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Chaillot Paper 89 Chaillot Paper May 2006 n°89 Iranian challenges Katajun Amirpur, William O. Beeman, Anoushiravan Ehteshami, Fred Halliday, Bernard Hourcade, Andrzej Kapiszewski, Walter Posch and Johannes Reissner Edited by Walter Posch cc 89-cover.qxp 31/05/2006 16:33 Page 2 Chaillot Paper Paper Chaillot n° 89 89 In January 2002 the Institute for Security Studies (ISS) beca- me an autonomous Paris-based agency of the European Union. Following an EU Council Joint Action of 20 July Iranian challenges 2001, it is now an integral part of the new structures that will support the further development of the CFSP/ESDP. The Institute’s core mission is to provide analyses and recommendations that can be of use and relevance to the formulation of the European security and defence policy. In carrying out that mission, it also acts as an interface between European experts and decision-makers at all levels. Chaillot Papers are monographs on topical questions written either by a member of the ISS research team or by outside authors chosen and commissioned by the Institute. Early drafts are normally discussed at a semi- nar or study group of experts convened by the Institute Posch Edited by Walter and publication indicates that the paper is considered by the ISS as a useful and authoritative contribution to the debate on CFSP/ESDP. Responsibility for the views expressed in them lies exclusively with authors. Chaillot Papers are also accessible via the Institute’s Website: www.iss-eu.org cc 89-Text.qxp 31/05/2006 14:53 Page 1 Chaillot Paper May 2006 n°89 Iranian challenges Katajun Amirpur, William O. Beeman, Anoushiravan Ehteshami, Fred Halliday, Bernard Hourcade, Andrzej Kapiszewski, Walter Posch and Johannes Reissner Edited by Walter Posch Institute for Security Studies European Union Paris cc 89-Text.qxp 31/05/2006 14:53 Page 2 Institute for Security Studies European Union 43 avenue du Président Wilson 75775 Paris cedex 16 tel.: +33 (0)1 56 89 19 30 fax: +33 (0)1 56 89 19 31 e-mail: [email protected] www.iss-eu.org Director: Nicole Gnesotto © EU Institute for Security Studies 2006. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise without the prior permission of the EU Institute for Security Studies. ISSN 1017-7566 ISBN 92-9198-092-7 Published by the EU Institute for Security Studies and printed in Condé-sur-Noireau (France) by Corlet Imprimeur. Graphic design by Claire Mabille (Paris). cc 89-Text.qxp 31/05/2006 14:53 Page 3 Contents n°89 May 2006 Préface Nicole Gnesotto 7 Introduction 9 Walter Posch • An exceptional country 10 • Outline of this Chaillot Paper 11 Iran’s 2005 presidential elections and their impact on the Republic’s 1 politics 17 Andrzej Kapiszewski • The results of the 2005 presidential elections 17 • The consequences of the elections 21 • Internal opposition to Ahmadinejad 24 • Conclusion 26 2 The future of Iran’s reform movement 29 Katajun Amirpur • Elections and the political system of the Islamic Republic 29 • Conservatives versus reformers in Iran: the ongoing battle 32 • Where does Iran go from here? 37 • Conclusion 40 3 Iran’s internal security challenges 41 Bernard Hourcade • Introduction 41 • Challenging the clerical state: the Pasdaran and the new Islamic elite 43 • Challenging ethnicity: education and gender issues 48 • International culture, science and economy: the current political challenge 52 • Elections: inherent risks and opportunities 56 cc 89-Text.qxp 31/05/2006 14:53 Page 4 Contents 4 Iran’s regional and strategic interests 59 Fred Halliday • Confrontation in West Asia 59 • Iran: the domestic dimensions 64 • Regional policies: alignments and confrontations 66 • Prospects 71 5 The future of Iran’s defence and nuclear policy 73 Anoushiravan Ehteshami • Introduction 73 • The impact of the war 74 • Iran’s post-revolution military partnerships 75 • Security in the balance 77 • A new political regime takes charge 82 6 After Ahmadinejad: the prospects for US-Iranian relations 87 William O. Beeman • Introduction 87 • Ahmadinejad: a loose cannon? 88 • The future of US-Iranian relations 93 • Iran and Europe 95 • Predictions for the future 96 7 The EU and Iran: a tangled web of negotiations 99 Walter Posch • The critical and the comprehensive dialogues 99 • The E3/EU initiative 103 • Endgame? 106 • E3/EU and Iran: taking stock and future prospects 111 cc 89-Text.qxp 31/05/2006 14:53 Page 5 Contents 8 EU-Iran relations: options for future dialogue 115 Johannes Reissner • Introduction 115 • A history of adverse political constellations 116 • Doubts about Europe’s goals 118 • Iranian attitudes 120 • New constellations – new opportunities for dialogue? 123 9 Conclusion: a triple-track policy for the EU? 127 Walter Posch • A triple-track policy for the EU 128 Annexes 133 • About the authors 133 • Abbreviations 135 cc 89-Text.qxp 31/05/2006 14:53 Page 6 cc 89-Text.qxp 31/05/2006 14:53 Page 7 Préface Nicole Gnesotto antôt meilleur allié, tantôt possible ennemi, Etat pivot ou Etat paria, le statut international de l’Iran a connu d’énormes fluctua- Ttions au cours des trois dernières décennies. Ne serait-ce qu’il y a à peine cinq ans, la communauté internationale, et notamment les Etats- Unis, appréciaient la coopération discrète du régime de Téhéran pour la sup- pression des talibans en Afghanistan. Mais depuis deux ans, la détériora- tion de l’image et du rôle de l’Iran a connu une accélération aussi spectaculaire que globale : sur le plan stratégique, avec les révélations sur le programme nucléaire iranien ; sur le plan régional, suite à la polarisation Sunnites/Chiites, corollaire de la crise irakienne ; sur le plan politique enfin, suite à la victoire du nouveau président Ahmadinejad et à la radicalisation tous azimuts de sa politique. Si la non-prolifération nucléaire représente sans conteste un enjeu majeur pour la sécurité internationale, la question iranienne n’est pour- tant pas réductible au comportement extrémiste ou irresponsable de tel ou tel dirigeant. Vingt-cinq années de révolution islamiste ont façonné une société extrêmement complexe, une dynamique politique aussi brutale qu’opaque, sur fond de situation économique catastrophique alliée à un nationalisme aussi virulent que consensuel. A bien des égards, l’Iran reste encore aujourd’hui une énigme majeure. Déjà, en 2005, l’élection de Mohamed Ahmadinejad avait déjoué tous les pronostics occidentaux. Aujourd’hui, sa politique internationale semble un défi à la raison stratégique. C’est donc pour tenter de déchiffrer les ressorts de la politique iranienne d’Ahmadinejad que ce Cahier de Chaillot a été conçu : sous la direction de Walter Posch, responsable à l’Institut des études iraniennes et du monde arabo-musulman, les meilleurs spécialistes européens et améri- cains ont été sollicités pour éclairer dans leur globalité les défis iraniens. L’Iran occupe en effet le premier rang sur la liste des préoccupations internationales. Alors que les Européens mettent en priorité l’accent sur le risque nucléaire, les Américains insistent davantage sur la « menace glo- bale » qu’il représente pour le système de sécurité international (via la pro- lifération nucléaire), pour la stabilité du Moyen-Orient (via notamment le terrorisme et les ingérences régionales) pour la démocratie et les droits de 7 cc 89-Text.qxp 31/05/2006 14:53 Page 8 Préface l’homme (répression intérieure). Toutefois, à cette nuance près de la démonisation idéologique d’un Etat, les Occidentaux présentent à l’égard des ambitions nucléaires de l’Iran un front uni qu’ils n’ont jamais été capa- bles de créer à l’égard de l’Irak en 2003. Russie et Chine partagent égale- ment ce refus d’un Iran nucléaire, même si cette communauté d’objectifs n’exclut pas des divergences de méthode à l’égard notamment de ce que pourrait être une politique de coercition diplomatique ou a fortiori mili- taire. L’Union européenne quant à elle a pris le leadership d’une gestion de crise dont les effets seront déterminants pour l’ensemble du système de sécu- rité régional et international. Il y a 60 ans et dans un tout autre contexte, le général de Gaulle abordait l’Orient compliqué avec une idée simple : parce que le sort du monde se jouait alors dans la région, il fallait en être. Cette phrase célèbre a fait l’objet de plus d’un contresens historique : loin d’impliquer un traitement simpliste des questions de sécurité au Moyen-Orient, elle était avant tout un plaidoyer pour l’implication et la responsabilité stratégique dans la gestion des crises mondiales. A l’égard de l’Iran aujourd’hui, et de la part de l’Union, cette exigence reste fondamentale. Paris, mai 2006 8 cc 89-Text.qxp 31/05/2006 14:53 Page 9 Introduction Iranian challenges Walter Posch What a difference a year makes! In 2005 the international arena was still dominated by the ongoing crisis in Iraq, whereas 2006 is likely to be the year of Iran. Cynics and pundits might argue that an Iran- ian crisis was long overdue, certainly after the disclosure of its secret nuclear programme in 2002. But in a sense there has been an ‘Iranian Crisis’ from the very day of the proclamation of the Islamic Republic in 1979. Ever since, Iran has defied the West on many fronts throughout the Middle East region. First, by actively trying to ‘export’ its Islamic Revolution to places as far away as, for exam- ple, Sudan, and later, from the 1990s onwards, by behaving as an adversarial regional power. Europe has never denied the importance of Iran in the regional context.
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