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Juan F. Maura, Españoles Y Portugueses En Canadá En Tiempos De Cristóbal Colón

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Juan F. Maura, Españoles Y Portugueses En Canadá En Tiempos De Cristóbal Colón © Juan Francisco Maura © Revista Lemir - Textos Valencia, 2021 ISSN DIGITAL: 1579-735X Obra bajo licencia Creative Commons CC BY-NC-ND Cubierta: José Luis Canet Imagen de cubierta: Hernando Maura Este volumen se incluye dentro del Proyecto de Investigación Parnaseo (Servidor web de Literatura Española) financiado por el Ministerio de Economía, Industria y Competitividad, referencia FFI2017-82588-P (AEI/FEDER, UE) ESPAÑOLES Y PORTUGUESES EN CANADÁ EN TIEMPOS DE CRISTÓBAL COLÓN por Juan Francisco Maura Valencia 2021 «Carabela portuguesa», Lisboa. Foto del autor ÍNDICE Dedicatoria 7 Nota 9 Introducción. Travesías transatlánticas desde el principio de los tiempos 11 Capítulo 1. Fenicios, cartagineses, romanos y celtas en las crónicas españolas de América 17 Capítulo 2. Desplazamientos de navíos desde Europa y África a las Américas en los siglos XV y XVI 51 Capítulo 3. ‘John Cabot’: el navegante que no vio ningún indígena ni animal en su viaje 67 Capítulo 4. La mentira de Giovanni da Verrazano y la creación de la “Nouvelle France» (Canadá)» 87 Capítulo 5. Españoles y portugueses en la América septentrional en el siglo XVI 113 Capítulo 6. La Cañada de San Lorenzo y la Nueva Vizcaya: presencia hispánica en Canadá en los siglos XV y XVI 143 Capítulo 7. La participación de mujeres hispano-lusas en la pesca de la ballena en Canadá en el siglo XVI 163 Capítulo 8. La expedición canadiense de Jacques Cartier y el espía Pedro de Santiago 177 Capítulo 9. La “cañada» en la toponimia de la América del Norte 185 Capítulo 10. El misterio de la isla del Cuervo: ¿encrucijada entre América y Europa en la época precolombina? 221 Apéndice documental 229 Listado de mapas 239 Bibliografía 242 Lago Champlain congelado. Foto del autor Dedicatoria ¡Fatal genio de los españoles! que para que les agrade lo que nace en su tierra, es menester que lo manipulen, y vendan los extranjeros. (Fray Benito Feijóo, Teatro Crítico Universal, cap. 16, párr., 112, 371). Antes que nada, quiero dedicar este libro a todos los pescadores de altura de España y Portugal, esto es, de toda la franja atlántica que se extiende desde Huelva hasta el País Vasco. A los recios hombres de mar y a sus familias que por tantos siglos han visto có- mo muchos de sus seres queridos no lograron regresar a sus casas y que jamás han en- cabezado ningún capítulo de la historia universal. Miles de vidas anónimas de muchas generaciones de hombres, y en algunos casos mujeres, de mar que por no saber o poder usar la pluma, no pudieron dejar testimonio de sus sueños, sufrimientos y hazañas. Como muy bien decía Cesáreo Fernández Duro hace ya más de un siglo, no fueron los ilustres representantes de grandes naciones los que tuvieron el honor de llegar primero a América, sino humildes pescadores que tan solo salían a faenar: [A]sí que, ni en los archivos, ní menos en papeles impresos, se encuen- tra huella de lo que los pescadores hacían en el tiempo en que los críti- cos adjudican el descubrimiento de América á las expediciones reales y á los almirantes que arbolaban las banderas de España ó de Inglaterra, de Portugal ó Francia; y no obstante, hay indicios para presumir que los patrones y los embreados marineros hollaron ese continente antes que los generales de armada.1 Siendo joven tuve la ocasión de conocer a pescadores onubenses, que me hablaron de su vida tanto en tierra como embarcados, y desde entonces he sentido un enorme respeto por los hombres de mar. He podido ver a todo un pueblo de luto por la pérdida de maridos, hermanos e hijos en la mar. Igualmente, a lo largo de los años, he tenido la enorme fortuna de conocer Portugal, a sus gentes, tanto a los que viven en Portugal como a los que han tenido que emigrar. He podido leer en su lengua y así apreciar su música y su historia, lo que ha hecho que cada día sienta más cariño y respeto por este gran país con una historia rica y una experiencia muy parecida a la de los gallegos y a la de otros pueblos costeros del litoral atlántico. A nivel personal, no me cabe la menor duda de que antes de que Cristóbal Colón llegase oficialmente al continente americano, ya existía desde hacía tiempo la tradición 1.– Cesáreo Fernández Duro, «La pesca de los vascongados y el descubrimiento de Terranova», en Arca de Noé. Libro sexto de las Disquisiciones náuticas. Madrid, 1881, p. 349. 8 JUAN FRANCISCO MAURA de navegar hasta los bancos de pesca más ricos del mundo de ballena y bacalao que se encontraban junto a las tierras de Terranova, un secreto relativamente bien guardado. No se sorprenda nadie por lo que digo, ya que se trató de un proceso que se fue gestan- do lentamente desde la Edad Media hasta madurar en el Renacimiento y que duró hasta el siglo XVIII, cuando grandes potencias como Francia e Inglaterra llegaron a prohibir a estos bravos hombres de la península Ibérica y las Azores faenar en las aguas en las que ellos mismos habían sido pioneros. Quiero agradecer especialmente el apoyo recibido de Juan Malpartida, director de Cuadernos Hispanoamericanos, de Araceli García Martín, de la Agencia Española de Coo- peración Internacional, de Asunción Miralles de la Academia de la Historia, así como el de todos aquellos que a lo largo de los años me han prestado su ayuda en diferentes revistas, archivos y bibliotecas. A David González Cruz, profesor de la Universidad de Huelva, por su generosidad al invitarme a participar en el Congreso Internacional conmemorativo del descubrimiento de América con motivo del 525 aniversario, en el transcurso del cual tuve además la ocasión de conocer a diversos especialistas interna- cionales en el tema que participaron como ponentes. Gracias al apoyo de Ricardo de la Fuente Ballesteros, he tenido la oportunidad de presentar mi trabajo en el congreso que organiza anualmente en la ciudad de Valladolid. Le agradezco su amistad y generosidad durante tantos años. Quiero agradecer igualmente a José Luis Canet todo el apoyo, de- dicación y paciencia que me ha proporcionado a través de los años. De igual manera, deseo expresar mi reconocimiento a la asociación Cristovão Colom, a su presidente, el profesor D. Carlos Calado, al secretario de la asociación D. Carlos Pai- va Neves, y al señor Don Juan Manuel Martins Ferreira Coelho, por ponerme en contac- to con sus colegas de la asociación y con los miembros de la Academia da Historia y de la Academia da Marinha portuguesa, un motivo añadido para visitar tierra portuguesa. Pienso que la historia de este gran país debería tener una proyección mucho más conoci- da, dado que pocos países han tenido la dimensión histórica y global de Portugal, y sería difícil encontrar otro que se le pudiese igualar en sus cualidades marineras. Al cónsul de España en Montreal, Luis Calvo Castaño, gracias por su paciencia en leer varios de mis trabajos sobre la presencia española en Canadá y a José María Ruano de la Haza, profesor de la universidad de Ottawa, por ser el primero en sugerirme que el nombre de Canadá podría provenir del término cañada. También quiero expresar mi gratitud a mi querido amigo Miguel Ángel Sánchez Melero, por mantenerme al día al mandarme los interesantes artículos de prensa relacionados con el tema que nos ocupa. Mi sincero reconocimiento también a María Jesús Korkostegui Aranguren y a Gabriel Roteta Mara- ñón por ayudarme con la traducción e interpretación de frases escritas en euskera. Pero este libro está personalmente dedicado a Fredo Arias de la Canal, humanista en el sentido más amplio del término, que desde mi más tierna infancia me inculcó la pa- sión por las hazañas realizadas por navegantes, exploradores y aventureros españoles en las Américas. Fredo ha sido, sin duda, la persona que más ha influido en mi vida a nivel intelectual. Pertenece a esa orden de caballeros andantes que sin aspavientos ayu- dan a sus semejantes sin perseguir el aplauso o el reconocimiento. Sin el apoyo histórico y aliento constante de mi querida mujer y gran amiga Tania Arias, no siempre estos términos van juntos, no hubiese sido posible llevar a buen puerto el manuscrito final de este trabajo. Sus correcciones, traducciones, ediciones y consejos han sido y son siempre de vital importancia. ESPAÑOLES Y PORTUGUESES EN CANADÁ EN TIEMPOS DE CRISTÓBAL COLÓN 9 También quiero mostrar mi agradecimiento a la biblioteca de la Universidad de Ver- mont y su excelente grupo de profesionales por su ayuda en la localización de textos en remotas bibliotecas estadounidenses y extranjeras. Finalmente, pero no por ello en últi- mo lugar, agradecer la colaboración de mi querido hermano Hernando Maura al ilustrar la portada del presente libro con un ballenero español del siglo XVI. Nota Siendo esta obra una recopilación, corregida y actualizada, de ponencias y artículos publicados anteriormente, resulta inevitable que se produzcan algunas repeticiones y solapamientos. No obstante, he preferido mantener el hilo argumental de cada capítulo a riesgo de caer en la reiteración. A lo largo de sus páginas se incluyen innumerables citas, lo que me ha llevado a optar por insertar la traducción en el texto con el fin de aligerar su lectura, incluyendo la cita en su lengua original a pie de página y entre corchetes. Salvo si se indica lo contrario, las traducciones son mías. «Barca» (Isla Cristina, Huelva). Foto del autor Introducción Travesías transatlánticas desde el principio de los tiempos [E]sta flota de Salomón tenía larga navegación y se engolfaba por el mar Océano y gastaba tres años en ir y venir. Y pues, como dije arriba, el rey de Tiro dio a Salomón marineros y pilotos diestros en el arte de navegar, más que otros en aquel tiempo, porque, según dice Estrabón, los de Tiro [fenicios] fueron poderosos por la mar y hacían gruesas y grandes armadas, argumento es que habían de meterse en alta mar.
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