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Jewish-Muslim Relations and Migration from Yemen to Palestine in the Late Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries Brill’S Series in Jewish Studies

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Jewish-Muslim Relations and Migration from Yemen to Palestine in the Late Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries Brill’S Series in Jewish Studies Jewish-Muslim Relations and Migration from Yemen to Palestine in the Late Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries Brill’s Series in Jewish Studies Series Editor David S. Katz VOLUME 50 The titles published in this series are listed at brill.com/bsjs Jewish-Muslim Relations and Migration from Yemen to Palestine in the Late Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries By Ari Ariel LEIDEN • BOSTON 2014 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Ariel, Ari, author. Jewish-Muslim relations and migration from Yemen to Palestine in the late nineteenth and twentieth centuries / by Ari Ariel. p. cm. -- (Brill's series in Jewish studies) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-90-04-26536-3 (hardback : alk. paper) -- ISBN 978-90-04-26537-0 (e-book) 1. Jews--Yemen (Republic)--Migration--History--19th century. 2. Jews--Yemen (Republic)-- Migration--History--20th century. 3. Israel--Emigration and immigration--History--20th century. 4. Jews--Persecutions--Yemen (Republic)--History--20th century. 5. Jewish-Arab relations-- History--1917-1948. 6. Yemen (Republic)--Ethnic relations. I. Title. DS135.Y4A75 2014 953.3'004924--dc23 2013039815 This publication has been typeset in the multilingual “Brill” typeface. With over 5,100 characters covering Latin, IPA, Greek, and Cyrillic, this typeface is especially suitable for use in the humanities. For more information, please see www.brill.com/brill-typeface. ISSN 0926-2261 ISBN 978-90-04-26536-3 (hardback) ISBN 978-90-04-26537-0 (e-book) Copyright 2014 by Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, The Netherlands. Koninklijke Brill NV incorporates the imprints Brill, Global Oriental, Hotei Publishing, IDC Publishers and Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, translated, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior written permission from the publisher. Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use is granted by Koninklijke Brill NV provided that the appropriate fees are paid directly to The Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Suite 910, Danvers, MA 01923, USA. Fees are subject to change. This book is printed on acid-free paper. <UN> <UN> CONTENTS Acknowledgments ...................................................................................................vii Introduction .................................................................................................................1 1. Theoretical Considerations and Historical Context ................................. 13 2. Jewish Migration from Yemen to the Ottoman Sanjak of Jerusalem, Palestine, and Israel ................................................................45 3. The Alliance Israélite Universelle and the Zionist Movement in Yemen: The Missions of Yom Tov Semah and Shmuel Yavnieli ..................................................................................................77 4. The Forced Conversion of Jewish Orphans in Yemen under Imam Yaḥyā ........................................................................................................117 5. Regime Change, Anti-Jewish Violence, and Emigration in Libya and Yemen ......................................................................................... 137 Conclusion ...............................................................................................................163 Bibliography of Secondary Sources ..................................................................169 Index .......................................................................................................................... 179 <UN> <UN> <UN> <UN> ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This book comes out of my doctoral dissertation, which I completed at Columbia University. I am indebted to a number of people there for the assistance and support they provided. Firstly, without Rashid Khalidi’s seemingly boundless support this dissertation could not have been writ- ten. His unparalleled understanding of the issues of national, ethnic, and religious identities in the modern Middle East was indispensable. I could not have chosen a better advisor. Lisa Anderson constantly went above and beyond the call of duty. Her meticulous analysis of my work was both challenging and enlightening, and will continue to be a source of inspira- tion during future projects. Brinkley Messick’s expertise on Yemeni history and legal structures, and his accessibility and encouragement, were vital to the success of my work. Uri Cohen was tasked with calling to my atten- tion some of the most difficult fundamental questions facing this work and managed several times to alter my thinking; a formidable task given my stubbornness. Yinon Cohen came to my committee late, but then jumped in with unmatched devotion. His expertise in the workings of migration and specifically immigration to Palestine and Israel was of cru- cial importance to this dissertation and I am beholden to him for his close readings and advice. Of course, any faults, omissions, and deficiencies in this book are my own. During the earlier period of my graduate studies Elizabeth Suzanne Kassab was a constant source of intellectual stimulus and encouragement and she continues to be an inspirational role model of a scholar and teacher. George Saliba taught me an immeasurable amount, about Islamic history and about how to be both a caring and effective teacher. He also helped me navigate the sometimes turbulent waters of graduate school. The staff of the department of Middle East and Asian Languages and Cultures (which has since become the department of Middle Eastern, South Asian, and Africa Studies) was always there with technical and emotional support. I would particularly like to thank Jessica Rechtschaffer and Leah Smith for their assistance and friendship. I am grateful to Bob Scott of Butler Library’s Digital Humanities Center for his assistance with computer based research resources and for providing me with a congenial workspace, without which I would not have been able to write my dissertation. My postdoctoral fellowship at New York University gave me the oppor- tunity to revise my project and expand my thinking. The Department of <UN> <UN> viii acknowledgments Hebrew and Judaic Studies and the Taub Center for Israel Studies provided me with unparalleled institutional support. Hasia Diner’s friendship and advice were crucial to finishing this project and have inspired me to think about questions of migration and ethnicity more globally. This will cer- tainly have an impact on my future work. Ron Zweig, the director of the Taub Center, not only provided me with a superb workspace and intel- lectual community, he immediately treated my as a respected colleague. His counsel and guidance was essential to making the transition from graduate student to professional. Anyone who has passed through these two departments at NYU knows that nothing gets done there without the help of Shayne Figueroa. She has become a true friend and I look forward to having her as a colleague very soon. My friends and colleagues Elizabeth Johnston and Bedross Der Matossian read early drafts of my dissertation chapters. They were always encouraging and their comments and suggestions were often as construc- tive as those of my advisors. Tshombe Miles was and is my constant intellectual sparring partner. Our discussions and debates contributed enormously to my thinking and will continue to do so. Special thanks also to Angie Cruz, both for her friendship and for making me think outside the box, even when it’s uncomfortable. More than anyone, Yasmine Ramadan has given me support, advice and encouragement on a daily basis. She is my sounding board, my accom- plice, my critic, and my ally all in one. Without her personal and profes- sional support I would not have finished this book. (Chicken really is the best!) I would like to thank my parents, Moshe and Evelyn, and my brother, Donny. My first inspiration for the study of Yemeni Jews is my father, who migrated from Baadan to Palestine as a young child. This is very much his story. My mother has supported me in too many ways to recount here and I can’t thank her enough for making this all possible. My brother’s friendship and our dinner (really diner) table arguments have been an unending source of motivation and encouragement, even if we don’t always agree. I would also like to thank all of my friends and family members (particular but not limited to the entire Ariel, Buranelli, Chassler, Kinory, Mims, Scandiffio, Secor, Wiener and Yaish families and especially Carla Buranelli, Zach Chassler, Kern Eccles, Xandy Frisch, Jonah Kaplan, Adam Kinory, Ethan Kinory, Ella Leers, Ed Levi, Karen Michels, Arik Mims, Genji Ridley, Dimitri Saliani, Tom Secor, Linette Strauss, Nader Uthman, and Hila, Ofira, and Rahat Yaish) for their encouragement and support and for putting up with me during the sometimes tense period of writing. I hope I wasn’t too difficult. <UN> <UN> INTRODUCTION This study focuses on the migration movement of Jews from Yemen to Palestine, and later, Israel, beginning in the late Ottoman period and end- ing with the mass migration of most of Yemen’s Jews in the aftermath of the establishment of the State of Israel. My starting point for this research is both personal and intellectual. On a personally level I hope to better understand why, despite the very positive memories of Yemen that have been recounted to me, my father’s family chose to immigrate
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