Improvizační Styl Sonnyho Rollinse a Jeho Vývoj Mezi Deskami Saxophone Colossus a the Bridge

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Improvizační Styl Sonnyho Rollinse a Jeho Vývoj Mezi Deskami Saxophone Colossus a the Bridge JANÁČKOVA AKADEMIE MÚZICKÝCH UMĚNÍ V BRNĚ Hudební fakulta Katedra jazzové interpretace Studijní program Kytara Improvizační styl Sonnyho Rollinse a jeho vývoj mezi deskami Saxophone Colossus a The Bridge Bakalářská práce Autor práce: Timothy Veselý Vedoucí práce/školitel: David Dorůžka Oponent práce: MgA. Michal Wróblewski Brno 2021 Bibliografický záznam Veselý, Timothy. Improvizační styl Sonnyho Rollinse a jeho vývoj mezi deskami Saxophone Colossus a The Bridge. /Sonny Rollins’ improvisational approach and its development in time between Saxophone Colossus and The Bridge/ Brno: Janáčkova akademie múzických umění v Brně, Hudební fakulta, Katedra jazzové interpretace, 2021. Vedoucí práce: David Dorůžka. 40 s. Anotace Bakalářská práce „Improvizační styl Sonnyho Rollinse a jeho vývoj mezi deskami Saxophone Colossus a The Bridge“ pojednává o životě a díle tenor saxofonistyjSonnyho Rollinse. Za pomoci analýzy a následné komparace cílí na identifikaci improvizačního stylu, společně s jeho vývojem mezi výše zmíněnými deskami. Annotation Bachelor’s thesis “Sonny Rollins’ improvisational approach and its development in time between Saxophone Colossus and The Bridge” deals with the life and works of tenor saxophonist Sonny Rollins. With use of analysis and consecutive comparison this work aims to identify improvisational style and its development in time between the above-mentioned records. Klíčová slova Sonny, Rollins, Saxofon, Jazz, Motivická, Improvizace Keywords Sonny, Rollins, Saxophone, Jazz, Motivic, Improvisation Prohlášení Prohlašuji, že jsem předkládanou práci na téma Improvizační styl Sonnyho Rollinse a jeho vývoj mezi deskami Saxophone Colossus a The Bridge zpracoval samostatně a použil jsem uvedené prameny a literaturu. V Brně, dne 16.5.2021 Timothy Veselý Poděkování Na tomto místě bych rád poděkoval své rodině a přátelům za podporu během studia a především mým učitelům, od nichž jsem měl tu čest čerpat nesčetné množství užitečných informací. Obsah ÚVOD .................................................................................................................................................... 7 1 POČÁTKY .................................................................................................................................. 8 2 SAXOPHONE COLOSSUS ....................................................................................................... 9 2.1 BLUE 7 ...................................................................................................................................... 9 3 VÝVOJ HUDBY BĚHEM LET 1958 - 1962 .......................................................................... 19 4 THE BRIDGE ........................................................................................................................... 23 4.1 WITHOUT A SONG ................................................................................................................... 23 5 SROVNÁNÍ SÓL Z JEDNOTLIVÝCH NAHRÁVEK ......................................................... 31 POUŽITÉ INFORMAČNÍ ZDROJE ............................................................................................... 35 SEZNAM PŘÍLOH ............................................................................................................................ 36 Úvod Sonny Rollins je největší dosud žijící ikonou jazzu s hudební kariérou sahající od konce čtyřicátých let až po současnost. Navazujíc na tradici Colemana Hawkinse a Lestera Younga, Sonny Rollins brzy vyvinul svůj zcela nezaměnitelný méně prokomponovaný, o to více kondenzovaný zvuk, do velké míry opírající se o rozvíjení motivů v jeho improvizaci. Cílem této práce je přiblížení jeho počátků, zkoumání improvizačního přístupu na dvou deskách se zaměřením na motivickou práci. Dále pak zkoumání vývoje jeho stylu mezi jednotlivými nahrávkami. Práce si klade za cíl popsat změny v tendencích hráče, co se zvolených improvizačních konceptů týče. Improvizační přístup Sonnyho Rollinse bude blíže osvětlen užitím analýzy dvou vypracovaných transkripcí jeho sól z výše zmíněných desek a následně za užití komparace se práce bude krátce zaměřovat na vývoj jeho improvizačního stylu mezi lety 1958 a 1962. Stav bádání Po nedohledání jediné české či anglické studie, která by se mým tématem zabývala, na serverech jako jsou Google tutor, thesis MUNI a registr JAMU jsem se rozhodl pro vypracování vlastních materiálů, ve kterých jsem zkoumal, jakým způsobem splnit cíle vytyčené pro tuto práci. Těmito materiály jsou mnou vypracované transkripce analyzovaných nahrávek. 7 1 Počátky Sonny Rollins, také přezdívaný Newk kvůli podobnosti s baseballovou legendou Donem Newcombem, se narodil sedmého září roku 1930 ve městě New York. Sonny hrál nejprve na piano, a po objevení Louise Armstronga a Fatse Wallera, v brzkém věku začal hrát na alt saxofon. Ve svých šestnácti letech přešel z alt saxofonu na tenor, který mu zůstal v rukou dodnes. Sonny na tenor nejprve emuloval svůj idol, Colemana Hawkinse, a velmi rychle se zároveň přizpůsoboval svým hraním tehdejší jazzové revoluci jménem bebop, která byla tou dobou v plném proudu. Byl velkým obdivovatelem Charlieho Parkera (o čemž svědčí např. jeho deska Rollins plays for Bird, zcela zasvěcená jeho hudbě) a v počátcích jeho hudební cesty začal navštěvovat svého významného učitele a mentora, Thelonia Monka. Během studia na škole Sonny hrál v kapele s jazzovými jmény, jako byl například Jackie McLean, Kenny Drew nebo Art Taylor, kteří stejně jako on žili tou dobou v Sugar Hills. Byl to právě Sonny, který jako první opustil toto uskupení, aby se podílel na seriózních nahrávkách ve spolupráci s tak velkými jmény, jako jsou např. J.J. Johnson, Bud Powell nebo Miles Davis, a to ještě dříve než nabyl dvaceti let. To svědčí o nějeho nesmírném hudebním nadání. S těmi se pak dále podílel na nahrání desek, jako jsou - The Amazing Bud Powell, Bags' Groove, Miles Davis And Horns, J. J. Johnson's Jazz Quintets a další. Od roku 1953 začal vydávat desky ve spolupráci s Modern Jazz Quartet už jako uznávaný kapelník. O těchto počátcích vystupování a nahrávání s velkými jmény se zmiňuje ve svém rozhovoru s Benem Sidranem roku 1985, kde uvádí, že právě příležitost hrát s těmito lidmi a být vybrán pro jejich projekty, mu dodalo nutnou dávku sebevědomí, aby svůj um nadále rozvíjel. „I didn ‘t have a lot of confidence that I was really good enough to really make it. That confidence came after I played a while and the big guys began wanting me to play with them you know. Bud put me on that album and Miles you know asked me to join his band and all that so then I realized – Well okay I must have something that‘s okay and I better try work on it and develop it.“1 1 Sonny Rollins on Monk and The Bridge [online]. [cit. 2021-5-16]. Dostupné z: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s6qIzZmOw_g 8 2 Saxophone Colossus Sonny Rollins byl v letech vzniku Saxophone Colossus nadmíru aktivní. V letech 1956 a 1957 nahrál mimo jiné Newk’s Time, Tenor Madness s Johnem Coltranem, Plus 4 s kvintetem Maxe Roache a Clifforda Browna (který spolu s Richiem Powellem umřel jen 4 dny po nahrání Saxophone Colossus). Je třeba zde zmínit také skvělý živý koncert, který byl zároveň nahrán ve více než známém Village Vanguard a vydán pod jménem A Night At The Village Vanguard. Přes všechny tyto skvělé nahrávky je to právě album Saxophone Colossus, které je považováno za průlomové. Spolu s Tommy Flannaganem za piánem, Dougem Watkinsem u basy a Maxem Roachem za bicími nahrál Sonny tuto pěti skladbovou desku v New Jersey ve studiu známého producenta Rudyho Van Geldera, který se podílel na nespočtu desek slavných jmen minulosti i současnosti. Na straně B této nahrávky se nachází desetiminutová nahrávka starého standardu Mack The Knife, zde pojmenovaná Moritat spolu s jedenáctiminutovým originálním blues od Sonnyho, která nese název Blue 7. Právě tomuto blues se budu při analýze v následující kapitole věnovat.2 2.1 Blue 7 Toto originální blues zkomponované Sonnym Rollinsem má standardní bluesovou harmonii na dvanácti taktech s melodii na první pohled velmi jednoduchou. Z harmonického hlediska již tak jednoduchá není. Skladba je hraná v B dur, melodie je založena na třech, na první poslech, stěžejních notách D (tercie), Ab (malá septima) a E (zmenšená kvinta). Enharmonicky se ovšem tyto noty dají vyložit i jako prima, tercie a septima akordu E7. Sonny tak dosahuje jakéhosi bitonálního prostředí pro posluchače, jelikož melodie je hrána bez doprovázejícího piana. Toto blues má taktéž melodii strukturovanou v tzv. systému „call and response“, jak je zvykem pro bluesovou dvanáctku. Ovšem tato melodie není strukturovaná tradičním způsobem na opakovaný „call“ v prvních dvou čtyřtaktích a „response“ ve 2 Sonny Rollins Saxophone Colossus. Discogs [online]. 1956 [cit. 2021-5-16]. Dostupné z: https://www.discogs.com/Sonny-Rollins-Saxophone-Colossus/master/174519 9 třetím čtyřtaktí, jak bychom očekávali. Místo toho se na každém čtyřtaktí objevuje jak „call“, tak „response“, celkem tedy třikrát. S tím, že call se vždy lehce variuje (nejprve jsou to noty D, Ab, podruhé jsou to noty C, Db, A a nakonec Gb, D, E) a response se objevuje pokaždé ve stejném znění zdůrazňující notu Gb (snížená tercdecima). Obrázek 1 Zdroj: vlastní transkripce Sonny ještě ve dvanáctém taktu melodie začíná své sólo otevírající frází. Tato fráze skládající se ze dvou motivů bude spolu s melodii po zbytek písně pro Sonnyho variačním materiálem. Z tohoto materiálu, za pomocí různých technik práce s motivem, vytěží vskutku mnoho a vytváří tak dokonalý kontrast
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