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Planning and Implementing Rural Adaptation Initiatives in the Lower Mekong

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Planning and Implementing Rural Adaptation Initiatives in the Lower Mekong USAID Mekong Adaptation and Resilience to Climate Change Planning and Implementing Rural Adaptation Initiatives in the Lower Mekong Methods Applied to Integrate Climate Science and Local Knowledge USAID Mekong ARCC Project Description The U.S. Agency for International Development’s Mekong Adaptation and Resilience to Climate Change (USAID Mekong ARCC) is a five-year program (2011-2016) implemented by DAI in partnership with the International Centre for Environmental Management, World Resources Institute, (WRI), International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), Asian Management and Development Institute (AMDI), and the United Nations World Food Programme (WFP). The project focuses on identifying the environmental, economic and social effects of climate change in the Lower Mekong Basin and assisting highly exposed and vulnerable rural populations in ecologically sensitive areas to increase their ability to adapt to climate change impacts on water resources, agricultural and aquatic systems, livestock and ecosystems. Cover photo: In Nakai District of Khammouan, Lao PDR, the pilot villages locations are remote and fall entirely within the highly biodiverse Phou Hin Poun National Biodiversity Conservation Area of the Annamites Ecoregion. Program: USAID Mekong Adaptation and Resilience to Climate Change (USAID Mekong ARCC) Contractor: Development Alternatives Inc. (DAI) Authors: Shannon Dugan, Shelley Gustafson, John Lichtefeld Design: Donald Bason Date: June 2016 This publication is made possible by the support of the American People through the United States Agency for International Development. The contents of this document are the sole responsibility of DAI and do not necessarily reflect the views of USAID or the United States Government. Planning and Implementing Rural Adaptation Initiatives in the Lower Mekong Methods Applied to Integrate Climate Science and Local Knowledge Acronyms AMDI Asian Management and Development Institute CCS Community Climate Story DAI Development Alternatives Inc. FFS Farmer Field School GHG Greenhouse gas ha Hectare HH Households ICEM International Centre for Environmental Management IFS Integrated Farming Systems IP Implementing Partner IUCN International Union for Conservation of Nature LMB Lower Mekong Basin NGO Non-Governmental Organization NTFP Non-Timber Forest Product RDMA Regional Development Mission for Asia SCS Scientific Climate Story SOP Standard Operating Procedure SRI System of rice intensification THB Thai Baht VA Vulnerability Assessment WFP World Food Programme WRI World Resources Institute USAID United States Agency for International Development USD United States dollar i USAID Mekong ARCC I Planning and Implementing Rural Adaptation Initiatives in the Lower Mekong CONTENTS Acronyms ...................................................................................................................................................i List of Figures .........................................................................................................................................iii List of Tables ...........................................................................................................................................iv Acknowledgements ................................................................................................................................v Executive Summary ................................................................................................................................1 1. Introduction................................................................................................................................7 2. Overview of Pilot Sites ...................................................................................................................9 3. USAID Mekong ARCC Decision Making Framework ...........................................................10 4. Desk-Based Vulnerability Assessment ........................................................................................12 4.1 Climate Projections 4.2 Livelihood Threat Assessment Tables 4.3 Scientific Vulnerability Matrices 4.4 Gender Vulnerability and Specific Vulnerable Groups Assessment 4.5 Disaster Risk Assessment 5. Community Climate Story ...........................................................................................................19 5.1 Community/Village Mapping Exercises 5.2 Prioritization of Livelihood Activities 5.3 Seasonal Livelihood Calendars 5.4 Seasonal Hazard Calendars 5.5 Historical Timelines 5.6 Community Vulnerability Matrix 6. ScientificClimate Story, Shared Understanding, and Scenario Development....................25 6.1 Climate Education and Awareness-raising 6.2 Comparative Analysis 6.3 Developing a Community Vision 6.4 Outcome Mapping 7. Implementation of Adaptation Plan ...........................................................................................30 7.1 Adaptation Implementation by Site 8. Lessons Learned from Adaptation Implementation ...............................................................46 References ..............................................................................................................................................48 USAID Mekong ARCC I Planning and Implementing Rural Adaptation Initiatives in the Lower Mekong USAID Mekong ARCC I Planning and Implementing Rural Adaptation Initiatives in the Lower Mekong ii List of Figures Figure 1. USAID Mekong ARCC community adaptation sites ............................................................................6 Figure 2. Summary of integrative method for climate change adaptation planning ...........................................................................................................................................................................................10 Figure 3. USAID Mekong ARCC implementation workflow ............................................................................11 Figure 4. Vulnerability is magnified by the combined effects of exposure to climate threats and sensitivity of livelihoods and ecosystems to these threats; vulnerability is reduced by a community’s or system’s adaptive capacity ...........................................................................................................................................................................................12 Figure 5. Projected maximum temperature and precipitation changes across the Lower Mekong Basin by 2050 ....................................................................................................................13 Figure 6. Projected changes in dry season temperature by 2050 for Sakon Nakhon, Province, Thailand and Khammouan Province, Lao PDR ................................................14 Figure 7. Village transect map for Kok Klang Village in Sakon Nakhon Province, Thailand .......................................................................................................................................................................20 Figure 8. Example drawings depicting climate threats in target communities ..................................................................................................................................................................................26 Figure 9. Outcome mapping in Ban Kouanesam, Khammouan Province, Lao PDR ..........................................................................................................................................................................................29 Figure 10. Community adaptation sites in Chiang Rai Province, Thailand ..................................................32 Figure 11. Community adaptation site in Kok Klang Village, Sakon Nakhon Province, Thailand .....................................................................................................................................34 Figure 12. Community adaptation sites in Khammouan Province, Lao PDR .............................................39 Figure 13. Community adaptation site in Kampong Thom Province, Cambodia .....................................41 Figure 14. Community adaptation site in Kien Giang Province, Vietnam .....................................................44 iii USAID Mekong ARCC I Planning and Implementing Rural Adaptation Initiatives in the Lower Mekong List of Tables Table 1. Threat assessment for a selection of livelihoods important to Huai Kang Pla Village, Chiang Rai Province, Thailand (IUCN Thailand, Vulnerability and Capacity Assessment Report, June 2014) Table 2. Scientific Vulnerability Matrix for Loh Yo Village, Chiang Rai, Thailand (IUCN Thailand, Vulnerability and Capacity Assessment Report, June 2014) Table 3. Gender implications of climate change and other impacts in Thuan Hoa Commune, Kien Giang Province, Vietnam (AMDI Awareness Survey Report, 2014) Table 4. Disaster risk assessment of Thuan Hoa Commune, Kien Giang Province, Vietnam (AMDI VA Report Thuan Hoa Commune, July 2014) Table 5. Prioritization of livelihood activities in six villages in Khammouan Province, Lao PDR (IUCN Lao PDR Community Climate Story Report, June 2014) Table 6. Major income sources for households in Thuan Hoa Commune, Kien Giang Province, Vietnam (AMDI Community Profile 2014) Table 7. Seasonal livelihood calendar for Khoum Kouanesam, Lao PDR (IUCN Lao PDR, Community Climate Story Report, June 2014) Table 8. Hazard Calendar of Kouanesam (IUCN Lao PDR, Community Climate Story Report, June 2014) Table 9. Historical timeline for
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