WORLD METEOROLOGICAL ORGANIZATION
OCTOBER 1964 VOL.XIII N0.4 THE WORLD METEOROLOGICAL ORGANIZATION (WMO) is a specialized agency of the United Nations of which 124 States and Territories are Members It was created : - to facilitate international co-operation in the establishment of networks of stations and centres to provide meteorological services and observations to promote the establishment and maintenance of systems for the rapid exchange of meteorological information - to promote standardization of meteorological observations and ensure the uniform publication of observations and statistics to further the application of meteorology to aviation, shipping, agriculture and other human activities to encourage research and training in meteorology The World Meteorological Congress is the supreme body of the Organization. It brings together the delegates of all Members once every four years to determine general policies for the fulfilment of the purposes of the Organization The Executive Committee is composed of 21 directors of national meteorological services, and meets at least once a year to supervise the programme approved by Congress Six Regional Associations are each composed of Members whose task is to co-ordinate meteorological activities within their respective regions Eight Technical Commissions composed of experts designated by Members, are responsible for studying the special technical branches relating to meteorological observation, analysis, forecasting, research and the applications of meteorology
EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE President : Dr. A. NYBERG First Vice-President : Mr. L. DE AzcARRAGA Second Vice-President : Academician E. K. FEDOROV Regional Association presidents Africa (I) : Mr. RAMANISARIVO North and Central America (IV) : Asia (II) : Mr. S. N. NAQVI Ing. ELLIOTT COEN (acting) South America (III) : South-West Pacific (V) : Mr. F. L. FERNANDEZ Mr. J. L. GIOVANNELLI Europe (VI) : Ing. M. PEROVIc (acting) Elected members Mr. F. A. A. ACQUAAH Dr. P. R. KRISHNA RAo Mr. N. A. AKINGBEHIN Prof. J. V AN MIEGHEM Mr. M. AYADI Srr GRAHAM SUTTON Dr. G. BELL Mr. M. F. TAHA Mr. A. GARcfA S. Mr. A. VrAuT Mr. W. J. GIBBS Dr. R. M. WHITE (acting)
TECHNICAL COMMISSION PRESIDENTS Aerology: Dr. G. P. CRESSMAN Hydrometeorology: Mr. M. A. KoHLER Aeronautical Meteorology : Instruments and Methods of Observa Mr. W. A. DwYER tion : Dr. L. S. MATHUR Agricultural Meteorology : Maritime Meteorology : Mr. L. P. SMITH Climatology : Mr. C. C. BouGHNER Synoptic Meteorology: Dr. S. N. SEN
SECRETARIAT Secretary-General: Mr. D. A. DAvms Deputy Secretary- General : Mr. J. R. RIVET The Secretariat of the Organization is located at 41, Avenue Giuseppe-Motta, Geneva, Switzerland
WPC WPC World World Power Power Conference Conference
WMO WMO World World Meteorological Meteorological Organization Organization
WHO WHO World World Health Health Organization Organization
WFUNA WFUNA World World Federation Federation of of United United Nations Nations Associations Associations
URSI URSI International International Scientific Scientific Radio Radio Union Union (ICSU) (ICSU)
UNSCEAR UNSCEAR United United Nations Nations Scientific Scientific Committee Committee on on the the Effects Effects of of Atomic Atomic Radiation Radiation (UN) (UN)
UNESCO UNESCO United United Nations Nations Educational, Educational, Scientific Scientific and and Cultural Cultural Organization Organization
UN UN United United Nations Nations
TAO TAO Bureau Bureau of of Technical Technical Assistance Assistance Operations Operations (UN) (UN)
TAC TAC Technical Technical Assistance Assistance Committee Committee (ECOSOC) (ECOSOC)
TAB TAB Technical Technical Assistance Assistance Board Board (ECOSOC) (ECOSOC)
SCOR SCOR Scientific Scientific Committee Committee on on Oceanic Oceanic Research Research (ICSU) (ICSU)
SCAR SCAR Scientific Scientific Committee Committee on on Antarctic Antarctic Research Research (ICSU) (ICSU)
PlO PlO SA SA Pan Pan Indian Indian Ocean Ocean Scientific Scientific Association Association
PAIGH PAIGH Pan Pan American American Institnte Institnte of of Geography Geography and and History History
lUGS lUGS International International Union Union of of Geological Geological Sciences Sciences (ICSU) (ICSU)
IUGG IUGG International International Union Union of of Geodesy Geodesy and and Geophysics Geophysics (ICSU) (ICSU)
ITU ITU International International Telecommunication Telecommunication Union Union
ISSS ISSS International International Society Society of of Soil Soil Science Science
ISO ISO International International Organization Organization for for Standardization Standardization
ISB ISB International International Society Society of of Biometeorology Biometeorology
IQSY IQSY International International Years Years of of the the Quiet Quiet Sun Sun (ICSU) (ICSU)
IOC IOC Intergovernmental Intergovernmental Oceanographic Oceanographic Commission Commission (UNESCO) (UNESCO)
IMO IMO International International Meteorological Meteorological Organization Organization (predecessor (predecessor of of WMO) WMO)
IMCO IMCO Inter-Governmental Inter-Governmental Maritime Maritime Consultative Consultative Organization Organization
HOE HOE International International Indian Indian Ocean Ocean Expedition Expedition (SCOR) (SCOR)
IGY IGY International International Geophysical Geophysical Year Year (ICSU) (ICSU)
IGU IGU International International Geographical Geographical Union Union (ICSU) (ICSU)
IGC IGC International International Geophysical Geophysical Co-operation Co-operation (ICSU) (ICSU)
IF.AP IF.AP International International Federation Federation of of Agricultural Agricultural Producers Producers
IF IF ALP ALP A A International International Federation Federation of of Air Air Line Line Pilots Pilots Associations Associations
ICSU ICSU International International Council Council of of Scientific Scientific Unions Unions
ICNAF ICNAF International International Commission Commission for for the the Northwest Northwest Atlantic Atlantic Fisheries Fisheries
ICID ICID International International Commission Commission on on Irrigation Irrigation and and Drainage Drainage
ICES ICES International International Council Council for for the the Exploration Exploration of of the the Sea Sea
ICAO ICAO International International Civil Civil Aviation Aviation Organization Organization
IAU IAU International International Astronomical Astronomical Union Union (ICSU) (ICSU)
lATA lATA International International Air Air Transport Transport Association Association
lASH lASH International International Association Association of of Scientific Scientific Hydrology Hydrology OUGG) OUGG)
IAPO IAPO International International Association Association of of Physical Physical Oceanography Oceanography (IUGG) (IUGG)
IAMAP IAMAP International International Association Association of of Meteorology Meteorology and and Atmospheric Atmospheric Physics Physics (IUGG) (IUGG)
IAH IAH International International Association Association of of Hydrogeologists Hydrogeologists (lUGS) (lUGS)
IAGA IAGA International International Association Association of of Geomagnetism Geomagnetism and and Aeronomy Aeronomy (IUGG) (IUGG)
IAF IAF International International Astronautical Astronautical Federation Federation
IAEA IAEA International International Atomic Atomic Energy Energy Agency Agency
FID FID International International Federation Federation for for Documentation Documentation
FAO FAO Food Food and and Agriculture Agriculture Organization Organization of of the the United United Nations Nations
FAGS FAGS Federation Federation of of Astronomical Astronomical and and Geophysical Geophysical Permanent Permanent Services Services (ICSU) (ICSU)
EPTA EPTA Expanded Expanded Programme Programme of of Technical Technical Assistance Assistance (UN) (UN)
EPPO EPPO European European and and Mediterranean Mediterranean Plant Plant Protection Protection Organization Organization
ECOSOC ECOSOC Economic Economic and and Social Social Council Council (UN) (UN)
ECLA ECLA Economic Economic Commission Commission for for Latin Latin America America (UN) (UN)
ECE ECE Economic Commission Commission Economic for for Europe Europe (UN) (UN)
ECAFE ECAFE Economic Economic Commission Commission for for Asia Asia and and the the Far Far East East (UN) (UN)
ECA ECA Economic Economic Commission Commission for for Africa Africa (UN) (UN)
CSM CSM Commission Commission for for Synoptic Synoptic Meteorology Meteorology (WMO) (WMO)
CSAGI CSAGI Special Special Committee Committee for for the the International International Geophysical Geophysical Year Year (ICSU) (ICSU)
CSA CSA Scientific Scientific Council Council for for Africa Africa South South of of the the Sahara Sahara (CCTA) (CCTA)
COSPAR COSPAR Committee Committee for for Space Space Research Research (ICSU) (ICSU)
CMM CMM Commission Commission for for Maritime Maritime Meteorology Meteorology (WMO) (WMO)
CIRM CIRM International International Radio Radio Maritime Maritime Committee Committee
CIMO CIMO Commission Commission for for Instruments Instruments and and Methods Methods of of Observation Observation (WMO) (WMO)
CIG CIG International International Geophysical Geophysical Committee Committee (ICSU) (ICSU)
CHy CHy Commission Commission for for Hydrometeorology Hydrometeorology (WMO) (WMO)
CCTA CCTA Commission Commission for for Technical Technical Co-operation Co-operation in in Africa Africa
CCI CCI Commission Commission for for Climatology Climatology (WMO) (WMO)
CCITT CCITT International International Telegraph Telegraph and and Telephone Telephone Consultative Consultative Committee Committee (!TU) (!TU)
CCIR CCIR International International Radio Radio Consultative Consultative Committee Committee (!TU) (!TU)
CA CA gM gM Commission Commission for for Agricultural Agricultural Meteorology Meteorology (WMO) (WMO)
CA CA eM eM Commission Commission for for Aeronautical Aeronautical Meteorology Meteorology (WMO) (WMO)
CAe CAe Commission Commission for for Aerology Aerology (WMO) (WMO)
ACC ACC Administrative Administrative Committee Committee on on Co-ordination Co-ordination (ECOSOC) (ECOSOC)
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The The second second column column gives gives the the full full title title in in English English (though (though the the abbreviation abbreviation may may derive derive from from the the
ABBREVIATIONS ABBREVIATIONS USED USED IN IN THE THE WMO WMO BULLETIN BULLETIN
181 181
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to to publish publish
extracts extracts from from the the WMO WMO Bulletin Bulletin is is granted, granted, provided provided the the customary customary
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to to human human activity. activity.
to to
Members Members
of of the the
Organization Organization
and and others others concerned concerned with with the the application application of of
meteorology meteorology
Meteorological Meteorological
Organization Organization
and and of of developments developments in in international international meteorology meteorology
of of interest interest
The The
purpose purpose
of of
the the WMO WMO
Bulletin Bulletin is is to to provide provide a a summary summary of of the the work work of of the the World World
mighty mighty
Murchison Murchison
Falls Falls in in Index Index Uganda. Uganda. (1964) (1964) ...... 248 248
cover, cover, which which shows shows the the Nile Nile pouring pouring
over over
the the
Calendar Calendar
of of
coming coming
events events ......
247 247
is is however however illustrated illustrated by by the the picture picture on on the the
reserves reserves of of water water
power power still still remain remain Members Members untapped untapped of of WMO WMO ...... 246 246
and and navigation. navigation. The The fact fact that that
some some mighty mighty
Selected Selected
list list of of publications publications
......
242 242 hydro-electric hydro-electric power power production, production, irrigation irrigation
main main rivers rivers are are
already already fully fully harnessed harnessed Reviews Reviews ...... for for 238 238
In In some some areas areas of of the the
world world
most most
of of the the
News News from from the the WMO WMO Secretariat Secretariat ...... 236 236
ments. ments.
News News and and
notes notes
......
231 231
play play their their full full part part in in these these vital vital develop
meteorological meteorological services services Obituary Obituary of of ...... the the world world - will will 229 229
the the national national
meteorological meteorological
and and
hydro
Membership Membership
of of WMO WMO ......
228 228
ensure ensure that that Members Members of of WMO WMO - and and hence hence
izations izations
...... bring bring forward forward constructive constructive 224 224 proposals proposals to to
Collaboration Collaboration
with with
other other
international international organ- the the Warsaw Warsaw session session delegates delegates will will wish wish to to
standing standing
of of the the world's world's
water water problems; problems;
at at
Activities Activities
of of the the
technical technical
commissions commissions
......
222 222
lead lead towards towards fuller fuller knowledge knowledge and and under
Activities Activities
of of the the regional regional associations associations ject, ject, ...... which which 220 220 begins begins in in 1965, 1965, will will undoubtedly undoubtedly
No. No. 4. 4. p. p. 193). 193). This This
vast vast international international
pro
Technical Technical co-operation co-operation
......
212 212
in in an an earlier earlier issue issue of of the the Bulletin Bulletin (Vol. (Vol. XII, XII,
World World
Meteorological Meteorological
Day Day 1964 1964 in in Tunisia Tunisia by by the the 210 210 president president of of CHy, CHy, Mr. Mr. M. M. A. A. Kohler, Kohler,
purposes purposes of of which which
have have already already
been been
reviewed reviewed
tivation tivation In In Ecuador Ecuador
......
206 206
the the International International
Hydrological Hydrological Decade, Decade, Microclimatological Microclimatological the the problems problems in in banana banana cul-
One One of of the the main main items items on on the the agenda agenda
is is
programme programme ......
200 200
this this occasion. occasion. Implementation Implementation of of the the WMO/IQSY WMO/IQSY STRATWARM STRATWARM
ground ground to to the the problems problems
to to be be
discussed discussed
on on
Forecasting Forecasting by by numerical numerical
methods methods
......
197 197
Ferreira Ferreira will will give give some some idea idea of of the the back
article article
on on p. p. 191 191 Hydrology Hydrology by by Professor Professor as as one one H. H. of of the the Amorim Amorim earth earth sciences sciences ...... 191 191
holding holding its its second second
session session
in in Warsaw. Warsaw.
The The
Sixteenth Sixteenth
session session of of
the the Executive Executive
Committee Committee 187 187
mission mission for for Hydrometeorology Hydrometeorology (CHy) (CHy) will will be be
is is distributed, distributed,
the the Hydrometeorological Hydrometeorological WMO WMO Technical Technical Service Service Com ...... 182 182
Technical Technical At At the the time time reorganization reorganization when when this this of of issue issue the the of of U.S.S.R. U.S.S.R. the the Bulletin Bulletin
Page Page
THE THE PICTURE PICTURE ON ON TABLE TABLE THE THE COVER COVER OF OF CONTENTS CONTENTS
OCTOBER OCTOBER
1964 1964 VOL. VOL. EDITOR: EDITOR: XIII XIII No. No. 0. 0. M. M. 4 4 ASH ASH FORD FORD
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WORLD WORLD METEOROLOGICAL METEOROLOGICAL ORGANIZATION ORGANIZATION TECHNICAL REORGANIZATION OF THE U.S.S.R. HYDROMETEOROLOGICAL SERVICE
By Academician E. K. FEDOROV *
The main tasks of the U.S.S.R. The volume of current information Hydrometeorological Service may be collected and distributed by meteoro summarized as follows : to carry out logical telecommunication centres is systematic observations of the state also increasing rapidly. The technical of the atmosphere, rivers, seas and re-equipment of the whole system of plant growth, to study the regime observing, collecting and processing of meteorological phenomena, and de hydrometeorological information is ac velopways and means for their control, cordingly becoming of paramount im to prepare various guides and to fore portance. At the same time possibi cast the state of the atmosphere and lities open for basically novel solu hydrosphere. The same applies more tions of technical problems in this or less to meteorological services of field. For example, various radio other countries. location devices are now being exten sively used in meteorology ; they can Thanks to progress in science and detect such meteorological pheno technology our dependence on weather mena as clouds at distances of roo to and climate becomes less, but our 300 kilometres. We can now foresee need for a better knowledge of them the possibility of determining, by increases. To ensure the safety of means of specially designed locators, flight of a modern aircraft much more the thermal temperature of the atmo information is required now than 20 sphere, the limits of cloud layers and or 30 years ago. The breakthrough to other important elements. The height outer space called for detailed and of cloud base used to be determined comprehensive information on the state roughly by the time elapsing between of the upper layers of the atmosphere, the release of a pilot balloon and which was previously only of interest its disappearance ; now it can be to a very narrow circle of scientists. measured accurately by special search lights. Methods have been developed This has led to a continuous and and are now being used for studying rapid growth of the amount of work from the air the characteristics of the and especially of the number of obser underlying surfaces, such as the dis vations carried out by meteorological tribution of ice in oceans and rivers, services. Additional stations have to and the boundaries of snow cover on be established and the service activi land. Finally, there are wonderful ties expanded. Thus, in recent decades prospects for observing such elements observations of the upper layers of the as clouds, jet streams in the upper atmosphere and ionosphere have been atmosphere, the land surface and carried out using such modern tech cloud temperature by satellites. niques as radiosondes and rockets and The great volume of computation studies of the ocean have been under required for the analysis and study of taken. the data obtained, both for fore-
* Academician Fedorov has been director of the Hydrometeorological Service since October rg6z.
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observations observations of of the the vertical vertical ing ing structure structure out out routine routine observations observations of of the the
I50 I50 stations stations are are making making radiosonde radiosonde instruments instruments ; ; aircraft aircraft and and ships ships carry
rule, rule, throughout throughout 24 24 hours. hours. About About with with remote remote control control and and automatic automatic
on on a a broader broader programme programme and, and, as as a a information information : : stations stations equipped equipped mainly mainly
5 5 to to 30, 30, observations observations are are carried carried out out mutually mutually complementary complementary sources sources of of
U.S.S.R. U.S.S.R. At At stations, stations, with with staffs staffs from from There There will will be be three three interrelated interrelated and and
logical logical stations stations and and 8,ooo 8,ooo posts posts in in the the
There There are are about about 3,500 3,500 hydrometeoro further further development development of of the the service. service.
of of the the technical technical re-equipment re-equipment and and
nomy. nomy. mation, mation, which which will will serve serve as as the the basis basis
important important part part in in the the national national eco collecting collecting hydrometeorological hydrometeorological infor
pitation, pitation, storms, storms, etc.) etc.) which which play play an an rated rated a a basically basically new new system system for for
(cloud (cloud amount, amount, temperature, temperature, preci orological orological Service Service has has however however elabo
the the hydrometeorological hydrometeorological phenomena phenomena seas seas of of the the U.S.S.R. U.S.S.R. The The Hydromete
by by the the changes changes in in space space and and time time of of both both in in the the Arctic Arctic and and in in non-Arctic non-Arctic
quency quency of of observations observations are are determined determined extensively extensively zo zo during during the the last last years years
observational observational networks networks and and the the fre naissance naissance flights flights which which have have been been used used
stations stations and and posts. posts. The The density density of of tion tion ; ; one one exception exception is is the the ice ice recon
at at present present the the hydrometeorological hydrometeorological source source of of hydrometeorological hydrometeorological informa
coastal coastal waters waters and and plant plant growth growth are are and and posts posts are are now now practically practically the the only only
the the state state of of the the atmosphere, atmosphere, rivers, rivers, As As already already mentioned, mentioned, the the stations stations
The The main main sources sources of of information information on on
Plans Plans for for the the future future
Present Present situation situation
the the present present network. network.
analysis. analysis. without without a a considerable considerable expansion expansion of of
the the whole whole system system of of observations observations and and information information can can in in fact fact be be obtained obtained
possible, possible, a a radical radical reorganization reorganization of of ever, ever, we we shall shall see see that that the the required required
tions tions and and zo,ooo-3o,ooo zo,ooo-3o,ooo posts. posts. How
need need approximately approximately 6,ooo-J,OOO 6,ooo-J,OOO sta Academician Academician E. E. K. K. Fedorov Fedorov
inadequate inadequate ; ; on on this this basis basis we we would would
mountainous mountainous areas, areas, the the network network is is
north-east, north-east, as as well well as as in in the the desert desert and and
populated populated areas areas of of the the north north and and
sufficiently sufficiently dense, dense, whereas whereas in in thinly
stations stations and and posts posts is is on on the the whole whole
areas areas of of our our country country the the network network of of
being being used, used, we we feel feel that that in in the the populous populous
observations observations and and the the techniques techniques now now
criteria criteria of of the the required required density density of of
ships. ships. Bearing Bearing in in mind mind the the modern modern
information information is is provided provided by by ocean-going ocean-going
it it is is extremely extremely thin. thin. Very Very sparse sparse
America America and and in in many many parts parts of of Asia Asia
authorities) authorities) whereas whereas in in Africa, Africa, South South
demand, demand, and and modern modern technology technology they they are are makes makes operated operated by by different different national national
ments ments for for meteorological meteorological information information is is in in our our opinion opinion too too dense dense (because (because
In In sum, sum, the the new new and and greater greater tries tries require the the network network of of stations stations and and posts posts
In In the the majority majority of of European European coun
ters. ters.
now now be be performed performed by by modern modern simpler simpler compu programme. programme.
regime regime of of weather weather phenomena, phenomena, can can by by a a single single person person and and carry carry out out a a
casting casting purposes purposes and and for for studying studying of of the the atmosphere. atmosphere. the the The The posts posts are are manned manned state of land and sea surfaces ; and new instruments and methods of satellites making continuous observa observation can also be tested. tions of the atmosphere and the land surface. In the future the amount of These observatories will also be data obtained by satellites will evi responsible for hydrometeorological dently increase whereas the volume of services for the national economy. conventional observations will de They will not, however, be able to crease; ultimately the limited number' of collect sufficiently detailed information remaining stations will deal principally on certain meteorological and hydro with the control and improvement of logical conditions, such as the distribu methods of recording and interpreta tion of the temperature, wind and tion of satellite information. pressure fields, water stage and dis charge, and the state of plant growth. Further plans envisage the combina tion of long-term routine observations It will be necessary, therefore, to made continuously at the same points supplement the observatories by se or along the same routes with observa veral thousands of stations with rela tions made from time to time in special tively limited programmes. The sta areas (mainly to aid in planning the tions with very simple programmes of construction of various installations) observations (as for example at exist by expeditions and temporary stations. ing posts) and those situated in almost inaccessible and thinly-populated areas should be fully automatic. The stations Surface networks situated in populated areas may be operated by a small staff (r-2 persons), We intend to reconstruct our net who, moreover, will not be obliged to work so as to have several hundreds make round-the-clock observations, but of large basic hydrometeorological sta will check the instruments, make indi tions (zone observatories), well-equipped vidual observations which are not with modern techniques such as radio readily automatized, and serve the sondes for measuring the vertical struc needs of the local economy. Proto ture of the atmosphere and radars for types of automatic and semi-automatic observing types of cloud, atmospheric stations have already been manufac precipitation and storms up to about tured but they are not yet ready for roo kilometres. The whole territory mass production. of the Soviet Union could be covered by 300 to 500 such stations ; the Use of satellites precise number will be specified after meteorological radars designed for this As explained above, the zone obser purpose have been tested and their ope vatories, semi-automatic and auto rational range determined. These sta matic stations will carry out observa tions will have a staff of several dozen. tions of hydrometeorological elements both at the point of observation and The zone observatories will collect at considerable distances and heights the basic and most accurate data on in the atmosphere. The best method of all local meteorological and hydro making detailed observations of the logical elements and on many distant state of land and sea surface (snow and phenomena. With progress in obser ice cover, plant growth, etc.) is however vational techniques the possibilities by means of specially equipped aircraft of remote observations will increase. and, globally, by satellites. Meteoro The information obtained at zone logical satellites will, in fact, become observatories will be used for reducing important elements in the system of the data from aircraft and satellites ; collecting information. The experimen-
184
185 185
values values of of various various elements elements or or reports reports their their and and surveys. surveys.
calculating calculating mean mean or or most most probable probable the the form form of of plotted plotted charts, charts, forecast forecast
logical logical forecasting forecasting ; ; and and second, second, for for vast vast areas areas (up (up to to the the whole whole globe) globe) in in
use use for for meteorological meteorological and and hydro have have at at their their disposal disposal material material covering covering
two two main main purposes purposes : : first, first, operational operational "first "first echelon" echelon" forecasting forecasting centres centres will will
Meteorological Meteorological information information is is used used for for advanced advanced electronic electronic computers. computers. The The
semination, semination, processing processing and and analysis. analysis. qualified qualified personnel personnel and and equipped equipped with with
mechanization mechanization of of its its collection, collection, dis the the whole whole world, world, manned manned with with highly highly
volume volume of of infonnation infonnation will will call call centres centres for for using using information information embracing embracing
the the world. world. This This rapid rapid increase increase in in the the be be carried carried out out in in a a limited limited number number of of
from from all all the the meteorological meteorological services services areas areas of of and and extensive extensive air air routes routes should should
larger larger than than that that at at present present available available preparation preparation of of forecasts forecasts to to cover cover large large
amount amount of of information, information, tens tens of of times times The The analysis analysis of of information information and and the the
make make it it possible possible to to collect collect a a vast vast
synchronously synchronously round round the the earth earth forecast forecast will will reports reports at at every every airport. airport.
A A system system of of several several satellites satellites rotating rotating electronic electronic computers computers for for compiling compiling
only only because because it it is is impossible impossible to to install install
instruments. instruments. We We cannot cannot go go further further in in this this direction direction if if
programmes programmes and and simplification simplification of of the the orological orological telecommunication telecommunication centres. centres.
a a simultaneous simultaneous contraction contraction of of weather weather their their reports reports disseminated disseminated by by mete
and and semi-automatic semi-automatic land land stations, stations, with with a a rapid rapid increase increase in in the the number number of of
reduction reduction in in the the number number of of automatic automatic which which in in turn turn calls calls for for larger larger staffs staffs and and
ments ments carried carried will will ultimately ultimately lead lead to to a a increasingly increasingly large large amounts amounts of of data, data,
the the resolving resolving capacity capacity of of the the instru routes), routes), it it becomes becomes necessary necessary to to process process
observations observations and and the the improvement improvement of of providing providing forecasts forecasts for for extremely extremely long long
The The increase increase in in the the volume volume of of satellite satellite (airport (airport stations, stations, for for instance, instance, are are now now
forecasts forecasts becoming becoming more more complicated complicated
cipitation. cipitation. makes makes independent independent forecasts. forecasts. With With
seas seas and and the the detection detection of of zones zones of of pre of of them them prepares prepares weather weather maps maps and and
ness ness and and character character of of ice ice cover cover centres centres on on is is essentially essentially the the same- each each
will will be be the the determination determination of of the the thick gramme gramme of of the the various various forecasting forecasting
development development of of satellite satellite observations observations telecommunication telecommunication centres. centres. The The pro
probable probable that that the the next next stage stage in in the the and and disseminated disseminated by by meteorological meteorological
atmosphere atmosphere below below the the satellite. satellite. is is It It Soviet Soviet and and foreign foreign stations, stations, collected collected
temperature temperature regime regime of of the the whole whole them them make make use use of of observations observations from from
will will be be possible possible to to get get an an idea idea of of the the weather weather forecasts forecasts are are prepared. prepared. All All of of
over over various various wavelength wavelength intervals intervals it it port port meteorological meteorological stations, stations, etc.) etc.) where where
By By measuring measuring the the terrestrial terrestrial radiation radiation of of sub-divisions sub-divisions (weather (weather bureaus, bureaus, air
of of the the upper upper surfaces surfaces of of cloud cloud systems. systems. orological orological Service Service has has several several hundreds hundreds
ratures ratures of of the the land land and and sea sea surfaces surfaces and and At At present present the the U.S.S.R. U.S.S.R. Hydromete
Satellites Satellites can can also also measure measure the the tempe
Forecasting Forecasting
centres centres
zones zones of of typhoons typhoons and and hurricanes. hurricanes.
cloud cloud height height and and to to determine determine the the
the the paths paths of of atmospheric atmospheric currents currents at at methods. methods.
type. type. also also It It appears appears possible possible to to trace trace data data has has so so far far been been done done by by these these
also also their their character, character, thickness thickness and and but but little little processing processing of of the the collected collected
accuracy accuracy the the presence presence of of clouds clouds but but been been tested tested in in solving solving both both these these tasks tasks
to to detect detect with with a a sufficient sufficient degree degree of of puters puters and and analysing analysing machines machines have have
satellites satellites make make it it possible possible not not only only ous ous methods methods of of using using electronic electronic com
clouds. clouds. Photographs Photographs taken taken from from the the agriculture, agriculture, in in construction, construction, etc.). etc.). Vari
data data on on the the global global distribution distribution of of tions tions (in (in planning planning the the development development of of
by by the the United United States States now now provide provide investigations investigations and and practical practical applica
tal tal meteorological meteorological satellites satellites launched launched combinations combinations for for all all kinds kinds of of scientific scientific To implement this programme we meteorological data but the work is must have in our country several progressing rather slowly. It is neces large regional meteorological centres sary to establish a system under which which will be provided with data each meteorological report being plot embracing the whole world (one of ted on a weather map for operational them will serve as a World Meteoro use will, at the same time, be auto logical Centre exchanging information matically punched. For this a powerful with two other such centres situated in centre should be established for ana the U.S.A. and probably in Australia). lysis and storage of meteorological, In addition we shall need about 20 oceanographic and other geophysical local meteorological centres which will information obtained from all over prepare weather forecasts for their the world. zones of responsibility. The remaining forecasting subdivisions will be res Conclusion ponsible only for interpretation of the data received from these centres to These are the main ideas with res meet the particular requirements of pect to the plan for the technical users such as civil aviation, shipping, re-equipment of the Hydrometeoro agriculture and industry. logical Service of the U.S.S.R. As a result of the realization of this plan the Hydrometeorological Service will Exchange and processing of data include the following elements : three This reorganization of the service or five large regional meteorological will include a strengthening of the centres ; about 20 local meteorological telecommunication channels so that fac centres ; a system of meteorological simile transmissions can be exchanged satellites ; a system of routine aircraft between telecommunication centres and observations of ice and snow cover forecasting stations. and of other characteristics of land and sea surfaces ; 300 to 500 zone Local centres must have at their dis observatories performing observations posal powerful computers, and regional on a broader programme including centres will need more powerful ones radiosonde and radar observations to enable them to analyse satellite data within a radius of up to roo-200 km ; and prepare long-term forecasts. 3,000 to 4,ooo semi-automatic stations The storage and subsequent process operated by a limited number of ing of data for the preparation of people ; 10,000 to I5,000 automatic climatic and hydrological summaries stations and posts ; and research insti necessitate a great number of rather tutes and expeditions, meteorological elementary calculations connected with research ships. computing instrument errors, com piling various tables, computing aver This will result in decreasing the ages, etc. It is not only non-productive total number of personnel engaged at use of labour which counts here but the stations while the number of air also the fact that the existing methods craft and ships used by the service of analysis do not allow for a proper will slightly increase ; the efficiency selection of the data needed for the and quality of the services rendered national economy. will be improved. At the same time we are now able to The plan described above is based on store meteorological information on existing technical achievements. How punch-cards which can be subsequently ever, certain scientific difficulties, sum decoded. The introduction of punch marized below, still have to be over cards facilitated the archiving of past come.
186
187 187
Mr. Mr. S. S. N. N. Naqvi, Naqvi, president president of of Regional Regional in in plenary. plenary. These These committees committees were were
acting acting president president of of RA RA IV, IV, and and to to tation tation before before final final decisions decisions were were taken taken
Dr. Dr. Reichelderfer, Reichelderfer, to to Mr. Mr. Elliott Elliott Coen, Coen, up up to to study study and and discuss discuss the the documen
member member
of of the the Committee Committee in in place place of of Three Three working working committees committees were were set set
to to Dr. Dr. R. R. M. M. White, White, appointed appointed acting acting
sociation sociation IV. IV. A A welcome welcome was was extended extended IUGG IUGG were were also also present. present.
Cowan, Cowan, president president of of Regional Regional As Nations Nations and and of of WHO, WHO, ILO, ILO, ITU ITU and and
resignation resignation of of Dr. Dr. P. P. D. D. McTaggart Official Official representatives representatives of of the the United United
the the Committee, Committee, and and also also announced announced the the of of the the WMO WMO Advisory Advisory Committee. Committee.
and and was was thus thus no no longer longer a a member member of of attended attended in in his his capacity capacity as as chairman chairman
of of chief chief of of the the U.S. U.S. Weather Weather Bureau Bureau of of their their commissions. commissions. Dr. Dr. Cressman Cressman also also
derfer, derfer, who who had had retired retired from from the the post post sent sent for for discussions discussions on on the the reports reports
paid paid tribute tribute to to Dr. Dr. F. F. W. W. Reichel ate ate past past president president of of CAeM, CAeM, were were pre
Dr. Dr. A. A. Nyberg, Nyberg, President President of of WMO, WMO, and and Mr. Mr. A. A. Silva Silva de de Sousa, Sousa, immedi
June June rg64. rg64. 12 12 At At the the opening opening meeting meeting Dr. Dr. G. G. P. P. Cressman, Cressman, president president of of CAe, CAe,
Secretariat, Secretariat, Geneva, Geneva, from from 26 26 May May to to
tive tive Committee Committee was was held held in in the the WMO WMO to to attend attend the the fifteenth fifteenth session. session.
The The sixteenth sixteenth session session of of the the Execu Association Association II, II, who who had had been been unable unable
SIXTEENTH SIXTEENTH SESSION SESSION OF OF THE THE EXECUTIVE EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE COMMITTEE
limitation limitation in in space space and and time. time. But But this this Watch Watch which which we we all all need need so so much. much.
over over the the world world practically practically without without any any establishment establishment of of the the World World Weather Weather
huge huge
amount amount of of information information from from all all on on these these problems problems will will be be helpful helpful in in the the
problem. problem. Satellites Satellites can can provide provide a a exchange exchange of of opinions opinions and and discussions discussions
sent sent
a a very very interesting interesting and and complicated complicated other other countries, countries, and and we we hope hope that that the the
satellite satellite meteorological meteorological data data will will pre plans plans and and ideas ideas of of our our colleagues colleagues from from
cially cially the the efficient efficient employment employment of of very very much much interested interested in in any any similar similar
The The rational rational organization organization and and espe other other countries. countries. We We ourselves ourselves are are
logical logical and and hydrological hydrological services services of of
necessity necessity cover cover only only limited limited areas. areas. plans plans will will be be of of interest interest to to meteoro
are are very very difficult difficult to to carry carry out out and and of of a a few few years. years. is is It It hoped hoped that that these these
air air to to replace replace the the snow snow surveys surveys which which which which we we hope hope to to implement implement within within
measuring measuring the the snow snow density density from from the the meteorological meteorological Service Service of of the the U.S.S.R., U.S.S.R.,
very very important important to to develop develop methods methods for for technical technical re-equipment re-equipment of of the the Hydro
pect pect
to to
snowfall snowfall is is much much worse. worse. is is It It These These then then are are the the plans plans for for the the
precipitation. precipitation. The The situation situation with with res
cially cially in in the the case case of of light light continuous continuous atmosphere atmosphere so so obtained. obtained.
by by
radar radar the the amount amount of of rainfall, rainfall, espe make make use use of of the the new new features features of of the the
no no
reliable reliable methods methods exist exist for for measuring measuring ing ing will will have have to to be be changed changed in in order order to to
be be solved solved by by use use of of radars. radars. But But so so far far Many Many methods methods of of analysis analysis and and forecast
principle principle
this this problem problem can can obviously obviously than than from from below, below, as as is is the the case case now. now.
amounting amounting
to to tens tens of of thousands. thousands. In In will will be be observed observed from from above above rather rather
precipitation precipitation gauges gauges is is required, required, upper upper atmosphere. atmosphere. The The atmosphere atmosphere
all all
over over the the country, country, a a vast vast network network of of bution bution of of radiation radiation and and elements elements of of the the
accurate accurate measurements measurements of of its its amount amount will will refer refer to to cloud cloud systems, systems, distri
and and in in view view of of the the importance importance of of wind wind parameters, parameters, etc., etc., the the data data obtained obtained
rogeneity rogeneity
of of precipitation precipitation distribution distribution temperature temperature fields fields at at the the land land surface, surface,
studies studies
of of precipitation. precipitation. Due Due to to hete stead stead of of the the customary customary pressure pressure and and
Great Great difficulties difficulties are are involved involved in in information information is is somewhat somewhat unusual. unusual. In
188 188
co-ordination co-ordination and and study study the the for for up up set set Cen- Regional Regional of of establishment establishment the the of of
was was experts experts of of study study panel panel A A complete complete a a stressed. stressed. make make also also should should Unit Unit
was was terminology terminology and and techniques techniques serving serving Planning Planning the the that that decided decided also also was was
ob instruments, instruments, hydrometeorological hydrometeorological stations. stations. It It observing observing of of type type and and tion tion
of of standardization standardization the the for for and and services services distribu the the of of question question whole whole the the of of
hydrometeorological hydrometeorological basic basic of of motion motion review review fundamental fundamental a a for for need need a a also also
pro the the for for need need urgent urgent The The nomena. nomena. was was There There investigated. investigated. thoroughly thoroughly
phe associated associated and and cycle cycle hydrological hydrological be be should should stations, stations, weather weather matic matic
the the of of nature nature the the of of understanding understanding auto and and balloons balloons sounding sounding horizontal horizontal
better better a a and and world world the the of of resources resources ships, ships, mobile mobile from from ascents ascents upper-air upper-air
water water the the of of appraisal appraisal the the in in forward forward aircraft, aircraft, commercial commercial from from reports reports of of
step step a a mark mark would would Decade Decade the the that that use use increased increased The The information. information. cloud cloud
noted noted and and Decade Decade Hydrological Hydrological tional tional obtaining obtaining for for measure measure supplementary supplementary
Interna the the in in WMO WMO by by participation participation a a as as particularly particularly stressed, stressed, strongly strongly
appropriate appropriate ensure ensure to to taken taken ures ures was was networks networks by by served served sparsely sparsely
meas the the approved approved Committee Committee The The areas areas from from observations observations obtaining obtaining for for
satellites satellites meteorological meteorological of of value value The The
institutes. institutes. research research international international and and
national national of of establishment establishment the the encourage encourage planning. planning. the the of of phases phases various various
should should WMO WMO that that Committee Committee Advisory Advisory of of completion completion for for schedules schedules time time as as
the the of of recommendation recommendation the the endorsed endorsed well well as as out out carried carried be be to to work work the the of of
also also Committee Committee The The programmes. programmes. nature nature the the to to as as given given was was guidance guidance
research research national national their their planning planning when when ; ; session session next next the the for for information information
provide provide should should Secretariat Secretariat the the in in Unit Unit
IV IV Association Association Regional Regional of of Planning Planning the the that that decided decided Committee Committee
president president acting acting Coen, Coen, Elliott Elliott Mr. Mr. The The Organization. Organization. the the by by planning planning
extensive extensive for for need need urgent urgent was was there there
that that indicated indicated Watch Watch Weather Weather World World
the the of of subject subject the the on on Discussions Discussions
questions questions Technical Technical
Committee. Committee. Advisory Advisory
WMO WMO the the of of proposals proposals the the and and Fund, Fund,
Development Development New New WMO WMO the the Watch, Watch,
Weather Weather World World the the with with connexion connexion
in in undertaken undertaken be be to to activities activities the the were were
these these among among Foremost Foremost mentation. mentation.
imple their their for for arrange arrange to to and and plans plans
definite definite into into decisions decisions these these translate translate
to to was was Committee Committee Executive Executive the the of of
task task the the ; ; decisions decisions constructive constructive and and
consideration consideration into into take take to to Members Members bold bold make make to to Congress Congress led led had had which which
for for approved approved was was 78-82) 78-82) 2, 2, p. p. No. No. meteorology meteorology in in developments developments new new the the
XIII, XIII, Vol. Vol. Bulletin, Bulletin, (see (see sciences sciences spheric spheric of of importance importance the the stressed stressed President President
atmo the the in in projects projects research research cipal cipal the the session session the the to to report report his his In In
prin of of list list proposed proposed the the and and interest interest
great great with with studied studied was was Committee Committee questions). questions). (Technical (Technical Fedorov Fedorov
Advisory Advisory WMO WMO the the of of report report first first The The E. E. K. K. Academician Academician and and questions) questions) cial cial
finan and and (Administrative (Administrative Azcarraga Azcarraga
facilities. facilities. telecommunication telecommunication related related of of de de Mr. Mr. ; ; L. L. questions) questions) co-operation co-operation
and and Watch Watch Weather Weather World World the the for for tres tres (Technical (Technical Nyberg Nyberg A. A. Dr. Dr. by by chaired chaired
189 189
of of the the meetings meetings
of of the the
third third
session session
of of participation participation of of WMO WMO
in in
the the various various
The The
Committee Committee
studied studied
the the
reports reports The The Executive Executive Committee Committee noted noted the the
Technical Technical
co-operation co-operation International International Co-operation Co-operation Year. Year.
in in conjunction conjunction with with the the United United Nations Nations
approved approved
for for implementation implementation in in rg65 rg65 veys veys and and training. training.
and and in in meteorology meteorology
in in Africa Africa
were were improvement improvement
of of facilities, facilities,
global global
sur
programmes programmes
in in
tropical tropical
meteorology meteorology
subjects subjects under under the the
main main
headings headings of of
other other
organizations organizations
; ; in in
particular, particular,
in in full full detail detail on on
a a number number
of of specific specific
jects jects
planned planned
in in
collaboration collaboration
with with General General was was asked asked
to to draft draft
projects projects
a a number number
of of
symposia symposia
and and
other other pro period. period. In In addition addition
the the Secretary
Committee Committee
decided decided
to to
give give support support
to to mittee mittee during during
the the fourth fourth
financial financial
programme programme
of of
the the
Organization, Organization,
the the be be authorized authorized by by the the
Executive Executive
Com
In In a a general general
review review
of of the the technical technical
expenditures expenditures up up to to US US $ $ r,soo,ooo r,soo,ooo may may
this this Fund Fund -
under under
which which
maximum maximum
be be carried carried
out. out.
taken taken in in rg65 rg65 with with
assistance assistance
from from
field field of of
meteorological meteorological
training training
should should posals posals made made for for projects projects
to to be be
under
(North (North
and and Central Central
America) America)
in in the the panel panel was was established established
to to review review
all all pro
needs needs
of of Regional Regional
Association Association
IV IV
to to Members Members for for their their approval. approval. A A
Executive Executive Committee Committee for for submission submission
of of Regional Regional ment ment
Association Association Fund Fund was was II II approved approved by by the the
Mr. Mr. S. S. N. N.
Naqvi, Naqvi,
president president
operation operation of of the the WMO WMO New New Develop
A A draft draft plan plan for for the the utilization utilization and and
New New Development Development Fund Fund
p. p. 222. 222.
from from these these reports reports are are mentioned mentioned on on
meetings meetings ; ; the the main main decisions decisions ansmg ansmg
U.S. U.S. Weather Weather Bureau Bureau
Dr. Dr. R. R. M. M. White, White, chief, chief,
Committee Committee agreed agreed that that a a survey survey of of the the
Class Class III III and and IV IV personnel. personnel. The The
for for those those engaged engaged in in the the training training of of
in in training training and and of of regional regional seminars seminars
tional tional conference conference of of personnel personnel engaged engaged
organization organization by by WMO WMO of of an an interna
nel, nel, proposals proposals were were made made for for the the
the the training training of of meteorological meteorological person
As As a a measure measure of of the the importance importance of of
seminars seminars
and and conferences. conferences.
sions sions of of ICAO, ICAO,
and and of of
its its
separate separate
cluding cluding
a a long-term long-term
plan plan
for for symposia, symposia,
the the Meteorology Meteorology
and and Operations Operations
Divi
International International
Hydrological Hydrological
Decade Decade
in orology, orology, held held
jointly jointly
with with
sessions sessions
of of
of of
WMO WMO activities activities
relating relating to to the the the the Commission Commission for for Aeronautical Aeronautical Mete
190 190
1965. 1965. May May 27 27 on on Geneva Geneva to to requested requested was was Secretary-General Secretary-General The The
in in open open will will Committee Committee Executive Executive languages. languages. two two in in documents documents other other of of
the the of of session session seventeenth seventeenth The The and and languages languages four four in in decisions decisions draft draft
and and decisions decisions of of translation translation guages, guages,
lan two two in in interpretation interpretation : : session session Technology. Technology. of of Institute Institute setts setts
this this at at services services language language following following Massachu the the of of Lorenz Lorenz N. N. Edward Edward
the the for for made made was was provision provision period, period, Professor Professor by by prepared prepared be be will will lecture lecture
financial financial fourth fourth the the during during and and missions missions monograph monograph the the that that learnt learnt been been
com technical technical of of sessions sessions for for available available since since has has It It services. services. meteorological meteorological
funds funds limited limited the the of of view view In In 224). 224). p. p. national national the the for for study study the the of of results results
(see (see 1964 1964 of of end end the the before before preferably preferably the the of of implications implications with with monograph monograph
Geneva, Geneva, in in held held be be should should the the teorology teorology of of summary summary a a be be would would lecture lecture the the
Me Maritime Maritime for for Commission Commission the the atmosphere; atmosphere; of of earth's earth's the the of of circulation circulation
session session next next the the that that decided decided was was global global It It the the of of theories theories of of study study sive sive
comprehen a a containing containing prepared prepared be be
commissions. commissions. technical technical three three and and should should monograph monograph A A atmosphere. atmosphere. the the
associations associations regional regional three three of of of of sessions sessions circulation circulation general general the the to to devoted devoted
the the for for made made was was be be Provision Provision should should mittee. mittee. Congress Congress Fifth Fifth at at given given be be to to
Com the the by by approved approved were were $ $ 1;335,225 1;335,225 Lecture Lecture IMO IMO the the that that decided decided was was It It
US US to to amounting amounting rg65, rg65, for for mates mates
esti budget budget The The Congress. Congress. Fifth Fifth to to
conferences. conferences.
technical technical
submission submission for for approved, approved, also also was was tions tions
through through information information
and and
experience experience
Regula Financial Financial the the of of Articles Articles
certain certain
of of exchange exchange the the
and and
services services
their their
for for text text new new A A
Committee. Committee.
the the of of
in in methods methods numerical numerical
of of
introduction introduction
session session next next the the to to
Secretary-General Secretary-General
the the
Members Members to to
recommend recommend
to to
agreed agreed
the the by by submitted submitted be be to to are are texts texts vised vised
Committee Committee the the that that was was
discussion discussion the the
Re re-arrangement. re-arrangement.
and and
re-drafting re-drafting
of of outcome outcome The The 197-200. 197-200. pp. pp.
on on
fully fully
their their for for proposals proposals made made and and
tions tions
more more reported reported
are are
discussion discussion
following following
Regula General General WMO WMO the the of of
parts parts
the the and and methods methods
prediction prediction
numerical numerical
examined examined Committee Committee Executive Executive
The The
on on D66s D66s B. B. R. R. Dr. Dr. by by presented presented
report report The The future. future. the the for for prospects prospects finance finance and and Administration Administration
and and data data satellite satellite meteorological meteorological of of use use
synoptic synoptic the the and and rainfall, rainfall, areal areal of of ment ment
Europe. Europe.
assess
the the for for
measurements measurements
radar radar
and and Pacific Pacific South South the the Asia, Asia, for for
and and
of of use use the the : : session session
seventeenth seventeenth
the the at at
America, America, Latin Latin for for Africa, Africa, for for i.e. i.e. basis, basis,
discussion discussion for for
subjects subjects
two two on on
agreed agreed
geographical geographical a a on on sections sections
operational operational
and and beneficial beneficial most most
been been
had had
session session
three three into into Division Division the the of of
organization organization
the the during during
held held
discussion discussion
scientific scientific
proposed proposed the the approved approved Committee Committee
the the that that
decided decided
Committee Committee
The The
the the Division; Division; Co-operation Co-operation Technical Technical
the the as as Secretariat Secretariat the the in in integrated integrated
Year. Year.
operation operation
organizationally organizationally been been had had
unit unit ance ance
Co
International International the the
with with
association association
assist technical technical former former the the Congress Congress
in in Africa Africa
in in
meteorology meteorology
and and logy logy
of of decision decision a a with with accordance accordance In In
meteoro tropical tropical on on emphasis emphasis special special
with with
meteorology, meteorology, in in
co-operation co-operation
tional tional 2I5). 2I5). p. p. (see (see completed completed been been now now had had
Interna was was 1965 1965
Day Day
teorological teorological
agent agent executing executing made made been been had had WMO WMO
Me
World World for for
chosen chosen
theme theme The The
which which for for programme programme Fund Fund Special Special
Nations Nations United United the the under under projects projects the the
Organization. Organization. the the of of languages languages of of one one that that noted noted was was It It period. period. rg66 rg66
official official four four the the of of use use the the concerning concerning rg65- the the during during projects projects regional regional for for
Regulations Regulations General General the the of of mentation mentation priorities priorities of of lists lists approved approved and and 212) 212) p. p.
imple fuller fuller of of possibility possibility the the examine examine (see (see programmes programmes co-operation co-operation technical technical
191 191
1964. 1964.
mission mission
for for Hydrometeorology Hydrometeorology
being being
held held
in in Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland, Poland,
from from 29 29 September September
to to r6 r6
October October
approaching approaching
International International
Hydrological Hydrological
Decade Decade
and and to to the the
second second session session
of of the the WMO WMO
Com
National National
Meteorological Meteorological
Service Service
of of Portugal, Portugal,
is is published published here here
in in view view
of of
its its relevance relevance
to to the the
Sciences Sciences of of
Lisbon Lisbon
on on
October October
II II 1962 1962 by by
Professor Professor
H. H.
Amorim Amorim
Ferreira, Ferreira,
director director
of of the the
* *
Editor's Editor's
note note : :
This This article, article,
first first
given given as as the the presidential presidential address address to to the the Academy Academy of of
phenomena phenomena
which which occur occur
in in
the the atmo- national national and and international. international.
The The
conse-
physical physical
system, system, and and
the the hydrological hydrological
ment ment of of meteorological meteorological activities, activities,
both both
closed closed
cycle cycle in in the the
earth-atmosphere earth-atmosphere
led led to to standardization standardization
and and
develop
Water Water
phenomena phenomena
take take
place place in in a a bility bility of of forecasting forecasting disastrous disastrous storms, storms,
sailing-ships sailing-ships
and and
through through the the
possi study study
of of underground underground
water. water.
reduction reduction
in in the the
duration duration
of of voyages voyages of of
globe globe and and
to to geology geology
through through the the
tance tance of of
meteorology, meteorology,
through through
the the
the the study study
of of water water
on on the the
surface surface
of of the the
rgth rgth century, century,
of of the the economic economic
impor
oceanography oceanography
and and
glaciology glaciology
through through
The The recognition, recognition,
in in the the
middle middle of of
the the
atmosphere. atmosphere.
Hydrology Hydrology
is is related related
to to
The The case case
of of meteorology meteorology
is is
typical. typical.
cerned cerned with with water water phenomena phenomena in in the the
logy logy
and and meteorology meteorology
are are both both con which which are are related related to to it. it.
ary ary
of of their their
individual individual
fields. fields. Hydro rendered rendered to to those those human human
activities activities
lap lap
and and
that that
there there
is is no no precise precise
bound branch branch leads leads to to better better
services services being being
interdependent, interdependent,
that that
their their
scopes scopes over of of scientific scientific knowledge knowledge
of of each each given given
recognize recognize
that that
they they
are are related related and and On On the the other other hand, hand, the the
advancement advancement
each each of of these these
sciences, sciences,
it it is is easy easy to to nomic nomic importance importance of of its its
applications. applications.
Without Without
going going into into
the the
definition definition
of of thered thered by by the the recognition recognition
of of
the the eco
graphy, graphy,
seismology seismology
and and
vulcanology. vulcanology.
geophysics geophysics as as a a science science
has has been been
fur
logy, logy, gravimetry, gravimetry,
meteorology, meteorology,
oceano the the advancement advancement of of
each each branch branch of of
geoelectricity, geoelectricity,
geomagnetism, geomagnetism,
glacio these these studies studies are are so so closely closely
linked linked
that that
The The
other other branches branches
of of geophysics geophysics
are are aspects, aspects, scientific scientific and and utilitarian, utilitarian, of of
operation operation
are are concerned. concerned. The The two two term. term.
safety, safety,
efficiency efficiency
and and
economy economy
of of hydrology hydrology would would
be be
a a more more
descriptive descriptive
human human
activities activities
to to
be be
met, met, in in so so
far far as as peutics, peutics, is is
not not
scientific. scientific.
Physical Physical
earth, earth, enable enable
the the requirements requirements
of of many many
ters ters and and
their their
application application
to to
thera
the the structure structure
and and
dynamics dynamics
of of the the
which which
deals deals with with
thermo-mineral thermo-mineral
wa
besides besides
advancing advancing
the the
knowledge knowledge
of of since since it it implies implies
that that medical medical
hydrology, hydrology,
Geophysical Geophysical
research research
and and studies, studies,
which which may may be be somewhat somewhat misleading, misleading,
ciation ciation
of of
Scientific Scientific
Hydrology, Hydrology, a a title title been been used used with with success success in in
meteorology. meteorology.
ledge ledge
is is called called
the the International International
Asso logy logy those those methods methods which which
have have
already already
which which deals deals
with with this this
branch branch
of of know is is the the possibility possibility of of utilizing utilizing
in in
hydro
Union Union
of of Geodesy Geodesy
and and
Geophysics Geophysics ciating ciating the the study study of of the the
two two
sciences sciences
The The
Association Association
in in the the
International International
the the cycle. cycle. Another Another advantage advantage
of of
asso
of of
water water
on on
and and below below the the
land land
surface. surface. former former in in the the atmospheric atmospheric
branch branch
of of
occurrence, occurrence,
circulation circulation
and and
distribution distribution
utilize utilize the the results results
obtained obtained
by by the the
far far as as applications applications
are are
concerned, concerned,
the the than than hydrology, hydrology, the the latter latter
science science
can can
of of water water
on on the the
earth, earth,
especially, especially,
in in so so is is more more advanced advanced in in
its its evolution evolution
physics physics
which which deals deals with with
the the evolution evolution mena. mena. Since Since meteorology, meteorology,
as as a a science, science,
Hydrology Hydrology
is is that that branch branch
of of geo sphere sphere are are also also meteorological meteorological pheno
By By H. H. AMORIM AMORIM FERREIRA FERREIRA
HYDROLOGY HYDROLOGY AS AS ONE ONE OF OF THE THE EARTH EARTH SCIENCES* SCIENCES*
192 192
* * p. p. 96. 96. on on references references See See I I needed needed information information meteorological meteorological the the
prepare prepare to to fitted fitted best best the the were were activity activity
specific specific each each within within professionals professionals the the
prevailing. prevailing.
that that maintained maintained persons persons responsible responsible
still still
then then
attitude attitude
Aristotelian Aristotelian the the
ago, ago, years years many many Not Not phase. phase. this this
* *
against against
reaction reaction
a a
truly truly all", all", to to
open open r r
through through passed passed also also has has Meteorology Meteorology
are are which which Earth, Earth, and and Heaven Heaven beyond beyond
books books
other other
no no have have
"I "I : : said said
Palissy Palissy
facts. facts. acquired acquired as as results results non-controlled non-controlled
concepts. concepts.
these these
challenge challenge to to
first first
the the
of of acceptance acceptance the the to to and and concepts concepts of of
perhaps, perhaps,
were, were,
(r5og-r589) (r5og-r589)
Palissy Palissy
B. B.
purity purity the the of of disappearance disappearance the the to to
led led
and and (r452-I519) (r452-I519) Vinci Vinci
da da
Leonardo Leonardo
created created thus thus schemes schemes of of variety variety The The
diverse. diverse. were were results results of of treatment treatment and and
Ages. Ages.
Middle Middle the the
during during
measurement measurement of of methods methods the the and and stalled stalled
added added
was was
springs springs of of origin origin
oceanic oceanic
in were were observations observations hydrological hydrological
the the of of
concept concept the the
which which to to
vapour, vapour,
for for Networks Networks application. application. immediate immediate
water water
of of
condensation condensation
underground underground
of of branch branch certain certain a a to to corresponding corresponding
the the of of
concept concept the the
forward forward put put
and and
each each appeared, appeared, hydrology hydrology of of concepts concepts
evaporation, evaporation,
on on
radiation radiation
solar solar
of of
Various Various applied. applied. were were they they which which to to
influence influence the the
out out
pointed pointed
water, water, of of
subject subject the the for for inadequate inadequate statistics statistics
condensation condensation and and
evaporation evaporation
of of mena mena
mathematical mathematical of of methods methods simple simple some some
pheno
the the
described described
Meteorologica, Meteorologica,
of of use use the the by by cases cases
certain certain
in in
mented mented
his his in in C.), C.), B. B.
(384-322 (384-322
Aristotle Aristotle
supple was was concept concept pragmatic pragmatic This This
provided. provided. it it information information the the utilized utilized
writings. writings.
ancient ancient
which which activities activities the the of of each each to to sidiary sidiary
in in found found
be be can can
phenomena phenomena logical logical
sub technology, technology, a a as as considered considered be be to to
hydro
to to
references references
that that therefore, therefore,
hydrology hydrology caused caused first first at at stimulating, stimulating,
surprising, surprising, not not
is is
It It
migrations. migrations.
human human
certainly certainly interest, interest, in in increase increase This This
imposed imposed and and culture culture of of forms forms modelled modelled
civilizations, civilizations,
conditioned conditioned
have have
water water
etc. etc. regions regions semi-arid semi-arid and and arid arid
of of
distribution distribution
and and
existence existence
The The
in in conditions conditions living living of of improvement improvement
the the water, water, fresh fresh of of supply supply the the gy, gy, hydrology hydrology of of concepts concepts Early Early
ener of of production production the the agriculture, agriculture, in in
used used better better be be could could resources resources water water
phase. phase. third third the the to to second second the the from from that that so so years, years, thirty thirty or or twenty twenty last last
transition transition the the in in present present at at is is hydrology hydrology the the during during information information for for demand demand
that that consider consider to to legitimate legitimate seems seems It It increasing increasing an an been been has has there there earth, earth,
occurrence. occurrence. their their forecast forecast and and nomena nomena the the of of economy economy biological biological and and physical physical
phe the the interpret interpret to to doctrine doctrine of of body body the the of of element element basic basic a a is is water water because because
coherent coherent a a of of existence existence thirdly, thirdly, ; ; them them hydrology, hydrology, Concerning Concerning doctrine. doctrine. of of
governing governing laws laws the the of of formulation formulation body body a a disposal disposal its its at at have have to to first first the the
and and phenomena phenomena the the of of description description also also and and activities, activities, human human to to portance portance
quantitative quantitative secondly, secondly, ; ; scope scope its its within within im economic economic of of applications applications having having as as
phenomena phenomena the the of of description description tive tive recognized recognized be be to to geophysics geophysics of of branch branch
qualita and and observation observation first, first, : : science science first first the the probably probably was was Meteorology Meteorology
natural natural other other any any as as phases phases three three
same same the the through through pass pass to to have have will will purposes. purposes. utilitarian utilitarian for for tion tion
hydrology hydrology evolution, evolution, gradual gradual its its In In informa satisfactory prepare prepare to to logists logists
meteoro enabled enabled which which principles principles
receive. receive. should should they they treatment treatment scientific scientific of of set set a a of of century, century, 2oth 2oth the the
medical medical the the prescribe prescribe to to fitted fitted most most the the of of quarter quarter first first the the of of end end the the about about at at
being being as as patients patients of of acceptance acceptance the the establishment, establishment, the the to to led led It It science. science. a a
be be would would concept concept this this of of extension extension as as meteorology meteorology of of advancement advancement the the
logical logical immediate immediate An An activity. activity. that that by by in in evident evident soon soon were were this this of of quences quences
193 193
branch branch
in in which which
the the flux flux of of water water in in the the piration piration
(E). (E).
distinct distinct
branches branches
: : the the
atmospheric atmospheric
off off (Ce) (Ce)
and and
evaporation evaporation
plus plus
trans
The The
hydrological hydrological
cycle cycle
has has
two two
surface surface and and in in + + the the soil soil (C. (C. Ca), Ca), run
are are
precipitation precipitation sphere. sphere. (R), (R), retention retention on on the the
In In most most
cases cases
off, off, the the to to most most evaporate evaporate important important again again into into the the
atmo
the the specific specific
problem problem
may may being being be be partly partly dealt dealt retained retained with. with. or or
may may run run
logical logical
element element
or or obviously obviously
deposition deposition depends depends on on the the on on globe, globe, where where
it it
The The
importance importance liquid liquid of of or or _ _ each each solid solid phase phase hydro by by precipitation precipitation
phase, phase,
which which is is later later
returned returned
in in the the
manent, manent,
others others
are are
variable. variable.
the the
atmosphere atmosphere
water water
in in
the the gaseous gaseous
etc.). etc.).
Some Some of of these these
factors factors
are are
per
snow snow
fields, fields,
vegetation) vegetation)
yields yields
to to
nature nature of of
the the
soil soil and and
its its
coverage coverage
globe globe (oceans, (oceans,
lakes, lakes,
rivers, rivers,
glaciers, glaciers,
(area (area and and topography topography
of of
the the region, region,
natural natural
phenomena phenomena
by by
which which
the the
etc.) etc.)
and and
by by physiographic physiographic
factors factors
the the
earth. earth.
It It describes describes
a a
sequence sequence
of of
and and
humidity, humidity,
wind, wind,
cloud cloud
amount amount
tion tion
of of
water, water,
in in its its
three three
phases, phases,
on on
tors tors
(solar (solar
radiation, radiation,
air air temperature temperature
quence quence
of of the the principle principle
of of
the the conserva
are are
conditioned conditioned
by by meteorological meteorological
fac
logy logy is is the the
hydrological hydrological
cycle, cycle, a a conse
hydrological hydrological
elements. elements.
Their Their
values values
The The
fundamental fundamental
concept concept
of of
hydro
These These quantities quantities are are the the simple simple
The The hydrological hydrological
cycle cycle
piration piration (E). (E).
atmosphere atmosphere by by evaporation evaporation and and trans
overflow." overflow."
underground underground
(Ce), (Ce), and and returns returns to to the the
into into
the the ground ground
sea, sea, yet yet (Ci), (Ci), the the runs runs sea sea on on doth doth the the surface surface not not and and
Ecclesiastes Ecclesiastes
the the
(r (r : : amount amount 7) 7) : : "All "All that that the the rivers rivers infiltrates infiltrates run run into into the the
answer answer
of of the the
the the non-explicit non-explicit globe globe (Cs) (Cs) and and question question in in the the in in soil soil (Ca) (Ca)
; ;
importance importance
those those of of which which the the phenomena phenomena are are retained retained and and on on the the to to surface surface
developed developed
by by deposition deposition
in in 7, 7, • • relation relation of of
dew dew
to to and and the the frost frost (D) (D) ; ;
6
8 8
and and
Sherman Sherman
(R), (R), by by This This interception interception 5. 5. doctrine doctrine of of is is being being fog fog (N) (N) and and
in in about about received received 1930, 1930,
namely namely on on the the globe globe with with Horton Horton by by precipitation precipitation 4 4
body body
of of the the hydrological hydrological
amounts amounts doctrine doctrine of of water water - began began which which are are
phase phase -
the the The The existence existence quantities quantities of of in in a a this this coherent coherent equation equation are: are:
meteorological meteorological
services. services.
The The
third third
R + N + D D + N + R
= =
Cs Cs + +
Ca Ca + +
C C + +
Ce Ce +E. +E.
vation, vation, and and the the establishment establishment of of state state
standardization standardization
of of methods methods of of the the obser earth, earth, is is : :
of of
meteorological meteorological
observatories, observatories,
principle principle
the the of of conservation conservation
of of water water
on on
rgth rgth century, century,
with with
the the installation installation of of
hydrology, hydrology,
which which
expresses expresses
the the
of of
its its
evolution evolution
in in the the middle middle
of of The The the the so-called so-called
fundamental fundamental
equation equation
Hydrology Hydrology entered entered the the second second
phase phase
fore, fore,
to to be be
taken taken
into into
account. account.
rivers rivers
that that flowed flowed into into
it. it.
hydrological hydrological
phenomena phenomena
has, has,
there
terranean terranean
was was sufficient sufficient
to to
feed feed the the
regional regional
and and
local local factors factors
in in the the
the the
water water
evaporated evaporated
from from the the Medi
the the
soil soil is is
homogeneous homogeneous
; ; the the action action
of of
Halley Halley (r6s6-1742) (r6s6-1742)
maintained maintained
that that simple, simple,
as as neither neither
the the atmosphere atmosphere
nor nor
confirmed confirmed
by by
Mariotte Mariotte
(r6zo-r684) (r6zo-r684)
cycle cycle
3, 3,
the the physical physical
processes processes
are are
not not
upstream upstream
This This
statement statement • •
was was
later later
tions tions
2 ; ;
but but
even even
in in each each
branch branch
of of the the
the the water water
falling falling
on on
the the drainage drainage
basin basin
cesses cesses
arise arise
due due
to to boundary boundary
condi
river river
Seine Seine
in in Burgundy Burgundy
depended depended
on on
branches branches
of of the the cycle, cycle,
complex complex
pro
the the
variation variation
in in the the
discharge discharge
of of the the
of of
the the globe, globe,
which which
separates separates
the the two two
been been
the the
first first hydrologist, hydrologist,
stated stated
that that
lation, lation,
infiltration infiltration
etc.). etc.).
On On the the surface surface
r68o), r68o),
who who
may may
be be considered considered
to to
have have
(surface (surface
and and
underground underground
flow, flow, perco
the the 17th 17th century. century.
Pierre Pierre
Perrault Perrault
(r6o8-
water water
in in the the
liquid liquid
phase phase
predominates predominates
nature nature
became became
more more
objective objective
during during
terrestrial terrestrial
branch branch in in
which which
the the
flux flux of of
The The
knowledge knowledge
of of water water
processes processes in in
gaseous gaseous phase phase predominates, predominates, and and the the
194 194
evaporation. evaporation. by by designed designed be be must must region, region, a a of of tics tics
measuring measuring in in use use general general of of become become has has characteris hydrological hydrological the the describe describe
approach approach budget budget energy energy the the why why which which data data supplying supplying network, network, factory factory
explains explains energy, energy, radiant radiant measuring measuring satis a a that that obvious obvious is is It It network. network.
for for methods methods of of development development the the to to observational observational an an constituting constituting points, points,
addition addition in in This, This, measurable. measurable. directly directly different different at at made made measurements measurements on on
or or known known are are of of E, E, exception exception the the with with depends depends region region a a of of characterization characterization
equation, equation, this this in in quantities quantities the the All All hydrological hydrological the the hand, hand, other other the the On On
etc.). etc.). water water plants, plants, (soil, (soil, ment. ment.
surface surface evaporating evaporating the the by by retained retained is is measure of of method method the the by by imposed imposed
which which W W L1 L1 energy energy the the and and bulence, bulence, exactitude exactitude and and accuracy accuracy of of limitations limitations
tur and and conductivity conductivity by by surface surface ting ting the the are are there there elements elements hydrological hydrological
evapora the the through through atmosphere atmosphere the the other other the the For For methods. methods. indirect indirect by by
to to globe globe the the from from transferred transferred H H energy energy made made be be therefore therefore must must of of E E surement surement
the the heat), heat), latent latent the the being being (L (L phase phase mea the the ; ; significant significant directly directly not not are are
of of change change the the in in spent spent LE LE energy energy the the evapotranspirometers evapotranspirometers and and porimeters porimeters
surface, surface, the the by by (Qg) (Qg) emitted emitted s) s) and and (Q' (Q' eva with with measurements measurements by by obtained obtained
reflected reflected energy energy radiant radiant the the advection; advection; data data The The surface. surface. evaporating evaporating the the
by by brought brought is is which which Wa Wa energy energy the the reaches reaches it it until until solid solid the the of of interior interior the the
and and surface surface evaporating evaporating the the on on falls falls in in water water of of movement movement the the of of and and air, air,
which which (Qa) (Qa) atmosphere atmosphere the the by by emitted emitted liquid or or solid-air solid-air interface, interface, the the near near
and and (Q.) (Q.) origin origin solar solar of of energy energy radiant radiant layer layer the the in in vapour vapour water water of of diffusion diffusion
: : are are equation equation this this in in quantities quantities The The the the of of processes processes physical physical the the by by
complicated complicated is is atmosphere atmosphere the the to to globe globe
the the from from phase phase gaseous gaseous the the in in water water of of Qs+Qa+Wa=Q'.+Qg+LE+H+L1W. Qs+Qa+Wa=Q'.+Qg+LE+H+L1W.
flux flux natural natural the the of of measurement measurement The The
: : is is problem problem this this to to energy energy of of vation vation
conser of of principle principle the the of of application application Kelvin). Kelvin). (Lord (Lord kind" kind" satisfactory satisfactory
the the to to corresponds corresponds which which equation equation un The The meagre, meagre, a a of of is is knowledge knowledge your your
surface. surface. evaporating evaporating the the of of nature nature the the of of numbers, numbers, in in it it express express cannot cannot you you when when
independent independent also also is is and and it, it, phenomenon, phenomenon, measure measure cannot cannot you you when when but but ; ; it it
the the in in involved involved known, known, well well yet yet not not about about something something know know you you numbers, numbers,
processes, processes, the the about about hypotheses hypotheses any any in in of of it it express express and and about about speaking speaking
independent independent is is method method this this by by obtained obtained are are you you what what measure measure can can you you "When "When
of of E E value value The The evaporation. evaporation. to to leads leads measurable. measurable. be be to to ought ought valuable, valuable,
which which phase phase of of change change the the in in spent spent is is be be to to elements, elements, hydrological hydrological The The
which which energy energy of of amount amount the the on on depends depends
evaporated evaporated is is which which water water of of amount amount elements elements hydrological hydrological of of Measurement Measurement
the the since since energy, energy, of of conservation conservation
of of principle principle the the applying applying proach, proach,
ap budget budget energy energy the the by by obtained obtained concerned. concerned. region region
be be can can E E quantity quantity the the of of value value The The the the describe describe which which parameters parameters by by
expressed expressed are are factors factors physiographic physiographic
budget budget Energy Energy
The The water. water. of of deposits deposits atmospheric atmospheric
constitute constitute and and globe globe the the reaches reaches that that
obtained. obtained. data data the the of of vitiation vitiation radiation radiation solar solar the the condition condition Clouds Clouds
the the avoid avoid to to as as so so supervised supervised carefully carefully transpiration. transpiration. and and evaporation evaporation the the
be be must must network network the the of of operation operation the the condition condition mainly mainly wind, wind, and and humidity, humidity,
; ; region region the the of of conditions conditions geological and and and and temperature temperature air air The The cycle. cycle. the the in in
pedological pedological the the account account into into takes takes who who circulation circulation water water the the maintains maintains and and
and and meteorology meteorology and and hydrology hydrology of of causes causes which which radiation radiation solar solar is is factor factor
knowledge knowledge specialized specialized a a has has who who one one meteorological meteorological important important most most The The
195 195
Since Since
the the variation variation
of of
the the capacity capacity
of of
stitute stitute
practical practical
alterations alterations
of of
the the
air, air,
and and
the the intensity intensity
g g
of of
gravity. gravity.
of of springs, springs,
boring boring
of of
wells, wells,
etc., etc., con
globe), globe),
the the specific specific
humidity humidity
q q of of
the the Construction Construction
of of reservoirs, reservoirs,
captation captation
pressure pressure p p
(Po (Po on on the the surface surface
of of the the
lution lution
of of water water
in in v v the the velocity velocity cycle. cycle. of of the the wind, wind, the the atmospheric atmospheric
would would
correspond correspond
the the to to the the contour contour natural natural c c limiting limiting evo
the the region, region,
the the
results results
different different
from from
the the time time those those t, t, the the which which n n unit unit vector vector
normal normal
to to
cycle, cycle, with with the the purpose purpose of of obtaining obtaining
g g
0 0 g g
artificial artificial
0 0
control control
of of the the
hydrological hydrological
= =
W W - q.dp q.dp
and and = =
Q Q -
qv. qv.
dp; dp;
~Po ~Po
I I
~P ~P
- I I -
- An An extension extension of of this this problem problem is is the the
meteorological meteorological fined fined forecasting. forecasting. by by the the equations: equations:
ing, ing, therefore, therefore,
point point depends depends in in the the region region essentially essentially (areal (areal runoff), runoff), on on de
precipitation. precipitation.
of of the the Hydrological Hydrological transport transport of of water water forecast vapour vapour at at a a
concerned, concerned,
water water but but also also and and the the the the total total amount amount integrated integrated R R of of field field Q Q
the the
nature nature are are : : of of the the the the amount amount soil soil W W in in the the of of region region precipitab~ precipitab~
infiltrates infiltrates
into into The The the the other other soil soil quantities quantities and and depends depends in in this this on on equation equation
not not only only the the amount amount 1 1 C of of water water
which which
depend depend
on on the the =M+ =M+ possibility possibility E- R R of of A A forecasting, forecasting,
Jc(Q.n). Jc(Q.n). de. de.
fJW fJW I,i:- droughts. droughts. These These forecasts forecasts obviously obviously
underground underground
during during
floods floods
and and
limited limited
by by the the
contour contour
c c : :
water water which which
runs runs
over over
the the
soil soil
and and
area area
A A on on
the the surface surface
of of
the the
globe, globe,
of of droughts, droughts,
and and
of of the the
amount amount
Ce Ce of of
which which
is is
applicable applicable
to to a a region region
of of
of of
the the
globe globe and and
in in the the soil soil
in in the the case case
alized alized
equation equation
of of
the the
water water
budget, budget,
which which
will will be be
retained retained
on on the the
surface surface
research research
by by using using
9 9 the the
following following
gener
of of
the the
amount amount
(C.+ (C.+
Ca) Ca)
of of water water
been been obtained obtained
in in recent recent
hydrological hydrological
tice tice to to forecasting forecasting
the the
extreme extreme values values
correlation. correlation.
Promising Promising
results results
have have
complex complex
in in
theory, theory,
is is reduced reduced
in in prac
sarily sarily corresponds corresponds
to to
the the numerical numerical
The The
problem, problem,
which which
is is certainly certainly
between between the the elements elements concerned concerned neces
a a physical physical all all of of them them relation relation are are of of known. known. cause cause and and effect effect
tween tween
ments ments them. them. if if the the This This actual actual does does and and not not past past mean mean values values that that of of
tation tation
lues lues of of of of numerical numerical one one or or more more correlations correlations hydrological hydrological be ele
interrelated, interrelated,
reasonable reasonable which which probability, probability, justifies justifies the the the the compu future future va
it it
is is phenomena phenomena obvious obvious that that and and these these to to elements elements determine, determine, are are with with
logical logical
to to elements elements forecast forecast are are the the not not occurrence occurrence simple, simple, but but of of these these
The The scope scope relationships relationships of of hydrology, hydrology, between between it it will will hydro be be possible possible
phenomena phenomena which which come come within within
the the
quantities. quantities.
developed developed
for for the the interpretation interpretation
of of
the the
tion tion
the the
variability variability
of of
the the
other other
When When
a a scientific scientific
theory theory
has has been been
and and R, R, without without taking taking into into considera
to to Hydrological Hydrological a a linear linear relationship relationship forecasting forecasting between between Ce Ce
reducing reducing the the fundamental fundamental equation equation
cient cient is is characteristic characteristic
corresponds corresponds
to to
region) region)
• •
10
coefficient. coefficient.
To To
admit admit
that that
this this coeffi
sonde sonde
measurements measurements
are are
made made
in in the the
tion), tion), sometimes sometimes
designated designated
as as
runoff runoff
(which (which
can can
be be
determined determined
if if radio
by by
the the
ratio ratio Ce/R Ce/R
(runoff (runoff to to precipita
measured) measured) and and
for for
areal areal runoff runoff
Q Q
to to characterize characterize
a a region region
hydrologically hydrologically
for for precipitation precipitation
R R (which (which
can can be be
would would
not not
be be legitimate, legitimate,
for for
example, example,
mentioned mentioned
above, above,
if if data data
are are available available
the the
quantities quantities
in in it it
are are considered. considered.
It It
value value
of of
E E without without
the the
limitations limitations
tion, tion, which which
can can
only only
be be used used if if
all all
The The generalized generalized
equation equation
gives gives
the the
logy logy (seep. (seep. I93) I93) is is an an equation equation of of condi
error error
in in making making The The fundamental fundamental fJWjfJt fJWjfJt = = o. o. equation equation of of hydro
is is very very
small, small, there there is is no no appreciable appreciable
Water Water budget budget
the the atmosphere atmosphere to to retain retain water water vapour vapour
196 196
XLV. XLV. and and nature. nature. in in water water of of evolution evolution the the in in
XXXII XXXII
Recommendations Recommendations
London. London.
involved involved
processes processes
physical physical
the the studying studying
rg6r. rg6r. Nairobi, Nairobi, Hydrology, Hydrology, on on ference ference
by by acquired acquired is is laws laws these these of of knowledge knowledge
Con Inter-African Inter-African (rg62). (rg62). CCTA/CSA CCTA/CSA rr. rr.
the the ; ; phenomena phenomena the the govern govern which which Porta. Porta.
Ciencias, Ciencias, laws laws das das the the of of Progresso Progresso o o para para Espanhol Espanhol application application conscious the the by by
Luso
Congresso Congresso XXVI XXVI transpirar;ao. transpirar;ao. replaced replaced be be should should
rules rules of of Empiricism Empiricism
evapo e e Evaporar;ao Evaporar;ao (rg62). (rg62). P. P. Jose Jose
concepts. concepts. of of unity unity a a to to reduced reduced be be
PEIXOTO, PEIXOTO,
and and Amorim Amorim
H. H.
FERREIRA, FERREIRA, IO. IO.
should should cases cases of of
multiplicity multiplicity The The cients. cients.
25. 25. p. p. 7, 7, Lisboa, Lisboa, Univ. Univ.
coeffi of of science science a a not not is is Hydrology Hydrology Cien. Cien. Fac. Fac. Rev. Rev. atmosfera. atmosfera. na na cigua cigua
de de vapor vapor do do transporte transporte do do divergencia divergencia
da da campo campo 0 0 (1951). (1951). P. P. Jose Jose
PErxoTo, PErxoTo,
g. g.
activities. activities.
those those for for formation formation
1048. 1048. p. p. Boston, Boston, Soc., Soc.,
in satisfactory satisfactory prepare prepare to to hydrologists hydrologists
Met. Met. Am. Am.
Meteorology. Meteorology.
of of
Compendium Compendium
enable enable will will which which doctrine doctrine of of body body meteorology. meteorology. to to relation relation its its and and cycle cycle
hydrologic hydrologic The The coherent coherent a a (1951). (1951). disposal disposal its its at at K. K. R. R. LINSLEY, LINSLEY, has has it it 8. 8. until until
York. York. New New McGraw-Hill, McGraw-Hill, Hydrology. Hydrology. advance advance to to ought ought hydrology hydrology activities, activities,
Applied Applied (1949). (1949). H. H. L. L. J. J. PAULHUS, PAULHUS,
human human
of of
benefit benefit
the the
For For earth. earth.
on on
and and A. A. M. M. KoHLER, KoHLER, K., K., R. R. LrNSLEY, LrNSLEY, 7. 7.
life life vegetable vegetable and and animal animal conditions conditions
York. York.
New New
McGraw-Hill, McGraw-Hill,
nature", nature", of of gift gift "heavenly "heavenly Water, Water, Hydrology. Hydrology. (1942). (1942). E. E. MEINZER, MEINZER, 0. 0. 6. 6.
285. 285. p. p. ro8, ro8, Rec., Rec., News News Engng. Engng.
method. method. unit-graph unit-graph by by rainfall rainfall from from Conclusion Conclusion
Streamflow Streamflow (1932). (1932). K. K. L. L. SHERMAN, SHERMAN, 5. 5.
r8g. r8g. p. p. Union, Union, Geophys. Geophys. Amer. Amer. Trans. Trans.
hydrology. hydrology. of of science science the the of of
status status and and
defined. defined. physically physically scope scope field, field, The The (1931). (1931). E. E. R. R. HoRTON, HoRTON, 4· 4·
even even or or justified justified economically economically yet yet Paris. Paris. fluides. fluides.
corps corps autres autres des des et et eaux eaux des des mouvement mouvement not not is is precipitation precipitation induced induced artificially artificially
du du Traite Traite (r686). (r686).
Edme Edme
MARIOTTE, MARIOTTE,
3. 3.
because because
moment, moment, the the for for least least at at
Paris. Paris. fontaines. fontaines. des des
used, used, be be cannot cannot technique technique This This sea. sea. the the
l'origine l'origine De De
(r678). (r678).
Pierre Pierre
PERRAULT, PERRAULT,
2. 2.
or or regions regions adjacent adjacent on on fall fall not not would would
Paris. Paris.
formed formed thus thus water water the the that that assurance assurance qu'artificielles. qu'artificielles. naturelles naturelles tant tant taines, taines,
fon des des et et eaux eaux des des nature nature la la de de rable rable the the with with and and fixed, fixed, previously previously amount amount
admi
Discours Discours
(r58o). (r58o).
Bernard Bernard
PALISSY, PALISSY, r. r.
an an in in and and times times at at benefited, benefited, be be to to
region region the the over over precipitation precipitation of of ment ment REFERENCES REFERENCES
induce artificial artificial the the by by branch branch spheric spheric
atmo the the in in cycle cycle hydrological hydrological the the up up warrants. warrants. scope scope its its
speed speed to to be be would would globe globe the the of of regions regions within within problems problems the the of of importance importance the the
semi-arid semi-arid and and arid arid the the in in water water of of lack lack which which sciences sciences earth earth the the among among place place
of of problem problem the the attacking attacking of of way way One One the the reach reach can can hydrology hydrology which which by by way way
only only the the is is it it but but interpret, interpret, to to easy easy be be
view. view. of of point point economic economic not not will will which which results results to to lead lead may may and and
an an from from satisfactory satisfactory very very proved proved techniques techniques observational observational skilful skilful mand mand
yet, yet, as as not, not, have have water, water, of of surface surface de may may phenomena phenomena hydrological hydrological ing ing
the the on on films films monomolecular monomolecular forming forming by by study in in discipline discipline scientific scientific strict strict A A
or or coverings coverings of of means means by by lakes, lakes, ficial ficial
relationships" relationships" empirical empirical than than arti n. n. from from evaporation evaporation through through water water
rather rather principles principles physical physical known known follow follow of of loss loss the the reduce reduce to to experiments experiments
should should data data from from computations computations the the and and of of results results The The soil. soil. the the of of nature nature
made made measurements measurements the the both both 1 flow, flow, geological geological the the on on depends depends which which C , ,
stream and and evapotranspiration evapotranspiration ration, ration, quantity quantity the the about about said said be be cannot cannot same same
evapo of of studies studies all all in in "that "that Africa, Africa, in in the the but but droughts; droughts; and and floods floods of of cases cases
countries countries from from delegates delegates about about by by extreme extreme the the in in 120 120 except except C., C., quantity quantity
attended attended was was which which in in Nairobi Nairobi at at 1961, 1961, the the of of values values the the alter alter to to possible possible also also
held held Hydrology Hydrology on on Conference Conference African African is is equation. equation. It It fundamental fundamental the the in in Ca Ca
Inter the the by by recommended recommended was was C C and and It It quantities quantities the the of of values values natural natural
197 197
rapid rapid
and and the the
good good
results results obtained obtained
was was now now
significantly significantly
better better than than
the the
late late
194o's 194o's development development
had had been been
the the atmosphere atmosphere
the the
numerical numerical
forecast forecast
After After
the the first first
successful successful
experiment experiment
in in
forecasts. forecasts.
For For large-scale large-scale
motions motions
of of
courage courage
to to simplify simplify
the the equations. equations.
had had reached reached
in in
replacing replacing
subjective subjective
until until
the the work work
of of Rossby, Rossby,
insufficient insufficient
numerical numerical
forecasts forecasts
and and the the
stage stage
they they
sence sence
of of sufficiently sufficiently
fast fast computers computers
and, and,
situation situation regarding regarding
the the
quality quality
of of the the
knowledge knowledge
of of the the
equations, equations,
the the
ab Dr. Dr. Doos Doos
then then
turned turned to to
the the present present
of of the the upper-air upper-air network, network, a a lack lack of of
which which
had had resulted resulted from from the the sparseness sparseness countries. countries.
and and
the the rather rather
slow slow
development development
systems systems existed existed
already already
in in
a a few few
history history
of of numerical numerical
weather weather
prediction prediction
to to the the
forecasts. forecasts.
Fairly Fairly
advanced advanced
thods. thods.
He He then then
reviewed reviewed
briefly briefly
the the
process process from from
the the reception reception
of of
the the
data data
necessary necessary
to to
resort resort
to to
numerical numerical
me
tendency tendency
was was to to automate automate
the the
whole whole
equations equations
analytically analytically
it it
had had
been been
forecasts forecasts
on on
a a daily daily
basis. basis.
The The
current current
was was no no
general general
method method
of of
solving solving
these these of of them them IO IO
made made
routine routine numerical numerical
of of
the the atmosphere. atmosphere.
Because Because
there there
now now c'ountries c'ountries
20 20 active active
in in
this this field field
and and
physical physical
laws laws governing governing
the the
motion motion
made made only only
years years IO IO before before
there there
were were
equations equations
that that
represent represent
the the
basic basic
though though the the
first first
such such forecast forecast
had had
been been
use use
of of scientific scientific
methods methods
by by
solving solving the the
methods methods
into into
routine routine
forecasting. forecasting.
Al
but but
the the
aim aim to to make make
a a more more
systematic systematic
interest interest
in in the the
introduction introduction
of of these these
was was
not not the the
use use of of
numerical numerical
methods methods
recent recent years years
and and
had had led led
to to a a
strong strong
of of
numerical numerical
weather weather prediction prediction
(NWP) (NWP)
derable derable
progress progress
had had
been been
made made in in
ing ing
that that the the most most
important important
feature feature
mechanism mechanism
of of the the disturbances. disturbances.
Consi
Committee. Committee.
Dr. Dr.
Doos Doos began began
by by
stress
was was to to
simulate simulate
the the
real real control control
been been
invited invited
to to present present
a a report report
to to
the the but but the the
greatest greatest difficulty difficulty
to to overcome overcome
Numerical Numerical
Weather Weather
Prediction, Prediction,
had had
of of large-scale large-scale
disturbances disturbances
fairly fairly
well well
Joint Joint
CAejCSM CAejCSM
Working Working
Group Group
on on models models
described described
the the
displacement displacement
B. B.
R. R. Diios Diios
who, who, as as
chairman chairman
of of
the the varying varying degrees degrees
of of success. success.
These These
The The
discussion discussion
was was opened opened
by by Dr. Dr.
multi-layered multi-layered baroclinic baroclinic models, models, with with
The The
next next
step step had had been been the the The The use use growth growth of of of of NWP NWP
problem problem of of cyclogenesis. cyclogenesis.
for for the the future. future.
problem problem of of weather weather
prediction, prediction,
the the
routine routine
weather weather
prediction prediction
and and
prospects prospects no no attempt attempt
to to cope cope with with
the the central central
application application
of of numerical numerical
methods methods
for for barotropic barotropic model model
and and
it it thus thus
made made
chosen chosen for for
the the first first
discussion discussion was was
The The described described within within
the the framework framework
of of the the
at at the the
fifteenth fifteenth
session. session. The The
subject subject
energy energy ; ; no no development development
could could
be be
sessions, sessions,
resulted resulted
from from
a a decision decision
made made to to convert convert potential potential
energy energy to to
kinetic kinetic
will will
become become
a a regular regular
feature feature
of of future future and and it it was was impossible, impossible,
for for
instance, instance,
discussion. discussion.
This This
innovation, innovation,
which which represented represented by by just just
one one single single
layer layer
in in
Geneva Geneva to to
the the
holding holding of of a a
scientific scientific model, model, however, however,
the the
atmosphere atmosphere
was was
a a half half day day
during during
its its recent recent
session session
improvement improvement in in
forecasting. forecasting.
In In that that
WMO WMO
Executive Executive
Committee Committee
devoted devoted
given given rise rise to to great great
expectations expectations
for for
an an
For For
the the
first first
time time in in its its
history, history,
the the with with the the simple simple barotropic barotropic model model had had
OF OF THE THE EXECUTIVE EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE COMMITTEE
A A SCIENTIFIC SCIENTIFIC
DISCUSSION DISCUSSION HELD HELD DURING DURING THE THE SIXTEENTH SIXTEENTH SESSION SESSION
FORECASTING FORECASTING BY BY NUMERICAL NUMERICAL METHODS METHODS
198 198
offer offer to to either either followed, followed, which which cussion cussion high-capacity high-capacity by by centres centres hemispheric hemispheric
dis the the in in joined joined speakers speakers Many Many the the to to linked linked be be should should countries countries ested ested
inter that that proposed proposed also also group group the the and and
action action for for
proposals proposals
Some Some
computers computers for for codes codes efficient efficient for for need need
a a was was There There lines. lines. high-capacity high-capacity by by
future". future".
the the
about about
cially cially
linked linked be be centres centres these these that that and and centres centres
espe prophesy, prophesy, to to difficult difficult is is
said, said,
"It "It
hemispheric hemispheric the the at at computers computers electronic electronic
had had who who
philosopher philosopher
clown clown
Danish Danish
be be should should there there that that possibility possibility one one
a a quoted quoted
he he
Finally Finally
optimistic. optimistic.
less less
as as suggested suggested and and problem problem this this cussed cussed
was was he he
weeks, weeks,
four four or or
three three
two, two,
for for
dis had had group group working working His His ment. ment.
motions motions
large-scale large-scale of of
forecasts forecasts
range range
require important important most most the the was was this this
long
regards regards As As
methods. methods.
numerical numerical
and and existing existing already already stations stations the the of of use use
systematic systematic
more more
of of
use use the the
with with
realized realized
full full make make to to possible possible be be should should it it that that
be be could could improvement improvement
considerable considerable
stressed stressed he he stations stations more more for for need need the the to to
that that thought thought
he he
although although
future future
near near
addition addition In In rg64. rg64. in in later later Europe Europe in in
the the in in
automated automated
completely completely be be
could could
place place take take to to scheduled scheduled was was ment ment
forecasts forecasts actual actual
that that
likely likely it it
consider consider
improve an an that that aware aware was was He He required. required.
not not did did He He 5-6 5-6 days. days.
to to
extended extended
be be
was was system system the the in in change change radical radical a a that that
to to motions motions
large-scale large-scale
for for
period period
cast cast
considered considered He He slow. slow. so so was was system system
fore the the enable enable would would models models realistic realistic
telecommunications telecommunications the the because because used used
more more
with with
experiments experiments further further
that that
not not were were made made soundings soundings of of number number
optimistic optimistic was was Doos Doos ? ? Dr. Dr.
future future
the the in in
large large a a and and observation observation of of time time the the
expected expected be be
reasonably reasonably
could could
What What
after after hours hours nine nine than than more more received received
were were forecasts. forecasts. Some Some earlier earlier of of reports. reports. of of value value duplication duplication
the the and and economic economic the the to to experienced experienced delays delays attention attention the the drew drew showing showing he he
slides slides presented presented Doos Doos Dr. Dr. observations, observations,
of of receipt receipt of of time time the the to to Referring Referring Committee Committee Executive Executive the the of of session session
sixteenth sixteenth the the at at lecturing lecturing
Diiiis Diiiis R. R. B. B.
Dr. Dr.
quickly. quickly. more more observations observations the the
getting getting by by or or computers computers faster faster using using by by
either either earlier, earlier, them them issuing issuing by by proved proved
im be be also also could could forecasts forecasts of of value value
The The observations. observations. more more for for need need real real
very very a a was was there there ; ; errors errors computational computational
also also were were there there and and atmosphere atmosphere actual actual
the the with with agreement agreement close close in in not not were were
methods methods Mathematical Mathematical them. them. reduce reduce
to to try try and and errors errors of of types types various various the the
consider consider to to necessary necessary was was it it thought thought
he he forecasts forecasts of of value value the the improve improve To To
forecast. forecast. actual actual the the improve improve to to help help
would would that that material material better better with with him him
provide provide to to was was done done be be could could What What
come. come. to to time time long long a a for for forecaster forecaster the the
replace replace to to possible possible be be would would it it think think not not
did did he he weather weather actual actual the the regards regards
As As
connexion connexion this this in in ; ; forecasts forecasts earlier earlier of of
prospects prospects and and needs needs F~tture F~tture issue issue the the also also and and stations stations existing existing
of of made made be be to to use use full full enable enable would would
This This hours. hours. three three to to down down probably probably pattern. pattern. pressure pressure the the
considerably, considerably, observations observations of of reception reception regards regards as as better better slightly slightly were were methods methods
for for required required time time the the reduce reduce could could numerical numerical by by obtained obtained results results the the
and and feasible feasible technically technically now now was was cult, cult, that that shown shown had had investigations investigations recent recent
diffi although although solution, solution, a a Such Such lines. lines. surface, surface, the the at at Even Even methods. methods. other other
199 199
sion sion were were in in agreement agreement
with with the the
views views with with considerable considerable potentialities, potentialities,
the the
Most Most
of of those those present present
at at the the discus tionary tionary development development in in meteorology meteorology
numerical numerical techniques techniques
to to
be be a a
revolu
use use of of
these these techniques. techniques.
After After stating stating that that
he he considered considered
promote promote the the effective effective development development and and
Members Members should should be be encouraged encouraged
to to
experiments experiments
to to
acquire acquire
the the data data needed. needed. exchange exchange of of experience experience between between
WMO WMO
scientists scientists to to
conduct conduct
the the necessary necessary and and the the establishment establishment of of
a a
constant constant
sible sible
steps steps should should
be be
taken taken to to encourage encourage services services to to introduce introduce these these
methods methods
to to
this this
end end
and and
proposed proposed that that all all pos should should be be made made to to urge urge meteorological meteorological
opportune opportune
for for
experiments experiments
directed directed to to play play in in this this respect. respect. Every Every
effort effort
such such
as as
satellites satellites
the the
moment moment was was that that WMO WMO had had an an important important
role role
that that
with with new new
observational observational
techniques techniques niques niques was was also also stressed stressed and and
it it was was
felt felt
rical rical
prediction prediction
techniques. techniques.
He He believed believed in in numerical numerical weather weather prediction prediction
tech
stacle stacle
to to progress progress
in in developing developing nume The The need need for for the the training training of of
personnel personnel
Committee Committee as as the the greatest greatest single single ob
cribed cribed by by another another member member of of observations. observations. the the
initial initial
state state of of the the
atmosphere atmosphere
was was des universal universal code, code, especially especially for for upper-air upper-air
The The lack lack of of
a a
description description
of of the the study study the the development development of of a a really really
tic tic Meteorology Meteorology should should be be asked asked to to
made made
that that
the the Commission Commission
for for Synop riddle riddle of of the the general general
circulation. circulation.
machines machines
and and
the the
suggestion suggestion
was was also also dynamics dynamics would would help help
to to
solve solve the the
up up
efficient efficient
codes codes
for for use use
in in electronic electronic and and he he felt felt that that ultimately ultimately
hydro
were were enumerated enumerated
to to serve serve
in in drawing drawing methods methods were were somewhat somewhat
unscientific unscientific
gramming gramming
computers. computers.
Some Some
criteria criteria rology, rology, he he went went on on to to
say say that that
present present
made made
serious serious
complications complications
in in pro as as the the most most formidable formidable task task
in in
meteo
ous ous symbols symbols
were were
ambiguous ambiguous and and the the atmosphere atmosphere and and
its its perturbations perturbations
suit suit mathematical mathematical
machines. machines.
Numer
Referring Referring to to the the general general
circulation circulation
of of
remarked, remarked,
had had not not
been been
designed designed to to enormous enormous problems problems
still still
remained. remained.
system system of of
codes codes
which, which,
as as one one
speaker speaker good good results results had had been been
achieved achieved
but but
was was
the the
inadequacy inadequacy
of of the the present present quality. quality. In In spite spite of of
such such handicaps handicaps
Another Another
point point frequently frequently
mentioned mentioned
was was not not really really sufficient sufficient in in quantity quantity or or
proached proached and and the the information information
available available
numerical numerical
methods. methods.
precipitation precipitation had had not not
yet yet been been
ap
tropical tropical
storms storms
were were to to
be be treated treated
by by weather weather such such as as cloudiness, cloudiness,
fog fog and and
areas areas
if if small-scale small-scale
phenomena phenomena
such such as as matical matical prediction prediction of of
elements elements
of of
be be as as dense dense
as as that that
in in extra-tropical extra-tropical
and and temperature temperature fields. fields.
The The
mathe
network network
in in the the
tropics tropics
would would
need need to to term term prediction prediction of of pressure, pressure,
motion motion
world. world.
It It was was considered considered
that that the the was was not not being being focused focused
on on the the
short
dense dense
network network
in in
many many
parts parts of of the the said said that that he he hoped hoped
undue undue
attention attention
of of the the
problem problem of of
obtaining obtaining a a sufficiently sufficiently
of of the the Executive Executive Committee Committee
who who
spread spread
realization realization
of of
the the
magnitude magnitude caution caution was was sounded sounded
by by one one member member
improved. improved.
There There was was
also also
a a
wide 0.6-0.7 0.6-0.7 for for NWP NWP forecasts. forecasts.
A A
note note of of
rical rical
weather weather
prediction prediction
was was
to to be be o.8-o.g o.8-o.g for for synoptic synoptic
forecasts forecasts
and and
their their
distribution distribution
if if
operational operational
nume mean mean relative relative error error
of of the the order order
of of
servations servations
and and
for for the the
speeding-up speeding-up
of of tion tion made made in in his his country country
had had
shown shown a a
Doos Doos as as
regards regards
the the need need
for for more more ob One One speaker speaker reported reported
that that
an an evalua
ment ment
with with
the the remarks remarks
made made by by Dr. Dr. better better than than conventional conventional
forecasts. forecasts.
countries. countries.
There There was was
general general
agree motions motions of of the the atmosphere atmosphere
were were
already already
this this
field field carried carried
out out
in in their their own own NWP NWP forecasts forecasts of of
the the large-scale large-scale
prediction prediction
or or
to to report report
on on
the the
work work in in good good progress progress had had been been made made
and and
that that
litaie litaie
further further progress progress
in in numerical numerical many many problems problems remained remained
to to be be solved, solved,
suggestions suggestions
that that they they
felt felt would would faci expressed expressed by by Dr. Dr. Di:ios Di:ios that, that, although although
200 200
* * * * 5. 5. p. p. on on references references See See 20 20
D.C. D.C. Washington, Washington, Bureau, Bureau, Weather Weather States States
United United Project, Project, Research Research Meteorology Meteorology Stratospheric Stratospheric * * the the of of staff staff the the by by Contributed Contributed
the the During During o°C. o°C. near near values values attaining attaining the the in in temperatures temperatures cases, cases, extreme extreme In In
days, days, six six in in 75°C 75°C approximately approximately rose rose reversal. reversal. circulation circulation complete complete a a to to area area
pole pole the the of of vicinity vicinity the the in in mb mb ro ro at at limited limited a a over over shifts shifts wind wind minor minor from from
Temperatures Temperatures 1963. 1963. February February early early intensity intensity range in in range may may pattern pattern tion tion
and and January January late late in in occurred occurred that that ing ing circula the the in in changes changes accompanying accompanying
warm major major the the analysed analysed
The The Teweles Teweles winter. winter. during during km) km) 20-50 20-50 imately imately 2 2
and and Finger Finger January. January. of of half half latter latter the the (approx stratosphere stratosphere upper upper and and middle middle
during during begins begins change change circulation circulation and and the the in in temperature temperature in in increase increase rapid rapid
warming warming major major a a which which in in one one is is view view of of a a denotes denotes usage usage current current in in warming warming
point point meteorological meteorological the the from from winter winter stratospheric stratospheric term term The The -3o°C. -3o°C. and and
of of type type interesting interesting most most The The I. I. -25°C -25°C between between usually usually is is temperature temperature
polar polar summertime summertime the the while while -85°C, -85°C,
types. types. general general two two into into winters winters as as low low as as drop drop hemisphere hemisphere northern northern
stratospheric stratospheric divide divide to to possible possible less less the the of of region region polar-night polar-night the the in in
neverthe is is it it difficult, difficult, is is with classes classes into into temperatures temperatures wintertime wintertime km), km), 31 31
warmings warmings of of separation separation the the Although Although (approximately (approximately level level ro-mb ro-mb the the At At
days. days. few few a a just just behaviour. behaviour.
in in easterly easterly kt kt roo roo to to westerly westerly kt kt 150 150 upper-atmospheric upper-atmospheric of of problems problems the the on on
from from shift shift can can layer layer 30-50-km 30-50-km the the in in focused focused activity activity research research and and tional tional
mid-latitudes mid-latitudes in in winds winds anticyclogenesis, anticyclogenesis, observa intensified intensified of of period period IQSY IQSY
high-latitude high-latitude such such of of result result a a As As flow. flow. current current this this during during particularly particularly high, high,
anticyclonic anticyclonic by by time time short short a a for for placed placed continues continues viewpoints viewpoints theoretical theoretical and and
re and and destroyed destroyed completely completely is is ter, ter, synoptic synoptic the the both both from from Interest Interest lation. lation.
win of of typical typical vortex, vortex, cyclonic cyclonic polar polar circu large-scale large-scale its its in in changes changes radical radical
circum intense intense the the events events warming warming occasional occasional including including occur, occur, phenomena phenomena
major major these these During During week. week. one one to to up up unique unique of of number number a a where where region region a a is is
periods periods for for day day per per I0°C I0°C exceed exceed may may layer layer atmospheric atmospheric this this that that aware aware
warming warming of of rate rate the the and and events, events, such such became became world world the the throughout throughout logists logists
of of course course the the in in attained attained been been have have meteoro Berlin, Berlin, over over stratosphere stratosphere
o°C o°C as as high high as as temperatures temperatures mb, mb, ro ro the the in in increase increase temperature temperature abrupt abrupt
At At periods. periods. ** ** brief brief for for values values an an of of summer summer 1952 1952 February February in in hag hag r r
mid exceed exceed may may region region Scher by by polar-night polar-night discovery discovery the the Following Following
PROGRAMME* PROGRAMME* STRATWARM STRATWARM WMO-IQSY WMO-IQSY THE THE OF OF IMPLEMENTATION IMPLEMENTATION
P.R. P.R. forecasting. forecasting. weather weather of of quality quality the the
problems. problems. these these solve solve to to efforts efforts in in improvement improvement an an to to and and techniques techniques
future future their their in in success success every every field field numerical numerical furthering furthering to to contribute contribute
this this in in working working scientists scientists all all wished wished He He would would followed followed had had which which cussions cussions
made. made. been been had had start start good good very very a a that that dis the the and and lecture lecture the the that that hoped hoped
felt felt he he Watch, Watch, Weather Weather World World the the in in He He done. done. had had they they work work valuable valuable
incorporated incorporated be be would would the the methods methods on on these these group group his his of of members members the the
which which in in way way the the as as such such problems, problems, and and Di:ii:is Di:ii:is Dr. Dr. congratulating congratulating by by sion sion
unsolved unsolved many many were were there there discus the the Although Although closed closed WMO WMO of of President President
201 201
activity; activity;
The The U.S. U.S. Weather Weather
Bureau Bureau
is is responsible responsible
spheric spheric
developments developments
and and
solar solar changes changes
affecting affecting
the the
upper upper atmosphere. atmosphere.
(4) (4) possible possible
relations relations
between between
atmo of of major major warmings warmings
and and circulation circulation
of of
ozone; ozone;
all all IQSY IQSY
participants participants
to to the the
existence existence
(3) (3)
horizontal horizontal
and and vertical vertical
transports transports
GEOALERT GEOALERT
STRATWARM STRATWARM
messages messages
alert alert
layers layers
of of
the the
atmosphere atmosphere
; ;
within within the the
region. region.
The The
world-wide world-wide
vity vity
is is
most most
intense, intense,
and and other other
to to the the attention attention
of of interested interested
workers workers
stratosphere, stratosphere,
where where warming warming
acti incipient incipient
or or
localized localized warming warming
activity activity
(2) (2)
interactions interactions
between between
the the
middle middle
STRATALERT STRATALERT
messages messages
serve serve to to
bring bring
circulation circulation
patterns patterns
; ;
stratospheric stratospheric
warming. warming.
The The
regional regional
(r) (r) general general
knowledge knowledge
of of stratospheric stratospheric
world-wide world-wide
alerts alerts during during periods periods of of
the the
issuance issuance
of of daily daily
regional regional several several and and points points of of view, view,
including including
Arrangements Arrangements
have have
been been
phenomenon phenomenon made made for for is is of of great great interest interest from from
Study Study
of of the the
stratospheric stratospheric
warming warming STRATW STRATW ARM ARM alert alert plan plan
W W ARM ARM programme programme
Scientific Scientific
goals goals
of of the the
IQSY IQSY
STRAT
tiated tiated on on December December I I 1963. 1963.
STRATW STRATW ARM ARM plan plan was was officially officially ini
Project Project
in in Washington, Washington,
D.C. D.C.
The The
4. 4.
at at the the pole pole
by by the the end end of of
March. March.
Stratospheric Stratospheric
Meteorology Meteorology
Research Research
anticyclone anticyclone
may may
take take
up up its its
position position
Weather Weather
Bureau, Bureau,
and and delegated delegated
to to its its
diminish diminish
in in strength. strength.
The The summertime summertime
scheme scheme
was was
given given
to to
the the United United
States States
middle middle
latitudes, latitudes, where where
it it
tends tends
to to
ing ing
the the WMO-
IQSY IQSY
STRATWARM STRATWARM
polar polar
vortex vortex moves moves
southward southward
toward toward
lity lity
for for
formulating formulating
and and implement
jet jet
stream stream
crosses crosses
the the
pole, pole,
and and
the the
To To
achieve achieve
these these
aims, aims,
the the responsibi
of of this this anticyclone, anticyclone, the the stratospheric stratospheric
cyclone. cyclone.
With With northward northward atmospheric atmospheric movement movement disturbances. disturbances.
intensification intensification
of of
a a mid-latitude mid-latitude disciplines disciplines anti of of important important
upper
late late February February
or or
(3) (3) early early to to March March inform inform with with researchers researchers rapid rapid in in
other other
this this
case case the the final final reversal reversal
begins begins in in
devices; devices;
final final
reversal reversal
to to summertime summertime
flow. flow.
In In
des, des,
and and
cosmic-ray cosmic-ray
measuring measuring
culminating culminating
in in an an early early
and and dramatic dramatic
meteorological meteorological
rockets, rockets,
ozone-son
minor minor warmings warmings
throughout throughout
the the season, season,
balloons, balloons, constant-level constant-level
balloons, balloons,
winter winter is is characterized characterized
by by
one one
or or more more
use use
of of high-altitude high-altitude
rawinsonde rawinsonde
II. II. The The
other other
prominent prominent
type type of of
sounding sounding programmes programmes entailing entailing the the
tain tain
specialized specialized
upper-atmosphere upper-atmosphere
by by
the the
end end of of
April. April.
(2) (2) to to
co-ordinate co-ordinate the the
execution execution
of of cer
anticyclone anticyclone established established
at at
the the pole pole
wise wise
appear appear to to
be be in in
error error
gradual gradual ; ; and and uneventful, uneventful,
with with
a a weak weak
very very high high
levels levels
which which
may may time time other circulation circulation change change
was was
typically typically
in in interpreting interpreting
unusual unusual
data data the the northern northern from from latitudes. latitudes.
The The
spring
(r) (r) to to
assist assist meteorological meteorological
a a observers observers
weakened weakened cyclonic cyclonic flow flow returned returned to to
circulation circulation
change change
reached reached
their their
peak, peak,
The The
principal principal
aims aims
of of
this this plan plan
are are : :
at at
that that
level. level.
After After
the the
warming warming and and IQSY IQSY
programme programme
for for
meteorology meteorology
3. 3.
rapidity rapidity
of of the the
circulation circulation
breakdown breakdown
basis basis
was was
a a
logical logical
addition addition
to to the the
kt kt
in in
just just
three three days, days,
indicating indicating
the the
stratospheric stratospheric
warmings warmings
on on
a a current current
westerly westerly
rso-r6o rso-r6o
kt kt to to easterly easterly
go-rzo go-rzo for for
the the
detection detection
and and
observation observation
of of
sonde sonde
winds winds
near near
40 40 km km
shifted shifted
from from
In In the the light light
of of these these
factors, factors,
a a plan plan
California California (34°07'N, (34°07'N,
ng o7'W), o7'W),
rocket
0
cyclonic cyclonic circulation. circulation.
At At Point Point Mugu, Mugu, operations. operations.
was was eventually eventually
replaced replaced
by by
anti of of
present present
and and planned planned
aerospace aerospace
polar polar
cyclone cyclone
began began
to to
weaken weaken
and and
ozone, ozone,
and and
wind wind changes changes
in in support support
same same
period period
the the
intense intense
wintertime wintertime (5) (5) prediction prediction of of temperature, temperature, density, density,
202 202
Berlin Berlin of of ) ) University University Free Free ,. ,. ,,. ,,. 6 ,. ,. ,,. ,,.
········ ········
by by
prepared prepared chart chart (Ia-mb (Ia-mb ,. ,.
26, 26, l964, l964,
FEBRUARY FEBRUARY
ft1 ft1
I964 I964 February February z6 z6 ~ ~ ~10-MBCHARTf ~10-MBCHARTf
for for charts charts 0.4-mb 0.4-mb and and
z-mb, z-mb, Io-mb, Io-mb, - I I Figure Figure
10 10
1oo· 1oo· •o· •o· uo uo
metres metres
.J .J m-~ m-~
\ \
I I
- 1 1
'v-. 'v-.
~v, ~v, 1 1 1 1 L.UI\.Vr\1\ L.UI\.Vr\1\ 1 1 1 1
geopotential geopotential I6o I6o - charts charts
all all on on interval interval Contour Contour
clay clay map map
to to subsequent subsequent day day one one
than than more more winds winds denotes denotes D D
day day
map map to to previous previous day day one one
than than more more winds winds denotes denotes 6 6
day day map map to to subsequent subsequent
day day one one winds winds denotes denotes • •
day day
e e map map on on winds winds denotes denotes
clay clay map map to to previous previous
clay clay one one winds winds denotes denotes .i. .i.
kt kt 50 50 each each
for for pennant pennant and and kt kt IO IO each each
for for barb barb full full with with knots knots in in
winds winds rocketsonde rocketsonde Plotted Plotted
charts charts
r r I I I' I' ~ ~
'"~ '"~
I I
" " r-;-:: r-;-:: 0.4-mb 0.4-mb and and 2-mb 2-mb to to J{ey J{ey
203 203
levels. levels. These These
analyses analyses constitute constitute all all available available stratospheric stratospheric information information
for for
the the
50-, 50-,
lOO-, lOO-, 30-, 30-,
and and 10-mb 10-mb within within ALERT ALERT their their region. region.
By By
2 2 March March
(4) (4)
daily daily computer-produced computer-produced
analyses analyses re-issuing re-issuing a a western western hemisphere hemisphere STRAT
Meteorological Meteorological other other Agency Agency parts parts of of responded responded the the world world by by ; ; and and
and and
circulation circulation change. change. from from meteorological meteorological The The Japanese Japanese agencies agencies in in
concerning concerning (3) (3) the the regional regional progress progress alerts alerts of of this this and and warming warming special special messages messages
a a new new series series
of of STRATALERT STRATALERT
messages messages
communications communications
system system
; ;
The The U.S. U.S. Weather Weather
Bureau Bureau
initiated initiated
tions tions
via via
the the
North North
American American
tele
54 54 km) km) with with no no
decrease decrease in in intensity. intensity.
Meteorological Meteorological
Rocket Rocket
Network Network
sta
upward upward to to at at
least least 0-4 0-4
mb mb
(about (about
available available
on on a a current current
basis basis
from from
2mb 2mb (approximately (approximately
42 42 km), km),
extending extending
(2) (2) rocketsonde rocketsonde
data data
up up
to to
6o 6o
km, km,
this this system system to to
be be well well organized organized at at
nels; nels;
and and rocketsonde rocketsonde
informations, informations,
showed showed
recently recently
established established
WMO WMO
chan
structed structed with with
the the aid aid of of
rawinsonde rawinsonde
exchanged exchanged
interregionally interregionally
through through
for for 26 26 February February rg64 rg64
(Figure (Figure
r), r), con
data data
for for
levels levels
above above
roo roo mb, mb,
charts charts of of
the the
North North American American
region region
(r) (r) northern northern
hemisphere hemisphere
rawinsonde rawinsonde
tian tian anticyclone. anticyclone. Constant-pressure Constant-pressure
tion tion
with with intensification intensification
of of the the Aleu
winter winter
season season were were : :
northwestern northwestern
Canada Canada
area area in in conjunc
mation mation
available available
during during the the 1963-1964 1963-1964
trend trend
was was
evident evident
in in
the the Alaska
Among Among
the the sources sources of of
pertinent pertinent
infor
in in the the
same same
month month
a a moderate moderate warming warming
insignificant insignificant
or or fictitious fictitious perturbations. perturbations.
messages messages ALERT ALERT
for for several several
days. days.
Late Late
vational vational efforts efforts
will will not not
be be wasted wasted
on on
pared pared
and and
released released
regional regional
STRAT
stringent stringent
enough enough
so so that that special special
obser
staff staff
of of
the the Berlin Berlin
Institute, Institute,
who who pre
perature perature
and and
wind, wind, have have
been been
made made
The The
latter latter event event
was was
tracked tracked
by by the the
orological orological
parameters parameters
such such
as as
tem
and and
over over the the Black Black
Sea Sea
area area of of Europe. Europe.
in in
terms terms
of of observed observed changes changes
in mete in
warmings warmings
that that
occurred occurred
over over Alaska Alaska
Criteria Criteria
for for the the issuance issuance of of
alerts, alerts,
STRATALERT STRATALERT messages messages were were issued issued for for
February February rg64 rg64 additional additional
series series of of
all all participating participating
scientific scientific
disciplines. disciplines. the the month. month. During During early early
and and
mid
World World Warning Warning
Agency Agency
(WWA) (WWA)
for for Newfoundland Newfoundland toward toward
the the end end
of of
Virginia Virginia
(AGIWARN), (AGIWARN),
serves serves
as as
IQSY IQSY the the warm warm centre centre dissipated dissipated
east east of of
Radio Radio
Warning Warning
Service, Service,
Fort Fort Belvoir, Belvoir, STRATALERT STRATALERT bulletins bulletins was was issued issued
until until
States States
National National
Bureau Bureau of of Standards Standards ber ber rg63. rg63. A A series series of of North North
American American
munications munications
network. network.
The The United United over over the the Bermuda Bermuda area area in in
mid-Decem
international international
meteorological meteorological
telecom ing ing event event of of the the season season
was was detected detected
warming warming
alerts alerts
is is
carried carried
out out by by the the scale scale warming warming pulses. pulses. The The
first first warm
Dissemination Dissemination
of of
regional regional stratospheric stratospheric
of of significant significant but but relatively relatively
small
Agency Agency
through through
the the
Tokyo Tokyo RWC. RWC. circulation circulation was was marked marked
by by a a
number number
and and by by
the the Japanese Japanese
Meteorological Meteorological The The rg63-1964 rg63-1964 winter winter stratospheric stratospheric
of of Berlin Berlin through through the the Offenbach Offenbach RWC, RWC,
and and Geophysics Geophysics northern northern hemisphere hemisphere of of the the Free Free winter winter University University
winter winter Stratospheric Stratospheric by by the the Institute Institute events events for for during during Meteorology Meteorology I963-I964 I963-I964
Such Such alerts alerts were were issued issued during during the the past past
Regional Regional IQSY Warning Warning
Centre Centre
(RWC). (RWC).
messages messages
W W ARM ARM were were
issued. issued.
regional regional
alert alert through through the the nearest nearest
and/or and/or
world-wide world-wide
GEOALERT GEOALERT
STRAT
meteorological meteorological
analysis analysis
unit unit to to issue issue a a
criteria criteria
were were met, met,
regional regional
STRATALERT STRATALERT
Pacific Pacific Ocean. Ocean.
The The
plan plan permits permits
any any
luated luated
daily, daily,
and and when when
warming warming
Atlantic Atlantic Ocean, Ocean,
and and the the
eastern eastern North North
All All
available available
information information
was was
eva
North North America, America, the the western western North North
messages messages concerning concerning events events affecting affecting Bureau. Bureau.
messages messages
WARM WARM
and and
also also STRATALERT STRATALERT ducted ducted by by the the United United
States States Weather Weather
for for issuance issuance
of of these these
GEOALERT GEOALERT STRAT a a separate separate IQSY IQSY programme programme con
204 204
r) r) Figure Figure for for as as (explanation (explanation
1964 1964 March March 25 25
for for charts charts 0.4-mb 0.4-mb and and
" " z-mb, z-mb, ro-mb, ro-mb, - z z Figure Figure
\ \
\ \
\ \
\ \
\ \
\ \
\ \ \ \
205 205
sphere sphere
winter winter
(rg64-rg65) (rg64-rg65)
the the STRAT- lungen, lungen,
in in press. press.
During During
the the
coming coming northern northern
Weather Weather Maps. Maps. hemi Meteorologische Meteorologische Abhand
Northern Hemisphere Hemisphere Northern
Io-mb Io-mb Synoptic Synoptic
6. 6. Free Free University University
of of Berlin Berlin stratospheric stratospheric (I964). (I964). Daily Daily circulation. circulation.
Geophysical Geophysical
further further Research, Research,
research research 68, 68, 1377-1399. 1377-1399. into into various various
aspects aspects of of
meteorological meteorological
rocketsonde rocketsonde
data. data. Journal Journal tained tained of of
afford afford
excellent excellent
opportunities opportunities
for for
R. R.
B. B. (1963). (1963).
Synoptic Synoptic
analysis analysis
based based
on on
precedented precedented
rate. rate.
The The
data data thus thus
5. 5.
ob FINGER, FINGER, F. F.
G., G., TEWELES, TEWELES,
S. S. and and
MASON, MASON,
spheric spheric
data data was was conducted conducted
at at an an un Notes Notes
Nos. Nos.
5, 5, 6. 6.
levels, levels,
and and communication communication
alerts alerts of of of of strata stratospheric stratospheric warmings. warmings.
IQSY IQSY
creased creased entitled entitled
data data Details Details acquisition acquisition of of the the IQSY IQSY at at very very plan plan high high for for
4· 4·
CIG-IQSY CIG-IQSY
Committee, Committee,
(1963). (1963). Rocket Rocket Document Document
Network, Network, responded responded with with
in
Instruction Instruction
particularly particularly Manual Manual No. No. I- those those World World of of the the Days. Days.
Meteorological Meteorological
3· 3·
CIG-IQSY CIG-IQSY
Committee, Committee, (1963). (1963).
IQSY IQSY messages. messages.
Meteorological Meteorological field field stations, stations,
Meteorology, Meteorology,
3, 3, I-I5. I-I5.
of of information information
and and issuance issuance
of of
alert alert
and and
circulation circulation
change. change.
Journal Journal of of Applied Applied
centres centres
participated participated
in in
the the exchange exchange
The The
mid-winter mid-winter
I963 I963 stratospheric stratospheric
warming warming
As As
described described
above, above,
several several
FINGER, FINGER, 2. 2. regional regional F.G. F.G. and and TEWELES, TEWELES,
S. S. (1964). (1964).
season season
of of operation operation
was was
encouraging. encouraging.
Wetterdienst Wetterdienst
(U.S. (U.S. Zone), Zone),
38, 38, 51-63. 51-63.
ing ing alerting alerting
system system Spatwinters Spatwinters during during I95I-I952. I95I-I952. its its first first Berichte Berichte deutscher deutscher
artigen artigen Stratospharenerwarmungen Stratospharenerwarmungen Reaction Reaction
to to the the stratospheric stratospheric des des
warm
I. I. ScHERHAG, ScHERHAG, R. R. (I952). (I952). Die Die Explosions
Concluding Concluding remarks remarks REFERENCES REFERENCES
observations. observations.
levels levels up up
to to at at least least
0-4 0-4
mb mb (Figure (Figure
2). 2). noted noted
in in
successive successive
rawinsonde rawinsonde
well well
established established
in in high high latitudes latitudes
at at
all all language language
statements statements
of of large large
changes changes
later later
the the
summertime summertime
anticyclone anticyclone
was was will will probably probably
be be
restricted restricted
to to plain
messages messages
were were
discontinued. discontinued.
One One week week
STRATALERT STRATALERT
messages messages
issued issued by by IAAC IAAC
on on this this
date, date, the the
GEOALERT GEOALERT
STRATWARM STRATWARM Analysis Analysis
Centre Centre (IAAC) (IAAC)
at at
Melbourne. Melbourne.
reversal reversal
had had
been been
virtually virtually
completed completed
reported reported
by by the the
International International
Antarctic Antarctic
ro-mb ro-mb
level. level.
Since Since
the the circulation circulation
southern southern
hemisphere hemisphere
winters winters
will will be be
dominated dominated
the the United United
States States
at at the the
occur occur during during
the the
rg64 rg64
and and rg65 rg65
ated ated
with with
a a high-latitude high-latitude
anticyclone anticyclone
Major Major
circulation circulation
changes changes
that that
may may
polar polar regions regions and and easterly easterly flow flow associ
On On
March March
17, 17, warm warm
air air covered covered
the the atmospheric atmospheric
research research
studies. studies.
ing ing
to to
the the
major major
stratospheric stratospheric
changes. changes.
will will be be
of of great great
value value in in
future future
upper
basis basis
for for
the the
GEOALERT GEOALERT
bulletins bulletins
relat
to to improved improved
high-level high-level
analyses, analyses,
which which
messages, messages,
which which
provided provided
an an additional additional
the the
STRATW STRATW
programme programme ARM ARM
will will lead lead
the the Institute Institute
in in a a
series series of of
STRATALERT STRATALERT
high-level high-level
observations observations
resulting resulting
from from
layed layed
to to
the the U.S. U.S.
Weather Weather
Bureau Bureau
by by tions. tions.
In In turn, turn,
the the increased increased
number number
of of
southern southern
European European
warming warming
was was re
warmings warmings and and
developing developing
perturba
March. March.
II II
Information Information
concerning concerning
the the assist assist
in in detection detection
and and
tracking tracking
of of
American, American,
over over
the the Mediterranean Mediterranean
on on the the
IQSY IQSY
period. period.
These These
maps maps
will will
centre, centre,
less less
intense intense
than than the the
North North
will will
continue continue
through through
the the remainder remainder
of of
Berlin Berlin
Institute Institute
detected detected another another
warm warm
machine-analysed machine-analysed
stratospheric stratospheric
maps maps
tins tins
was was
initiated initiated
on on that that
date. date.
The The
Fort Fort
Churchill, Churchill,
Canada. Canada. The The
series series
of of
of of IQSY IQSY
GEOALERT GEOALERT
STRATWARM STRATWARM
bulle scheduled scheduled
rocketsonde rocketsonde
launchings launchings
at at
place place over over
North North
America, America, a a
series series at at
selected selected
rawinsonde rawinsonde
stations stations
and and
scale scale
circulation circulation
changes changes were were
taking taking
ing ing
special special
high-altitude high-altitude
balloons balloons
for for
use use
the the
predetermined predetermined
criteria criteria
and and
large
tional tional
facilities facilities in in
high high
latitudes, latitudes,
includ
temperatures temperatures
in in
high high latitudes latitudes
exceeded exceeded
will will
be be aided aided by by
expanded expanded
observa
summertime summertime
conditions. conditions.
Since Since reported reported
sophy sophy
or or procedures. procedures.
The The programme programme
ciated ciated
with with
a a circulation circulation
reversal reversal
to to
nue nue
without without
major major
changes changes
in in
philo
indicated indicated
that that
the the warming warming
was was asso
WARM WARM programme programme is is expected expected to to conti
206 206
rg6o. rg6o.
August August since since
Ecuador Ecuador in in
mission mission
Fund Fund Special Special WMO WMO the the of of chief chief been been has has Schroder Schroder * * Rudolf Rudolf Dr. Dr.
forms forms
variety variety
This This cultivated. cultivated. mainly mainly suf-ficient suf-ficient is is there there if if words words other other in in
variety variety
the the is is banana banana Michel Michel Gras Gras satisfactory, satisfactory, are are conditions conditions soil soil the the If If
N) N) (r ~the ~the
Esmeraldas Esmeraldas of of
latitude latitude 0
conditions. conditions.
weather weather
known known
the the to to
south south
the the
in in
Province Province
Oro Oro El El
under under occur occur
which which pests pests
and and diseases diseases
from from
the the of of Andes~ Andes~ slopes slopes
western western
the the
serious serious some some
combating combating of of
thods thods
on on
Ecuador, Ecuador, of of
belt belt
banana banana the the
In In
me into into principally principally and and plantations plantations
region. region. banana banana the the banana banana of of conditions conditions climatological climatological
in in
common common
very very not not are are effect effect drying drying micro the the into into research research in in engaged engaged
physiological physiological
unfavourable unfavourable an an have have also also is is mission, mission, Fund Fund Special Special WMO WMO the the by by
and and stems stems
the the injure injure leaves, leaves, the the to to assisted assisted Ecuador, Ecuador, of of Service Service logical logical
damage damage
mechanical mechanical cause cause which which winds winds Hydro and and Meteorological Meteorological The The diseases. diseases.
Strong Strong
hours. hours. three three about about than than less less and and pests pests of of development development the the in in
be be
not not
should should
duration duration sunshine sunshine daily daily as as well well as as fruit, fruit, and and plant plant the the of of ment ment
mean mean the the
that that advisable advisable also also is is It It dor. dor. develop the the in in role role important important very very a a
Ecua in in
bananas bananas export export of of cultivation cultivation plays plays plantations, plantations, the the in in microclimate microclimate
the the for for
2r°C 2r°C than than less less be be not not should should the the specially specially and and regions, regions, growing growing
temperature temperature air air annual annual mean mean The The banana the the of of climate climate The The climate. climate. the the
and and soil soil the the plant, plant, the the namely, namely, tions, tions,
requirements requirements Climatic Climatic
condi agricultural agricultural natural natural important important
three three the the of of use use optimum optimum the the making making
plantation. plantation.
typical typical a a inside inside changes changes to to given given is is attention attention Thus Thus currency. currency.
to to
subjected subjected are are elements elements different different the the foreign foreign and and revenue revenue of of source source main main this this
which which
in in
manner manner the the mind mind in in bearing bearing lose lose to to not not keen keen very very are are ~ ~ authorities authorities
station, station,
climatological climatological usual usual the the from from government government also also and and exporters exporters tions, tions,
observations observations the the
reduce reduce to to
necessary necessary associa farm farm farmer, farmer, individual individual the the ~ ~
is is
It It metres. metres.
twelve twelve to to eleven eleven is is height height growing growing banana banana in in interested interested groups groups all all
total total
the the and and
metres, metres, seven seven of of height height that that therefore therefore natural natural quite quite seems seems It It
a a reaches reaches plant plant
banana banana a a
of of
stem stem the the
bunches. bunches. 7o,ooo 7o,ooo
mately mately
Ecuador Ecuador
in in
plantation plantation
well-developed well-developed a a
approxi of of
capacity capacity loading loading
age, a a age,
In In
frequent. frequent.
and and
high high very very
are are
values values
aver the the on on has, has, ship ship banana banana
one one
that that
normal normal
the the
from from
deviations deviations
plantations plantations
observed observed be be may may It It fruit. fruit.
single single
of of
banana banana
dense dense
in in
that that
clear clear quite quite seems seems it it
(ro
milliards milliards ro ro of of ) )
amount amount incredible incredible
10 But But
information. information.
basic basic
some some
provide provide
nearly nearly the the us us gives gives
calculation calculation
simple simple
A A
region region the the
of of
station station
climatological climatological
fruit). fruit). (individual (individual fingers fingers 20 20 of of
consists consists
ordinary ordinary
an an
at at
observations observations
The The
hand hand each each and and hands hands 12 12 of of average average an an
rainfall. rainfall. has has bunch bunch Each Each Germany. Germany. and and Japan Japan
excessive excessive
and and winds winds strong strong of of incidence incidence U.S.A., U.S.A., to to mostly mostly bunches, bunches, million million 42 42
sunshine, sunshine, of of
duration duration temperature, temperature, air air to to amounted amounted Ecuador Ecuador from from exports exports
factors: factors:
climatic climatic
following following the the by by trolled trolled banana banana rg63 rg63 During During cultivation. cultivation. under under
con
mainly mainly is is viewpoint viewpoint economic economic km km sq. sq. r8oo r8oo approximately approximately of of area area
the the
from from
bananas bananas of of cultivation cultivation the the an an with with bananas, bananas, of of exporter exporter leading leading
irrigation, irrigation, or or precipitation precipitation from from water water the the become become recently recently has has Ecuador Ecuador
* * R. R. By By ScHRODER ScHRODER
ECUADOR ECUADOR IN IN CULTIVATION CULTIVATION
BANANA BANANA IN IN PROBLEMS PROBLEMS MIGROCLIMATOLOGICAL MIGROCLIMATOLOGICAL
207 207
* *
See See references references
on on p. p.
zro. zro.
against against Sigatoka Sigatoka by by spraying spraying with with
Affected Affected plantations plantations are are treated treated
fruits fruits
ripen ripen
irregularly irregularly
and and
are are
there-
the the
dry dry season season
it it decreases decreases
to to 2L5°C. 2L5°C.
big big plantations. plantations.
The The
small small
atrophied atrophied
temperature temperature
is is about about
23.5°C 23.5°C
and and
during during
Islands, Islands,
where where
the the
disease disease
destroyed destroyed
in in
the the
rainy rainy
season season
the the
average average
air air
from from
the the Sigatoka Sigatoka
Valley Valley
of of the the
Fiji Fiji
Generally, Generally,
it it
must must
be be
observed observed
that that
in in Java Java in in 1902, 1902, and and its its name name comes comes
climate. climate. This This
disease disease
was was
first first
observed observed
greater greater
than than 95 95 per per
cent. cent.
parts parts
of of Ecuador Ecuador
affected affected
by by a a
humid humid
relative relative
humidity humidity
equal equal
to to or or
inner inner tropical tropical
regions regions
which which
include include
all all (b) (b)
More More
than than
50 50 hours hours
weekly weekly with with
plant plant
; ; it it occurs occurs
particularly particularly
in in the the
decreases decreases
8 8 units units
per per
°C. °C.
toka, toka,
damages damages
but but
does does
not not
kill kill the the
24°, 24°,
23° 23° etc. etc.
the the
thermal thermal
index index
The The other other very very
serious serious
disease, disease,
Siga
while, while,
with with
declining declining
temperature, temperature,
no no effective effective
remedy remedy is is yet yet
known. known.
which which
corresponds corresponds
to to
30°C. 30°C.
Mean
of of
the the fatal fatal Panama Panama
disease, disease, * *
for for
which which
1
crease crease by by
20 20 for for
each each
°C °C to to
o, o, rium rium oxysporum oxysporum f. f.
cubense) cubense)
is is
the the cause cause
whereas whereas
the the ascending ascending
values values
de disease disease or or Sigatoka. Sigatoka.
A A fungus fungus
(Fusa
roo roo units units
of of the the
thermal thermal
index, index,
Panama Panama disease disease
and and the the
Leaf Leaf Spot Spot
perature perature
of of 25°C 25°C
is is equal equal
banana banana to to
diseases diseases
in in
Ecuador Ecuador
are are the the
in in such such
a a manner manner
that that
the the
tem The The two two most most
common common
and and
damaging damaging
mal mal index, index, which which was was established established
Plant Plant
diseases diseases
degrees degrees Celsius Celsius of of the the banana banana ther
during during one one week week of of about about n,ooo n,ooo
(a) (a)
A A total total accumulated accumulated temperature temperature
increased. increased.
the the susceptibility susceptibility
following following climatic climatic to to disease disease conditions conditions and and pests pests : : is is
the the climate, climate,
fungus fungus the the needs needs yield yield for for its its is is good good reduced reduced evolution evolution and and
and and but but to to owing owing the the
studies studies
to to changes changes made made in in in in the the Ecuador Ecuador micro
3, 3,
to to
the the there there rules rules will will
of of be be H. H. more more
Guyot Guyot plants plants J. J. and and per per Guille Guille hectare, hectare,
2 2
development development density density
of of the the of of stand stand the the will will fungus. fungus. be be augmented augmented According According ; ;
ity ity suckers suckers
and and study study down down of of to to the the the the limits limits minimum, minimum, which which favour favour the the
tion tion If If the the of of the the farmer farmer air air temperature temperature does does not not keep keep and and humid these these
climatology climatology before before maturation maturation in in Ecuador Ecuador of of the the is is mother mother the the observa plant. plant.
corms corms One One and and of of reach reach the the main main a a considerable considerable tasks tasks of of height height plant plant
Suckers Suckers
soon soon
grow grow up up from from the the original original
Climatic Climatic
influences influences
the the triangular triangular form: form: 3.5 3.5 X3.5 X3.5 metres. metres.
most most
common common spacing spacing in in Ecuador Ecuador is is
December December the the
microclimatic microclimatic to to May. May. factor. factor. The The best best and and
dor dor influence influence
during during in in its its the the future future rainy rainy development development months, months, from from of of
therefore therefore farmer farmer
causes causes must must take take heavy heavy into into losses losses consideration consideration in in Ecua the the
the the initial initial
subsequent subsequent layout layout of of season. season. the the plantation plantation The The Sigatoka Sigatoka the the
the the
pagates pagates
leaves leaves until until through through the the new new rhizomes. rhizomes. development development From From in in the the
out, out,
The The but but banana, banana, the the spores spores a a seedless seedless remain remain plant, plant, inactive inactive pro on on
dry dry season season the the fungus fungus does does not not spread spread
apparently apparently
healthy healthy leaves. leaves. During During the the climatic climatic damage. damage.
infection, infection,
necrotic necrotic spots spots
develop develop
in in high high
the the susceptibility susceptibility
to to
disease disease
and and
weather. weather.
Four Four
to to five five weeks weeks
Ecuador Ecuador after after
-
are are counterbalanced counterbalanced
by by its its
pends pends
widely widely
on on
the the
predominant predominant
about about
r8 r8 metric metric
tons tons
per per year year
in in
shaerella shaerella
musicola. musicola.
Its Its
appearance appearance
per per
de hectare-
up up
to to 500 500
bunches bunches
or or
most most
affected affected
by by the the
fungus fungus
M M in in yco prolonged prolonged transport, transport,
and and
high high
yield yield
Generally Generally
the the
young young
leaves leaves
are are such such the the as as solidity, solidity, which which is is maintained maintained
The The
great great advantages advantages of of this this banana, banana, sumption. sumption.
the the
highest highest
percentage percentage
of of world world
trade. trade. fore fore not not suitable suitable for for human human con
208 208
distributed distributed mostly mostly is is fog fog Wet Wet tation. tation. observa- continue continue to to necessary necessary came came
precipi the the of of proportion proportion large large a a be retain retain it it variations, variations, microclimatological microclimatological
m r
to to up up leaves, leaves,
big big the the , , the the because because of of idea idea overall overall an an obtain obtain To To 2
cover, cover, soil soil the the to to through through pass pass scarcely scarcely
duration duration short short of of rains rains Moderate Moderate tation. tation. stations. stations. climatological climatological normal normal
precipi element- climatic climatic the the of of the the tion tion in in as as installed installed were were instruments instruments
distribu vertical vertical the the in in variation variation a a of of be be type type same same the the Instead, Instead, personnel. personnel.
will will there there that that see see to to difficult difficult not not is is It It technical technical skilled skilled of lack lack of of because because used used
were were instruments instruments electrical electrical complicated complicated
dew. dew. or or fog fog wet wet rain, rain, by by caused caused No No be be research. research. spraying spraying for for now now used used is is
may may moisture moisture The The development. development. its its tower tower the the terminated, terminated, being being study study The The
in in importance importance great great of of also also is is drops, drops, simple. simple. necessity necessity of of were were shelters shelters
bigger bigger with with or or water water of of film film light light a a with with the the and and tower tower the the of of construction construction
wetness, wetness, leaf leaf of of duration duration the the The The ture; ture; shelters. shelters. wooden wooden in in installed installed were were
tempera and and humidity humidity air air on on mainly mainly instruments instruments the the capacity, capacity, heat heat low low a a
depends depends disease disease Spot Spot Leaf Leaf the the with with tioned, tioned, tree stems stems tree palm palm of of construction construction
men previously previously As As wetness- Leaf Leaf simple simple very very a a tower, tower, this this On On crown. crown.
the the above above finally finally and and crown crown the the at at
days. days. windy windy or or trunk, trunk, the the of of zone middle middle the the in in ground, ground,
overcast overcast during during disappear disappear the the differences differences near near ; ; namely namely levels, levels, four four at at tions tions
These These reversed. reversed. is is process process the the morning morning observa for for tower tower microclimate microclimate a a tares, tares,
the the In In warmer. warmer. o.5°C o.5°C than than more more is is hec about about of of 1400 1400 plantation plantation tended tended
plantation plantation the the in in layer layer air air the the ex midnight midnight an an in in install, install, to to also also but but station, station,
after after and and even even becomes becomes distribution distribution climatological climatological normal normal a a maintain maintain to to
the the evening evening the the in in time time short short a a for for only only not not necessary necessary was was it it data data basic basic
day the the of of course course the the during during the the changes changes get get to to order order In In plantation. plantation. the the
This This ground. ground. the the near near than than in in higher higher levels levels various various at at appreciable appreciable quite quite
r°C r°C generally generally is is tower tower the the on on level level be be may may elements elements meteorological meteorological several several
plant plant average average the the over over temperature temperature in in the the differences differences The The different. different. are are tions tions
noon, noon, At At plantation. plantation. the the in in levels levels ent ent condi plantations plantations banana banana dense dense very very
differ at at distribution distribution different different a a the the shows shows in in that that obvious obvious is is It It hygrograph. hygrograph.
also also temperature temperature Air Air Temperature- thermo installed installed normally normally a a from from data data
its its obtains obtains Board Board Banana Banana National National the the
uniform. uniform. more more is is element element this this of of tion tion of of service service protection protection Sigatoka Sigatoka The The
distribu vertical vertical the the season season dry dry the the
During During difference! difference! considerable considerable cent-a cent-a rainfall. rainfall. to to due due leaves leaves of of wetness wetness
per per 25 25 by by plant plant the the above above value value the the surface surface and and formation formation dew dew resulting resulting
exceeds exceeds therefore therefore humidity humidity high high the the the the temperature, temperature, air air humidity, humidity, air air
ground ground the the Near Near m). m). (rz.so (rz.so plants plants the the therefore therefore mainly mainly are are importance importance great great
of of crown crown the the above above hours hours of of number number of of conditions conditions microclimatological microclimatological The The
the the than than higher higher hours hours 94 94 was was total total
measurements measurements
gical gical
icroclimatolo icroclimatolo M M
the the season season rainy rainy the the of of month month typical typical
a a during during that that shown shown has has m) m) (r.zo (r.zo
level level first first the the on on
ground ground the the
near near value value airborne airborne become become
spores spores the the • • weather, weather,
1
threshold threshold a a as as cent cent per per 95 95 of of humidity humidity rainy rainy by by favoured favoured also also is is production production
relative relative with with hours hours of of amount amount mulated mulated the the but but leaves, leaves, moist moist need need not not do do
accu The The considerable. considerable. are are seasons, seasons, ascospores ascospores Since Since leaves. leaves. the the on on moisture moisture
different different two two the the in in as as well well as as bution, bution, of of film film a a of of presence presence the the and and weather weather
distri vertical vertical the the in in element element wet wet climatic climatic require require fungus fungus the the by by produced produced
same same the the of of Variations Variations Humidity- conidiospores conidiospores the the since since leaves, leaves, other other
to to wind wind or or rain rain by by transmitted transmitted are are
season. season. rainy rainy the the of of months months five five also also spores spores the the before before just just applied applied be be must must
and and dry dry the the of of months months five five during during tions tions treatment treatment first first The The oil. oil. agricultural agricultural
209 209
plantation plantation
the the ground ground in in dense dense banana banana
Instruments Instruments installed installed near near
with with instrument instrument shelters shelters
Microclimatological Microclimatological tower tower
height height of of the the ripening ripening zone zone
wetness wetness recorder recorder at at the the
Actinograph Actinograph and and surface surface ~· .,. _,_
.•<. near the ground and in the trunk space, the present are the most important, whereas the dew forms on the outer some other agroclimatic elements were most leaves, the spots where the rate also observed- soil temperature, soil of cooling during the night is higher humidity at different depths, evapora than between the plants. The leaf area tion and the vertical wind distribution. and the bunches are therefore more affected by dew and wet fog, while the Practical results leaves of the suckers are practically What practical results can be ex only exposed to wet fog. pected of such microclimatological To register the surface wetness of research ? Thanks to some stations the big banana leaves, the hemp already in operation and the new instal thread wetness recorder, as described lations under the WMO Special Fund by WMO 4, was used. As this instru project, the farmer in the banana belt ment was developed in a zone of of Ecuador has now available complete temperate climate, and no practical data of the climatic facts. Therefore, experience has been obtained in regions on the basis of observations of the posts with an excessive tropical climate, installed by the Direcci6n General del visual observations on test leaves have Banana of the Government of Ecuador also been made which will be compared and investigations of the French-Ecua later on with the instrumental record. dorian Banana Institute, it will be possible to apply a parameter based on Radiation -Another very important variations of the climatic elements problem of banana climate research is inside and outside the plantation. This the variation of radiation at different will help to plan more accurately the levels in the plantation. Of high signi timing of spraying against pests and ficance is not only the global radiation diseases. available over the crown level of the plantation, but also the percentage of REFERENCES total radiation which reaches the r. GREEN, G. C. (1963). The banana plant. bananas at the height of the unfurling Technical Note No. 53, Part II. WMO, of the leaves and the development of Geneva. the fruits. Comparisons of radiation 2. GUYOT, H. and GUILLE, J. (1958). Essai de prevision des attaques de Cercospora en measurements above and between the Guadeloupe. Fruits d'outre-mer. 13, crowns showed that about two-thirds 85-94· of the total is retained by the leaves 3. MoREAU, B. and LEBOURDELLES, J. during the rainy months. Due to higher Estudio de la progresi6n natural de la Sigatoka en el Ecuador en la region de cloudiness and haze (calina) in the dry Pichilingue. Instituto Franco Ecuato season- a very extended stratus layer riano de Investigaciones Agron6micas covers the littoral flatlands of Ecuador N° 2. during this period -the globalradia 4. WMO (1963). The influence of weather conditions on the occurrence of apple scab. tion is then reduced only to onechalf. Technical Note No. 55· WMO, Geneva. In addition to these studies, which for 20-23.
WORLD METEOROlOGICAL DAY 1964 IN TUNISIA
World Meteorological Day was cele of the Technical Assistance Board, who brated in Tunisia on 23 March rg64 is also director of Special Fund pro under the patronage of Mr. Ahmed jects, several persons of note in political Noureddine, Secretary of State for and administrative life and the officials Public Works and Housing, in the of the Meteorological Service. Mr. M. presence of the resident representative Ayadi, Permanent Representative of
210 Tunisia with WMO and director of of the United Nations and WMO in the Meteorological Service, who was particular would be of incontestable away on mission at the Council of the value for the achievement of that aim. Arab League, had deputed his assistant Mr. M. A. Chahed to represent him. In After a visit to the exhibition spe his brief address, Mr. Chahed empha cially arranged on the occasion of sized the importance of meteorology World Meteorological Day and to the in the country's economic development Regional Centre for the Study of Solar and in the progress made in Tuni Radiation, the Secretary of State, sia " ... For we have developed the Mr. Noureddine, gave an address of
Tunisian technicians explain to Mr. Ahmed Noureddine, Secretary of State for Public Works and Housing, and Mr. D. Marusic, resident re presentative of the UNTAB, (second and third from left, respectively) instruments used for the measurement of solar radiation national synoptic and climatological which the following were outstanding networks, replaced obsolete equipment passages: by other equipment more advanced and accurate, modernized our trans "We have assessed the activities of mission installations and improved our a team of young Tunisians working in observation, control and forecasting co-operation with the UN and have methods. We have· done our best to noted, with great satisfaction, the honour our international commitments quality of the work done ; the young in the face of difficulties, sometimes technicians endeavour to use the in insurmountable. Our technicians are struments available to them to the best frequently being sent for periods of effect and in so doing make their con supplementary training, so that effi tribution to one of the most important ciency is improving steadily and users sectors of national economic develop of meteorological information are find ment and, more broadly speaking, to ing their needs more and more satis their country's general progress ... factorily met." After reviewing the tasks still awaiting the Meteorological Service, Mr. Chahed reaffirmed the "All these activities are of a truly aim of the Service - to raise the level scientific nature and have a direct of meteorology in Tunisia to that of influence on the various sectors of the the countries more advanced in this national economy. It is also satisfying field- recognizing that the assistance to find, according to the explanations
211
212 212
personnel personnel - by by support support for for chairs chairs regarding regarding the the creation creation of of an an agrometeo-
gramme gramme is is on on training training of of meteorological meteorological Meteorological Meteorological Service Service of of Cameroon Cameroon
main main emphasis emphasis in in the the regional regional pro His His two two main main tasks tasks were were to to advise advise the the
MayjJune MayjJune 1964, 1964, set set priorities. priorities. The The Cameroon Cameroon in in the the field field of of climatology. climatology.
WMO, WMO, during during its its sixteenth sixteenth session session in in pleted pleted a a five five months' months' mission mission in in
which which the the Executive Executive Committee Committee of of Mr. Mr. Mane Mane U. U. (Israel) (Israel) recently recently com
will will be be devoted devoted to to regional regional projects projects for for
Cameroon Cameroon
About About one one fifth fifth of of the the above above amount amount
RECENTLY RECENTLY COMPLETED COMPLETED MISSIONS MISSIONS
million million dollars. dollars.
expenditure expenditure of of approximately approximately 2.5 2.5
the the total total programme programme would would involve involve
November November rg64. rg64.
1963-1964 1963-1964
biennium; biennium;
in in financial financial terms terms
Committee Committee of of the the United United Nations Nations in in
forty forty per per cent cent greater greater than than that that of of the the
approved approved by by the the Technical Technical Assistance Assistance
rg65-rg66 rg65-rg66 programme programme will will be be about about
soon soon as as the the whole whole programme programme has has been been
mic mic development. development. The The volume volume of of the the
Further Further details details will will be be published published as as
applications applications of of meteorology meteorology for for econo
interest interest for for developing developing countries countries in in the the
another another
for for
Regions Regions II II and and
V. V.
ed ed by by WMO WMO demonstrate demonstrate the the increasing increasing
are are planned, planned,
one one for for
Region Region
I I and and
countries countries for for projects projects to to be be implement
on on
meteorological meteorological
telecommunications telecommunications
Requests Requests received received from from over over seventy seventy
programme programme
and and
technical technical
conferences conferences
received received from from interested interested governments. governments.
seminars seminars
have have
been been included included
in in the the
rg65-rg66 rg65-rg66 under under the the EPTA EPTA were were
and and Ill. Ill.
For For
all all WMO WMO regions, regions,
training training
quests quests for for technical technical assistance assistance in in
training training
of of
personnel personnel
of of
Classes Classes II II
In In May May and and June June rg64 rg64
official official re
training training centres, centres, mainly mainly in in Africa, Africa, for for
PROGRAMME PROGRAMME as as well well as as regional regional meteorological meteorological
1965-1966 1965-1966 PREPARATION PREPARATION OF OF THE THE of of meteorology meteorology for for university university training training
OF OF TECHNICAL TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE ASSISTANCE
EXPANDED EXPANDED PROGRAMME PROGRAMME
Technical Technical co-operation co-operation
sians sians his his appreciation appreciation of of their their active active by by the the Tunis Tunis daily daily press. press.
conveyed conveyed to to the the team team of of young young Tuni entirety entirety by by Radio Radio Tunis Tunis and and carried carried
In In conclusion, conclusion, the the Secretary Secretary of of State State dine' dine' s s address address was was broadcast broadcast in in its its
Meteorological Meteorological Service. Service. Mr. Mr. Noured
importance importance of of meteorology." meteorology." and and international international activities activities of of the the
view view of of the the economic economic and and even even social social national national co-operation co-operation and and the the national national
deductions deductions useful useful to to our our country, country, in in were were broadcast broadcast on on meteorology, meteorology, inter
compared compared for for the the purpose purpose of of making making Meteorological Meteorological Day, Day, talks talks and and lectures lectures
tarian tarian co-operation. co-operation. All All data data are are then then On On the the occasion occasion of of the the fourth fourth World World
countries, countries, in in disinterested disinterested and and humani
exchange exchange for for information information from from other other nation nation from from that that science. science.
tion tion is is being being made made available available abroad abroad in in benefit benefit which which could could accrue accrue to to the the
tion, tion, Tunisian Tunisian meteorological meteorological informa Service Service and and become become aware aware of of the the
regional regional and and international international co-opera sians sians would would visit visit the the Meteorological Meteorological
these these activities activities are are backed backed by by both both He He then then expressed expressed the the hope hope that that Tuni
vities vities can can be be reaped reaped only only in in so so received, received, far far as as especially especially with with equipment. equipment.
since since the the full full benefit benefit of of national national Nations Nations acti his his thanks thanks for for the the assistance assistance
given given me me by by the the technicians, technicians, that that devotion devotion to to duty, duty, and and to to the the United United
213 213
ing ing delays. delays. for for storm storm detection. detection.
saving saving
considerable considerable expense expense and and avoid Training Training in in the the use use of of weather weather radar radar
electronic electronic
measuring measuring equipment, equipment, thus thus Poland- Mr. Mr. V. V. V. V. Kravetz Kravetz (U.S.S.R.) (U.S.S.R.)
constructing constructing additional additional urgently urgently needed needed
national national workshops workshops meteorological meteorological personnel personnel in in commitments. commitments. designing designing and and
ment ment in in both both respect respect the the of of mechanical mechanical national national and and and and inter electronics electronics
R. R. Frost Frost jects, jects, (U.K.). (U.K.). in in which which Advice Advice Mr. Mr. to to Fredericks Fredericks the the govern assisted assisted
Malawi Malawi programme programme (previously (previously were were Nyasaland) Nyasaland) the the construction construction -Mr. -Mr. pro
Especially Especially valuable valuable in in the the training training
Meteorological Meteorological training. training.
ments ments
in in a a climatic climatic chamber. chamber. Libya Libya - Mr. Mr. M. M. Pancura Pancura (Canada). (Canada).
radar, radar, and and the the calibration calibration of of instru
personnel. personnel. to to radiosonde radiosonde observations, observations, weather weather
service, service, and and solution solution training training of of of of technical technical meteorological meteorological problems problems related related
ment ment he he plan plan also also for for advised advised the the the the meteorological meteorological government government in in the the
Advice Advice on on the the maintenance maintenance execution execution and and of of a a repair repair develop personnel personnel and and
Kuwait- ducted ducted Mr. Mr. training training P. P. K. K. Sen Sen courses courses Gupta Gupta for for (India). (India). electronic electronic
shop. shop. During During rg63 rg63 and and rg64 rg64 he he con
gical gical
services. services.
an an electronics electronics laboratory laboratory and and work
the the
hydrometeorological hydrometeorological
and and hydrolo Government Government of of the the U.A.R. U.A.R. in in equipping equipping
(U.S.A.). (U.S.A.).
Advice Advice
on on
the the organization organization of of Cairo. Cairo. In In rg6o-rg6r rg6o-rg6r he he assisted assisted
the the
British British Guiana-
Mr. Mr. W. W.
C. C. Peterson Peterson to to the the Meteorological Meteorological Department Department in in
This This was was his his second second assignment assignment
NEW NEW EXPERT EXPERT MISSIONS MISSIONS
mission mission in in the the United United Arab Arab Republic. Republic.
(U.S.A.) (U.S.A.) completed completed an an eighteen eighteen months' months'
In In June June rg64 rg64 Mr. Mr. G. G. E. E. Fredericks Fredericks south-east south-east areas areas of of Iran. Iran.
information information
for for the the
north-east north-east and and
United United Arab Arab
Republic Republic
tional tional they they will will provide provide upper-wind upper-wind
When When the the new new stations stations become become opera
were were erected erected during during May May and and June June
rg64. rg64.
meteorological meteorological
data. data.
The The two two new new radar radar installations installations
of of punch punch cards cards in in the the processing processing of of
basic basic
principles principles
involved involved in in the the use use
assembly assembly
of of the the equipment. equipment.
division division
has has
received received
training training
in in the the
and and given given practical practical training training
in in
the the
the the
senior senior
staff staff of of the the
climatological climatological
later later taken taken to to Mashhad Mashhad and and
Kerman Kerman
the the
use use of of the the
Meteorological Meteorological
Service, Service,
Airport Airport
in in Tehran. Tehran. Students Students
were were
modern modern
punch punch card card
equipment equipment
for for
at at
the the radar radar installation installation at at Mehrabad Mehrabad
In In anticipation anticipation
of of
the the purchase purchase
of of
a a certain certain amount amount of of practical practical work work
up up to to Cameroon. Cameroon. the the end end of of April April rg64 rg64 with with
theory theory ested ested for for the the in in majority majority agricultural agricultural of of the the development development period period · · in in
classroom classroom of of the the training training government government in in radio radio and and and and others others radar radar inter
students students to to be be took took distributed distributed the the form form to to of of all all intensive intensive departments departments
monthly monthly The The technical technical agrometeorological agrometeorological training training of of five five bulletins bulletins Iranian Iranian
agroclimatological agroclimatological section section will will issue issue
Mashhad Mashhad research research and and Kerman. Kerman. was was developed. developed. The The new new
of of two two pilot pilot additional additional station station radar radar for for agrometeorological agrometeorological stations, stations, at at
wind wind tracking tracking of of agroclimatological agroclimatological radar radar and and the the stations stations erection erection and and a a
local local personnel personnel A A plan plan in in the the for for maintenance maintenance the the creation creation of of of of a a network network
purpose purpose
of of
the the mission mission
was was to to train train
of of processing processing
climatological climatological
data. data.
completed completed his his
mission mission
in in
Iran. Iran.
The The
tological tological staff staff
with with
the the modern modern
methods methods
In In June June rg64 rg64
Mr. Mr.
W. W. Miles Miles
(U.K.) (U.K.)
gical gical division division and and to to acquaint acquaint clima
rological rological section section within within the the climatolo Iran Iran VACANCIES IN WMO TECHNICAL CO-OPERATION PROGRAMMES
Country Title of post Date of Duration Language commencement needed
Cambodia Hydrometeorologist * I January I96S I year French Chile Synoptic meteorologist * I January I96S 6 months Spanish Congo Meteorological instructor as soon as I year French (Leopold ville) at Lovanium University possible (regional project) Ecuador Hydrometeorologist * I January I96S I year Spanish Ethiopia Radiosonde expert * I January I96S 3 months English Guinea Climatologist* I January I96S I year French India Extended-range fore- as soon as 2 years English casting expert possible (Special Fund project) Tropical cyclones expert as soon as 2 years English (Special Fund project) possible Hydrological forecasting as soon as 2 years English expert possible (Special Fund project) Research meteorologist as soon as z years English (Special Fund project) possible Iran Upper air synoptic I July I96S I year English meteorologist * Aerologist * I July I96S I8 months English Jordan Agroclimatologist * I January I96S IS months English Kenya Meteorological I J auuary 196S 1 year English (Regional instructor * training centre, Meteorological I January I96S I year English Nairobi) instructor * Kuwait Forecaster * I January I96S I year English Laos Agrometeorologist * I Sept. I96S I year French Libya Forecaster * I January I96S I year English Forecaster* I January I96S I year English Malaysia Tropical meteorology I July I96S I year English expert* Pakistan Meteorological I January I96S I year English instruments expert * Meteorological I July I96S IS months English communications expert * Peru Hydrometeorologist * I April I96S IS months Spanish Rwanda Expert in organization I January I96S IS months French and training Sierra Leone Aeronautical I April I96S I year English meteorologist * Syria Agrometeorologist I Nov. I964 I year English United Arab Meteorological electronic I January I96S I year English Republic instruments expert * Upper Volta Agrometeorologist * to be 3 months French determined
* Subject to approval by the Technical Assistance Committee. Further information may be obtained from the Secretary-General, WMO, Geneva.
214
215 215
tion tion of of more more than than Soo,ooo Soo,ooo dollars. dollars. survey survey has has been been undertaken undertaken and and a a
a a government government counterpart counterpart contribu are are being being carried carried out. out. A A windpower windpower
nearly nearly I, I, soo, soo, ooo ooo dollars dollars which which includes includes Forecasts Forecasts of of floods floods and and dry dry river river beds beds
The The cost cost of of the the project project amounts amounts ity ity to to and and the the Hydrological Hydrological Service. Service.
Research, Research, the the Water Water Planning Planning Author
Ill Ill and and IV IV
is is
envisaged. envisaged.
such such as as the the Institute Institute for for Agricultural Agricultural
Class Class
II II and and zoo zoo
meteorologists meteorologists Classes Classes
exists exists with with other other national national institutions, institutions,
training training
of of
about about 6o 6o meteorologists meteorologists
areas areas
and and very very good good co-operation co-operation
for for six six years years
during during
which which period period the the
have have been been installed installed in in the the semi-arid semi-arid
The The project project
is is planned planned to to continue continue
been been very very much much extended extended ; ; lysimeters lysimeters
damages. damages. The The Regional Regional rainfall rainfall Association Association network network has has I. I.
tion, tion, plant plant pests pests in in and and Africa Africa diseases diseases which which and and was was other other recommended recommended by by
tions tions as as frost, frost, excessive excessive from from other other heat, heat, French-speaking French-speaking precipita countries countries
been been instituted, instituted, covering covering regional regional such such training training ques centre centre for for students students
casts casts for for agricultural agricultural vice. vice. The The purposes purposes centre centre will will have have also also serve serve as as the the
semi-arid semi-arid areas. areas. by by Meteorological Meteorological the the Congolese Congolese fore Meteorological Meteorological Ser
have have been been undertaken, undertaken, possible possible specially specially time time the the in in the the personnel personnel needed needed
abroad. abroad. Topoclimatological Topoclimatological of of which which surveys surveys is is to to train train in in the the shortest shortest
tions tions and and exchanged exchanged new new Special Special with with Fund Fund institutes institutes project, project, the the purpose purpose
issued issued within within IS IS days days following following experts experts will will observa be be incorporated incorporated in in the the
lished. lished. Monthly Monthly Leopoldville Leopoldville bulletins bulletins (bilingual) (bilingual) with with the the are are help help of of WMO WMO
matic matic areas, areas, have have The The been been training training fully fully so so far far estab given given in in Binza Binza near near
logical logical stations, stations, centre centre covering covering in in different different the the Congo Congo cli (Leopoldville). (Leopoldville).
of of the the buildings. buildings. by by WMO WMO Twelve Twelve : a a : meteoro meteorological meteorological training training
by by the the stipulated stipulated approved approved date date of of a a completion completion new new project project for for execution execution
The The offices offices were were Governing Governing ready ready for for Council Council occupation occupation of of the the Special Special Fund Fund
At At its its session session in in June June I964 I964 the the
report. report. Congo Congo (Leopoldville) (Leopoldville)
following following account account is is based based on on his his final final
SPECIAL SPECIAL
FUND FUND
ACTIVITIES ACTIVITIES
logical logical Service Service of of Israel, Israel, and and the the
Mr. Mr. M. M. Gilead, Gilead, director director of of the the Meteoro
execution execution of of the the projects projects rested rested with with tion. tion.
country, country,
the the responsibility responsibility for for the the to to study study radiosondes radiosondes and and solar solar radia
vided. vided. On On the the part part of of the the recipient recipient of of the the Meteorological Meteorological Service Service of of Tunisia Tunisia
sions sions and and some some fellowships fellowships were were pro training training in in meteorology meteorology ; ; two two members members
In In addition, addition,
several several short-term short-term mis and and radiosondes radiosondes ; ; one one from from Rwanda Rwanda for for
constructed constructed by by the the Israel Israel Government. Government. of of Mali Mali to to study study general general meteorology meteorology
Tel Tel Aviv, Aviv, the the buildings buildings for for which which were were members members of of the the Meteorological Meteorological Service Service
logical logical
institute institute
in in Bet Bet Dagan Dagan near near Haiti Haiti to to study study meteorology meteorology ; ; four four
equipment equipment
for for the the new new central central meteoro logical logical and and Hydrological Hydrological Service Service of of
in in the the
provision provision of of large large quantities quantities of of radiosondes radiosondes ; ; one one from from the the Meteoro
bution bution by by
the the Special Special Fund Fund consisted consisted logical logical instruments, instruments, climatology climatology and and
started started
in in April April Ig6o. Ig6o. The The main main contri Service Service of of Guinea Guinea to to study study meteoro
Fund Fund
in in December December I959 I959 and and work work was was three three from from the the State State Meteorological Meteorological
Governing Governing
Council Council of of the the Special Special training training in in the the field field of of climatology climatology ; ;
The The
project project
was was approved approved by by the the study study meteorology meteorology ; ; one one from from Chad Chad for for
hydrology hydrology ; ; one one from from Burundi Burundi to to
rology; rology; meteorological meteorological one one from from institute institute Argentina Argentina in in Israel. Israel. to to study study
of of with with Algeria Algeria the the for for establishment establishment training training in in of of agrometeo a a central central
member member cuted cuted by by of of WMO WMO the the Meteorological Meteorological was was recently recently completed completed Service Service
Fellowships Fellowships The The first first Special Special have have been been Fund Fund awarded awarded project project to to one one exe
FELLOWSHIPS FELLOWSHIPS Israel Israel report published; advice has been most of them from African countries given regarding the instrumentation and the Mediterranean area and also and evaluation of the results. The some from South America. network of solar radiation stations has A storm warning radar was provided been increased and basic information under the project. Instruments for made available. Solar radiation is the laboratories and for field investiga now widely used for the supply of hot tion were put to use ; considerable water. developments have taken place in the A further task included in the plan instrument section. Progress was also of operation was connected with the made in the development of electronic
Israel : The new Meteoro logical Institute
transport of perishable goods in rela recording equipment for micro-meteoro tion to temperature, humidity and logical measurements. A mobile field ventilation. laboratory has been equipped. Fac Forecasting services have been ex simile apparatus has been brought into tended in the field of aeronautics. A operation and the government has main task of the project, however, added equipment of the same kind consisted of utilizing the institute as a from its own budget to complete the training centre. Courses for students in network of transmissions. With the meteorology have been held and lec installation of IBM machinery, meteo tures given by officers of the Service. rological data have been transferred Members of the staff are lecturing in to punch-cards and worked up statis the meteorological departments of the tically. Universities of Jerusalem and Tel Summing up, it can be said that the Aviv. Also, regular courses are being Special Fund project has fulfilled the held in the Institute for observers and hopes of the country. The Meteoro briefing officers. The lecture hall is logical Service has been centralized also used for seminars and for lectures in a functional building, with facilities in the fields of neighbouring sciences, for meteorological observations and such as hydrology, agriculture and investigations. The field of applied medicine. It is open for organized meteorology has been broadened consi visits of school classes which, during derably, and advice and assistance the last year, amounted to a monthly can be offered to agriculture, hydro average of r,ooo students. Meteorolo logy, settlement, engineering, trans gists from a number of other countries port, health and industry. With the have been trained in the institute, equipment received, it was possible to
216
217 217
ject ject is is at at present present under under consideration. consideration. staff, staff, ...... " "
" " ...... in in collaboration collaboration evaluation, evaluation, the the with with prolongation prolongation the the Ecuadorian Ecuadorian of of the the pro
No. No.
3, 3, p. p.
rsr, rsr,
first first
column, column, lines lines g-ro, g-ro, read read
data data and and to to organize organize
their their
current current
CoRRIGENDUM- WMO WMO Bulletin, Bulletin,
XIII, XIII,
Vol. Vol.
the the greatest greatest possible possible benefit benefit from from these these
regularly regularly received. received. In In order order to to derive derive
hydrological hydrological and and meteorological meteorological data data
March March considerable considerable rg65. rg65. increase increase in in the the number number of of
agreed agreed under under to to its its this this prolongation prolongation project project has has up up resulted resulted to to in in a a 31 31
of of of of the the a a project, project, large large number number the the Special Special of of new new Fund Fund stations stations has has
during during issue issue the the of of first first the the year year Bulletin, Bulletin, of of the the the the execution execution establishment establishment
Because Because As As already already of of the the difficulties difficulties mentioned mentioned encountered encountered in in the the last last
Chile Chile
paration paration of of observational observational data. data.
technicians technicians in in the the evaluation evaluation and and pre
Burmese Burmese Government. Government. now now in in assisting assisting the the Ecuadorian Ecuadorian
into into a a new new building building main main constructed constructed efforts efforts by by of of the the the the mission mission consist consist
Rangoon Rangoon Meteorological Meteorological prepared prepared Office Office by by the the moved moved WMO WMO experts. experts. The The
Department Department has has been been work work completed. completed. for for the the The The Ecuadorian Ecuadorian staff staff has has been been
observers observers in in the the Burma Burma tions tions giving giving Meteorological Meteorological guidance guidance for for daily daily practical practical
first first training training course course for for Service. Service. meteorological meteorological A A series series of of technical technical instruc
for for the the training training of of have have local local resumed resumed personnel. personnel. their their The The activities activities within within the the
Hydrology Hydrology courses courses have have completion completion been been started started of of their their training training abroad, abroad,
mented mented
and and
eight eight of of the the fellows, fellows, after after
to to
arrange arrange
their their training training abroad. abroad.
within within
the the
project project have have been been imple
been been selected selected
and and steps steps are are being being taken taken
All All
the the twelve twelve
fellowships fellowships granted granted
first first candidates candidates for for fellowships fellowships have have
continuing continuing to to arrive arrive in in Burma. Burma. The The
ments. ments.
Equipment Equipment
ordered ordered for for the the project project is is
effective effective control control
of of all all stream stream measure
construction construction
of of hydrological hydrological stations. stations.
now now established established
and and facilitate facilitate an an
and and
places places were were
selected selected sites sites as for for the the
in in
the the main main
regions regions of of the the country country are are
in in bridge bridge
areas areas has has been been developed developed
Three Three regional regional
hydrological hydrological offices offices
An An extensive extensive reconnaissance reconnaissance survey survey
in in recruited recruited circulation. circulation. as as hydro-meteorologist. hydro-meteorologist.
Ecuador Ecuador P. P. B. B. Petriakov Petriakov up up to to the the end end (U.S.S.R.), (U.S.S.R.), of of rg63, rg63, is is is is being being now now
intensified. intensified. book, book, containing containing The The all all second second observations observations expert, expert, Mr. Mr. in in
appeared. appeared. the the implementation implementation The The first first of of Hydrological Hydrological the the project project Year was was
issue, issue, logist, logist, with with Mr. Mr. data data D. D. I. I. for for Berezkin Berezkin rg63, rg63, (U.S.S.R.), (U.S.S.R.), has has now now
logical logical With With the the Yearbook, Yearbook, arrival arrival of of of of which which the the project project the the hydro third third
logical logical bulletin bulletin and and in in the the M M eteoro
Burma Burma
and and published published in in the the monthly monthly climato
received received by by the the Central Central Office Office in in Quito, Quito,
abroad. abroad. the the 145 145 rainfall rainfall stations stations are are being being
sional sional groups groups and and meteorologists meteorologists installed installed meteorological meteorological from from stations stations and and
of of meteorological meteorological staff, staff, Observations Observations other other profes from from all all of of the the 72 72 newly
Service Service serves serves as as a a centre centre for for training training
institute institute within within the the Meteorological Meteorological under under construction. construction.
automatic automatic
computer computer
equipment. equipment. The The now now set set up up and and the the remainder remainder are are
can can
be be used used
more more rapidly rapidly with with the the of of hydrological hydrological 103 103 stations, stations, 85 85 are are
communications. communications.
Climatological Climatological data data completed. completed. Out Out of of a a required required total total
section section
was was
improved improved
by by better better tele meteorological meteorological stations stations has has nearly nearly been been
logical logical
measurements. measurements.
The The forecasting forecasting The The programme programme of of installation installation of of
standard standard and and experimental experimental meteoro
develop develop suitable suitable instrumentation instrumentation for for Ecuador Ecuador
218 218
assistance assistance requested requested Panama Panama and and ragua ragua 85 85 cent cent per per than than more more of of installation installation
Nica Honduras, Honduras, Guatemala, Guatemala, Salvador, Salvador, the the operation, operation, of of plan plan the the in in saged saged
El El Rica, Rica, Costa Costa of of Governments Governments The The envi types types different different of of stations stations logical logical
hydro and and
meteorological meteorological
714 714 Of Of
America America Central Central : : profect profect Regional Regional
Peru Peru
WMO. WMO. the the and and
Fund Fund Special Special the the Government, Government, the the by by belt. belt. equatorial equatorial the the in in observed observed
signature signature for for ready ready be be soon soon will will hoped hoped been been have have phenomena phenomena stratospheric stratospheric
is is it it which which project project the the for for operation operation of of certain certain that that time time first first the the is is This This
plan plan the the authorities authorities U.A.R. U.A.R. the the with with IQSY. IQSY. the the and and IIOE IIOE the the of of objectives objectives
co-operation co-operation in in finalize finalize to to be be will will task task the the of of support support in in firings firings ordinated ordinated
first first His His
219). 219). p. p. (see (see project project U.A.R. U.A.R. co of of schedule schedule a a with with accordance accordance
the the for for manager manager project project appointed appointed in in fired fired been been have have rockets rockets several several
was was (Sweden) (Sweden) Holmstrom Holmstrom I. I. Dr. Dr. E. E. ; ; programme programme launching launching rocket rocket logical logical
meteoro a a through through achieved achieved been been Republic Republic Arab Arab United United
has has research research space space in in Participation Participation
awarded. awarded. been been have have project project
waves. waves. cold cold
the the in in foreseen foreseen fellowships fellowships the the All All
and and latitudes latitudes tropical tropical in in flow flow horizontal horizontal
radiation, radiation, solar solar development. development. Desert, Desert, basin basin Indian Indian river river the the
on on studies studies Mekong Mekong the the includes includes with with which which concerned concerned programme, programme, problems problems
some some also also research research its its cover cover to to out out continued continued carried carried Poona Poona at at were were logy logy
Meteoro surveys surveys site site Tropical Tropical of of Institute Institute The The hydrometeorological hydrometeorological The The
schedule. schedule. to to according according accomplished accomplished
been been has has stations stations stations. stations. island island IIOE IIOE hydrometeorological hydrometeorological from from
and and observations observations surface surface and and agrometeorological agrometeorological ship ship for for sites sites surface surface of of tion tion
pibal, pibal, selec rawin, rawin, the the and and divisions, divisions, check radiosonde, radiosonde, check to to meteorological meteorological
able able now now is is hydro and and Centre Centre The The progress. progress. agrometeorological agrometeorological good good the the of of
made made operations operations organization organization the the in in computer computer IBM IBM continued continued The The Work Work
Thailand Thailand
competence. competence. of of level level this this attaining attaining
rapidly rapidly are are others others and and meteorology meteorology
project. project.
the the
of of
tropical tropical of of aspects aspects all all for for instructors instructors
completion completion
the the for for
1965 1965
of of
beginning beginning
as as qualified qualified fully fully are are analysts analysts of of ber ber
the the at at
Peru Peru to to
more more once once
return return will will
anum standard: standard: excellent excellent an an reached reached
(Sweden), (Sweden), Wallen Wallen
C. C.
C. C. Dr. Dr.
mission, mission, analyses analyses kinematic kinematic of of practice practice The The
of of chief chief the the that that however however intended intended is is
It It missions. missions.
their their
completed completed
project project (IIOE). (IIOE). Expedition Expedition Ocean Ocean dian dian
the the
for for
appointed appointed
experts experts four four All All
In International International the the of of requirements requirements
operational operational the the for for Centre Centre orological orological mission. mission. WMO WMO the the of of parts parts
Mete International International the the by by given given been been counter as as appointed appointed been been have have abroad abroad
has has support support effective effective and and gratifying gratifying training training their their of of completion completion after after
most most been been have have results results Research Research country country the the to to returning returning fellows fellows the the of of
institutions. institutions. both both for for government government the the Some Some implemented. implemented. been been have have project project
by by recruited recruited been been have have categories categories nical nical the the under under foreseen foreseen fellowships fellowships The The
tech and and professional professional the the in in personnel personnel discharged. discharged. been been also also have have publishing publishing
Additional Additional pace. pace. satisfactory satisfactory a a at at and and printing printing building, building, with with nexion nexion
continued continued have have Poona Poona at at Meteorology Meteorology con in in responsibilities responsibilities governmental governmental
Tropical Tropical of of Institute Institute the the and and Bombay Bombay all all and and installed installed been been has has received received far far
at at Centre Centre Meteorological Meteorological International International so so equipment equipment all all and and progress progress good good
the the both both of of programmes programmes work work The The made made has has Laboratory Laboratory Hydraulic Hydraulic nal nal
Natio The The completed. completed. been been far far so so has has India India
219 219
Fund Fund with with WMO WMO as as executing executing agency. agency. and and Training, Training, Cairo, Cairo, U.A.R., U.A.R., received received
proposed proposed for for any any project project to to the the Special Special Meteorological Meteorological Institute Institute for for Research Research
constitutes constitutes the the highest highest figure figure ever ever manager manager of of the the WMO WMO Special Special Fund Fund
ceeds ceeds six six million million dollars dollars and and thus thus Dr. Dr. E. E. Holmstrom Holmstrom I. I. (Sweden), (Sweden), project project
the the six six participating participating govemments, govemments, ex accordance accordance with with this this arrangement, arrangement,
and and
the the counterpart counterpart contributions contributions of of be be administered administered fully fully by by WMO WMO in in
including including the the Special Special Fund Fund allocation allocation ance ance programmes. programmes. The The first first expert expert to to
The The estimated estimated budget budget of of the the project, project, nistrative nistrative work work of of the the technical technical assist
taking taking over, over, during during rg64, rg64, the the admi
ject ject with with the the local local authorities. authorities. As As previously previously reported, reported, WMO WMO is is
cussed cussed the the various various aspects aspects of of the the pro
the the six six countries countries concerned concerned TECHNICAL TECHNICAL and and dis ASSISTANCE ASSISTANCE PROGRAMMES PROGRAMMES
Technical Technical Co-operation Co-operation Division Division ADMINISTRATION ADMINISTRATION visited visited OF OF THE THE WMO WMO
of of the the project, project, Mr. Mr. M. M. Ballester Ballester of of the the
In In order order to to assist assist in in the the formulation formulation
the the United United Nations. Nations.
concerned. concerned. financed financed by by special special arrangements arrangements of of
orological orological activities activities in in the the six six countries countries meteorology meteorology which which continues continues to to be be
tion tion of of existing existing hydrological hydrological and and mete operational operational experts experts in in the the field field of of
widely widely contribute contribute towards towards co-ordina (EPTA). (EPTA). There There remains remains a a group group of of
The The project, project, if if approved, approved, would would also also Programme Programme of of Technical Technical Assistance Assistance
have have been been transferred transferred to to the the Expanded Expanded
resources. resources. WMO WMO Representative Representative in in the the Congo, Congo,
with with regard regard to to the the evaluation evaluation of of water water advisers, advisers, including including that that of of Senior Senior
for for the the necessary necessary studies studies and and field field work work over, over, two two posts posts of of meteorological meteorological
in in the the United United Arab Arab Republic Republic
WMO WMO Special Special Fund Fund project project
den), den), project project manager manager of of the the
Dr. Dr. E. E. Holmstrom Holmstrom I. I. (Swe
Secretary-General Secretary-General of of WMO, WMO,
ficer, ficer, Mr. Mr. D. D. A. A. Davies, Davies,
programme programme management management of
Left Left to to right: right: Mr. Mr. G. G. ffennell, ffennell,
ministrative ministrative responsibility. responsibility.
WMO WMO has has accepted accepted full full ad
assistance assistance expert expert for for whom whom
tract tract for for the the first first technical technical
Geneva Geneva : : Signing Signing the the con
improvement improvement of of existing existing networks networks Training Training and and Centre Centre (see (see p. p. 215). 215). More-
and and meteorological meteorological stations, stations, Fund Fund for for the the of of a a project project for for a a Meteorological Meteorological
ment ment of of a a large large number number of of hydrological hydrological ance ance is is the the approval approval by by the the Special Special
This This project project calls calls for for the the establish conventional conventional types types of of technical technical assist
given given to to the the Congo Congo (Leopoldville) (Leopoldville) into into
isthmus. isthmus. conversion conversion of of the the United United Nations Nations aid aid
water water resources resources in in the the Central Central American American An An important important step step towards towards the the
ment ment of of pre-investment pre-investment surveys surveys of of
from from the the Special Special Fund Fund AID AID TO TO for for THE THE the the develop CONGO CONGO (LEOPOLDVILLE) (LEOPOLDVILLE)
220 220
technical technical assistance assistance meteorology meteorology programmes. programmes. of of Regional Regional Association Association II II
planning planning of of the the The The World World Working Working Weather Weather Watch; Watch; Group Group on on Hydro
personnel personnel ; ; regional regional aspects aspects of of the the ASIA ASIA
questions questions ; ; training training of of meteorological meteorological
tion tion for for about about ten ten countries. countries. tion tion stations stations ; ; hydrometeorological hydrometeorological
memoranda memoranda
are are available available or or in in prepara tions tions and and networks networks of of telecommunica
Aeronautical Aeronautical
climatological climatological descriptive descriptive planning planning of of networks networks of of observing observing sta
not not
all all these these
summaries summaries
are are published. published. from from inside inside and and outside outside the the Region Region ; ;
the the
main main airfields airfields but but that, that, as as yet, yet, regarding regarding meteorological meteorological information information
nautical nautical
climatological climatological
summaries summaries for for meteorological meteorological services services of of the the Region Region
ber ber of of countries countries
are are preparing preparing aero first first category category : : the the requirements requirements of of
inquiry inquiry
also also
revealed revealed
that that a a large large num following following items items are are included included in in the the
lag lag
and and radiation radiation
point point of of view. view. This This can can be be regarded regarded as as secondary. secondary. The The
about about
an an
improvement improvement from from the the time time those those which, which, for for the the time time being being at at least, least,
new new type type
of of sonde sonde
which which
will will
bring bring
attention attention at at the the coming coming session session and and
planning planning
to to
use, use, in in the the near near future, future, a a questions questions which which seem seem to to deserve deserve most most
About About
a a quarter quarter
of of the the others others are are tion tion has has been been drawn drawn between between the the
tion tion corrections corrections
to to these these observations. observations. In In planning planning the the agenda, agenda, a a distinc
radiosonde radiosonde observations observations apply apply radia
that that nearly nearly
half half the the countries countries making making memorandum memorandum have have been been distributed. distributed.
mercial mercial
jet jet aircraft aircraft operation, operation,
it it appears appears
provisional provisional agenda agenda and and explanatory explanatory
technical technical
matters matters connected connected with with com
from from r r to to February February rg65. rg65. The The 20 20
From From
an an inquiry inquiry in in the the Region Region on on tion tion will will be be held held at at Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria, Nigeria,
The The fourth fourth session session of of the the associa preparation preparation of of the the group's group's report. report.
rg64) rg64) will will serve serve as as the the basis basis for for the the
and and with with neighbouring neighbouring regions. regions. heliometers heliometers (Davos, (Davos, August-September August-September
rological rological information information parison parison within within of of working working the the Region Region standard standard pyr
change change and and distribution distribution of of basic basic meteo taking taking part part in in the the international international com
arrangements arrangements discussions discussions for for the the between between collection, collection, African African ex specialists specialists
review review the the present present telecommunication telecommunication results results of of this this survey survey and and the the unofficial unofficial
ber ber rg64. rg64. The The main main object object will will be be to to observing observing stations stations in in Africa. Africa. The The
in in Curepipe, Curepipe, Mauritius, Mauritius, in in Novem tory tory of of the the network network of of radiation radiation
Association Association I I (Tunisia), (Tunisia), (Africa) (Africa) will will has has hold hold made made a a session session a a detailed detailed inven
logical logical Telecommunications Telecommunications of of Regional Regional under under the the chairmanship chairmanship of of Mr. Mr. M. M. Ayadi Ayadi
The The Working Working The The Group Group Working Working on on Meteoro Group Group on on Radiation, Radiation,
AFRICA AFRICA
Activities Activities of of the the regional regional associations associations
mutatis mutatis instead instead mutandis. mutandis. of of in in the the United United Nations, Nations, New New
that that all all this this work work will will be be done done in in WMO, WMO, will will continue continue to to be be applied applied by by WMO, WMO,
and and by by the the end end of of rg64 rg64 it it is is planned planned regulations regulations governing governing these these matters matters
concentrated concentrated in in the the WMO WMO Secretariat Secretariat procurement. procurement. The The United United Nations Nations
experts experts and and fellows fellows will will gradually gradually be be sions, sions, fellows' fellows' studies studies and and equipment equipment
payment payment arrangements arrangements for for all all WMO WMO administrative administrative aspects aspects of of experts' experts' mis
The The administrative administrative correspondence correspondence and and will will facilitate facilitate the the handling handling of of the the
Secretary-General Secretary-General on on 14 14 August August rg64. rg64. is is hoped hoped that that these these arrangements arrangements It It
Mr. Mr. M. M. H. H. Telidji Telidji of of Algeria Algeria by by the the
WMO WMO fellowship fellowship holder holder was was sent sent to to for for WMO WMO technical technical assistance assistance projects. projects.
rg64. rg64. The The first first letter letter of of award award to to a a functions functions of of procurement procurement of of equipment equipment
Secretary-General Secretary-General 7 7 of of WMO WMO on on August August take take over over from from the the United United Nations Nations the the
his his letter letter of of appointment appointment from from the the York, York, as as in in the the past. past. WMO WMO will will also also
221 221
logical logical Telecommunications Telecommunications of of Regional Regional communications communications plan plan for for Europe. Europe.
The The Working Working Group Group on on Meteoro ing, ing, and and to to produce produce a a long-term long-term tele
automatic automatic data data processing processing and and switch
SOUTH-WEST SOUTH-WEST
PACIFIC PACIFIC
including including high-speed high-speed data data transmission, transmission,
date date telecommunication telecommunication techniques, techniques,
Caribbean Caribbean Hurricane Hurricane Committee. Committee.
October October
1964 1964 to to discuss discuss the the most most up-to
formerly formerly handled handled by by the the Eastern Eastern
This This panel panel will will meet meet in in Geneva Geneva in in
as as well well as as the the problems problems which which were were
telecommunications telecommunications plan plan for for Region Region VI. VI.
tions tions and and observing observing station station networks, networks,
panel panel to to study study and and develop develop an an advanced advanced
problems, problems, including including telecommunica
Transmissions Transmissions established established a a special special
represented, represented, to to review review the the main main regional regional
the the Working Working Group Group on on Meteorological Meteorological
all all of of which which have have been been invited invited to to be be
During During its its fifth fifth in in session Paris Paris (r963) (r963)
tion tion IV IV (North (North and and Central Central America), America),
nity nity for for Members Members of of Regional Regional Associa
has has been been completed. completed.
This This meeting meeting will will provide provide an an opportu
co-ordination co-ordination with with Members Members concerned concerned
November November 1964 1964 in in Mexico Mexico City. City.
will will
be be implemented implemented
after after the the necessary necessary
America America and and Mexico Mexico will will meet meet in in
revised revised plan plan for for sub-regional sub-regional broadcasts broadcasts
Meteorology Meteorology for for the the Caribbean, Caribbean, Central Central
into into
force force on on r r December December 1964 1964 and and a a
The The Working Working Group Group on on Tropical Tropical
adopted. adopted. The The new new IMTNE IMTNE will will come come
April April 1964), 1964), have have now now been been formally formally NORTH NORTH AND AND CENTRAL CENTRAL AMERICA AMERICA
cal cal Transmissions Transmissions of of RA RA VI VI (Paris, (Paris,
the the Working Working Group Group on on Meteorologi previous previous issues issues of of the the Bulletin. Bulletin.
were were
prepared prepared by by a a limited limited session session of of telecommunications telecommunications expert expert reported reported in in
of of sub-regional sub-regional broadcasts, broadcasts, which which results results of of the the survey survey of of the the WMO WMO
and and
a a re-organization re-organization of of the the system system discussed, discussed, taking taking into into account account the the
Teleprinter Teleprinter
Network Network Europe Europe (IMTNE) (IMTNE) and and with with neighbouring neighbouring regions regions will will be be
a a
revised revised International International Meteorological Meteorological orological orological information information within within Region Region Ill Ill
The The two two draft draft resolutions resolutions concerning concerning tribution tribution and and exchange exchange of of basic basic mete
arrangements arrangements for for the the collection, collection, dis
with with one one exception exception for for SHIP SHIP messages. messages. November November 1964. 1964. Telecommunication Telecommunication
practice practice
by by all all European European countries, countries, Region Region Ill Ill at at Maracay, Maracay, Venezuela, Venezuela, in in
changes changes
had had already already been been put put into into meteorological meteorological telecommunications telecommunications in in
logical logical
messages messages for for international international ex to to hold hold a a technical technical conference conference on on
degrees degrees and and metric metric units units in in meteoro (South (South America), America), it it has has been been decided decided
on on the the exclusive exclusive use use of of the the Celsius Celsius third third session session of of Regional Regional Association Association Ill Ill
this this resolution resolution as as the the Congress Congress decision decision Following Following a a proposal proposal made made at at the the
was was encountered encountered in in the the adoption adoption of of
SOUTH SOUTH
AMERICA AMERICA regional regional coding coding practices. practices. No No difficulty difficulty
heit heit degrees degrees and and non-metric non-metric units units from from
storm storm forecasts forecasts and and flood flood control. control. tion tion eliminating eliminating all all reference reference to to Fahren
such such as as flood flood forecasting, forecasting, analysis analysis adopted, adopted, of of by by correspondence, correspondence, a a resolu
meteorology meteorology to to hydrological hydrological problems problems Regional Regional Association Association VI VI (Europe) (Europe) has has
shortcomings shortcomings in in the the application application of of
engaged engaged in in a a EUROPE EUROPE study study of of the the regional regional
required. required. The The working working group group is is now now
a a matter matter for for bilateral bilateral agreement, agreement, as as
diate diate use use is is generally generally thought thought to to be be for for comments. comments.
The The rapid rapid exchange exchange of of data data for for imme submitted submitted to to Members Members ofthe ofthe association association
the the publications publications containing containing these these missions. missions. data. data. This This revised revised version version has has been been
are are in in favour favour of of a a regional regional exchange exchange of of Publication Publication No. No. 9, 9, Volume Volume C- Trans
meteorological meteorological data. data. Some Some Members Members to to the the relevant relevant section section of of WMO WMO
need need for for a a regular regular exchange exchange of of hydro prepared prepared a a revised revised draft draft introduction introduction
(Asia) (Asia) has has made made an an inquiry inquiry into into the the Association Association V V (South-West (South-West Pacific) Pacific) has has
222 222
session. session. seventeenth seventeenth its its until until sections sections a a addition, addition, in in up, up, set set to to president president the the
these these to to amendments amendments the the of of review review enabled enabled have have would would which which proposal proposal a a
final final its its postpone postpone to to had had Committee Committee mind mind in in bore bore Committee Committee the the so, so, doing doing
Executive Executive the the procedure, procedure, of of rules rules ICAO ICAO In In Techniques. Techniques. Forecasting Forecasting Aviation Aviation
the the of of requirements requirements the the of of view view In In on on Group Group Working Working a a up up set set to to CAeM CAeM
WMO. WMO. and and ICAO ICAO by by study study joint joint for for of of president president the the authorized authorized Committee Committee
z z call call 3 3 IZ. IZ. and and IZ. IZ. I, I, IZ. IZ. sections sections Executive Executive the the research, research, new new com·aging com·aging
hand, hand, other other the the On On I965. I965. January January I I en to to and and meteorology meteorology aeronautical aeronautical
on on force force into into entry entry for for approved approved of of field field the the in in knowledge knowledge scientific scientific of of
were were amendments amendments proposed proposed the the and and spread spread the the promoting promoting to to view view a a With With
WMO, WMO, with with lies lies Regulations Regulations Technical Technical
here. here. mentioned mentioned
the the of of 4 4 IZ. IZ. section section for for responsibility responsibility
be be will will points points main main the the of of some some only only
the the ICAO, ICAO, and and WMO WMO between between ments ments
and and concerned, concerned, all all to to communicated communicated
arrange working working the the with with cordance cordance
been been already already have have decisions decisions resulting resulting
ac In In Regulations. Regulations. Technical Technical WMO WMO
The The time. time. same same the the at at reports reports the the
the the of of II II Volume Volume affect affect meetings meetings joint joint
studying studying were were bodies bodies governing governing whose whose
the the of of recommendations recommendations the the of of Some Some
ICAO, ICAO, with with co-operation co-operation close close in in out out
ICAO. ICAO. carried carried was was study study This This I964. I964. February February
of of bodies bodies appropriate appropriate the the with with ings ings anuary ] ] in in Paris Paris in in held held session session
meet simultaneous simultaneous the the after after or or before before CAeM CAeM separate separate the the of of and and ICAO ICAO of of
immediately immediately duration duration week's week's a a mately mately Divisions Divisions Operations Operations and and Meteorology Meteorology
approxi of of sessions sessions separate separate hold hold to to the the and and Meteorology Meteorology Aeronautical Aeronautical for for
authorized authorized was was CAeM CAeM Furthermore, Furthermore, Commission Commission the the of of meetings meetings joint joint the the of of
reports reports the the examined examined Committee Committee cutive cutive operations. operations.
Exe the the of of session session sixteenth sixteenth The The aircraft aircraft supersonic supersonic for for forecasting forecasting
including including forecasting, forecasting, high-level high-level of of
METEOROLOGY METEOROLOGY
AERONAUTICAL AERONAUTICAL
problems problems on on Ig66 Ig66 in in symposium symposium a a
to to allocated allocated be be should should priority priority high high
Note. Note. Technical Technical WMO WMO a a as as tion tion that that and and session session eighteenth eighteenth its its at at given given
publica for for commission commission the the of of president president be be should should connexion connexion this this in in studies studies
the the by by approved approved been been now now has has son), son), further further and and aircraft aircraft supersonic supersonic of of tion tion
David B. B. Professor Professor : : (chairman (chairman lations lations opera for for requirements requirements meteorological meteorological
Instal Wind-Power Wind-Power for for Sites Sites on on Group Group special special on on lecture lecture scientific scientific a a that that ded ded
Working Working the the by by prepared prepared report report A A deci also also Committee Committee Executive Executive The The
chairman. chairman. as as Institute, Institute, Meteorological Meteorological publication. publication. for for ready ready now now is is version version
Swiss Swiss the the of of director director R. R. Schneider, Schneider, Mr. Mr. revised revised a a and and comments comments for for group group the the of of
with with group group this this up up set set to to steps steps members members to to circulated circulated was was draft draft This This
necessary necessary the the taken taken since since has has mission mission Kellogg. Kellogg. W. W. W. W. Dr. Dr. group, group, the the of of man man
com the the of of president president The The planning. planning. chair the the by by prepared prepared be be should should Note Note
with with essentially essentially deal deal will will group group working working Technical Technical draft draft a a that that I963), I963), August August
new new the the that that so so group, group, scientific scientific a a for for (Berkeley, (Berkeley, Aerology Aerology for for Commission Commission the the
proposal proposal the the accept accept not not did did Committee Committee of of Atmosphere Atmosphere High High the the on on Group Group ing ing
Executive Executive the the However, However, meteorology. meteorology. Work the the of of session session informal informal an an during during
aeronautical aeronautical of of problems problems future future and and ing ing decided decided was was it it 3I) 3I) p. p. I, I, No. No. XIII, XIII, Vol. Vol.
exist the the with with deal deal to to group group scientific scientific Bulletin, Bulletin, (see (see mentioned mentioned already already As As
AEROLOGY AEROLOGY
commissions commissions technical technical the the of of Activities Activities
223 223
Working Working Group Group on on Climatic Climatic Fluctua- meters meters and and on on materials materials used used in in the the
The The chairman chairman and and members members of of on on the the methods methods for for calibrating calibrating pyrhelio
reports reports for for the the next next session session of of CIMO CIMO
president president
of of the the commission. commission.
The The group group made made plans plans for for compiling compiling
which which has has been been submitted submitted to to the the
contained contained in in the the report report of of the the session session
ment ment
and and Observing Observing Practices. Practices.
polar polar
zones zones ; ; the the conclusions conclusions reached reached are are
WMO WMO Guide Guide to to Meteorological Meteorological Instru
network network
density density
in in arid, arid, tropical tropical and and
will will be be published published in in due due course course in in the the
minimum minimum and and optimum optimum climatological climatological
text, text, which which was was adopted adopted unanimously, unanimously,
important important
discussions discussions centred centred on on the the
sitated sitated a a thorough thorough review. review. The The final final
to to
meteorological meteorological
networks. networks. The The most most
ments ments subsequently subsequently received received had had neces
experts experts
and and
working working
groups groups with with regard regard
CIMO CIMO (New (New Delhi, Delhi, 196:2) 196:2) but but the the com
the the
various various
results results
obtained obtained by by other other
provisionally provisionally at at the the third third session session of of
The The
working working
group group took took into into account account
of of this this terminology terminology had had been been adopted adopted
measuring measuring :26 :26 June June instruments. instruments. 1964. 1964. An An earlier earlier draft draft
the the terminology terminology of of radiation radiation first first session session units units and and in in Geneva Geneva from from to to 22 22
required required for for completing completing Mr. Mr. a a A. A. revision revision W. W. Kabakibo Kabakibo of of (Syria), (Syria), held held its its
Most Most of of the the time time Climatology, Climatology, available available was was under under the the chairmanship chairmanship of of
logical logical Networks Networks of of the the Commission Commission for for
by by the the chairman, chairman, Dr. Dr. A. A. L. L. Ramdas. Ramdas. The The Working Working Group Group on on Climato
was was to to paid paid the the J. J. late late Dr. Dr. P. P. Funk Funk
CLIMATOLOGY CLIMATOLOGY At At the the opening opening meeting meeting a a tribute tribute
Symposium Symposium on on Atmospheric Atmospheric Radiation. Radiation.
August August 1964 1964 in in conjunction conjunction with with the the
seminar. seminar.
held held its its first first session session in in Leningrad Leningrad in in
practices practices
will will also also be be given given during during the the ation ation Instruments Instruments and and Observations Observations
trations trations
of of agroclimatic agroclimatic analyses analyses and and The The Working Working Group Group on on Special Special Radi
logical logical forecasting. forecasting. Practical Practical demons
Special Special radiation radiation instruments instruments
to to micrometeorology micrometeorology and and agrometeoro
logical logical methods, methods, with with special special OF OF reference reference OBSERVATION OBSERVATION
agricultural agricultural production production INSTRUMENTS INSTRUMENTS ; ; agrometeoro AND AND METHODS METHODS
cal cal methods, methods, with with special special reference reference to to
ecoclimatic ecoclimatic questions: questions: agroclimatologi
in in the the next next issue issue of of the the observation observation Bulletin. Bulletin. methods, methods, and and study study of of
A A report report on on this this meeting meeting including including will will be be the the given given use use of of instruments instruments and and
saw, saw, Poland, Poland, on on :29 :29 September September the the following following 1964. 1964. subjects subjects : : basic basic principles, principles,
for for Hydrometeorology Hydrometeorology opened opened The The programme programme in in War includes includes lectures lectures on on
The The second second session session
of of the the Commission Commission
particularly particularly as as applicable applicable in in Africa. Africa.
HYDRO HYDRO METEOROLOGY METEOROLOGY aspects aspects of of agricultural agricultural meteorology, meteorology,
tion tion on on the the theoretical theoretical and and practical practical
from from African African countries countries with with informa
references. references.
Its Its purpose purpose is is to to provide provide participants participants
cance cance
tests, tests, together together
with with a a list list of of from from 13 13 October October to to 3 3 November November 1964. 1964.
review review
of of these these
methods methods
and and
of of signifi by by WMO WMO and and will will take take place place in in Cairo Cairo
ing ing
climatological climatological
series series
and and a a critical critical problems problems of of Africa Africa has has been been organized organized
tions tions
of of
the the
various various methods methods of of analys A A seminar seminar on on the the agrometeorological agrometeorological
which which contains contains a a survey survey of of the the applica
of of reference. reference. AGRICULTURAL AGRICULTURAL There There is is METEOROLOGY METEOROLOGY also also an an annex annex
report report correspond correspond to to the the group's group's terms terms
mission. mission. The The various various sections sections of of the the
amendments. amendments. report report to to the the president president of of the the com
already already been been consulted consulted about about these these ning ning of of 1963, 1963, have have submitted submitted a a draft draft
ICAO ICAO States States and and WMO WMO Members Members have have tions tions which which was was set set up up at at the the begin construction of radiometers. Plans for A. L. Maidens, Mr. V. Marc, Dr. the international comparisons of net L. S. Mathur, Mr. W. F. Staats, pyrradiometers were also reviewed (see Dr. M. S. Sternzat, Mr. F. Woelfle. Their below). Proposals were made for the tasks will include the collection of designation of regional radiation centres information on newly-developed instru in those parts of the world where this ments for meteorological measurements has not already been done ; the basic and an assessment of the capabilities conditions which should be fulfilled by and accuracies to be expected of these these centres were also laid down. instruments. The report of the session will be considered by CIMO at its fourth MARITIME METEOROLOGY session which is scheduled to take place Arising from the report of the presi in Tokyo in November 1965. dent of the Commission for Maritime Comparisons of net pyrradiometers Meteorology, the Executive Committee approved certain changes in the dis Plans have been completed for some tribution of areas of responsibility for international comparisons of net pyr shipping forecasts of Kenya, Mauritius radiometers (formerly called balance and Madagascar. The Executive Com meters) under WMO auspices. Several mittee also discussed the collection, different models of such instruments processing and publication of marine have been designed and some of these climatological data. It had originally are available commercially. The WMO been hoped that these data would all comparisons, which are limited to the be published by one of the responsible Funk, Kew, Schulze and Yanichevsky Members but in view of the difficulties net pyrradiometers, will be carried out encountered the Committee decided to at Aspendale, Hamburg, Leningrad and invite all the responsible Members to Poona. The instruments have been publish at their expense the summaries loaned for this purpose by meteoro for their own areas of responsibility. logical services and institutes in the Several of the Members concerned have countries where they are manufactured. already welcomed this decision. The comparisons are expected to begin later this year and to continue for at Most of the recent efforts of CMM least 12 months. have gone into the preparation of documents for the fourth session of New working group the commission, which is to open in As has already been mentioned (see Geneva on 23 November 1964. By the Bulletin, Vol. XIII, No. r, p. 34) the end of September many of the most president of CIMO decided to establish important documents, including the a Working Group on Instrument Devel report of the president of the com opment. This new group has now been mission and the very substantial reports set up with the following members : of several working groups, had already Dr. M. Yoshitake (chairman), Mr. been distributed.
Collaboration with other international organizations FAO/IUFRO A joint symposium on internationally Research Organizations, was held in dangerous forest diseases and insects, Oxford, England, from 20 to 30 July convened by the Food and Agriculture 1964. This was the first meeting of its Organization of the United Nations kind, and it was attended by repre and the International Union of Forest sentatives from nearly forty countries
22 225 225 sentatives sentatives of of 8 8 international international govern- in in ships ships caused caused lengthy lengthy debate debate because because Safety Safety Committee Committee were were present. present. Repre are are taken. taken. The The subject subject of of automation automation which which are are members members of of the the Maritime Maritime to to the the ship ship unless unless special special precautions precautions April April rg64. rg64. Representatives Representatives of of 14 14 states states they they thereby thereby constitute constitute a a grave grave danger danger quarters quarters in in London London from from to to liable liable to to shift shift in in heavy heavy 20 20 weather weather 24 24 and and nization nization took took place place at at IMCO IMCO Head cular cular ores ores and and concentrates) concentrates) are are very very mental mental Maritime Maritime Consultative Consultative Orga grain grain ; ; the the cargoes cargoes in in question question (parti Safety Safety Committee Committee of of the the Inter-Govern carriage carriage of of bulk bulk cargoes cargoes other other than than The The 8th 8th session session of of the the Maritime Maritime Another Another question question discussed discussed was was the the I I MCO MCO stability stability and and the the action action of of waves. waves. orological orological factors factors affecting affecting a a ship's ship's aerodynamic, aerodynamic, hydrodynamic hydrodynamic and and mete winds. winds. this this document document is is entirely devoted devoted entirely to to distances distances against against the the flow flow of of prevailing prevailing ous ous heeling heeling of of the the ship. ship. An An annex annex to to proved proved to to have have been been carried carried great great cargo cargo or or icing) icing) which which can can cause cause danger another another and and also also that that spores spores had had been been wind, wind, high high waves, waves, moisture-heavy moisture-heavy deck deck lished lished between between one one continent continent and and affected affected by by external external forces forces (e.g. (e.g. gusty gusty transport transport of of moths moths had had been been estab stability stability of of a a ship ship at at sea sea is is very very much much observer observer pointed pointed out out that that long-distance long-distance logy. logy. The The report report emphasizes emphasizes that that of of the the papers papers on on quarantine; quarantine; the the WMO WMO problems problems was was also also related related to to meteoro and and also also as as a a natural natural corollary corollary of of one one mittee mittee on on subdivision subdivision and and stability stability general general discussions discussions of of insect insect questions questions to to have. have. A A report report from from the the subcom of of insects insects and and fungi fungi arose arose both both during during zone zone the the more more free free board board the the ship ship has has The The question question of of transport transport by by winds winds gical gical considerations. considerations. The The rougher rougher the the draughts draughts are are governed governed by by climatolo WMO. WMO. in in which which ships ships can can load load to to various various FAOjiUFRO FAOjiUFRO in in conjunction conjunction with with ficance, ficance, because because the the limits limits of of the the zones zones that that this this section section might might be be drafted drafted by by rules rules are are of of some some meteorological meteorological signi be be in in borne mind, mind, and and it it was was suggested suggested Plimsoll Plimsoll line line in in 1875· 1875· The The loadline loadline gicaljmeteorological gicaljmeteorological background background should should of of ships ships led led to to the the introduction introduction of of the the closest closest examination examination of of the the climatolo valiant valiant efforts efforts against against the the overloading overloading project project is is drafted, drafted, the the need need for for the the inheritance inheritance from from Samuel Samuel Plimsoll Plimsoll whose whose was was pointed pointed out out that that It It when when this this held held in in MarchjApril MarchjApril rg66. rg66. This This is is an an an an international international tree tree disease disease register. register. tional tional Conference Conference on on Loadlines Loadlines to to be be suitable suitable to to particular particular diseases diseases based based on on was was the the preparation preparation for for the the Interna tion" tion" method method for for studying studying the the factors factors One One important important subject subject on on the the agenda agenda conference conference for for an an "appraisal "appraisal predic A A suggestion suggestion was was made made during during the the logical logical significance. significance. items items on on the the agenda agenda had had some some meteoro tional tional forestry forestry research. research. it it is is not not surprising surprising that that many many of of the the services services WMO WMO could could offer offer to to interna plays plays such such a a prominent prominent part part in in this, this, attention attention of of delegates delegates to to the the potential potential maintain maintain safety safety at at sea; sea; as as the the weather weather logists. logists. The The WMO WMO observer observer drew drew the the only only function function is is to to promote promote and and forest forest pathologists pathologists and and forest forest entomo twice twice a a year. year. As As its its name name implies, implies, its its quarantines, quarantines, with with papers papers presented presented by by direction direction of of the the Council, Council, meets meets once once or or were were forest forest diseases, diseases, forest forest insects, insects, and and executive executive body body of of IMCO, IMCO, under under the the The The fields fields covered covered by by the the symposium symposium The The Maritime Maritime Safety Safety Committee, Committee, the the presented presented by by Mr. Mr. G. G. W. W. Hurst. Hurst. by by Commander Commander C.E.N. C.E.N. Frankcom. Frankcom. tional tional organizations organizations ; ; WMO WMO was was re by by observers. observers. WMO WMO was was represented represented were were also also present present from from several several interna mental mental organizations organizations were were represented represented and and from from all all five five continents. continents. Observers Observers mental mental organizations organizations and and 6 6 non-govern 226 226 Bourke Bourke Mr. Mr. data data ocean ocean symposium, symposium, of of this this In In distribution distribution -' -' ing ing geographical geographical forecast and and assessment assessment disease disease Plant Plant the the outlining outlining plan plan a a of of absence absence the the in in that, that, decided decided Committee Committee The The station. station. ; ; speed) speed) wind wind manned manned a a from from be be might might they they matic; matic; horizontal horizontal with with air air of of up-currents up-currents auto be be not not need need transmissions transmissions the the of of speed speed the the combining combining from from arises arises it it of of some some and and meteorological meteorological be be could could ; ; (U.S.A.) (U.S.A.) Schlichting Schlichting E. E. Dr. Dr. by by H. H. station station data data ocean ocean an an from from transmitted transmitted introduced introduced was was be be to to wind", wind", likely likely the the of of data data the the of of elevation elevation some some because because "the "the concept, concept, startling startling rather rather (A (A question, question, this this in in interest interest WMO WMO the the needed. needed. badly badly to to is is referred referred meteorologists meteorologists observer observer of of help help WMO WMO The The ITU. ITU. the the and and plant, plant, the the of of that that as as complex complex as as the the of of conference conference radio radio administrative administrative and and important important as as next next least least the the at at at at is is decision decision atmosphere atmosphere final final a a pending pending the the of of role role The The atmosphere. atmosphere. the the purpose, purpose, this this for for used used be be could could cies cies by by seeds seeds and and pollen pollen spores, spores, of of persal persal frequen mobile mobile maritime maritime the the of of some some dis the the and and etc.) etc.) raindrops, raindrops, of of pact pact solution, solution, interim interim an an as as that, that, mended mended im mechanical mechanical recom had had changes, changes, I963) I963) humidity humidity as as September September (Paris, (Paris, such such factors factors meteorological meteorological of of effect effect the the meteorology meteorology and and oceanography oceanography tions, tions, (including (including release release spore spore of of mechanism mechanism telecommunica on on experts experts of of meeting meeting the the covered covered This This - Aerobiology Aerobiology joint joint The The station. station. data data ocean ocean an an on on data data of of transmission transmission the the for for used used be be to to : : interest interest meteorological meteorological ticular ticular frequencies frequencies the the concerns concerns it it because because par of of were were symposia symposia following following The The interest interest of of also also is is Commission Commission phic phic Oceanogra Intergovernmental Intergovernmental the the of of discussion. discussion. service service data data ocean ocean the the for for requirements requirements for for time time ample ample was was there there ; ; speakers speakers communication communication radio radio of of question question The The invited invited with with symposia symposia in in presented presented were were contributions contributions 8oo 8oo some some and and provided, provided, by by mitted mitted RjT. RjT. were were papers papers of of abstracts abstracts I,IOO I,IOO Over Over trans are are messages messages when when difficulties difficulties Bourke. Bourke. A. A. M. M. P. P. Mr. Mr. by by represented represented 'language 'language overcoming overcoming for for useful useful be be was was WMO WMO persons. persons. 4,ooo 4,ooo nearly nearly should should which which table, table, spelling spelling figure figure a a by by attended attended was was and and year year centenary centenary is is code code this this in in Included Included adoption. adoption. the the marked marked Congress Congress international international for for present present I965 I965 The The in in Assembly Assembly I964. I964. August August I2 I2 to to 3 3 from from Scotland, Scotland, the the to to submitted submitted be be will will code code new new Edinburgh, Edinburgh, in in place place took took Congress Congress this this of of text text revised revised complete complete the the that that Botanical Botanical International International tenth tenth The The hopes hopes Committee Committee Safety Safety Maritime Maritime The The observer. observer. WMO WMO a a of of guidance guidance the the under under CONGRESS CONGRESS BOTANICAL BOTANICAL INTERNATIONAL INTERNATIONAL prepared prepared been been has has which which code code that that of of section section meteorological meteorological considerable considerable the the of of because because WMO WMO to to interest interest some some native. native. of of item item another another was was Signals Signals of of Code Code alter possible possible a a as as - considered considered be be International International the the on on subcommittee subcommittee the the should should service service meteorological meteorological the the into into of of report report The The errors. errors. transmission transmission of of assimilation assimilation its its ashore, ashore, processed processed is is it it elimination elimination consequent consequent and and messages messages until until ships ships merchant merchant to to value value of of be be not not of of transmission transmission the the for for ship ship aboard aboard would would centres centres data data ocean ocean from from tion tion use use possible possible its its and and maps maps ice ice and and maps maps informa meteorological meteorological and and graphical graphical forecast forecast and and analysis analysis of of reception reception hydro the the as as that that suggested suggested was was the the for for facsimile facsimile It It of of value value potential potential basis. basis. permanent permanent a a on on or or interim interim an an the the - automation automation of of fonn fonn specialized specialized on on either either service service this this for for band band mobile mobile rather rather a a mentioned mentioned observer observer WMO WMO maritime maritime the the of of use use the the in in concur concur The The herself. herself. ship ship the the of of safety safety the the not not could could they they day, day, per per transmissions transmissions on on effect effect consequential consequential possible possible with with of of number number and and transmitted transmitted be be to to tion tion ship, ship, a a man man needed needed men men of of number number to to informa of of scope scope type, type, their their stations, stations, the the upon upon automation automation of of effect effect the the of of 227 227 tion tion with with WMO WMO in in many many fields fields of of its its territorial territorial waters waters ; ; collaboration collaboration with with very very anxious anxious to to create create close close co-opera stations stations which which are are situated situated outside outside mission mission it it roe roe appeared appeared that that the the is is the the legal legal status status of of fixed fixed oceanographic oceanographic From From several several discussions discussions in in the the com There There still still remains remains the the question question of of Meteorology. Meteorology. IMCO IMCO proposals. proposals. dent dent of of the the Commission Commission for for Maritime Maritime adoption adoption and and implementation implementation of of the the J. J. Mr. Mr. A. A. van van Duijnen Duijnen Montijn, Montijn, presi roe roe purpose. purpose. has has now now recommended recommended the the WMO WMO was was represented represented by by the the late late adopted adopted recommended recommended practices practices for for this this session session in in Paris from from Paris ro ro to to rg rg June June rg64. rg64. (IMCO) (IMCO) and and the the IMCO IMCO Assembly Assembly has has graphic graphic Commission Commission (IOC) (IOC) held held its its third third Maritime Maritime Consultative Consultative Organization Organization The The Intergovernmental Intergovernmental Oceano studied studied by by the the Inter-Governmental Inter-Governmental prevent prevent difficulties difficulties for for shipping shipping has has been been UNESCO UNESCO (IOC) (IOC) graphic graphic stations stations should should be be marked marked to to The The manner manner in in which which the the oceano the the papers papers presented presented will will be be published. published. questions. questions. Only Only the the abstracts abstracts of of the the majority majority of of convened convened as as necessary necessary to to study study these these Group Group on on Communications Communications will will be be which which spread spread the the disease. disease. with with roe roe other other services. services. The The Working Working number number and and activity activity of of the the insects insects they they will will have have to to be be used used in in conjunction conjunction is is indirect, indirect, and and centres centres mainly mainly on on the the quencies quencies are are available available and and therefore therefore meteorologist, meteorologist, since since the the weather weather factor factor difficulties difficulties because because no no suitable suitable fre eases eases This This - is is a a complex complex field field for for the the these these fixed fixed stations. stations. This This meets meets with with Epidemiology Epidemiology of of vector-borne vector-borne virus virus dis for for the the radio-communications radio-communications with with Water Water balance balance of of plant plant populations populations ; ; of of the the provision provision of of suitable suitable frequencies frequencies variation; variation; Closely Closely related related to to this this is is the the question question vegetation vegetation changes changes with with slow slow climatic climatic This This section section dealt dealt incidentally incidentally with with grammes grammes of of the the commission. commission. Anthropogenic Anthropogenic influences influences in in the the tropics also also the the proposed proposed co-operative co-operative pro into into account account the the existing existing network network and and Plant Plant distribution distribution and and climate climate ; ; work work of of oceanographic oceanographic stations, stations, taking taking disciplines disciplines ; ; tions tions to to prepare prepare a a proposed proposed world world net the the problems problems are are similar similar in in the the two two working working group group from from the the two two organiza direct direct reference reference to to meteorology, meteorology, but but with with a a view view to to forming forming a a combined combined puters puters in in botany botany Here Here - there there was was no no cussions cussions with with the the Secretariat Secretariat of of WMO WMO Data-processing Data-processing and and the the use use of of com roe roe the the secretariat secretariat of of to to hold hold dis temperature, temperature, water water and and radiation; radiation; tion tion has has been been approved approved which which requests requests concerned concerned with with plant plant responses responses to to action action will will be be advantageous. advantageous. A A resolu genesis genesis and and growth growth This This - was was mainly mainly stations stations and and it it is is obvious obvious that that concerted concerted Influence Influence of of environment environment on on morpho a a world-wide world-wide network network of of meteorological meteorological WMO WMO is is also also developing developing a a plan plan Botany Botany for for of of arid arid and and semi-arid semi-arid regions regions ; ; of of plants; plants; been been compiled compiled and and distributed. distributed. Ecological Ecological aspects aspects of of the the water water relations relations Fixed Fixed oceanographic oceanographic stations, stations, I963 I963 have have synthesis; synthesis; rg63 rg63 together together with with a a reference reference booklet booklet under under optimum optimum conditions conditions of of photo maps maps giving giving the the world world distribution distribution in in productivity productivity that that might might be be expected expected ready ready in in existence, existence, as as a a result result of of which which here here was was the the maximum maximum botanical botanical been been held held concerning concerning the the stations stations al Limits Limits of of productivity productivity The The - subject subject stations. stations. As As a a first first step step an an inquiry inquiry has has disease disease forecasting forecasting ; ; being being a a network network of of fixed fixed oceanographic oceanographic tion tion of of modern modern meteorology meteorology to to plant plant roe roe the the intention intention of of the the to to bring bring into into contributed contributed a a paper paper on on the the contribu activities. activities. The The most most important important one one is is WMO will be sought on this question requested that UNESCO and IOC also. be informed of the existence of facilities for meteorological services to issue At its second session the IOC decided warnings and of the use which might to have prepared, in consultation with be made in many cases of these facilities WMO, a general scientific framework for warnings of seismic sea-waves. for the comprehensive study of the world ocean to serve as a basis for The IOC decided that a meeting, to developing various national, regional, which all member states in the and world - wide international pro roe Pacific and also WMO would be invited, grammes for ocean investigations. Two should be convened, preferably in studies were submitted to the third Honolulu in early 1965, for discussion session but WMO had not then been with a view to securing the best pos consulted. It was decided that WMO sible international co-operation in all should be asked to provide comments phases of the tsunami warning system. and suggestions for improvement of the present draft documents and to During the session a special meeting make proposals for such additional was held of the co-ordinating group of scientific discussions and research the International Co-operative Investi programmes as are considered desirable. gation of the Tropical Atlantic. The WMO will be invited to give special WMO representative attended this attention to studies of ocean-wide and meeting also and noted that next to world-wide interrelations between the their oceanographic tasks the research sea and the atmosphere. vessels also pay due attention to the Another question for which the meteorological observations forwarded assistance of WMO would be welcomed as ships' weather reports to a coastal is that of the tsunami warning system. station for dissemination in the The WMO Executive Committee has meteorological networks. MEMBERSHIP OF WMO Kenya gave notice of the application of the On 2 June 1964 the Government of Convention to Southern Rhodesia as a Kenya deposited an instrument of ac separate Member of the Organization. cession to the World Meteorological Southern Rhodesia thus became a Convention with the Department of Member territory of WMO on rr August State in Washington. Kenya thus be 1964. came a Member State of WMO on The total Membership of WMO is 2 July 1964. 124 : II2 States and 12 Territories. Southern Rhodesia Bahamas On rr August 1964 the Department The Government of the United King of State in Washington was notified by dom has notified the Department of the Government of the United King State in Washington on 9 July 1964 dom of the dissolution on r January that the Bahamas have withdrawn 1964 of the Federation of Rhodesia and from the WMO Member known as Nyasaland. At the same time, and in British Caribbean Territories and British accordance with Article 3 (d) of the Guiana and in future will be included World Meteorological Convention, the in the Membership of the United King Government of the United Kingdom dom. 228 Obituary Dr. D. T. E. DASSANA YAI Dr. J. P. Funk of Philosophy from the University of Vienna in rg56 with a thesis on The Dr. D. T. E. Dassanayake influence of the polarization of skylight rg24 and became superintendent in upon the reflection from water surfaces. I939· When the Observatory became Emigrating to Australia, he was ap a separate department- the Ceylon pointed in I957 to the Division of Department of Meteorology- in rg48, Meteorological Physics, Commonwealth he became its first director. During Scientific and Industrial Research his tenure of office he commenced Organization. Here he specialized in training schemes for the forecasters at radiation and published numerous the Air Ministry Training School in papers covering theoretical, observa England, and started radiosonde and tional and instrumental aspects of the radarwind observations at Colombo. subject, becoming widely known for He also saw the construction of new the net radiometer which bears his administrative headquarters at Colom name. He became ill on a journey to bo for the Service. He represented Munich, where he was to work tempor Ceylon at the WMO Congress at Geneva arily as Visiting Professor, and on in I955· Dr. Dassanayake retired in arrival underwent an operation from rg58 at the age of sixty. He had which he did not recover. varied interests, notably photography, He was an active member of the music and painting. CIMO Working Group on Special L.A.D.I. EKANAYAKE Radiation Instruments and Observa- 229 tions. A man of fast-growing reputa Dr. Evseev participated actively tion and great enthusiasm, full of in the work of the World Meteoro plans for the future, his loss will be logical Organization as member of the sorely felt by his many friends and Organization's Commission for Clima colleagues. He leaves a wife to whom tology and of the Advisory Committee. we extend our deepest sympathy. He was also a member of the former C.H.B. PRIESTLEY Working Group on the International Geophysical Year. Many meteorologists who know Dr. Dr. P. K. EVSEEV Evseev will long remember this talented On :20 June rg64, Petr Karpovic scientist, an excellent worker and a Evseev, director of the World Meteoro man of great personal charm. logical Centre in Moscow, died after a long illness. J. A. VAN DUIJNEN MONTIJN Dr. Evseev was born in rgrr. A man of inexhaustible energy, who devoted In the early morning of :29 August all his life to meteorology, he was an rg64, Mr. J. A. van Duijnen Montijn, director of the Division of Oceano graphy and Maritime Meteorology of the Koninklijk Nederlands Meteoro logisch Instituut at DeBilt and president of the Commission for Maritime Meteo rology of the World Meteorological Organization, died suddenly at his home in Utrecht. Only a few days earlier he had visited WMO head quarters in Geneva to discuss the final preparations for the forthcoming ses sion of CMM and the day before he had attended meetings at De Bilt. With the death of Mr. Montijn, the KNMI, the WMO and indeed the whole world of maritime meteorology suffer a severe blow. He was by early Dr. P. K. Evseev training a man of the sea and the oceans ; he was also an experienced outstanding organizer and distinguished meteorologist with strong ideas about scholar. For many years he served the necessity of international co-opera Service with the Hydrometeorological tion and a unified global system of of the U.S.S.R. in responsible posts observations at sea, the mutual ex first as deputy director of the Central change of data, the world-wide organi Forecasting Institute, then as director zation of data-processing and the of the Research Institute for Aero design of climatological charts and nautical Climatology. During the last atlases of the oceans. few years, Dr. Evseev devoted much energy, as director of the World Born on 31 January r8gg, he Meteorological Centre, to the develop followed his vocation to the sea and ment and practical utilization of the became an officer of the Royal Nether most advanced methods of investigat lands Navy. Having attained the rank ing atmospheric processes, and espe of Lt. Commander he had to retire cially hydrodynamic numerical me owing to a severe illness, from which he thods of weather forecasting. nevertheless made a complete recovery. 230 231 231 discussed discussed include: include: objectives objectives of of hydro- experts experts will will be be preparing preparing heynote heynote of of network network adequacy. adequacy. Topics Topics to to be be Many Many of of the the world's world's outstanding outstanding adoption adoption of of techniques techniques for for assessment assessment tries tries with with well-developed well-developed networks networks in in services. services. efforts efforts expended, expended, and and to to assist assist coun regions; regions; organization organization of of data data gathering gathering maximum maximum results results for for the the funds funds and and humid humid tropics, tropics, polar polar and and mountainous mountainous flow, flow, precipitation, precipitation, etc. etc. to to achieve achieve cial cial problem problem areas areas such such as as arid arid zones, zones, just just developing developing networks networks for for stream co-ordinated co-ordinated network network planning planning ; ; spe planned planned to to assist assist countries countries which which work work are are design design for for each each of of these these factors factors ; ; to to June June 22 22 I965. I965. This This symposium symposium is is effects effects of of new new instrumentation instrumentation on on net sity, sity, Quebec Quebec City, City, Canada, Canada, from from I5 I5 water, water, soil soil moisture moisture and and evaporation; evaporation; (lASH), (lASH), will will be be held held at at Laval Laval Univer chemistry, chemistry, sediment sediment transport, transport, ground Association Association of of Scientific Scientific Hydrology Hydrology stream:fiow, stream:fiow, water water temperature, temperature, water water jointly jointly by by WMO WMO and and the the International International tion, tion, snow snow cover, cover, water water levels levels and and meteorological meteorological Networks, Networks, sponsored sponsored ciples ciples of of network network design design for for precipita A A Symposium Symposium on on Design Design of of Hydro meteorological meteorological networks networks ; ; basic basic prin HYDROMETEOROLOGICAL HYDROMETEOROLOGICAL NETWORKS NETWORKS SYMPOSIUM SYMPOSIUM ON ON DESIGN DESIGN OF OF News News and and notes notes users. users. maritime maritime meteorology. meteorology. account account of of the the needs needs of of the the various various ted ted and and able able promoters promoters and and servants servants of of of of the the Atlantic Atlantic Ocean, Ocean, taking taking special special have have indeed indeed one one lost of of the the most most devo He He initiated initiated a a plan plan for for a a revised revised atlas atlas and and straightforward straightforward personality. personality. We We detailed detailed studies studies of of tropical tropical cyclones. cyclones. leadership, leadership, and and the the charm charm of of his his frank frank were were issued issued by by KNMI KNMI and and he he made made discussion, discussion, his his impartial impartial and and objective objective Sea, Sea, Indian Indian Ocean, Ocean, Mediterranean) Mediterranean) knowledge knowledge of of the the problems problems under under the the session session will will sadly sadly miss miss his his profound profound J. J. Mr. Mr. A. A. van van Duijnen Duijnen Montijn Montijn sion sion (see (see p. p. those those 224) 224) ; ; present present at at in in the the preparations preparations for for the the fourth fourth ses sident sident of of CMM CMM and and took took a a major major part part Mr. Mr. Montijn Montijn was was a a very very active active pre climatological climatological summaries. summaries. the the preparation preparation and and publication publication of of bers bers should should assume assume responsibility responsibility for for the the oceans oceans into into areas areas for for which which Mem and and to to the the problem problem of of the the division division of of ment ment of of the the international international punch-card punch-card valuable valuable contributions contributions to to the the develop mention mention must must be be made made of of his his very very the the Executive Executive Committee. Committee. Particular Particular of of several several working working groups groups of of CMM CMM and and in in Ig6o. Ig6o. He He was was also also an an active active member member elected elected president president of of CMM CMM at at Utrecht Utrecht ship ship several several climatological climatological atlases atlases (Red (Red sessions sessions of of the the Commission Commission and and was was he he became became director. director. Under Under his his leader I95I. I95I. He He attended attended the the first first three three sion sion of of Maritime Maritime Meteorology Meteorology ; ; in in Ig56 Ig56 tioned tioned his his membership membership of of CMM CMM since since became became assistant-director assistant-director in in the the Divi ternational ternational activities activities may may be be men In In I935 I935 he he joined joined KNMI KNMI and and soon soon Among Among Mr. Mr. Montijn's Montijn's extensive extensive in 232 232 Warsaw. Warsaw. of of University University the the in in Climatology Climatology Organiz- Japanese Japanese the the of of chairman chairman ama, ama, of of Department Department the the of of head head Okolowicz, Okolowicz, W. W. Hatakey Dr. Dr. to to sent sent be be should should ence ence Professor Professor by by provided provided information information detailed detailed confer the the concerning concerning inquiries inquiries All All more more on on based based is is * * account account short short This This modification. modification. to to leading leading physics physics and and mathematics mathematics weather weather and and chemistry chemistry air air electricity, electricity, of of faculty faculty the the in in course course five-year five-year a a of of atmospheric atmospheric meteorology, meteorology, radar radar : : fields fields consists consists Warsaw Warsaw of of University University the the in in following following the the in in physics physics cloud cloud to to ed ed meteorologists meteorologists of of training training formal formal The The relat closely closely subjects subjects ; ; dynamics dynamics cloud cloud ; ; nucleation nucleation ice ice and and condensation condensation of of sics sics WARSAW* WARSAW* OF OF UNIVERSITY UNIVERSITY phy ; ; physics physics precipitation precipitation : : subjects subjects THE THE IN IN TRAINING TRAINING METEOROLOGICAL METEOROLOGICAL following following the the include include will will session session tific tific scien Tokyo Tokyo the the of of programme programme The The (secretary). (secretary). rado rado participate. participate. Colo Boulder, Boulder, Research, Research, Atmospheric Atmospheric to to invited invited are are WMO WMO of of Members Members All All for for Center Center National National Martell, Martell, E.A. E.A. Dr. Dr. and and (vice-president), (vice-president), Instituut Instituut logisch logisch physics. physics. precipitation precipitation Meteoro Nederlands Nederlands Koninklijk Koninklijk the the of of on on seminar seminar Sapporo- 1965: 1965: June June r r Bleeker Bleeker W. W. Dr. Dr. Professor Professor (president), (president), University. University. Hokkaido Hokkaido to to visit visit and and Sapporo Sapporo Stockholm Stockholm of of University University the the of of Bolin Bolin to to Tokyo Tokyo from from Flight Flight : : 1965 1965 May May 31 31 B. B. R. R. Professor Professor are are 1963), 1963), California California activity. activity. scientific scientific (Berkeley, (Berkeley, IUGG IUGG the the of of Assembly Assembly extra and and Excursions Excursions : : 1965 1965 May May 29-30 29-30 General General th th XIII XIII the the during during elected elected sion. sion. ses scientific scientific Tokyo- : : rg65 rg65 May May 24-28 24-28 commission, commission, the the of of officers officers New New : : follows follows as as are are dates dates symposium. symposium. the the for for The The Japan. Japan. Sapporo, Sapporo, and and Tokyo Tokyo host host be be will will Stockholm, Stockholm, of of University University in in to to held held be be Physics Physics Cloud Cloud on on ference ference Meteorology, Meteorology, of of Institute Institute The The rg65. rg65. Con International International the the sponsoring sponsoring ly ly August August in in Sweden, Sweden, Stockholm, Stockholm, at at held held joint are are Agency, Agency, Meteorological Meteorological Japan Japan to to be be radioactivity, radioactivity, and and gases gases trace trace the the of of support support the the with with Japan, Japan, of of aerosols, aerosols, atmospheric atmospheric on on symposium symposium Society Society Meteorological Meteorological the the and and Japan Japan of of comprehensive comprehensive another another arranging arranging is is Council Council Science Science the the WMO, WMO, IAMAP, IAMAP, of of commission commission This This 213). 213). p. p. 4, 4, No. No. XI, XI, Modification Modification Weather Weather and and Physics Physics Vol. Vol. Bulletin, Bulletin, (see (see IAMAP IAMAP of of activity activity Cloud Cloud for for Committee Committee hoc hoc ad ad The The Radio and and Chemistry Chemistry Atmospheric Atmospheric on on Commission Commission the the and and WMO WMO of of pices pices CONFERENCE CONFERENCE PHYSICS PHYSICS CLOUD CLOUD aus the the under under rg62, rg62, August August in in lands, lands, Nether Utrecht, Utrecht, at at held held was was posium posium sym The The rg63. rg63. July July dated dated Research Research I I Canada. Canada. Geophysical Geophysical of of Journal Journal the the of of issue issue City, City, Quebec Quebec Resources, Resources, Natural Natural of of the the in in reported reported been been have have Atmosphere Atmosphere Department Department Quebec Quebec Services, Services, logical logical the the in in Radioactivity Radioactivity Artificial Artificial and and Hydro of of Director Director Slivitzky, Slivitzky, M. M. Mr. Mr. Natural Natural and and Gases Gases Trace Trace on on Symposium Symposium from from or or Secretariat Secretariat WMO WMO the the from from International International the the of of proceedings proceedings The The obtained obtained be be can can information information tailed tailed de more more and and forms forms Pre-registration Pre-registration {IAMAP) {IAMAP) RADIOACTIVITY RADIOACTIVITY AND AND CHEMISTRY CHEMISTRY available. available. be be will will campus campus University University ATMOSPHERIC ATMOSPHERIC ON ON COMMISSION COMMISSION Laval Laval the the on on residences residences students' students' new new in in accommodation accommodation priced priced Low Low 1964. 1964. October October 31 31 discussion. discussion. free free for for given given opportunity opportunity by by Hatakeyama Hatakeyama Dr. Dr. to to ample ample participation participation and and encouraged encouraged be be will will papers papers their their of of notification notification send send to to asked asked Discussion Discussion delegates. delegates. pre-registered pre-registered are are Participants Participants Tokyo. Tokyo. Chiyoda-ku, Chiyoda-ku, all all to to conference conference the the of of advance advance in in Ote-Machi, Ote-Machi, Agency, Agency, Meteorological Meteorological ese ese French) French) or or English English (in (in distributed distributed be be apan Director-General,J Director-General,J ingCommittee, ingCommittee, will will which which subjects, subjects, these these on on papers papers 233 233 the the influence influence of of relief relief or or of of drainage drainage orology orology and and Operations Operations Divisions Divisions of of local local climate climate of of special special regions regions the the and and simultaneous simultaneous of of meeting meeting of of the the Mete Poland. Poland. Studies Studies are are also also made made ment ment of of the the the the recommendations recommendations made made by by phic phic section section of of the the National National Atlas Atlas of of ments ments made made so so far far in in India India to to imple by by the the Department Department for for the the physiogra The The meeting meeting reviewed reviewed the the arrange climatological climatological maps maps have have been been prepared prepared Department Department and and Indian Indian Air Air Force. Force. University. University. For For instance, instance, more more 50 50 than than logical logical Department, Department, Civil Civil Aviation Aviation the the Department Department of of Climatology Climatology of of the the and and by by officials officials of of the the India India Meteoro of of the the current current research research programme programme of of through through India, India, of of ICAO ICAO and and lATA, lATA, interested interested institution, institution, or or may may be be part part of of nine nine international international airlines airlines operating operating undertaken undertaken at at the the request request of of an an I964, I964, was was attended attended by by representatives representatives These These research research projects projects may may be be partment partment at at Bombay Bombay on on I6and I6and IJ IJ April April vened vened by by the the India India Meteorological Meteorological De research research project. project. Aircraft Aircraft Operations Operations over over India, India, con sentation sentation of of a a thesis thesis on on some some specific specific logical logical Consultative Consultative Conference Conference for for Jet Jet syllabus syllabus in in climatology climatology and and the the pre The The third third meeting meeting of of the the Meteoro fourth fourth years years include include a a specialized specialized JET JET AIRCRAFT AIRCRAFT OPERATIONS OPERATIONS practical practical OVER OVER INDIA INDIA meteorology. meteorology. The The third third and and with with the the addition addition of of physics physics and and of of biology biology and and the the earth earth sciences, sciences, guidance guidance of of experienced experienced meteorologists. meteorologists. course course in in geography geography in in the the faculty faculty two-weeks two-weeks field field practice practice under under the the climatology climatology follows follows the the three-year three-year summer summer vacation vacation for for the the compulsory compulsory The The student student wishing wishing to to specialize specialize in in as as air air pollution. pollution. Camps Camps are are run run in in the the the the urban urban climate climate and and problems problems such such sphere. sphere. station station in in Warsaw Warsaw for for the the study study of of syllabus syllabus in in the the physics physics of of the the atmo and and also also runs runs its its own own meteorological meteorological years years are are devoted devoted to to a a specialized specialized tion tion stations, stations, mainly mainly during during the the summer, summer, in in the the University University of of Warsaw Warsaw Department Department of of Climatology Climatology Okolowicz, Okolowicz, head head of of the the Davies Davies (left) (left) with with Dr. Dr. W. W. Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland: Poland: Mr. Mr. D. D. A. A. geophysics geophysics students. students. The The :final :final two two mentary mentary network network of of temporary temporary observa- physical physical sciences, sciences, in in common common with with all all The The Department Department organizes organizes a a supple matics, matics, physics physics and and the the basic basic geo years' years' studies studies include include general general mathe meteorological elements. elements. meteorological a a master's master's degree. degree. The The :first :first three three basins basins on on the the distribution distribution of of certain certain 234 234 from from came came Six Six participants. participants. Obidos Obidos to to time time mouth) mouth) the the (at (at Belem Belem from from part 10 10 and and full-time full-time 25 25 were were There There made made were were observations observations and and November) November) and and (July (July river river the the of of stages stages low low Miami. Miami. in in and and high high the the with with coincide coincide to to phases phases Center Center Hurricane Hurricane National National the the from from two two in in out out carried carried was was survey survey The The personnel personnel Bureau Bureau Weather Weather U.S. U.S. by by second. second. per per given given were were lectures lectures Single Single Angeles. Angeles. Los Los m3 m3 20o,ooo 20o,ooo than than more more 1963 1963 in in discharge discharge at at California California of of University University Malkus, Malkus, average average its its and and Mississippi Mississippi the the of of that that S. S. oanne oanne J J Professor Professor and and University University times times 12 12 be be to to found found was was Amazon Amazon State State Colorado Colorado Riehl, Riehl, Herbert Herbert fessor fessor the the of of discharge discharge the the ; ; underestimated underestimated Pro Laboratory, Laboratory, Research Research Hurricane Hurricane greatly greatly been been had had parameters parameters these these National National Rosenthal, Rosenthal, Stanley Stanley L. L. Dr. Dr. of of many many that that revealed revealed have have ments ments by by given given were were lectures lectures special special of of Measure data. data. other other and and racteristics racteristics Series Series University. University. State State Florida Florida of of dan dan cha physical physical composition, composition, chemical chemical its its Jor C. C. and and L. L. LaSeur LaSeur E. E. N. N. Professors Professors discharge, discharge, Amazon's Amazon's the the in in information information by by conducted conducted were were tropics tropics the the in in basic basic assembled assembled time time first first the the for for analysis analysis synoptic synoptic and and hurricanes hurricanes with with has has Navy, Navy, Brazilian Brazilian the the of of assistance assistance dealing dealing courses courses level level graduate graduate Two Two the the with with team team Survey Survey Geological Geological U.S. U.S. Laboratory. Laboratory. Research Research cane cane a a by by 1963 1963 in in out out carried carried basin, basin, river river Hurri National National the the by by collected collected data data Amazon Amazon the the of of survey survey hydrological hydrological A A from from primarily primarily years, years, recent recent in in made made been been have have which which hurricanes hurricanes of of ledge ledge AMAZON AMAZON know our our in in advances advances important important the the THE THE OF OF SURVEY SURVEY HYDROLOGICAL HYDROLOGICAL summarizing summarizing at at aimed aimed was was seminar seminar The The Studies. Studies. University University Continuing Continuing for for Institute Institute Florida Florida the the and and Bureau Bureau aircraft. aircraft. transport transport supersonic supersonic to to Weather Weather U.S. U.S. the the Foundation, Foundation, Science Science service service for for observations observations of of programme programme National National the the of of support support the the intensified intensified with with an an for for Department Department logical logical University University State State Florida Florida by by Florida, Florida, Meteoro India India the the of of plans plans the the noted noted Miami, Miami, in in Bureau Bureau Weather Weather and and U.S. U.S. the the services services meteorological meteorological in-flight in-flight at at 1964 1964 August August 14 14 to to July July 6 6 from from and and pre-flight pre-flight of of and and airports airports national national conducted conducted was was Hurricanes Hurricanes on on inter at at nar nar instruments instruments meteorological meteorological of of Semi Science Science Advanced Advanced six-week six-week A A improvement improvement the the for for recommendations recommendations of of number number a a made made meeting meeting The The HURRICANES HURRICANES ON ON data. data. meteorological meteorological of of SEMINAR SEMINAR SCIENCE SCIENCE ADVANCED ADVANCED processing processing electronic electronic for for and and satellites, satellites, meteorological meteorological from from Transmissions Transmissions Picture Picture Automatic Automatic of of reception reception for for system. system. facilities facilities has has Bombay Bombay at at Centre Centre logical logical river river vast vast this this by by sediment sediment and and salts salts Meteoro International International The The Delhi. Delhi. of of deposition deposition and and transport transport the the ing ing New New at at centre centre analysis analysis hemisphere hemisphere concern information information useful useful produce produce northern northern a a and and airports airports Calcutta Calcutta and and will will studies studies further further that that hoped hoped is is It It Bombay Bombay at at operation operation in in now now are are tres tres cen prognostic prognostic and and analysis analysis Extended Extended depth. depth. its its throughout throughout radars. radars. detection detection storm storm of of installation installation temperature temperature constant constant a a maintained maintained the the and and airfields airfields on on use use for for instruments instruments turbulence turbulence by by mixing mixing that that showed showed special special of of installation installation and and development development profiles profiles temperature temperature and and 30°C 30°C about about the the in in made made been been had had progress progress ence, ence, was was temperature temperature water water average average The The confer the the of of meeting meeting last last the the Since Since metres. metres. 100 100 exceed exceed to to found found was was river river the the of of depth depth the the Obidos Obidos from from 1964). 1964). downstream downstream ary-February ary-February places places several several In In upstream). upstream). anu km km J J (1,400 (1,400 (Paris, (Paris, Meteorology Meteorology Aeronautical Aeronautical Manaus Manaus and and upstream) upstream) km km (8oo (8oo for for Commission Commission WMO WMO the the and and ICAO ICAO 235 235 ministration, ministration, the the National National Office Office for for full full participation participation in in the the growing growing cur- Modernization, Modernization, the the State State Lands Lands Ad of of a a technical technical committee, committee, and and Morocco's Morocco's gation, gation, the the National National Office Office for for Rural Rural logical logical committee committee to to act act on on the the advice advice Research, Research, the the National National Office Office for for Irri the the creation creation of of a a national national meteoro National National Institute Institute for for Agronomical Agronomical the the National National Meteorological Meteorological Service, Service, the the Shereefian Shereefian Scientific Scientific Institute, Institute, the the standard standard observation observation networks networks under under physical physical and and Meteorological Meteorological Service Service of of the the unification unification and and development development of of the the Service Service of of the the Air Air Ministry, Ministry, the the Geo Moroccan Moroccan Government. Government. They They concern concern cerned cerned are are the the National National Meteorological Meteorological commendations commendations for for the the attention attention of of the the hydrometeorology. hydrometeorology. The The bodies bodies con The The conference conference made made six six main main re of of climatology, climatology, agrometeorology agrometeorology and and the the good good of of the the Morocco Morocco national national of of economy. economy. various various bodies bodies in in the the fields fields ment ment from from of of the the a a Moroccan Moroccan meteorological meteorological meteorology meteorology activities activities for for in in interests interests of of the the study study harmonious harmonious problems problems develop of of co-ordination co-ordination arising arising affecting affecting meteorology meteorology the the bodies bodies expert expert in in concerned concerned Morocco, Morocco, was was in in the the to to and and long-term long-term co-ordination co-ordination Professor Professor E. E. A. A. problems problems Bernard, Bernard, WMO WMO agro The The conference conference which which also also was was studied studied convened convened short on on the the advice advice of of The The main main purpose purpose of of the the conference, conference, accordingly. accordingly. search. search. these these requirements requirements were were worked worked out out tional tional Institute Institute for for Agronomical Agronomical Re term. term. The The means means necessary necessary for for meeting meeting Director-General Director-General of of the the Moroccan Moroccan N N a -immediate, -immediate, short-term short-term and and long expert expert Dr. Dr. E. E. A. A. Bernard, Bernard, WMO WMO sentative sentative of of WMO, WMO, and and Mekouar, Mekouar, permanent permanent repre tive tive of of the the UNTAB, UNTAB, Mr. Mr. M. M. wicz, wicz, resident resident representa Works, Works, Mr. Mr. K. K. Kraczkie hima, hima, Minister Minister of of Public Public for for Agriculture, Agriculture, Dr. Dr. M. M. Ben Under-Secretary Under-Secretary of of State State right right : : Mr. Mr. N. N. El El Ghorfi, Ghorfi, on on meteorology. meteorology. Left Left to to meeting meeting of of the the conference conference Rabat, Rabat, Morocco Morocco : : Opening Opening Secretary Secretary of of State State for for Agriculture Agriculture and and development development planning planning into into three three groups groups chairmanship chairmanship of of Mr. Mr. El El Ghorfi, Ghorfi, Under order order of of priority priority within within the the national national on on 23, 23, 24 24 and and 25 25 June June 1964 1964 under under the the to to be be met, met, classifying classifying them them in in the the Moroccan Moroccan Government, Government, met met in in Rabat, Rabat, then then identifted identifted It It the the requirements requirements Minister Minister of of Public Public Works Works of of the the action action and and the the knowledge knowledge acquired. acquired. on on the the initiative initiative of of Dr. Dr. Benhima, Benhima, progress, progress, the the means means available available for for future future A A conference conference on on meteorology, meteorology, called called The The conference conference reviewed reviewed the the work work in in METEOROLOGY METEOROLOGY attended attended by by some some fifty fifty participants. participants. MOROCCAN MOROCCAN CONFERENCE CONFERENCE ON ON sent sent at at the the conference conference which which was was various various Ministries Ministries concerned concerned were were pre nesia, nesia, Mexico Mexico and and Trinidad. Trinidad. Cabinet, Cabinet, the the Prime Prime Minister Minister and and the the Philippines Philippines and and one one each each from from Indo stitute. stitute. Representatives Representatives of of the the Royal Royal outside outside the the U.S.- three three from from the the Electricity Electricity and and the the Sea-Fisheries Sea-Fisheries In 236 236 as as well well as as WMO WMO of of auspices auspices the the under under head head years years of of number number a a for for previously previously held held meetings meetings international international various various and and Leningrad Leningrad in in Institute Institute logical logical in in participated participated has has and and 1953 1953 in in lic lic Hydrometeoro the the at at professor professor years years Repub Arab Arab United United the the of of Department Department several several for for was was he he Institute Institute the the joining joining Meteorological Meteorological the the entered entered Elamly Elamly Mr. Mr. Before Before expeditions. expeditions. Antarctic Antarctic Soviet Soviet 1964. 1964. September September in in capacity capacity this this in in work work the the of of some some in in participated participated himself himself his his began began Republic Republic Arab Arab United United the the of of also also has has He He forecasting. forecasting. long-term long-term Elamly Elamly M. M. Abdelkader Abdelkader Mr. Mr. Secretariat. Secretariat. and and circulation circulation general general the the of of problems problems the the in in appointed appointed been been has has affairs affairs in in work work research research guiding guiding in in as as well well as as African African of of charge charge in in officer officer technical technical meteorology meteorology Antarctic Antarctic in in programme programme a a Africa, Africa, in in meteorology meteorology of of field field Soviet Soviet the the of of execution execution and and planning planning the the in in problems problems special special the the to to attention attention the the in in mainly mainly engaged engaged been been has he he city city give give to to order order in in post post new new a a create create to to capa this this In In meteorology. meteorology. Antarctic Antarctic on on Congress Congress of of decision decision a a of of pursuance pursuance In In section section the the of of supervisor supervisor as as Leningrad Leningrad in in Institute Institute Research Research Polar Polar the the at at working working Secretariat. Secretariat. the the in in ment ment been been years years recent recent in in has has Astapenko Astapenko Dr. Dr. appoint his his of of time time the the at at post post latter latter duties. duties. his his up up take take to to 1964 1964 October October this this holding holding was was He He 196r. 196r. in in director director in in Secretariat Secretariat the the in in arriving arriving be be and and 1958, 1958, in in Asheville, Asheville, Center, Center, Records Records will will who who Astapenko Astapenko Dmitrievic Dmitrievic Pavel Pavel Weather Weather National National the the of of director director Professor Professor by by filled filled being being is is General General deputy deputy became became and and 1948 1948 in in Bureau Bureau Secretary Assistant Assistant of of post post new new The The Weather Weather States States United United the the joined joined place. place. taken taken have have staff staff in in changes changes Barger Barger Dr. Dr. 1964. 1964. August August in in duties duties his his further further some some rr9). rr9). then then Since Since p. p. No. No. 2, 2, up up took took Unit, Unit, Planning Planning newly-formed newly-formed XIII, XIII, Vol. Vol. (see (see Bulletin Bulletin the the of of issue issue the the of of chief chief of of post post the the to to appointed appointed earlier earlier an an in in reported reported were were Congress Congress been been has has who who Barger, Barger, Gerald Gerald Dr. Dr. L. L. Fourth Fourth by by approved approved Secretariat Secretariat the the of of Moscow. Moscow. structure structure revised revised the the of of result result a a as as 1964 1964 in in airport airport central central the the at at office office logical logical of of beginning beginning the the in in Secretariat Secretariat the the in in meteoro the the in in section section synoptic the the of of made made appointments appointments new new the the of of Some Some CHANGES CHANGES STAFF STAFF Secretariat Secretariat WMO WMO the the from from News News well. well. sur- earth's earth's the the of of portion portion each each views views working working be be to to reported reported is is equipment equipment times. times. all all at at It It earth earth the the face face sensors sensors (APT) (APT) transmission transmission picture picture automatic automatic its its and and orbit orbit polar polar a a describes describes Nimbus Nimbus 134), 134), p. p. 3, 3, No. No. The The XIII, XIII, feature. feature. (Vol. (Vol. Bulletin Bulletin new new another another are are ment, ment, equip infra-red infra-red with with obtained obtained pictures, pictures, the the of of issue issue previous previous the the in in reported reported As As cloud cloud Night-time Night-time resolution. resolution. better better world. world. meteorological meteorological the the in in interest interest have have pictures pictures cloud cloud the the and and coverage coverage great great to to rise rise given given has has coast, coast, California California wider wider give give the the cameras cameras from from Nimbus Nimbus 1964, 1964, the the August August ticular ticular 28 28 on on Nimbus Nimbus par In In series. series. current current the the from from satellite satellite research research meteorological meteorological .S. .S. U U TIROS TIROS received received that that on on improvement improvement marked marked first first the the of of launching launching successful successful The The a a is is received received information being being information The The ORBIT ORBIT POLAR POLAR INTO INTO GOES GOES NIMBUS NIMBUS error. error. in in minutes minutes few few a a only only is is it it noon, noon, at at equator equator the the cross cross to to Decade. Decade. Hydrological Hydrological tional tional Designed Designed orbit. orbit. satellite's satellite's the the within within Interna the the in in particular, particular, in in and, and, tion tion rotates rotates globe globe the the as as co-opera daily daily twice twice meteorological meteorological face face world world of of rent rent 237 237 welcome welcome to to the the new new staff staff members members ; ; best best subscriber subscriber will will be be in in possession possession of of a a The The Secretariat Secretariat extends extends a a hearty hearty twelve twelve months. months. In In this this way way the the to to be be made made during during the the preceding preceding Secretariat. Secretariat. which which manuscript manuscript changes changes have have had had at at the the time time of of his his appointment appointment in in the the of of each each year year to to replace replace all all those those on on tute tute in in 1962 1962 and and was was holding holding this this post post pages pages will will be be issued issued at at the the beginning beginning range range forecasting forecasting section section of of the the Insti service service will will be be maintained maintained but but new new He He became became the the head head of of the the medium medium introduced. introduced. The The quarterly quarterly supplement supplement the the aeronautical aeronautical section section of of the the Institute. Institute. loose-leaf loose-leaf binding binding system system has has also also been been sequently sequently as as assistant assistant to to the the head head of of a a single single stiff stiff cover. cover. A A simplified simplified and and worked worked as as a a forecaster forecaster and and sub complete complete volume volume can can be be contained contained in in Mr. Mr. Morales Morales joined joined the the Institute Institute in in 1949 1949 appears appears on on the the same same page page and and the the will will take take up up his his duties duties in in October October 1964. 1964. information information for for each each station station now now logical logical and and Hydrological Hydrological Institute Institute who who for for all all volumes volumes in in due due course. course. The The full full Morales Morales C. C. of of the the Swedish Swedish Meteoro enlarged enlarged to to format format which which is is be be adopted adopted departure departure has has been been filled filled by by Mr. Mr. Herald Herald of of Publication Publication to to No. No. 9 9 appear appear in in the the The The vacancy vacancy created created by by Dr. Dr. Leonov's Leonov's The The new new Volume Volume A A is is the the first first part part logical logical reconnaissance reconnaissance flights. flights. two two commissions. commissions. ocean ocean weather weather stations stations and and meteoro number number of of working working groups groups of of these these sections sections list list stations stations in in the the Antarctic, Antarctic, in in 1962 1962 as as well well as as in in meetings meetings of of a a each each of of the the WMO WMO Regions Regions ; ; additional additional mission mission for for Synoptic Synoptic Meteorology Meteorology held held numbers numbers with with separate separate sections sections for for part part the the in in third third session session of of the the Com tions tions are are arranged arranged in in order order of of index index these these commissions. commissions. He He took took an an active active used used for for synoptic synoptic purposes. purposes. The The sta being being the the permanent permanent secretary secretary of of both both air air stations stations in in operation operation which which are are logy logy and and for for Maritime Maritime Meteorology, Meteorology, plete plete list list of of all all the the surface surface and and upper Commissions Commissions for for Synoptic Synoptic Meteoro editions editions the the volume volume contains contains a a com closely closely associated associated with with the the work work of of the the issued issued in in 1960. 1960. In In common common with with earlier earlier service service with with WMO, WMO, Dr. Dr. Leonov Leonov was was the the one one now now in in use use which which was was first first July July 1964. 1964. During During his his four four years' years' This This new new edition edition Volume Volume of of A A replaces replaces meteorological meteorological Service Service of of U.S.S.R. U.S.S.R. in in August August 1960, 1960, returned returned to to the the Hydro Loose-leaf. Loose-leaf. technical technical officer officer in in the the Secretariat Secretariat since since serving serving stations. stations. WMO- No. No. 9· 9· TP. TP. 4· 4· Dr. Dr. Nikolai Nikolai G. G. Leonov, Leonov, who who had had been been Weather Weather reporting: reporting: Volume Volume A- Ob Weather Weather RECENT RECENT Service Service WMO WMO in in PUBLICATIONS PUBLICATIONS Suitland, Suitland, Maryland. Maryland. tronic tronic Computer Computer Branch Branch of of the the Air Air assistant assistant officer-in-charge officer-in-charge of of character. character. the the Elec appointment appointment in in the the Secretariat Secretariat ganization ganization he he was was and and for for her her kind kind and and friendly friendly research research projects. projects. At At the the time time of of his his progress progress and and development development of of the the Or casting casting duties duties and and in in carrying carrying out out her her for for her her constant constant interest interest in in the the positions positions both both in in analysis analysis and and fore those those who who met met her her and and worked worked with with Air Air Force. Force. He He has has held held 1955. 1955. responsible responsible She She will will be be remembered remembered by by all all Weather Weather Service Service of of the the United United States States IMO IMO from from 1930 1930 until until her her retirement retirement in in for for about about twenty twenty years years in in the the Air Air Secretariat Secretariat of of WMO WMO and and its its predecessor predecessor for for Aerology. Aerology. Mr. Mr. Kronebach Kronebach has has served served age age of of 69. 69. Miss Miss Thieme Thieme served served in in the the permanent permanent secretary secretary of of the the Commission Commission Thieme Thieme died died on on zo zo August August 1964 1964 at at the the August August 1964 1964 as as technical technical officer officer and and J. J. We We regret regret to to report report that that Miss Miss A. A. Research Research Section Section of of the the Secretariat Secretariat in in MISS MISS J.A. J.A. THIEME THIEME Mr. Mr. George George W. W. Kronebach Kronebach joined joined the the of of WMO. WMO. Geneva. Geneva. within within some some of of the the constituent constituent bodies bodies and and his his family family on on their their departure departure from from in in the the activities activities of of working working groups groups wishes wishes are are also also offered offered to to Dr. Dr. Leonov Leonov complete and up-to-date volume each As it is planned to keep this report year when the January supplement up to date, any change in the informa has been inserted. tion appearing in it should be com municated to the WMO Secretariat. Report on meteorological training facilities. WMO - No. 152. TP. 72. Guide to the preparation of synoptic Pp. 140. Price : Sw. fr. 6.-. weather charts and diagrams. WMO The purpose of this report is to pre No. rsr. TP. 71. Pp. 32. Price: Sw. sent in a single document and, as far as fr. 6.-. possible, in a uniform manner, informa tion on educational and training facili The WMO Commission for Synoptic ties in meteorology available through Meteorology adopted at its second out the world, together with a con session (New Delhi, 1958) a table of con densed version of the syllabus for each of tents for a provisional guide to synoptic the courses. In addition, information meteorological practices and also set relating to centres functioning under up a working group to prepare a the International Civil Aviation Orga comprehensive guide taking into ac nization (in respect of aeronautical count national practices. The third meteorology) has also been given in a session of the Commission (Washington, separate section. In principle, these rg62) approved with some amendments centres are open not only to students of the draft submitted by this working the countries in which they are located group, which consisted of Mr. F. P. but also to students from other countries. Illsley (U.K.), chairman; Mr. R. R. Dodds (Canada) ; Mr. A. Durget A distinction has been made between (France) ; and Mr. E. M. Vernon formal and informal training facilities. (U.S.A.). By formal training is meant the facilities provided by a university, a recognized The present publication is now meteorological or hydrological institute available in English, and will be issued or any special school for training later in French. Its purpose is to personnel. Informal training, on the provide, in a convenient form for all other hand, includes participation in concerned in the preparation of syn the daily routine of a host organiza optic weather charts and diagrams, tion where instruction is not through information about the practices and attendance at formal classes ; it also procedures which are of the greatest includes facilities for independent re importance for the successful perfor search and investigation. mance of this work. Reviews Thermodynamics of Clouds. International capillarity into a rational and coherent Geophysics Series - Vol. 6. By Louis pattern. The authors, who are familiar with DuFOUR and Raymond DEFAY. New the problems of thermodynamics, study the York and London (Academic Press) rg63. problems in the greatest detail, state the 255 pages; figures; tables; bibliography. various physical hypotheses necessary to the Price : US $ro.oo. establishment of the formulae and assess the compatibility or incompatibility of the This important work on the thermo various theories. The solution offered to dynamics of adsorption and surface tension each problem is derived from one or both the in the atmosphere must be regarded as the fundamental laws of thermodynamics. In first synthesis and the first comprehensive this way, by starting each time from first work to bring the various problems of the principles, they were able to estimate the same kind involving the thermodynamics of degree of strictness or approximation of 238 239 239 ment ment is is not not indicated indicated and and that that knows knows the the of of main main the the behaviour behaviour of of the the more more or or less less been been touched touched up, up, that that the the degree degree of of enlarge usually usually of of almost almost a a complete complete hemisphere, hemisphere, he he regrettable regrettable that that the the microphotographs microphotographs Accustomed Accustomed have have to to looking looking at at weather weather maps maps From From the the scientific scientific point point of of view, view, it it is is and and will will certainly certainly delight delight every every synoptician. synoptician. in in Systematic Systematic his his climatology climatology is is a a new new attempt attempt frost, frost, rime rime and and so so on. on. The The classification classification which which Hencll Hencll introduces introduces of of various various hyclrometeors hyclrometeors such such as as clew, clew, hoar hoar have have been been added added some some dozens dozens of of mind mind photographs photographs of of every every student student of of climatology. climatology. thousand thousand taken taken by by W. W. A. A. Bentley, Bentley, and and to to Flohn Flohn which which will will in in this this connexion connexion come come to to the the chosen chosen from from the the ·collection ·collection names names of of over over of of six six Bergeron, Bergeron, Kupfer, Kupfer, Miller, Miller, Alisow Alisow thousand thousand microphotographs microphotographs of of snow snow fication fication crystals crystals of of the the climates climates of of the the earth. earth. The The The The body body of of the the work work consists consists been been of of over over made made two two to to create create a a more more genetic genetic classi therefore therefore not not surprising surprising that that attempts attempts have have which which are are now now out out of of date. date. delineating delineating the the climatological climatological areas. areas. is is It It the the ideas ideas in in this this thirty-year-old thirty-year-old introduction introduction to to memorize memorize the the seemingly seemingly arbitrary arbitrary figures figures some some explanatory explanatory notes notes correcting correcting those those of of always always feels feels somewhat somewhat frustrated. frustrated. if if he he has has nexion, nexion, that that it it was was not not thought thought fit fit to to append append or or let let us us say say the the synoptic synoptic meteorologist, meteorologist, formed formed and and so so on. on. is is a a pity, pity, It It in in this this con be be exciting exciting to to the the biologist biologist ; ; the the physicist, physicist, cation, cation, the the conditions conditions in in which which they they are are to to every every student student of of meteorology. meteorology. They They may may photographing photographing snow snow crystals, crystals, their their classifi based based on on types types of of vegetation, vegetation, are are well well known known contains contains information information about about the the technique technique of of pen's pen's and and Thornthwaite's Thornthwaite's classifications, classifications, A A short short J. J. introduction introduction by by W. W. Humphreys Humphreys which which climatic climatic systems systems can can be be based. based. Ktip will will find find various various and and varied varied principles principles on on edition edition published published by by McGraw-Hill McGraw-Hill in in 1931. 1931. trouble trouble to to scan scan the the climatological climatological literature literature This This is is an an exact exact reproduction reproduction of of the the first first debated debated subject. subject. Everybody Everybody who who takes takes the the The The classification classification of of climates climates is is a a much much and and 203 203 plates. plates. Price Price : : US US $3.00. $3.00. Publications, Publications, Inc.) Inc.) 1962. 1962. 22 22 pages pages of of text text tively. tively. J. J. W. W. HUMPHREYS. HUMPHREYS. New New York York (Dover (Dover matology matology and and Regional Regional climatology, climatology, respec Snow Snow Crystals. Crystals. By By W. W. A. A. BENTLEY BENTLEY and and published, published, will will be be devoted devoted General General to to cli climatology. climatology. Volumes Volumes I I and and III, III, not not yet yet A. A. on on V V ANDENPLAS ANDENPLAS the the general general subject subject Introduction Introduction to to physical physical tion, tion, is is the the second second volume volume of of a a series series of of three three adsorption adsorption and and surface surface tension tension phenomena. phenomena. problems problems of of climate climate classification classification and and descrip source source of of information information for for all all interested interested in in This This fascinating fascinating little little booklet, booklet, dealing dealing with with fessional fessional meteorologists meteorologists and and a a valuable valuable This This book book is is a a useful useful textbook textbook for for pro DM. DM. 24.-. 24.-. one one large large coloured coloured plate plate ; ; diagrams. diagrams. homogeneous homogeneous Price Price : : nucleation. nucleation. Verlag Verlag cl cl er er Wissenschaften) Wissenschaften) 1963. 1963. 40 40 pages; pages; authors authors study study the the frontiers frontiers of of knowledge knowledge of of Manfrecl Manfrecl HENDL. HENDL. Berlin Berlin (VEB (VEB Deutscher Deutscher geneous geneous and and heterogeneous heterogeneous nucleation, nucleation, the the Band Band II II : : Systematische Systematische Klimatologie. Klimatologie. Before Before By By going going into into the the problems problems of of homo (Introduction (Introduction to to Physical Physical Climatology). Climatology). geneous geneous supercooled supercooled drops. drops. Einfiihrung Einfiihrung in in die die physikalische physikalische Klimatologie Klimatologie perfectly perfectly pure pure air air and and of of ice ice in in non-hetero tion tion is is drawn drawn to to the the appearance appearance of of drops drops in in nuclei nuclei is is dealt dealt with with in in the the third third part. part. Atten DuFoUR DuFoUR L. L. The The theory theory of of condensation condensation or or freezing freezing and and even even without without permission. permission. reproduced reproduced without without payment payment of of copyright copyright practice practice are are discussed discussed in in detail. detail. second second the the fact fact that that the the illustrations illustrations can can be be theses theses which which have have often often to to be be introduced introduced in in containing containing 2,453 2,453 illustrations, illustrations, and and the the problems. problems. The The approximations approximations and and hypo which which is is unusually unusually low low for for a a 226-page 226-page book book of of the the general general formulae formulae to to meteorological meteorological ways, ways, the the first first being being its its price price (US (US $3.00), $3.00), The The second second part part deals deals with with the the application application This This work work is is exceptional exceptional in in two two other other properties properties of of surfaces surfaces are are clearly clearly stated. stated. who who will will find find it it a a source source of of inspiration. inspiration. of of thermodynamics thermodynamics and and the the thermodynamic thermodynamic its its forms forms and and particularly particularly interior interior decorators decorators are are explained explained in in this this first first part part : : the the principles principles interest interest all all those those attracted attracted by by beauty beauty in in all all capillarity, capillarity, adsorption, adsorption, enthalpy enthalpy and and entropy entropy book book is is remarkable remarkable and and will will be be of of sure sure partial partial to to equilibrium. equilibrium. The The concepts concepts of of From From the the aesthetic aesthetic point point of of view, view, of of surfaces surfaces the the in in the the study study of of systems systems in in a a state state of of general general formulae formulae for for the the thermodynamics thermodynamics of of hyclrometeors hyclrometeors in in particular. particular. of of six six chapters chapters dealing dealing with with the the derivation derivation crystallography crystallography in in general general and and the the physics physics There There are are three three parts. parts. The The first first consists consists recommended recommended to to all all those those interested interested in in reference reference to to the the physical physical concept concept behind behind it. it. great great scientific scientific value value and and warmly warmly to to be be and and to to develop develop each each theory theory with with direct direct their their beauty. beauty. The The work work is is neverthP.less neverthP.less of of each each argument, argument, to to discuss discuss each each hypothesis hypothesis criterion criterion for for selection selection seems seems to to have have been been stationary subtropical anticyclones, the tra and over-critical. The mathematical expo velling cyclones and anticyclones of tem sition is uneven, and most could be eliminated perate and higher latitudes and the annual by reference to standard works on heat movement of the intertropical zone of con conduction theory. vergence. He is also acquainted with the large-scale currents and the mountain ranges, The major definitive emphasis in the text so important for the release of orographic is on experimental techniques for the mea precipitation. On the basis of this know surement in situ and in a laboratory of the ledge, Hendl develops his classification of thermal parameters of soils. This material r8 climatic types, which shows so much logic is good, and is presumably the real justifica that after perusal of the text and one look tion for the translation. However, the deter at the large coloured map the world's climates mination of such thermal parameters cannot stand out clearly. be regarded as an end in itself, but only as a means to achieving knowledge and The booklet contains an appendix with understanding of heat transfer in the soil. aerological diagrams and weather maps and In this latter regard, the monograph just another with the daily maximum and mini fails to achieve the integration for which mum temperature and rainfall data during the reader will seek. Nevertheless, the one complete year. book does present an excellent summary of the practical and· scholarly contributions The style is here and there somewhat com to the subject made by the author, and plicated and may give some difficulties to the should be a useful addition to the library of reader not well acquainted with the German all students of soil science. language. It is furthermore somewhat an W. L. GonsoN noying that the author makes a profuse use of footnotes, so that the reader is too often Cloud Physics. Edited by A. Kh. KHRGIAN. induced to interrupt his train of thought. Translated from Russian. Jerusalem (Israel Program for Scientific Translations) 1963. We are looking forward to the publication 392 pages; 83 tables; rs8 figures. Price: of Volumes I and Ill of this new treatise on US $rs.oo. physical climatology. W. BLEEKER This is a translation of Fizika oblakov published by the Gidrometeorologicheskoe I zdatel' stvo, Leningrad, in 1961. It consists of an account of the results obtained in Heat Transfer in the Soil. By A. F. CHUD NOVSKII. Translated from Russian. Jeru cloud physics up to that date, written by salem (Israel Program for Scientific Trans several specialists. These results concern lations) 1962. r64 pages (in English) ; most aspects of this branch of meteorology 44 figures and 13 tables. Price : US as can be seen from the table of contents, $6.oo. reproduced below with the names of the authors of each chapter. The original Russian monograph was I - Basic processes of cloud formation. published in 1948, at which time it presented The development of clouds (E. G. a thorough review of the subject. Unfor Zak and I. P. Mazin). tunately it is now rather out of date, parti 11 - Microstructure of clouds (A. M. Boro cularly in view of the broad objectives of vikov, V. E. Minervin, A. Kh. the author, who set out to attack the physical Khrgian and S. M. Shmeter). problems of heat transfer, both in the soil Ill - M acroprocesses of cloud formation and at the air-soil interface. It is implied and classification of cloud forms that the measurement of net radiative (A. Kh. Khrgian). fiuxes and the prediction of turbulent IV - Cumulus (convective) clouds (A. Kh. fiuxes of heat and water vapour were in a Khrgian and S. M. Shmeter). satisfactory state in 1948, and this is highly V - Strati form clouds (A. Kh. Khrgian). debatable. Furthermore, the direct measure VI - Altostratus and Altocumulus clouds ment of soil heat fiuxes and of atmospheric (A. Kh. Khrgian). fiuxes (in the latter case by eddy correlation VII - Frontal clouds (E. G. Zak). methods) is now quite feasible, although VIII - Cirrus clouds (A. M. Borovikov). such techniques were not generally available IX - Aircraft icing (I. P. Mazin). 15 years ago. X - Artificial stimulation of cloud and fog (I. I. Gaivoronkii). The monograph has other defects which XI - Methods of observation of clouds the reader will find annoying. There is no (V. V. Kostarev, V. E. Minervin and index and the organization of the text is A. Kh. Khrgian). awkward, with considerable redundancy and inadequate cross-referencing. The ref What, first of all, strikes the reader who erences to non-Russian studies are limited does not know Russian and so is not well 240 241 241 usual usual meteorological meteorological journals. journals. G. G. W. W. will will doubtless doubtless appear appear in in due due course course free free in in from from the the printing printing errors. errors. hitherto hitherto unpublished unpublished papers, papers, most most of of The The which which publisher publisher claims claims that that all all the the tables tables are are waiting waiting impatiently impatiently for for the the full full texts texts of of the the squares, squares, cubes, cubes, square square roots roots and and cube cube roots. roots. logy logy and and many many readers readers will will no no doubt doubt be be nometrical nometrical and and hyperbolic hyperbolic functions, functions, present present trends trends in in several several branches branches of of meteoro ing ing 5-figure 5-figure logarithms logarithms of of numbers, numbers, trigo latter latter give give a a very very good good cross-section cross-section of of the the most most important important elementary elementary functions, functions, includ meteorological meteorological symposia symposia at at Berkeley. Berkeley. The The Volume Volume II II contains contains figure figure tables tables of of the the of of the the scientific scientific papers papers presented presented at at the the ley. ley. The The remainder remainder consists consists of of the the abstracts abstracts integral integral calculus. calculus. 1960 1960 and and of of the the decisions decisions reached reached at at fundamental fundamental Berke theorems theorems of of the the differential differential and and IAMAP IAMAP Commissions Commissions and and Committees Committees sions sions since since of of functions functions by by polynomials, polynomials, and and tains tains reports reports of of the the activities activities of of the the various various functions, functions, Taylor Taylor series series and and other other expres science. science. Roughly Roughly half half the the publication publication geometry, geometry, con types types of of co-ordinates, co-ordinates, orthogonal orthogonal interested interested in in meteorology meteorology as as an an international international algebra, algebra, probability probability calculus, calculus, analytical analytical keley keley (August (August rg63) rg63) but but also also to to everybody everybody very very useful. useful. They They include include formulae formulae in in Union Union of of Geodesy Geodesy and and Geophysics Geophysics in in annexed annexed Ber summary summary of of mathematical mathematical formulae formulae General General Assembly Assembly of of the the International International Volume Volume Many Many I. I. readers readers will will find find the the enough enough to to be be able able to to attend attend the the XIIIth XIIIth great great length length in in the the various various chapters chapters of of those those meteorologists meteorologists who who were were fortunate fortunate mentary mentary mathematics mathematics are are dealt dealt with with at at This This report report will will be be of of interest interest not not only only to to useful useful as as a a recapitulatory recapitulatory summary. summary. Ele elementary elementary mathematics mathematics and and is is also also very very 1963. 1963. contributes contributes 199 199 pages. pages. an an Price Price excellent excellent : : US US introduction introduction $2.50. $2.50. to to Berkeley, Berkeley, is is particularly particularly August August 1963. 1963. true true Toronto Toronto of of Volume Volume (IAMAP) (IAMAP) I, I, which which tions tions ings. ings. will will find find them them IUGG IUGG extremely extremely XIIIth XIIIth useful. useful. General General This This Assembly, Assembly, at at any any Atmospheric Atmospheric time, time, to to make make Physics Physics numerical numerical - Report Report computa of of Proceed calculations calculations International International ; a a ; research research Association Association worker worker of of Meteorology Meteorology compelled, compelled, and and excellent excellent reference reference books books for for numerical numerical in in mathematics". mathematics". The The two two volumes volumes are are to to users users regardless regardless of of their their level level of of education education L. L. DUFOUR DUFOUR preface preface "the "the publication publication should should provide provide help help this this information. information. As As the the editor editor has has rightly rightly remarkell remarkell in in his his sian, sian, facilitates facilitates reference reference to to the the sources sources of of phy phy of of 632 632 works, works, 254 254 of of which which are are in in Rus Sw. Sw. fr. fr. 20.80; 20.80; Vol. Vol. II II : : Sw. Sw. fr. fr. 25.40. 25.40. great great deal deal of of information. information. A A large large bibliogra Verlag Verlag A.G., A.G., Zurich. Zurich. Price: Price: Vol. Vol. I: I: are are interested interested in in cloud cloud physics. physics. It It contains contains a a in in Switzerland Switzerland by by Fretz Fretz Wasmuth Wasmuth & & This This book book will will be be very very useful useful to to all all who who graphisches graphisches Institut) Institut) 1964. 1964. Distributed Distributed tafeln. tafeln. 888 888 pages. pages. Mannheim Mannheim (Biblio comparison. comparison. 500 500 illustrations. illustrations. Band Band II II - Funktions for for the the difficulties difficulties inherent inherent in in this this kind kind of of leitungen leitungen und und Regeln. Regeln. ro88 ro88 pages pages ; ; over over whole whole they they coincide, coincide, if if allowance allowance is is made made Meyers Meyers grosser grosser Rechenduden. Rechenduden. Band Band I- An U.S.S.R. U.S.S.R. and and in in other other countries. countries. On On the the retical retical and and practical practical results results achieved achieved in in the the The The authors authors have have compared compared the the theo O.M.A. O.M.A. lating lating precipitation. precipitation. application application of of the the atmospheric atmospheric sciences". sciences". any any unbiased unbiased study study of of the the problem problem of of stimu fication fication and and acceleration acceleration of of the the growth growth and and formation, formation, a a fact fact which which emerges emerges clearly clearly in in dynamic dynamic force, force, capable capable of of a a profound profound modi the the series series of of processes processes leading leading to to their their organizations organizations will will develop develop into into a a "living "living and and clouds clouds properly properly without without taking taking into into account account the the present present liaison liaison between between these these two two interpret interpret data data on on the the microstructure microstructure of of review review by by echoing echoing Dr. Dr. Godson's Godson's desire desire that that it it is is difficult, difficult, not not to to say say impossible, impossible, to to together. together. It It seems seems appropriate appropriate to to end end this this It It is is becoming becoming increasingly increasingly obvious obvious that that ways ways in in which which WMO WMO and and IUGG IUGG are are working working relevant relevant activities activities of of WMO WMO and and of of the the many many obtained obtained on on both both scales. scales. gives gives a a very very comprehensive comprehensive account account of of the the to to integrate, integrate, so so far far as as possible, possible, the the results results WMO WMO ; ; in in the the brief brief space space of of eight eight pages pages he he especially especially as as the the authors authors have have endeavoured endeavoured congratulated congratulated on on his his report report on on liaison liaison with with which which makes makes it it particularly particularly interesting interesting with with WMO, WMO, Dr. Dr. W. W. L. L. Godson, Godson, is is to to be be the the micro- and and macrophysics macrophysics of of clouds, clouds, can can be be improved. improved. The The IUGG IUGG liaison liaison officer officer This This is is the the first first work work to to deal deal with with both both suggestions suggestions as as to to how how even even the the latest latest models models convective convective clouds clouds and and concludes concludes with with some some increased increased continuously continuously in in recent recent years. years. reviews reviews recent recent developments developments in in the the theory theory of of of of cloud cloud physics, physics, an an activity activity storm storm which which circulation circulation has has re-examined. re-examined. The The author author by by Soviet Soviet research research workers workers in in all all branches branches Professor Professor H. H. R. R. Byers, Byers, entitled entitled The The thunder thunder ing ing in in Russian, Russian, is is the the high high level level of of activity activity Proceedings Proceedings is is the the presidP.ntial presidP.ntial address address by by acquainted acquainted with with the the scientific scientific work work appear The The only only paper paper published published in in full full in in the the SELECTED LIST OF PUBLICATIONS (October 1964) Note: Except for publications indicated as being bilingual, the different versions are published separately and the price stated refers to the version in one language only. Technical Notes A series of publications on subjects of special interest to meteorologists and workers in aeronautical, maritime, agricultural and hydrological fields WMO- No. Sw. fr. 42. TP. r6 - The forecasting from weather data of potato blight and other plant diseases and pests. Technical Note No. ro. English. 2.- The standardization of the measurement of evaporation as a climatic factor. Technical Note No. rr. English. ) 63. TP. 23 - Notes on the problems of cargo ventilation. Technical Note No. 17. English. J.- 68. TP. 26 - Aviation aspects of mountain waves. Technical Note No. r8. English. 7·- 76. TP. 30 - Meteorology as applied to the navigation of ships. Technical Note No. 23. English. 4·- 77· TP. 31 - Turbulent diffusion in the atmosphere. Technical Note No. 24. English. 7·- 82. TP. 32 - Design of hydrological networks. Technical Note No. 25. English. Techniques for surveying surface-water resources. Technical Note 4·- No. 26. English. } 84. TP. 35 - Use of ground-based radar in meteorology (excluding upper-wind measurements). Technical Note No. 27. English. 9·- go. TP. 37 - Seasonal peculiarities of the temperature and atmospheric circula tion regimes in the Arctic and Antarctic. Technical Note No. 28. English. J.- 94· TP. 38 - Upper air network requirements for numerical weather prediction. Technical Note No. 29. English. I4.- Rapport preliminaire du Groupe de travail des reseaux de la Com ) mission de meteorologie synoptique. Technical Note No. 30. French. 95· TP. 39 - Les representations graphiques en meteorologie. Technical Note No. 31. French. J.- g6. TP. 40 - Meteorological service for aircraft employed in agriculture and forestry. Technical Note No. 32. English. J.- 97· TP. 41 - Meteorological aspects of the peaceful uses of atomic energy. Part I - Meteorological aspects of the safety and location of reactor plants. Technical Note No. 33· English. s.- ro6. TP. 45 - Techniques d'analyse et de prevision des champs de vent et de temperature a haute altitude. Technical Note No. 35· French. 8.- ro8. TP. 46 - Ozone observations and their meteorological applications. Technical Note No. 36. English. s.- rog. TP. 47 - Aviation hail problem. Technical Note No. 37· English. - Turbulence in clear air and in cloud. Technical Note No. 38. English. - Ice formation on aircraft. Technical Note No. 39· English. 8.- - Occurrence and forecasting of Cirrostratus clouds. Technical Note No. 40. English. IIo. TP. 48 - Climatic aspects of the possible establishment of the Japanese l beetle in Europe. Technical Note No. 41. English. 6.- - Forecasting for forest fire services. Technical Note No. 42. English. } III. TP. 49- Meteorological factors influencing the transport and removal of radioactive debris. Technical Note No. 43· English. 8.- II8. TP. 53 - Numerical methods of weather analysis and forecasting. Technical Note No. 44· English. 4·- 242 WMO- No. Sw. fr. II9. TP. 54 - Performance requirements of aerological instruments. Technical Note No. 45· English. 4-- 124 TP. 55 - Methods of forecasting the state of sea on the basis of meteorological data. Technical Note No. 46. English. 6.- - Precipitation measurements at sea. Technical Note No. 47· English. } 126. TP. 56- The present status of long-range forecasting in the world. Technical Note No. 48. English. 4-- 131. TP. 58 - Reduction and use of data obtained by TIROS meteorological satel lites. Technical Note No. 49· English. 6.- 132. TP. 59 - The problem of the professional training of meteorological personnel of all grades in the less-developed countries. Technical Note No. so. English - French. 4-- 133. TP. 6o - Protection against frost damage. Technical Note No. 51. English. 6.- 136. TP. 62 - Automatic weather stations. Technical Note No. 52. English French. J.- 137. TP. 63 - The effect of weather and climate upon the keeping quality of fruit. Technical Note No. 53· English. 8.-- r3S. TP. 64 -Meteorology and the migration of Desert Locusts. Technical Note No. 54· English. 25.- qo. TP. 65 - The influence of weather conditions on the occurrence of apple scab. Technical Note No. 55· English. 5-- 141. TP. 66 - A study of agroclimatology in semi-arid and arid zones of the Near East. Technical Note No. 56. English- French. 6.- 144. TP. 68 - Utilization of aircraft meteorological reports. Technical Note No. 57· English. 4-- 146. TP. 69- Tidal phenomena in the upper atmosphere. Technical Note No. 58. English. J.- 147· TP. 70 - Windbreaks and shelterbelts. Technical Note No. 59· English. IO.- 153. TP. 73 -Meteorological soundings in the upper atmosphere. Technical Note No. 6o. English. 8.- International Cloud Atlas The complete reference work on clouds and meteors : Volume I contains the descriptive te:rt; Volume II illustrates this with plates in black and white (I2J), and in colour ( IOI) ; the A bridged Atlas contains the essentials of these two volumes in abridged form International Cloud Atlas - Volume I. English - French : Sw. fr. I5- Volume II. English - French : Sw. fr. 35- Abridged Atlas. English - French : Sw. fr. I5. International Cloud Album for Observers in Aircraft. English - French : Sw. fr. g. Marine Cloud Album (4o bare plates) : US$ I.- Cloud Sheet : Sw. fr. I.- Technical Regulations and Guides WMO- No. Sw. fr. 49· BD. 2 - Technical Regulations. Volume I - General, znd edition, 1959. English - French - Russian - Spanish. IO.- 49· BD. 3 - Technical Regulations. Volume II - Meteorological Service for International Air Navigation. znd edition, 1961. English- French - Russian - Spanish. I2.- Cover for the two volumes: Sw. fr. J.- each. 8. TP. 3 - Guide to Meteorological Instrument and Observing Practices. znd edition, 1960. French. I8. roo. TP. 44 - Guide to Climatological Practices. English- French. I5.- 114. TP. 51 - Guide to Qualifications and Training of Meteorological Personnel employed in the Provision of Meteorological Services for Inter national Air Navigation. English- French. 4· 134· TP. 61 - Guide to Agricultural Meteorological Practices. English- French. I2.- 151. TP. 71 - Guide to the preparation of synoptic weather charts and diagrams. English. 6.-- 243 244 244 French). French). 1959 1959 edition. edition. 24.- 2. 2. TP. TP. Meteorological Meteorological Services Services of of the the World. World. - I Bilingual Bilingual (English (English and and WMO- No. No. Sw. Sw. fr. fr. Other Other technical technical publications publications (English (English and and French). French). Sw. Sw. fr. fr. 25.- 135. 135. IGY. IGY. 4 - 4 Catalogue Catalogue of of IGYjiGC IGYjiGC meteorological meteorological data. data. Bilingual Bilingual 7·- Classification Classification for for Information Information Storage Storage and and Retrieval. Retrieval. English. English. Sw. Sw. fr. fr. 123. 123. IGY. IGY. 3 - 3 Microcards Microcards of of IGY IGY Meteorological Meteorological Data Data - 58. 58. IGY. IGY. 2 - 2 Lists Lists of of Stations. Stations. Bilingual Bilingual (English (English and and French). French). Sw. Sw. fr. fr. 8.- 55· 55· IGY. IGY. 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Somalia Somalia Iran Iran Burundi Burundi Sierra Sierra Leone Leone Indonesia Indonesia Burma Burma Senegal Senegal India India Bulgaria Bulgaria Saudi Saudi Arabia Arabia Iceland Iceland Brazil Brazil Rwanda Rwanda Hungary Hungary Bolivia Bolivia Romania Romania Honduras Honduras Belgium Belgium Portugal Portugal Haiti Haiti Austria Austria Poland Poland Guinea Guinea Australia Australia Philippines Philippines Guatemala Guatemala Argentina Argentina Peru Peru Greece Greece Algeria Algeria Paraguay Paraguay Ghana Ghana Albania Albania Pakistan Pakistan Republic Republic of of Afghanistan Afghanistan Norway Norway Germany, Germany, Federal Federal STATES STATES MEMBERS MEMBERS OF OF THE THE WORLD WORLD METEOROLOGICAL METEOROLOGICAL ORGANIZATION* ORGANIZATION* 247 247 Canada Canada 23 23 February- zo zo March March rg65 rg65 Special Special North North Atlantic Atlantic Meeting Meeting (ICAO), (ICAO), Montreal, Montreal, Meeting Meeting (ICAO), (ICAO), Rome, Rome, Italy Italy 23 23 November- r8 r8 December December 4th 4th Africa-Indian Africa-Indian Ocean Ocean Regional Regional Air Air Navigation Navigation New New Zealand Zealand Federation Federation of of Agricultural Agricultural Producers, Producers, Rotorua, Rotorua, 23 23 November- 3 3 December December qth qth General General Conference Conference of of the the International International tion tion from from External External Sources, Sources, Paris, Paris, France France 23- 27 27 November November International International Congress Congress on on Dosimetry Dosimetry of of Irradia Development Development (UN), (UN), Bangkok, Bangkok, Thailand Thailand rz- rg rg November November 6th 6th Regional Regional Conference Conference on on Water Water Resources Resources New New York, York, U.S.A. U.S.A. ro ro November- rgth rgth General General Assembly Assembly of of the the United United Nations, Nations, United United Kingdom Kingdom Traffic Traffic Control Control - The The next next ten ten years, years, London, London, posium posium on on Navigation, Navigation, Communications Communications and and Air Air ro- 12 12 November November British British Air Air Line Line Pilots Pilots Association Association Technical Technical Sym Ababa, Ababa, Ethiopia Ethiopia 9-20 9-20 November November rg64 rg64 Conference Conference on on Air Air Transport Transport in in Africa Africa (UN), (UN), Addis Addis Other Other International International Organizations Organizations Paris, Paris, France France 5- 24 24 April April Regional Regional Association Association VI VI (Europe), (Europe), 4th 4th session, session, 8- 12 12 February February WMO WMO Advisory Advisory Committee, Committee, Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland Switzerland Nigeria Nigeria -20 -20 February February r r rg65 rg65 Regional Regional Association Association I I (Africa), (Africa), 4th 4th session, session, Lagos, Lagos, Switzerland Switzerland 14- r8 r8 December December Working Working Group Group on on the the Convention, Convention, Geneva, Geneva, Use Use of of Meteorological Meteorological Satellite Satellite Data, Data, Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan Japan V V (South-West (South-West Pacific) Pacific) on on the the Interpretation Interpretation and and 27 27 November- g g December December Inter-regional Inter-regional Seminar Seminar for for Regions Regions 11 11 (Asia) (Asia) and and Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland Switzerland 23 23 November- 8 8 December December Commission Commission for for Maritime Maritime Meteorology, Meteorology, 4th 4th session, session, City, City, Mexico Mexico Caribbean, Caribbean, Central Central America America and and Mexico, Mexico, Mexico Mexico ica), ica), Working Working Group Group on on Tropical Tropical Meteorology Meteorology for for the the r6- 21 21 November November Regional Regional Association Association IV IV (North (North and and Central Central Amer Mauritius Mauritius on on Meteorological Meteorological Telecommunications, Telecommunications, Curepipe, Curepipe, ro- 21 21 November November Regional Regional Association Association I I (Africa) (Africa) -Working -Working Group Group ment ment Fund, Fund, Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland Switzerland ro- 13 13 November November Executive Executive Committee Committee Panel Panel on on the the New New Develop munications munications in in South South America, America, Maracay, Maracay, Venezuela Venezuela 2- 13 13 November November Technical Technical Conference Conference on on Meteorological Meteorological Telecom Cairo, Cairo, Egypt Egypt 13 13 October- 3 3 November November rg64 rg64 Seminar Seminar on on Agrometeorological Agrometeorological Problems Problems in in Africa, Africa, World World Meteorological Meteorological Organization Organization CALENDAR CALENDAR OF OF COMING COMING EVENTS EVENTS WMO BULLETIN - VOLUME XIII (1964) Index Activities of the regional associations Africa (RA I) . . . . . 29, rr2, r62, 220 Asia (RA II) ...... 29, II2, 220 South America (RA Ill) . . 29, rr3, r62, 221 North and Central America (RA IV) 30, I 13, 162, 22I South-West Pacific (RA V) 30, II3, 162, 22I Europe (RA VI) . . . . . 30, II3, 162, 22I Activities of the technical commissions Aerology ...... 31, 97, 159, 222 Aeronautical meteorology 32, 97. I59. 222 Agricultural meteorology. 33. g8, 159. 223 Climatology ...... 33. 223 Hydrometeorology. . . . 33. g8, 159. 223 Instruments and methods of observation 34, g8, r6o, 223 Maritime meteorology 34, gg, r6o, 224 Synoptic meteorology 35, gg, r6r See also . . . . 2, 82 Aeronautical Meteorology - Paris meetings in rg64 82 Automatic picture transmission system on TIROS VIII r28 Aviation meteorology - A challenge or a chore. . . 4 Belgian Royal Meteorological Institute, Fiftieth anniversary. +6 Central Geophysical Observatory, Leningrad . . 143 Classification of meteorological literature - (UDC Section 551. 5) 135 Collaboration with other international organizations CIRM 36 ECLA ... 155 FAO 36, 92 FAOjiUFRO 224 IAEA 37 ICAO 38 ICID 39 rcsu 39 IFALP A . ro8, I55 IMCO . 40, ro8, 225 International Botanical Congress 226 ISB . rag ISO . III ITU. 42 IUGG 14, 86, 94 UNESCO. 43, 156, 157, 227 UNSCEAR. 73 URSI ... 45 Commission for Aeronautical Meteorology, Presidential address at the third session 2 Commission for Aeronautical Meteorology, Third session . . . . 82 248 249 249 World World Meteorological Meteorological Day Day I964 I964 48, 48, I64 I64 Tables Tables of of saturation saturation vapour vapour pressures. pressures. II7 II7 Symposium Symposium on on long-range long-range weather weather forecasting forecasting II6 II6 Symposium Symposium on on hydrometeorology hydrometeorology in in India. India. . . SI SI Symposium Symposium on on design design of of hydrometeorological hydrometeorological networks networks . . 23I 23I Symposium Symposium on on atmospheric atmospheric radiation radiation II7 II7 Retirements Retirements 49, 49, IIS IIS Polar Polar meteorology. meteorology...... I63 I63 Nimbus Nimbus goes goes into into polar polar orbit orbit 236 236 New New hydrometeorological hydrometeorological service service SI SI NCAR NCAR technical technical notes. notes...... II8 II8 Moroccan Moroccan conference conference on on meteorology meteorology 23S 23S Monthly Monthly weather weather survey survey and and prospects prospects II7 II7 Meteorology Meteorology in in Iran Iran ...... so so Meteorological Meteorological training training in in the the University University of of Warsaw Warsaw . . 232 232 Bahamas, Bahamas, Kenya, Kenya, Southern Southern Rhodesia Rhodesia 228 228 Membership Membership of of WMO: WMO: Somalia Somalia .. .. II5 II5 Manual Manual of of barometry barometry ...... I64 I64 Jet Jet aircraft aircraft operations operations over over India. India. 233 233 International International Astronantical Astronantical Congress Congress I64 I64 International International Antarctic Antarctic Analysis Analysis Centre Centre I63 I63 Hydrological Hydrological survey survey of of the the Amazon Amazon 34 34 2 Guide Guide to to published published climatic climatic data data sources sources II8 II8 Florida Florida State State University. University. ...... SI SI Commission Commission on on atmospheric atmospheric chemistry chemistry and and radiation radiation 232 232 Cloud Cloud physics physics conference conference 232 232 Climatic Climatic atlases atlases ...... SI SI Banquet Banquet for for Dr. Dr. Reichelderfer Reichelderfer 47 47 Automatic Automatic data data processing. processing. II7 II7 Advisory Advisory Committee. Committee. . . . . 48 48 Advanced Advanced science science seminar seminar on on hurricanes hurricanes 34 34 2 News News and and Notes Notes Microclimatological Microclimatological problems problems in in banana banana cultivation cultivation in in Ecuador Ecuador ...... 206 206 Meteorology Meteorology and and the the Desert Desert Locust- WMO/FAO WMO/FAO Seminar Seminar in in Tehran Tehran 92 92 Membership Membership of of WMO WMO ...... 63, 63, IIS, IIS, I26, I26, I8o, I8o, 228, 228, 246 246 Looking Looking ahead ahead with with confidence confidence ...... 2 2 Japan Japan Meteorological Meteorological Agency- New New headquarters headquarters building building IS8 IS8 Berkeley, Berkeley, I963 I963 ...... 94 94 International International Union Union of of Geodesy Geodesy and and Geophysics- Thirteenth Thirteenth General General Assembly, Assembly, International International Symposium Symposium on on Dynamics Dynamics of of Large-Scale Large-Scale Atmospheric Atmospheric Processes Processes I4 I4 Implementation Implementation of of the the WMO/IQSY WMO/IQSY STRATWARM STRATWARM programme programme zoo zoo Hydrology Hydrology as as one one of of the the earth earth sciences sciences . . I9I I9I Hurricanes Hurricanes and and tropical tropical meteorology meteorology I6 I6 Hurricane Hurricane Flora Flora ...... 139 139 Forecasting Forecasting needs needs of of civil civil aviation aviation 9 9 Forecasting Forecasting by by numerical numerical methods methods I97 I97 Experimental Experimental runoff runoff stations stations in in the the U.S.S.R. U.S.S.R. 66 66 Executive Executive Committee, Committee, Sixteenth Sixteenth session session . . I87 I87 News from the WMO Secretariat Executive Committee uS, r66 Film loan service 53 IQSY ...... II9 Kofi Antubam . . 167 Miss J. A. Thieme 237 Outer space 52 Planning unit. . . 53 Recent WMO publications . 54, r2o, r68, 237 Secretary-General's visit to Poland 52 Secretary-General's visit to Romania r66 Staff changes ...... 236 Structure of the Secretariat II9 Weather and man 167 Obituary: Dr. D. T. E. Dassanayake 229 Dr. P. K. Evseev . . . . 230 Dr. J. P. Funk ..... 229 Mr. J. A. van Duijnen Montijn 230 Progress in tropical meteorology- Symposium in New Zealand. 86 Publications of WMO ... 175, 242 Radar rainfall measurement 20 Radioactivity in the atmosphere- WMO/UNSCEAR Symposium in Geneva . 73 Reception in France of TIROS tnmsmissions 7I Regional basic networks ...... I47 Reviews Aspirations-Psychrometer-Tafeln ...... 62 Atti del Settimo Congresso Internazionale di Meteorologia Alpina 123 Bentley, vV. A. and Humphreys, W. J.- Snow Crystals . 239 Chudnovskii, A. F. - Heat Transfer in the Soil. . . . . 240 Dufour, Louis and Defay, Raymond -Thermodynamics of Clouds. 238 Grifnths, J. F. and Hemming, C. F. -A Rainfall Map of Eastern Africa and Southern Arabia ...... 62 Hendl, Manfred - Einfiihrung in die physikalische Klimatologie, Band II Systematische Klimatologie ...... 239 Hill, M. N. (General Editor)- The Sea : Ideas and Observations on Progress in the Study of the Seas. Vol. III. The Earth beneath the Sea. History . . 59 International Association of Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics - Report of Proceedings ...... 2fi International Auroral Atlas ...... I22 Jackson, S. P. (Editor)- Climatological Atlas of Africa 6o J en-Yu Wang- Agricultural Meteorology ...... 170 Kakas, J6zsef (Editor)- Einfiuss der Karpaten auf die Witterungserscheinungen I2f Khrgian, A. Kh. (Editor) - Cloud Physics ...... 240 Landsberg, H. E., Lippmann, H., Paffen, K. H. and Troll C.- Weltkarten zur Klimakunde /World Maps of Climatology ...... 124 L'eau et la production vegetale 173 Ludlum, David M. -Early American Hurricanes, 1492-1870 122 Meyers grosser Rechenduden, Vol. I and II ...... 241 250 251 251 World World Meteorological Meteorological Day Day 1964 1964 in in Tunisia Tunisia 210 210 WMO WMO Advisory Advisory Committee, Committee, First First session session 78 78 Technical Technical reorganization reorganization of of the the U.S.S.R. U.S.S.R. Hydrometeorological Hydrometeorological Service Service 182 182 Vacancies Vacancies in in WMO WMO technical technical co-operation co-operation programmes programmes 28, 28, 107, 107, 154, 154, 214 214 Technical Technical assistance assistance in in public public administration administration (OPEX) (OPEX) 27 27 Regional Regional project; project; Central Central America America 218 218 United United Arab Arab Republic Republic 104. 104. 153, 153, 218 218 Thailand Thailand 27, 27, 106, 106, 153, 153, 218 218 Peru Peru 26, 26, 106, 106, 151, 151, 218 218 Israel Israel . . 26, 26, 105, 105, 215 215 India India 26, 26, 105, 105, 152, 152, 2!8 2!8 Ecuador Ecuador 25, 25, 104, 104, 150, 150, 217 217 Congo Congo (Leopoldville). (Leopoldville). 215 215 Chile Chile ...... . . 25, 25, 104, 104, 150, 150, 217 217 Burma Burma .. .. . . 104, 104, 152, 152, 217 217 Projects Projects executed executed by by WMO WMO : : Meeting Meeting of of chiefs chiefs of of mission mission 151 151 Special Special Fund Fund activities activities Special Special programme programme for for Korea Korea 103 103 Regional Regional projects projects . . 149 149 New New missions missions and and projects. projects. 23, 24, 24, 23, 102, 102, 148, 148, 213 213 Fellowships Fellowships ...... 24, 24, 103, 103, 150, 150, 215 215 Emergency Emergency relief relief projects projects . . 148 148 United United Arab Arab Republic. Republic. 213 213 Turkey Turkey .. .. 23 23 Sudan Sudan .. .. 102 102 Philippines Philippines 148 148 Paraguay. Paraguay. 102 102 Panama Panama . . 101 101 Jordan Jordan .. .. 148 148 Iran Iran .. .. 101, 101, 213 213 Indonesia Indonesia 22 22 Iceland Iceland 22 22 Ethiopia Ethiopia . . lOO lOO Central Central African African Republic Republic 22 22 Cameroon Cameroon 212 212 Africa- Meteorological Meteorological telecommunications telecommunications survey survey . . lOO lOO Completed Completed missions missions : : 1965-1966 1965-1966 programme programme ...... 22, 22, lOO, lOO, 212 212 Expanded Expanded Programme Programme of of Technical Technical Assistance Assistance (EPTA) (EPTA) Administration Administration of of the the WMO WMO technical technical assistance assistance programmes programmes 219 219 Aid Aid to to the the Congo Congo . . 27, 27, 106, 106, 153, 153, 219 219 Technical Technical Co-operation Co-operation Zeitschrift Zeitschrift fi\r fi\r angewandte angewandte Mathematik Mathematik und und Physik Physik 172 172 van van Wijk, Wijk, W. W. R.- Physics Physics of of Plant Plant Environment. Environment. 174 174 Weather Weather in in the the Black Black Sea Sea ...... 61 61 1962 1962 ...... 61 61 Proceedings Proceedings of of the the Inter-regional Inter-regional Seminar Seminar on on Tropical Tropical Cyclones, Cyclones, Tokyo, Tokyo, January January Perrin Perrin de de Erichambaut, Erichambaut, C.- Rayonnement Rayonnement ~olaire ~olaire et et echanges echanges radiatifs radiatifs naturels naturels 122 122 Mcintosh, Mcintosh, D. D. H. H. (Compiler)- Meteorological Meteorological Glossary Glossary ...... 123 123 RADIOACTIVITY in the upper air measured by the VAISALA RADIOACTIVITY SON DE, TYPE NS 11 The Radioactivity Sonde is a radiosonde-type detector for measuring radioactive radiation in the upper air. The instrument is intended to be launch ed like an ordinary radiosonde, attached to a meteorological sounding balloon which is inflated with hydrogen or helium. The maximum height Dimensions (cover box) : which can be reached depends upon the size and 10 X 15 X 22 cm (4 X 6 X 8 Inch) Weight (incl. battery, antenna, quality of the balloon. Heights up to 40,000 metres hanger, parachute (130,000 ft) are within capability of present meteor and suspension stri~~) : approx. 1200 grams (2\12 lb) ological balloons. The signals from the sonde are received and recorded at a ground station by means of a special receiver: RADIOACTIVITY SONDE GROUND SET, TYPE NR 11 The receiver is equipped with an au tomatic paper recorder for graphical representation of the radiation, and a digital counter for numerical display. An external counter or tape recorder can also be used. The paper recorder functions as a rate meter, indicating directly the mean pulse frequency as a function of time. The pulse frequency readings are directly readable in mR/h. One operator only Is needed for per forming a radiation observation, and the results are Immediately available after the recording. ~BOX 2191 · HELSINKI • TOOLO • FINLAND ~Tel. 892291 • Cables: VAISALA HELSINKI VAISAlA ov ON ON SALE SALE FROM FROM WMO, WMO, GENEVA, GENEVA, SWITZERLAND SWITZERLAND in in the the international international network network of of synoptic synoptic stations stations (English) (English) Sw. Sw. fr. fr. 3.- No. No. 61 61 - Note Note on on the the standardization standardization of of pressure pressure reduction reduction methods methods No. No. 60 60 - Meteorological Meteorological soundings soundings in in the the upper upper atmosphere atmosphere (English) (English) Sw. Sw. fr. fr. 8.- No. No. 59- Windbreaks Windbreaks and and shelterbelts shelterbelts (English) (English) ...... Sw. Sw. fr. fr. 10.- No. No. 58 58 - Tidal Tidal phenomena phenomena in in the the upper upper atmosphere atmosphere (English) (English) Sw. Sw. fr. fr. 3.- No. No. 57 57 - Utilization Utilization of of aircraft aircraft meteorological meteorological reports reports (English) (English) Sw. Sw. fr. fr. 4.- the the Near Near East East (English- French) French) ...... ...... Sw. Sw. fr. fr. 6.- No. No. 56 56 - A A study study of of agroclimatology agroclimatology in in semi-arid semi-arid and and arid arid zones zones of of apple apple scab scab (English) (English) ...... Sw. Sw. fr. fr. 5.- No. No. 55 55 - The The influence influence of of weather weather conditions conditions on on the the occurrence occurrence of of No. No. 54 54 - Meteorology Meteorology and and the the migration migration of of Desert Desert Locusts Locusts (English) (English) Sw. Sw. fr. fr. 25.- of of radioactive radioactive debris debris (Reprint). (Reprint). ...... Sw. Sw. fr. fr. 8.- No. No. 43 43 - Meteorological Meteorological factors factors influencing influencing the the transport transport and and removal removal No. No. 24 24 - Turbulent Turbulent diffusion diffusion in in the the atmosphere atmosphere (English) (English) (Reprint) (Reprint) . . Sw. Sw. fr. fr. 7.- Technical Technical Notes Notes Price Price WMO WMO PUBLICATIONS PUBLICATIONS RECENT RECENT AND AND FORTHCOMING FORTHCOMING Plates. Plates. Solarimeters, Solarimeters, Albedometers, Albedometers, Soil Soil Heat Heat Flux Flux CSIRO. CSIRO. and and supplied supplied with with calibration calibration certificates certificates by by the the tivity tivity and and stability, stability, absolutely absolutely weatherproof weatherproof Aspendale, Aspendale, featuring featuring in in particular particular high high sensi Industrial Industrial Research Research Organization Organization (CSIRO), (CSIRO), logical logical Physics, Physics, Commonwealth Commonwealth Scientific Scientific and and manufactured manufactured under under licence licence Division Division of of Meteoro We We are are offering offering three three models models of of Net Net Radiometers Radiometers to to our our firm. firm. enquiries enquiries for for instruments instruments measuring measuring Solar Solar Radiation, Radiation, directly directly versities, versities, Agricultural Agricultural and and Water Water Authorities Authorities to to direct direct their their Meteorological Meteorological Stations Stations and and Research Research Organizations, Organizations, Uni INVITE INVITE 8-rz 8-rz Eastern Eastern Road, Road, SoUTH SoUTH MELBOURNE, MELBOURNE, Australia Australia PRECISION PRECISION INSTRUMENT INSTRUMENT MAKERS MAKERS MIDDLETON MIDDLETON CO. CO. & & PTY. PTY. LTD. LTD. NEW TYPE HIGH ALTITUD( BAllOOnS Sounding, Ceiling, Pilot, "Tot ex'' Balloons are All Sorts most recommended for observations in the forthcoming "IQSY'; 1964- I 965. For full details, please write to: Manufacturer Sole Export Agent TOA GOMU KOGYO K.K. DAI TOKYO KOEKI GO., LTD. C/o DAI TOKYO KOEKI CO., LTD. TOKYO. FACTORY: KATAKURA Bldg., 2 San-chome, Kyobashi, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, Japan AGEO-SHI, SAITAMA PREFECTURE, TEL (28 1) 5669, 6988 JAPAN CABLE ADDRESS : '"GOROKUIMAI TOKYO recovered, recovered, refilled refilled and and re-used. re-used. to to the the launcher, launcher, enabling enabling it it to to be be easily easily booster booster descending descending by by parachute parachute close close by by use use of of a a simple simple boost boost system, system, the the High High launch launch velocities velocities are are obtained obtained sistent sistent Somerset, Somerset, in in performance performance England. England. and and economical. economical. plastic plastic Bristol Aerojet Aerojet Bristol propellant propellant which which Limited, Limited, is is stable, stable, Banwell, Banwell, con to to 500 500 cu. cu. in. in. volume. volume. It It uses uses system system a a British British can can be be obtained obtained from: payloads payloads up up to to 13lb. 13lb. in in weight weight Further Further and and up up information information on on the the SKU SKU A A in. in. long, long, and and weighing weighing 81 81 lb., lb., carries carries rocket rocket case case is is severely severely limited. limited. Office, Office, the the SKUA, SKUA, 5 5 in. in. diameter, diameter, 90 90 available available for for descent descent of of the the empty empty Now Now in in use use by by the the Meteorological Meteorological system system in in places places where where the the area area Jiounting Jiounting the the l'Ocket l'Ocket into into its its lcwnching lcwnching tube tube tionally tionally small. small. This This permits permits use use of of the the areas, areas, even even in in high high winds, winds, are are excep persion. persion. As As a a result, result, the the dispersion dispersion to to the the problem problem of of impact impact point point dis Particular Particular attention attention has has been been paid paid tracked tracked by by a a moderately moderately priced priced radar. radar. ing ing diameter. diameter. The The rocket rocket can can easily easily be be radar radar reflective reflective parachute parachute of of 15ft. 15ft. fly quency quency of of 28 28 m/cs., m/cs., supported supported by by a a includes includes a a sond sond transmitting transmitting on on a a fre (263,000 (263,000 feet). feet). Standard Standard instrumentation instrumentation available available data data from from heights heights up up to to 50 50 miles miles tube tube in in a a near near horizontal horizontal position. position. ble ble and and economical economical means means of of gathering gathering vehicle. vehicle. Loading Loading takes takes place place with with the the logieal logieal rocket rocket system system provides provides a a relia launching launching tube tube is is mounted mounted on on a a The The Bristol Bristol Aerojet Aerojet SKUA SKUA meteoro The The simple, simple, hydraulically hydraulically operated operated What's What's happening happening 50 50 miles miles up? up? Asset Asset Strongest Strongest our our is is Precision Precision Germany Germany West West Flow Flow Air Air Radiation Radiation Evaporation Evaporation Precipitation Precipitation Wind Wind Humidity Humidity Temperature Temperature pressure pressure Atmospheric Atmospheric for for Instruments Instruments Measuring Measuring Precision Precision REGD. REGD. Bury, Bury, Lanes Lanes Butcher Butcher Lane Lane Vulcan Vulcan Mill Mill Rubber Rubber eo. eo. Ltd Ltd Guide Guide Bridge Bridge Service Service Ventes Ventes de de en en Grande-Bretagne Grande-Bretagne HOME HOME SALES SALES Acton,London,wa Acton,London,wa lSO lSO Western Western Avenue Avenue Limited Limited Phillips Phillips Patents Patents Services Services Ventes Ventes de de Exportation Exportation OVERSEAS OVERSEAS SALES SALES utilises utilises dans dans le le monde monde entier. entier. Vu/can Vu/can Mill, Mill, Bury, Bury, ces ces ballons ballons sont sont Rubber Rubber Company Company de de Fabriques Fabriques par par la la Guide Guide Bridge Bridge use use throughout throughout the the world. world. Bury, Bury, these these balloons balloons are are in in Company Company of of Vu! Vu! can can Mill, Mill, Guide Guide Bridge Bridge Rubber Rubber Manufactured Manufactured by by the the Les Les meilleurs meilleurs ballons ballons sondes sondes et et ballons ballons pilotes pilotes sur sur le le marche marche BALLOONS BALLOONS A A V V AILABLE AILABLE THE THE FINEST FINEST SOUNDING SOUNDING AND AND PILOT PILOT HELL FAX for the international weather service HELLFAX-Weather Chart Recorder Type BS 110 MD Partial view of the Meteorological Office, Bangkok HELLFAX Continuous Recorders are most economical in use ; they record weather charts broadcast by facsimile on dry unsensitized white paper. Climatic conditions such as frost, heat, extreme humidity or aridity have no influence on the quality of the recording. HELLFAX equipment is reliable and easy to operate. A built-in device at the recorder provides for remote setting of index and r.p.m. by the transmitter; thus fully automatic reception is now possible. DR.-ING. RUDOLF HELL- KIEL Federal Republic of Germany Grenzs!rasse 1-5 IH~Lll Teleph. : 2011 Telex: 02 92 858 Cables : Hellgeraete 28 28 Sheffield Sheffield Ave., Ave., Newport, Newport, R.l., R.l., U. U. S. S. A. A. Scientific Scientific Instruments Instruments THE THE EPPLEY EPPLEY LABORATORY, LABORATORY, INC. INC. Bulletin Bulletin No. No. 2 2 on on request request solar solar and and sky sky radiation radiation on on a a horizontal horizontal surface. surface. Pyrheliometer Pyrheliometer will will provide provide an an accurate accurate and and reliable reliable record record of of total total Used Used in in conjunction conjunction with with a a suitable suitable recorder, recorder, the the Eppley Eppley was was found found to to be be the the best best instrument instrument so so far far tested tested by by the the Bureau. Bureau. by by the the Weather Weather Bureau Bureau after after considerable considerable experimentation. experimentation. it it The The Eppley Eppley Pyrheliometer Pyrheliometer was was adopted adopted as as standard standard equipment equipment the the direction direction of of the the United United States States Weather Weather Bureau. Bureau. and and the the Pacific Pacific Ocean. Ocean. Sixty-two Sixty-two of of these these stations stations are are under under States, States, Canada, Canada, Alaska, Alaska, Greenland, Greenland, Iceland, Iceland, Caribbean Caribbean Sea, Sea, ments ments at at ninety-eight ninety-eight weather weather stations stations in in the the continental continental United United Eppley Eppley Pyrheliometers Pyrheliometers are are used used for for solar solar radiation radiation measure SOLAR SOLAR RADIATION RADIATION For For the the measurement measurement of of PYRHELIOMETER PYRHELIOMETER 11 ;~~m:JI ;~~m:JI (FRANCE) (FRANCE) KESTNER KESTNER SCHEURER- RUE RUE (LOIRE), (LOIRE), lOTIENNE lOTIENNE SAINT- A A NE NE US! US! PROVINCE PROVINCE DE DE INDUSTRIELS INDUSTRIELS GAZ GAZ DES DES SOCIETE SOCIETE G.I.P. G.I.P. LA LA generators. generators. hydrogen hydrogen 3 3 No. No. G.I.P. G.I.P. with with equipped equipped being being are are Year Year Geophysical Geophysical International International the the for for expeditions expeditions special special the the of of Most Most impossible. impossible. production production gas gas Excess Excess refills. refills. ready-for-use ready-for-use patented patented special special by by metres metres cubic cubic 9 9 or or 4 4 3, 3, producing producing models models different different in in Available Available Land.) Land.) Ade/ie Ade/ie in in fully fully success (Used (Used pressure. pressure. in in Increases Increases sudden sudden no no with with production production Gas Gas hydride. hydride. calcium calcium or or aluminium aluminium than than economical economical more more Much Much (By (By process) process) ferro-silicon ferro-silicon G.I.P. G.I.P. GENERATOR GENERATOR HYDROGEN HYDROGEN THE THE USE USE soundings soundings Air Air Upper Upper Your Your For For 13 13 East East 40th 40th Street, Street, New New York York 16, 16, N.Y., N.Y., Cable Cable ARLAB ARLAB For For export: export: Rocke Rocke International International Corporation Corporation HENRY HENRY J. J. GREEN GREEN instruments.inc. instruments.inc. pressure pressure observations. observations. ing ing one one year's year's supply supply of of charts. charts. #613. #613. applications applications and and visual visual 5" 5" Chart Chart drive drive in in all all metal metal case. case. Complete Complete includ vided vided for for remote remote reading reading Telemetering Telemetering Counter Counter pro· pro· of of 389.43 389.43 Millibars Millibars Hg. Hg. A A Millibars Millibars Hg. Hg. Working Working range range between between 677.28 677.28 and and 1066.71 1066.71 sures. sures. Operational Operational range range - .. .. station station barometric barometric pres ture ture and and gravity gravity corrected corrected GRAPH GRAPH Records Records accurately accurately tempera THERMO of of maintenance. maintenance. HYGRO operation operation and and the the minimum minimum Designed Designed for for unattended unattended # # MODEL MODEL 1100 1100 BAROMETER BAROMETER SERVO SERVO of of charts. charts. #614 #614 metal metal case. case. Complete Complete including including one. one. year's year's supply supply U.S. U.S. Weather Weather Bureau Bureau specs. specs. 5" 5" Chart Chart drive drive in in all all .. .. GRAPH GRAPH THERMO· THERMO· mahogany mahogany case. case. #563 #563 Same Same as as above above in in light light supply supply of of charts. charts. #565 #565 Complete Complete with with one one year's year's lacquer lacquer finish. finish. case case with with aluminum aluminum base, base, 3" 3" Chart Chart drive drive in in copper copper BAROGRAPH BAROGRAPH Instruments Instruments Meteorological Meteorological The The World's World's Finest Finest - windfinding windfinding data, data, PPI, PPI, RHI, RHI, or or anywhere anywhere in in the the world. world. provision provision of of accurate accurate meteorological meteorological radar radar available available helical helical scans. scans. The The result result is is the the advanced advanced standard standard or or for for vertical, vertical, azimuth azimuth or or make. make. Type Type WF WF 44S 44S the the most most for for and and lock lock on on to to a a target, target, compactness compactness and and reliability, reliability, can can be be programmed programmed to to search search extensive extensive transistorisation transistorisation for for controlled controlled aerial aerial system system which which These These features, features, combined combined with with feeds feeds a a versatile, versatile, remotely remotely master master control control unit. unit. A A 750 750 kW kW S-band S-band transmitter transmitter 'push 'push button button ' ' control control from from a a weather weather surveillance surveillance role. role. carried carried out out by by remote remote additional additional performance performance in in the the ancillary ancillary recording recording units units are are of of upper upper winds, winds, and and for for functions functions for for the the radar radar and and for for the the accurate accurate measurement measurement or or PPI PPI recorder. recorder. All All switching switching meteorological meteorological radar, radar, designed designed data data to to a a teleprinter, teleprinter, computer, computer, high high performance performance and and the the feeding feeding of of windfinding windfinding Type Type WF WF 44S 44S is is an an advanced, advanced, programming, programming, target target tracking, tracking, 0 0 Long Long range range penetration penetration includes includes the the control control of of aerial aerial 0 0 Automatic Automatic tracking tracking range range of of automation, automation, which which 0 0 Push Push button button control control The The radar radar incorporates incorporates a a wide wide windfinding windfinding weather weather radar. radar. information. information. The The world's world's most most advanced advanced constant constant altitude altitude PPI PPI The The Decca Decca type type WF WF 44S 44S • • ·r ·r .. .. '?!!} '?!!} DR290 DR290 ..._,, ..._,, . . LONDON LONDON ' ' ENGLAND ENGLAND DECCA DECCA RADAR RADAR DECCA DECCA RADAR RADAR LIMITED LIMITED single single shot shot cameras. cameras. studies, studies, and and automatic automatic or or attenuator attenuator for for rainfall rainfall intensity intensity an an advanced advanced calibrated calibrated IF IF wind wind computation. computation. for for processed processed PPI PPI recordings, recordings, to to a a teleprinter teleprinter or or computer computer for for the the Cappigraph Cappigraph and and Radargraph Radargraph and and transferred transferred automatically automatically versatility. versatility. This This range range includes includes are are shown shown on on digital digital indicators indicators equipment, equipment, to to provide provide increased increased Azimuth, Azimuth, elevation elevation and and range range a a wide wide range range of of ancillary ancillary control control when when required. required. Type Type WF WF 44S 44S can can be be used used with with display display for for manual manual operations operations room, room, if if required. required. system, system, and and is is the the primary primary remotely remotely from from the the windfinding windfinding the the acquisition acquisition and and tracking tracking displays displays may may be be installed installed gives gives continuous continuous monitoring monitoring of of The The weather weather surveillance surveillance in in the the master master control control unit, unit, on on any any required required bearing. bearing. system. system. A A new new 4 4 A/R A/R scope, scope, over over a a selected selected arc arc specially specially developed developed auto-follow auto-follow aerial aerial set set to to nod nod continuously continuously automatically automatically by by means means of of a a precipitation precipitation areas, areas, with with the the and and commence commence tracking tracking vertical vertical structure structure of of of of seven seven search search patterns, patterns, can can be be used used to to study study the the programmed programmed to to carry carry out out one one range. range. A A Series Series 5 5 RHI RHI display display start start of of its its ascent, ascent, or or Decca Decca - Series Series 5 5 Autonomous Autonomous visually visually on on the the target target at at the the coil coil PPI PPI display display from from the the The The radar radar can can be be aligned aligned 12-inch 12-inch transistorised transistorised fixed fixed angle angle and and ±50 ±50 m m in in range. range. up up to to 400 400 km km are are shown shown on on a a to to accuracies accuracies of of ±0.06° ±0.06° in in extent extent of of precipitation precipitation at at ranges ranges of of 200 200 km, km, and and provides provides data data The The position position and and horizontal horizontal rocket rocket ejected, ejected, to to slant slant ranges ranges tilted tilted between between -2° -2° and and +95°. +95°. targets, targets, either either balloon balloon borne borne or or aerial aerial is is rotated rotated at at 10 10 r.p.m., r.p.m., Type Type WF WF 44S 44S will will track track suitable suitable For For weather weather surveillance surveillance the the acquisition acquisition and and tracking tracking Vertical Vertical and and plan plan information information Automatic Automatic search, search, Surveillance Surveillance role role .. .. role role .. .. The The Weather Weather The The Windfinding Windfinding Massachusetts Massachusetts 40, 40, Cambridge Cambridge Avenue, Avenue, Whittemore Whittemore 62 62 DIVISION DIVISION CHEMICAL CHEMICAL OVERSEAS OVERSEAS (iRacil (iRacil balloons. balloons. level level stant stant CO. CO. & & GRACE GRACE R. R. W. W. con balloons, balloons, flective flective re radar radar kits, kits, inflation inflation balloons, balloons, captive captive loons, loons, bal kite kite balloons, balloons, ceiling ceiling balloons, balloons, pilot pilot balloons, balloons, sounding sounding of of makers makers ing ing lead world's world's 1935, 1935, since since ...... balloons balloons better better DAREX DAREX you. you. help help to to qualified qualified research. research. atmospheric atmospheric well well is is staff staff engineering engineering Our Our quirements. quirements. of of phases phases many many the the of of requirements requirements special special re your your know know us us let let IQSY IQSY during during studies studies atmospheric atmospheric special special the the planning planning meet meet are are to to you you If If developed developed been been have have balloons balloons DAREX DAREX studies. studies. IQSY IQSY in in role role important important an an payload) payload) play play will will balloons, balloons, meteorological meteorological of of facturer facturer g g 1300 1300 (with (with 37.2 37.2 35.8 35.8 km km 31 31 altitude altitude Burst Burst manu largest largest world's world's the the as as Grace, Grace, R. R. W. W. metres metres drogen) drogen) kilometres. kilometres. 60 60 and and 17 17 between between levels levels at at cubic cubic (hy- level level sea sea 4.6 4.6 4.1 4.1 3.2 3.2 at at volume volume Gas Gas atmosphere atmosphere the the of of characteristics characteristics dynamic dynamic metres metres thermo and and dynamic dynamic physical, physical, of of made made be be 12.2 12.2 11.3 11.3 8.1 8.1 diameter diameter Burst Burst will will studies studies new new sea, sea, and and land land on on stations stations JII-2400 JII-2400 JII-1750 JII-1750 JII-925 JII-925 Balloon: Balloon: new new From From atmosphere. atmosphere. upper upper the the of of reaches reaches : : are are research research IQSY IQSY in in part part important important far far the the of of knowledge knowledge their their extend extend will will an an take take to to scheduled scheduled balloons balloons DAREX DAREX specialized specialized the the of of three three of of Characteristics Characteristics scientists scientists world's world's the the 1965, 1965, and and 1964 1964 During During Via Via G. G. Massarenti Massarenti 412- Bologna- ITALIA ITALIA and and hydrology hydrology meteorology meteorology Instruments Instruments for for PRECISIONE PRECISIONE APPARECCHI APPARECCHI ITALIANA ITALIANA SOCIETA SOCIETA Anemograph Anemograph Completely Completely Self-Generating Self-Generating model model VT VT 145 145 AUSTRALIA' RADAR ,WEATHERM In April, 1964, the Commonwealth Bureau of Meteorology, Melbourne, Aus tralia, installed the very latest in radar weather equipment in the University of Melbourne. This equipment consists of a 10 cm wavelength primary radar transmitter and receiver and has a paraboloid antenna that rises high from the roof of one of the campus' tall buildings. Control and display facilities are located at both the university and at the Bureau of Meteorology's Victoria Divisional office, four cable miles away, where technicians can operate the radar by communications facilities and remote control. Video and synchronizing signals pulse along telephone cables and coaxial cables from the university to the divisional office. The main characteristics of this weather radar are: Transmitter frequency 2800 MC/S peak pulse power 600 KW pulse length (switchable) 0.5 micro sec., 2 micro sec. pulse repetition 310 pps Receiver noise figure 3 dB with parametric amplifier Antenna type parabolic reflector diameter 3m Range limit max. 200 nautical miles ~\~MO~ Height limit max. 60,000 feet (t:)~·-. ·r<)\1' !':'!!!!e~!~b~h~~nki~~.~~!~~i~oky~~~!2!1~IJT2~ ~ MANSFIELD- NOTTS- ENGLAND ENGLAND RADIO RADIO COMPANY COMPANY LTD. LTD. WHITELEY WHITELEY ELECTRICAL ELECTRICAL met. met. elements elements can can be be supplied supplied as as a a single single unit. unit. reflector reflector and and battery, battery, or or the the transmitter transmitter with with complete complete with with battery, battery, aerial aerial parachute, parachute, radar radar The The WB WB Radio Radio Sonde Sonde can can be be supplied supplied either either Transmitter Transmitter Meteorological Meteorological SON SON DE DE RADIO RADIO governments governments foreign foreign and and many many Office Office Meteorological Meteorological the the British British As As supplied supplied to to catalog catalog free free our our for for Send Send specifications specifications Military Military S. S. U. U. to to made made indicator indicator direction direction and and speed speed Wind Wind #1287 #1287 CAT. CAT. INSTRUMENTS INSTRUMENTS OCEANOGRAPHIC OCEANOGRAPHIC AND AND HYDROLOGICAL HYDROLOGICAL METEOROLOGICAL, METEOROLOGICAL, MANUFACTURES MANUFACTURES BELFORT BELFORT specifications specifications Military Military S. S. U. U. to to made made transmitter transmitter direction direction and and speed speed Wind Wind #5-120 #5-120 CAT. CAT. aS Sll:l'v'd - 4l8JBZBN ep ewea-eHON enJ 'L 3~SOOV130 Mass. Mass. Brockton, Brockton, St., St., Main Main North North 117 117 aging. aging. with with together together sublime sublime not not do do that that A. A. S. S. shades shades darkest darkest the the in in INTERNATIONAl, INTERNATIONAl, differences differences records records AlDEN AlDEN permanently permanently and and shadings shadings cover cover cloud cloud in in differences differences in1portant in1portant but but subtle subtle the the capture capture to to scale scale tone tone the the of of end end light light the the #9225 #9225 SHEET SHEET SPEC SPEC APT APT for for Write Write in in steps steps extra extra have have pictures pictures ALFAX ALFAX enlarged enlarged The The storms. storms. severe severe or or hurricanes hurricanes satellites. satellites. weather weather mode mode APT APT the the from from direct direct fires, fires, forest forest of of photos photos survey survey aerial aerial as as such such systems systems possible possible of of variety variety transmissions transmissions a a for for APT APT used used be be receiving receiving thus thus of of can can capability capability corder corder exciting exciting re The The stations. stations. ground ground to to aircraft aircraft altitude altitude high high the the incorporates incorporates further further recorder recorder the the reception, reception, from from transmissions transmissions camera/photo/scanner camera/photo/scanner or or video video map map weather weather line line land land standard standard and and photo photo satellite satellite of of reception reception for for ideal ideal it it makes makes papers papers recording recording facsimile, facsimile, radio radio Providing Providing available. available. before before never never ALFAX ALFAX of of capability capability shade shade tone tone the the with with combined combined that, that, rates rates selection selection sweep sweep display display three three and and weather weather of of cooperation cooperation spectrum spectrum of of broad broad dices dices a a offer offer in three three has has Recorder Recorder Facsimile Facsimile #9225 #9225 Alden Alden The The to to designed designed is is Recorder Recorder Facsimile Facsimile #9225 #9225 Alden Alden The The center. center. display display information information weather weather compact compact one one in in all all ...... . . size) size) (folder (folder width width lOY," lOY," handy handy a a in in transmissions transmissions network network facsimile facsimile Bureau Bureau Weather Weather U.S. U.S. standard standard all all receive receive will will recorder recorder the the connections connections line line land land with with rpm rpm 120 120 at at Running Running lines lines land land over over charts charts network network facsimile facsimile Standard Standard width. width. 10)/," 10)/," the the to to enlarged enlarged recordings recordings photo photo graphic graphic direct direct visible visible ntnl, continuously instantly, as as monitored monitored be be can can recorder, recorder, pack pack film film Polaroid Polaroid special special a a requiring requiring normally normally transmissions, transmissions, picture picture satellite satellite Bureau Bureau Weather Weather U.S. U.S. the the Network Network Altitude Altitude High High Bureau Bureau Weather Weather U.S. U.S. the the on on rpm rpm 240 240 at at Running Running photos photos satellite satellite weather weather of of pictures pictures Network Network reception. reception. satellite satellite for for UHF UHF the the as as well well a~ a~ transmissions transmissions facsimile facsimile radio radio HF HF international international receiving receiving for for recorder recorder the the in in module module integral integral an an is is Electronics Electronics Helac Helac by by Alden Alden for for designed designed receiver receiver radio radio special special A A charts charts facsimile facsimile radio radio International International transmissions. transmissions. photo photo cover cover cloud cloud satellite satellite weather weather the the of of lOY,"XlOY," lOY,"XlOY," to to enlarged enlarged pictures pictures shade shade tone tone excellent excellent providing providing - systems systems receiver receiver and and antennae antennae acquisition acquisition ground ground Transmission) Transmission) Picture Picture matic matic (Auto APT APT the the for for output output facsimile facsimile recording recording direct direct the the as as serves serves recorder recorder the the mode, mode, APT APT the the in in rpm rpm 240 240 at at Running Running satellite satellite weather weather from from directly directly photos photos facsimile facsimile APT APT : : receive receive can can sities sities univer and and schools schools meteorologists, meteorologists, independent independent broadcasters, broadcasters, weather weather TV TV switching, switching, button button push push simple simple By By operation. operation. of of modes modes 4 4 with with RECORDER RECORDER FACSIMILE FACSIMILE # # 9225 9225 A/den A/den The The unit unit compact compact From one one From Data Data Weather Weather Facsimile Facsimile of of Spectrum Spectrum Complete Complete The The The The Marconi Marconi Company Company Limited, Limited, Radar Radar Division, Division, Chelmsford, Chelmsford, Essex, Essex, England England LTO/SSI LTO/SSI Marconi Marconi meteorological meteorological radar radar Display Display ranges ranges 12%, 12%, 25, 25, 50, 50, 100, 100, 150, 150, 200 200 n. n. miles miles parallax parallax errors) errors) indicators indicators which which preclude preclude (incorporating (incorporating electronic electronic bearing bearing Displays Displays 12" 12" PPI PPI high high brightness brightness speed speed Aerial Aerial rotation rotation 18 18 r.p.m. r.p.m. Beam Beam width width 1.4" 1.4" Aerial Aerial 6' 6' parabolic parabolic dish dish Peak Peak power power output output 70 70 kW kW nominal nominal (60 (60 kW kW minimum) minimum) Frequency Frequency range range 9415-9475 9415-9475 Mc/s Mc/s on on any any site, site, is is simple simple and and inexpensive. inexpensive. designed designed aluminium aluminium tower. tower. Installation, Installation, ter/receiver ter/receiver is is housed housed in in a a specially specially completely completely self-contained. self-contained. The The transmit This This low-priced low-priced meteorological meteorological radar radar is is Radar Radar Rainbow Rainbow Marconi Marconi IITALYl IITALYl ROME ROME KM.12.4 KM.12.4 TIBURTINA TIBURTINA VIA VIA scientific scientific for for safety, safety, flight flight -age -age jet jet for for ~ ~ ~JE:---JE:I'!·~ ~JE:---JE:I'!·~ INDUSTRIE INDUSTRIE ELETTRONICHE ELETTRONICHE ASSOCIATE ASSOCIATE S.p.A. S.p.A. ROME ROME I I ITAL ITAL Yl Yl ~,1: ~,1: printing printing unit. unit. track track from from target target acquisition acquisition to to 180 180 Km Km using using automatic automatic data data urements urements o o PPIIRHIIA PPIIRHIIA displays displays D D Completely Completely automated automated balloon balloon o o return return Linear Linear - Logarithmic Logarithmic receiver receiver for for quantitative quantitative meas o o tions tions 200 200 Kw Kw peak peak power power for for maximum maximum penetration penetration and and echo echo weather weather information information - Trailer Trailer version version for for military military or or civil civil applica cial cial meteorological meteorological environments environments o o Shipborne Shipborne version version for for oceanic oceanic loon loon o o tracking tracking Choice Choice of of X X or or C C band band for for use use in in normal normal or or spe One One integrated integrated system system for for weather weather research research automatic automatic and bal Selenia Selenia integrated integrated weather weather radar radar for for assistance assistance to to military military operations operations research research and and cloud cloud physics physics studies, studies, 88-80 88-80 BOTzaris BOTzaris Telephone: Telephone: 19e- Paris Paris Melingue Melingue rue rue 25, 25, a a distance distance pluviographe pluviographe de de Enregistreur Enregistreur gauge gauge rain rain Recording Recording Pluviographe Pluviographe Pluviometer Pluviometer totalisateur totalisateur Pluviometre Pluviometre INSTRUMENTS INSTRUMENTS , , METEOROLOGICAL METEOROLOGICAL METEOROLOGIE METEOROLOGIE LA LA POUR POUR MESURE MESURE DE DE APPAREILS APPAREILS