflatoxin level exceeds 0.5 ppb in market milk, the level below which there is no hazard for the consuming public. "Action levels" for livestock represent the level of contamination at which the feed may be injurious to their health or result in contamination of milk, meat or eggs. Action levels by class of livestock are in table 1. Aflatoxicosis is a disease caused by the consumption of aflatoxins, the mold metabolites produced by some strains of Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasitisus. The four most common aflatoxins are B1, B2, G1 and G2. Contaminated grains and grain by- products are the most common sources of aflatoxins in Texas. Corn silage may also be a source of aflatoxins, because the ensiling process does not destroy the toxins already present in silage. Aspergillus flavus growth on corn. Table 1: The FDA Center for Veterinary Medicine "Action" levels for aflatoxin in feed grain in interstate commerce.