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Don Marcelino Menéndez Y Pelayo
2 EL CARIBE, SIEMPRE EL CARIBE, Y OTROS ENSAYOS ANTILLANOS Marcos Antonio Ramos Correspondiente de la Real Academia Española Academia Norteamericana de la Lengua Española 3 Título: El Caribe, siempre el Caribe, y otros ensayos antillanos © ACADEMIA NORTEAMERICANA DE LA LENGUA ESPAÑOLA © Ediciones ANLE, 2014 Colección Plural espejo 1ra. edición ISBN: 978-0-9850961-1-3 Library of Congress Control Number: 2013940451 BN: 978-0-9850961-1-3 Library of Congress Control Number: 2013940451 Impreso en los Estados Unidos de América Printed in the United States © De los ensayos: Marcos Antonio Ramos © Del prólogo: Gerardo Piña-Rosales © De las fotografías: Gerardo Piña-Rosales Academia Norteamericana de la Lengua Española P.O. Box 349 New York, NY 10116 www.anle.us Todos los derechos reservados. Esta publicación no puede ser repro- ducida, ni en todo ni en parte, ni registrada en o transmitida por un sistema de recuperación de información, en ninguna forma ni por ningún medio, sea fotoquímico, electrónico, magnético mecánico, electroóptico, por fotocopia, o cualquier otro, sin el permiso previo por escrito de la Academia Norteamericana de la Lengua Española. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information storage and re- trieval system, without permission in writing from the North Ameri- can Academy of the Spanish Language. 4 Í N D I C E Prólogo de Gerardo Piña-Rosales / 7 EL CARIBE, SIEMPRE EL CARIBE / 9 UN -
Explorers of Africa
Explorers of Africa Prince Henry the Navigator (1394-1460) Portugal Goals of exploration: establish a Christian empire in western Africa find new sources of gold create maps of the African coast Trips funded by Henry the Navigator led to more Impact: exploration of western Africa Bartolomeu Días (1450-1500) Portugal Rounded the southernmost tip of Africa in 1488 Goal of exploration: find a water route to Asia Impact: Led the Portuguese closer to discovering a water route to Asia Vasco da Gama (1460s-1524) Portugal Rounded the southernmost tip of Africa; Reached India in 1498 Goal of exploration: find a water route to Asia Found a water route to Asia and brought back Impact: jewels and spices, which encouraged further exploration Explorers of the Caribbean Christopher Columbus (1450-1506) Spain In 1492, Columbus sailed the ocean blue (He sailed again in 1493, 1498, and 1502) Goal of exploration: find a water route to Asia Discovered the New World and led to Impact: exploration of the Americas Vasco Núñez de Balboa (1475-1519) Spain Discovered the Pacific Ocean and the Isthmus of Panama in 1513 Goal of exploration: further exploration of the New World Discovered the Pacific Ocean and a new Impact: passage for exploration Explorers of South America Ferdinand Magellan Spain (1480-1521) Magellan's ships completed the first known circumnavigation of the globe. Goal of exploration: find a water route to Asia across the Pacific Discovered a new passage between the Impact: Atlantic and Pacific Oceans Francisco Pizarro Spain (1470s-1541) Conquered -
A Selective Bibliography of Exploration Relating to the United States
A Selective Bibliography of Exploration Relating to the United States By William H. Goetzmann University of Texas at Austin Because of the Lewis and Clark bicentennial celebrations the history of North American exploration is undergoing a renaissance. Thus it is appropriate that during this bicentennial year we should create a bibliography of works that is useful and selective rather than exhaustive, especially since it is aimed at the public as well as the scholar or collector. The scope of this bibliography is confined to voyages and expeditions that impinge on the United States and its interests in Alaska and the Far North from the early Spanish and English voyages down to 1908, though I have also included the Vikings, which have long been a serious interest of mine. Due to length restrictions, I have also not included American expeditions to Africa, Asia and South America. Canadian exploration, an exciting field for future work, has also been excluded. But extensive coverage of this subject can be found in William H. Goetzmann and Glyndwr Williams, The Atlas of North American Exploration: From the Norse Voyages to the Race to the Pole, New York, Prentice Hall, 1992. Many volumes on Canadian exploration can be found in The Champlain Society publications in Toronto, Canada. The history of American exploration has been one of the mainstreams of American history since the publication of Justin Winsor’s Narrative and Critical History of the United States, Boston, 8 vols., Houghton-Mifflin, 1884-1998. Over the years exploration history has had political implications, especially in the contested Far West and in relation to U.S.-Mexican and Canadian-American boundary negotiations. -
European Nations Settle North America MAIN IDEA WHY IT MATTERS NOW TERMS & NAMES
2 European Nations Settle North America MAIN IDEA WHY IT MATTERS NOW TERMS & NAMES EMPIRE BUILDING Several The English settlers in North •New France • New European nations fought for America left a legacy of law and •Jamestown Netherland control of North America, and government that guides the • Pilgrims •French and England emerged victorious. United States today. • Puritans Indian War • Metacom SETTING THE STAGE Spain’s successful colonization efforts in the Americas did not go unnoticed. Other European nations, such as England, France, and the Netherlands, soon became interested in obtaining their own valuable colonies. The Treaty of Tordesillas, signed in 1494, had divided the newly discovered lands between Spain and Portugal. However, other European countries ignored the treaty. They set out to build their own empires in the Americas. This resulted in a struggle for North America. Competing Claims in North America TAKING NOTES Clarifying Use a chart to Magellan’s voyage showed that ships could reach Asia by way of the Pacific record information about Ocean. Spain claimed the route around the southern tip of South America. Other early settlements. European countries hoped to find an easier and more direct route to the Pacific. If it existed, a northwest trade route through North America to Asia would Name of General become highly profitable. Not finding the route, the French, English, and Dutch Settlement Location instead established colonies in North America. New France Explorers Establish New France The early French explorers sailed west with New dreams of reaching the East Indies. One explorer was Giovanni da Verrazzano Netherland (VEHR•uh•ZAHN•noh), an Italian in the service of France. -
La Dictadura De Trujillo: Documentos (1950-1961)
Archivo General de la Nación Volumen CLXXIII LA DICTADURA DE TRUJILLO: DOCUMENTOS (1950-1961) TOMO III, VOLUMEN 5 EDITOR ELIADES ACOSTA MATOS Santo Domingo 2012 Dictadura de Trujillo v5.indd 5 11/9/2012 1:30:27 PM Editor: Eliades Acosta Matos Diagramación: Alexandra Deschamps / Eric Simó Diseño de cubierta: Esteban Rimoli Motivo de cubierta: Ilustración que muestra a Trujillo durante su férrea dictadura. Al pie imágenes y la tumba de las hermanas Mirabal, en la provincia del mismo nombre. Primera edición, 2012 © Eliades Acosta Matos De esta edición: © Archivo General de la Nación (vol. CLXXIII), 2012 ISBN: 978-9945-074-75-8 Impresión: Editora Búho Archivo General de la Nación Departamento de Investigación y Divulgación Área de Publicaciones Calle Modesto Díaz, Núm. 2, Zona Universitaria, Santo Domingo, República Dominicana Tel. 809-362-1111, Fax. 809-362-1110 www.agn.gov.do Impreso en República Dominicana / Printed in Dominican Republic Dictadura de Trujillo v5.indd 6 11/9/2012 1:30:27 PM Índice Prólogo ...................................................11 EJÉRCITO NACIONAL (1) Guardia presidencial y ayudantes militares. .17 (2) Criminalidad en las filas del Ejército Nacional. .25 (3) Desprecio a la vida de los rasos. 30 (4) Solicitudes y avales para entrar al Ejército Nacional ..............33 (5) Carrera militar de los elegidos y protegidos del régimen. 35 (6) Persecución en las filas del Ejército Nacional de familiares de “desafectos” al régimen. 37 (7) Cancelaciones en la Aviación Militar Dominicana. .39 (8) El dictador intenta asegurar la lealtad de Rafael de la Maza, piloto militar ...........................................44 (9) Oferta de servicios militares de ciudadanos españoles. -
Don Carlos Rafael Nouel Pierret, Político, Sacerdote E Historiador
Don Carlos Rafael Nouel Pierret, político, sacerdote e historiador Don Carlos Rafael Noeul Pierret, político, sacerdote e historiador * José Luis Sáez, S. J. ** La vida de Carlos Nouel Pierret tiene dos o tres aspectos que merecerían un estudio más amplio que éste. Quizás es uno de los tantos desconocidos de nuestra historia, y por supuesto, menos conocido que su hijo, el arzobispo Nouel, cuya trayectoria también tiene áreas que merecen investigarse más, una vez que contamos con una apreciable cantidad de sus cartas, discursos, informes y escritos inéditos. Y eso mismo sucede, sin duda, con nuestro homenajeado de hoy. De esos aspectos o áreas de su carrera vital (político, diplomático, sacerdote e historiador), voy a reducirme a su ministerio sacerdotal, casi en el ocaso de su vida, y a su aporte pionero a la historiografía eclesiástica dominicana, con la primera historia sistemática de la Iglesia en Santo Domingo, si se exceptúan los trabajos parciales del cronista y maestro avulense Gil González Dávila entre 1649 y 1655, del racionero dominicano Luis Jerónimo de Alcocer en 1650, el del jesuita francés Pierre-François-Xavier de Charlevoix, editado en París en 1730, a base de las memorias manuscritas de su colega P. Jean-Baptiste Le Pers, y la también * Conferencia pronunciada la noche del 17 de enero de 2005 en la Academia Dominicana de la Historia, en ocasión de conmemorarse el centenario del fallecimiento del Padre Carlos Rafael Nouel Pierret. ** Miembro de número de la Academia Dominicana de la Historia. 185 CLÍO 169 parcial historia de América en 14 tomos del dominico francés Antoine Touron, publicada en París entre 1768 y 1770.1 1. -
People of the Dawnland and the Enduring Pursuit of a Native Atlantic World
UNIVERSITY OF OKLAHOMA GRADUATE COLLEGE “THE SEA OF TROUBLE WE ARE SWIMMING IN”: PEOPLE OF THE DAWNLAND AND THE ENDURING PURSUIT OF A NATIVE ATLANTIC WORLD A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE FACULTY in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY By MATTHEW R. BAHAR Norman, Oklahoma 2012 “THE SEA OF TROUBLE WE ARE SWIMMING IN”: PEOPLE OF THE DAWNLAND AND THE ENDURING PURSUIT OF A NATIVE ATLANTIC WORLD A DISSERTATION APPROVED FOR THE DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY BY ______________________________ Dr. Joshua A. Piker, Chair ______________________________ Dr. Catherine E. Kelly ______________________________ Dr. James S. Hart, Jr. ______________________________ Dr. Gary C. Anderson ______________________________ Dr. Karl H. Offen © Copyright by MATTHEW R. BAHAR 2012 All Rights Reserved. For Allison Acknowledgements Crafting this dissertation, like the overall experience of graduate school, occasionally left me adrift at sea. At other times it saw me stuck in the doldrums. Periodically I was tossed around by tempestuous waves. But two beacons always pointed me to quiet harbors where I gained valuable insights, developed new perspectives, and acquired new momentum. My advisor and mentor, Josh Piker, has been incredibly generous with his time, ideas, advice, and encouragement. His constructive critique of my thoughts, methodology, and writing (I never realized I was prone to so many split infinitives and unclear antecedents) was a tremendous help to a graduate student beginning his career. In more ways than he probably knows, he remains for me an exemplar of the professional historian I hope to become. And as a barbecue connoisseur, he is particularly worthy of deference and emulation. -
The Personage
HISTORICAL NOTES GIOVANNI DA VERRAZZANO Giovanni was born in 1485 from Pierandrea and from Fiammetta Baron, both Florentine noble, in the Castle of Verrazzano. Since his first years, the pleasure of adventure was taught him, until he wanted to visit part of the eastern world with the purpose of learning and drewing new experiences. His programs were anticipated because of an intolerance of the family towards the government of Piero dei Medici. His first destinations were Egypt and Syria, places that during that period were considered almost unattainable and coiled from a halo of mystery. Between 1507 and 1508 he was in France, warmly welcomed by the Christian King Francesco I, whose court was goal and place of meditation for eminent Florentine people, like Leonardo da Vinci, Tiziano, Andrea del Sarto, Benvenuto Cellini, the poet Luigi Alamanni, the architect Giovanni Giocondo and others, all compelled to seek distant calm from Florence bloodied from the factions and from a bad period of government of the Medici. Giovanni stopped in Dieppe, in got in touch with the greater representatives of the navy and with the most courageous sailors. He was maybe 22 years old when he began to embark itself on ships, taking part in shipping of considerable importance. Together with his brother Girolamo he built a Globe that was now known to the intellectuals. His fame was appreciated in cultural, nautical and scientific places, and even was praised from persons near the King. The same Sovereign took him into consideration, waiting for the timely moment to be able meet him. This occasion did not delay and after the first contact, more assiduous meetings followed, and his presence to court was appreciated. -
Download the the French
LEQ: What was the name of the large fur trading area established by the French in North America? This map shows the area of New France circa 1645 colored blue. In red are the English colonies. This image is courtesy of Parks Canada. LEQ: What was the name of the large fur trading area established by the French in North America? New France This map shows the area of New France circa 1645 colored blue. In red are the English colonies. This image is courtesy of Parks Canada. The French This image shows the Grand Royal Coat of Arms of the Kingdom of France. This image is courtesy of Wikimedia Commons. For a long time, the French were also not unified enough to challenge Spain and Portugal in the race for North America. This map of France from 1552-1798 shows territory acquired by France during that time period. This image is courtesy of Wikimedia Commons. In 1524, however, the French sent out an Italian explorer, Giovanni da Verrazano. Giovanni da Verrazzano (1485-1528) was an Italian explorer of North America who sailed for the government of France. This image is courtesy of Wikimedia Commons. Verrazano sailed along the Atlantic Coast from North Carolina to Newfoundland. This map shows the east coast of North America with “Tera Florida” at the top and “Lavoradore” at the bottom. The information supposedly came from Giovanni da Verrazzano’s voyage in 1524. This map was created in 1527 by Visconte Maggiolo. It is located in the Ambrosian Library in Milan, Italy, and is courtesy of Wikimedia Commons. -
Manahatta to Manhattan Native Americans in Lower Manhattan
Manahatta to Manhattan Native Americans in Lower Manhattan Smithsonian National Museum of the American Indian The Alexander Hamilton U.S. Custom House, home to the Smithsonian National Museum of the American Indian. NMAI photo. Lower Manhattan, the area south of Houston Street, is home to the New York Stock Exchange, major U.S. financial institutions, Wall Street, and the Federal Reserve Bank. This vibrant area is also home to the Smithsonian’s National Museum of the American Indian (NMAI), George Gustav Heye Center. The Smithsonian’s National Museum of the American Indian (NMAI), founded in 1989 by an act of Congress, is the first national museum dedicated to Native cultures of the Western Hemisphere, which includes North, Central, and South America. The NMAI also has a museum located on the National Mall in Washington, D.C., and its expansive collection is housed in a state-of-the-art facility, the NMAI Cultural Resources Center, in Suitland, Maryland. The NMAI features exhibitions, public programs, and educational activities that highlight the diversity and strength of the Native peoples of the Americas. The NMAI in New York City is located in the U.S. Custom House. It was designed by architect Cass Gilbert (1859–1934) and built between 1900 and 1907. The Custom House was the location where merchants paid money, known as “duties,” to transport goods in and out of the United States. The NMAI moved into this building in 1994. 2 Manahatta The Lenape, Manhattan’s original inhabitants, called the island Manahatta, which means “hilly island.” Rich with natural resources, Manahatta had an abundance of fruits, nuts, birds, and animals. -
Plan Municipal De Desarrollo De Bonao 2016 - 2020
PLAN MUNICIPAL DE DESARROLLO DE BONAO 2016 - 2020 AYUNTAMIENTO MUNICIPAL DE BONAO Gestión 2016-2020 AYUNTAMIENTO MUNICIPAL DE BONAO Coordinación Formulación del Plan Dra. Clara Luna PLAN MUNICIPAL Directora de la Oficina Municipal Planificación y Programación -OMPP- Ayuntamiento de Bonao. DE DESARROLLO DE BONAO Acompañamiento Técnico Yoni José Cruz | Técnico de la OMPP Juan Carlos Rosario | Técnico de la OMPP 2016-2020 Raúl Martínez | Técnico de la OMPP Isamar Rodríguez Cáceres | OPU Miguel Ángel Tolentino | Técnico de la OMPP Jeniffer De Jesús Suriel | Secretaria de la OMPP Fotografía DR. DARÍO RODRÍGUEZ Rosendo de Jesús | Director Departamento de Relaciones Públicas ALCALDE DEL MUNICIPIO DE BONAO Luis de Jesús Joselito Diaz Diseño y maquetación Yoni Cruz Formulación a cargo de: Impresión OFICINA MUNICIPAL DE PLANIFICACIÓN Y PROGRAMACIÓN xxx AYUNTAMIENTO DE BONAO REPÚBLICA DOMINICANA Este Plan Municipal de Desarrollo de Bonao se terminó de imprimir en el mes de febrero de 2017 Enero de 2017 CONTENIDO Misión, Visión y Valores de la Gestión Presentación del PMD. Alcalde Dr. Darío Rodríguez P6 ¿Qué es un Plan Municipal de Desarrollo? MISIÓN P9 Presidir una gestión con honradez, equidad y eficiente, ¿Cómo se elaboró el Plan Municipal de Desarrollo? P10 dirigida a elevar la calidad de vida, el desarrollo humano Mensaje de la directora de la OMPP P15 y una adecuada armonía entre el medio ambiente y las comunidades, Municipio de Bonao en cifras creando las infraestructuras necesarias para lograr P18 un crecimiento sostenible en nuestra población Bonao, un municipio saludable, organizado, seguro y próspero P20 Resolución Municipal P22 VISIÓN PLAN MUNICIPAL DE DESARROLLO DE BONAO Ser considerado en la República Dominicana P24 como el municipio modelo del desarrollo integral 1. -
The Shortest Path
The Shortest Path The Shortest Path by Christopher Maag What happens when you're standing in one spot, and you want to visit a different spot, but there's water in the way? That's the problem people faced for hundreds of years in the area that is now New York City. In New York City, there is a tidal strait called the Narrows, which connects Upper New York Bay with Lower New York Bay. On one side of the water is Brooklyn. On the other side is Staten Island. The Narrows is the place where Brooklyn and Staten Island come closest to touching. But the Narrows isn't really so narrow. The water is almost a mile wide, and it's more than 100 feet deep. For a long time that wasn't a problem, because only a few people lived in Brooklyn and Staten Island. When they wanted to talk to each other, they climbed into their boats and sailed across. By the 1800s, people were very annoyed with the Narrows. Lots of people had to travel between Staten Island and Brooklyn to get from their homes to their jobs. Taking a boat every time was very slow and expensive, and in bad weather the ferries couldn't sail at all. In 1888, the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad announced it would dig a tunnel under the water for freight trains. Tunnels cost a lot of money to build, though, so that plan didn't work. Then in the early 1920s, New York's leaders decided to build a tunnel so that subway trains could ReadWorks.org · © 2013 ReadWorks®, Inc.