OHW ARCHAEI 1ST VOLUME 42 NOV SPRING 1992

no The Archaeological Society of Ohio MEMBERSHIP AND DUES Annual dues to the Archaeological Society of Ohio are payable on the TERM first of January as follows: Regular membership $15.00; husband and EXPIRESS A.S.O. OFFICERS wife (one copy of publication) $16.00; Life membership $300.00. Subscription to the Ohio Archaeologist, published quarterly, is included President James G. Hovan, 16979 South Meadow Circle, in the membership dues. The Archaeological Society of Ohio is an Strongsville, OH 44136, (216) 238-1799 incorporated non-profit organization. Vice President Larry L. Morris, 901 Evening Star Avenue SE, East Canton, OH 44730, (216) 488-1640 Exec. Sect. Barbara Motts, 3435 Sciotangy Drive, Columbus, BACK ISSUES OH 43221 ,(614) 898-4116 (work) (614) 459-0808 (home) Publications and back issues of the Ohio Archaeologist: Recording Sect. Nancy E. Morris, 901 Evening Star Avenue Ohio Flint Types, by Robert N. 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(Joe) Redick, 35 West Riverglen Drive, Worthington, OH President: Ronald Richman, Box 23, Clay Street, Edinburg, PA 43085,(614)885-0665 Lake County Chapter President: William M. King, 9735 Ridgeview Trail, Mentor, OH 1994 Michael W. Schoenfeld, 5683 Blacklick-Eastern Road NW, Pickerington, OH 43147, (614) 837-7088 Lower Ohio River Valley Basin Chapter REGIONAL COLLABORATORS President: Will Storey, 1820 Dexter, Portsmouth, OH David W. Kuhn, 2103 Grandview Ave., Portsmouth, OH 45662 Miamiville Archaeological Conservation Chapter Mark W. Long, Box 467, Wellston, OH President: Raymond E. Lovins, Box 86, Miamiville, OH Steven Kelley, Seaman, OH Mound City Chapter William Tiell, 13435 Lake Ave., Lakewood, OH President: Carmel "Bud" Tackett, 906 Charleston Pk., Chillicothe, OH James L. Murphy, University Libraries, 1858 Neil Avenue Mall, North Coast Chapter Columbus, OH 43210 President: Robert W. McGreevey, 24687 Tara-Lynn Dr., N. Olmstead, OH Gordon Hart, 760 N. Main St., Bluffton, Indiana 46714 David J. Snyder, P.O. Box 388, Luckey, OH 43443 Painted Post Chapter Dr. Phillip R. Shriver, Miami University, Oxford, OH 45056 President: Joe Johnson, 108 Erwin Avenue, Follansbee, WV Brian Da Re, 58561 Sharon Blvd., Rayland, OH 43943 Sandusky Bay Chapter Jeff Carskadden, 960 Eastward Circle, Colony North, President: George B. DeMuth, 4303 Nash Rd., Wakeman, OH Zanesville, OH 43701 Sandusky Valley Chapter All articles, reviews, and comments regarding the Ohio Archaeologist President: James E. Milum, 17306 CH 113, Harpster, OH should be sent to the Editor. Memberships, requests for back issues, Seneca Arrow Hunters changes of address, and other inquiries should be sent to the Busi­ President: Donald Weller, Jr., 3232 S. State Rt. 53, Tiffin, OH ness Manager. Six River Valley Chapter President: Walter J. Sperry, 6910 Range Line Road, Mount Vernon, OH PLEASE NOTIFY THE BUSINESS MANAGER OF ADDRESS CHANGES IMMEDIATELY SINCE, BY POSTAL REGULATIONS Standing Stone Chapter SOCIETY MAIL CANNOT BE FORWARDED. President: Paul Wildermuth, 5210 Coonpath Road, Pleasantville, OH Sugarcreek Valley Chapter NEW BUSINESS OFFICE PHONPresident:E NancNUMBEy E. MorrisR, 901 Evening Star Ave. SE, East Canton, OH 1-800-736-7815 TOLL FREE TABLE OF CONTENTS PRESIDENT'S PAGE The Baker II Site and Human Occupation of the The Ohio Archaeological Society has reached its 50th Southwestern Sandusky Bay Region Anniversary this year. It seems remarkable that when this organi­ byDavidM. Stothers 4 zation was founded by a handful of men, during the early war years of World War II, that it has grown as rapidly and extensively Scenes from the Annual Meeting 10 as it has. Even more remarkable is that the Ohio Archaeological A Laterally Hafted Ohio Hopewell Bladelet from Dow Society has remained intact as a society. Granted, most of the Chemical #2 (33U302) early founders and members have passed on, and are only fond by Paul J. Pacheco and William H. Pickard 12 memories. Such men as Wachtel, Johnson, Kramer, Meuser, Potsherds, Projectile Points, and Politics: The Future of Sprague, Vietzen, Burdett, Copeland, and many, many more Archaeology in the State of Ohio have left their mark. All except Ray Vietzen are deceased. They by David M. Stothers, Timothy J. Abel, Jeffery P. Scheff are to be commended - they should be remembered. and Andrew M. Schneider 16 As a society, we have had some ups and downs over the past fifty years. In todays world, it is impossible to be politically cor­ A Fine Coshocton County Biface by Larry L Morris 22 rect. Practically everyone has personal agenda or cause. An Archaic Flint Ridge Knife from Montgomery County It has been a most sincere pleasure to have served as your by Scott L. Sholiton 22 President over the past two years. I have many found memories to take with me. Your society is solid and growing yearly. I urge Fewer than a Thousand Left! The Continuing Destruction you to support your new President as strongly as you have sup­ of Ohio's Prehistoric Mounds by Phillip ft Shriver 23 ported me over the years. Basketry, Prehistoric and Modern by Elaine Hoizapfel 30 As I've stated before, our Chapters are the life blood of the A Perfect Leaf-Shaped Blade by Jack I. Rosenfeid 34 whole Society. Join a chapter if you have the opportunity. You'll meet some great people, learn a lot and have some fun in the Cannel Coal Artifacts By Jerry Bail 34 process. Remember, the Ohio Archaeological Society started as Hopewellian Concepts in Geometry a small group very similar to many of our chapters just fifty by William F. Romain 35 years ago. A Response to Baldwin's Witch Hunt In closing I'd like to recognize those people who have per­ formed various functions for me on a regular basis, either directly by Martha Potter Otto 51 or indirectly contributing to the success of the organization. I am A Banner Preform by David W. Reed 53 deeply appreciative of the efforts of all of our officers, trustees and committee personnel. They have demonstrated personal en­ The Annual Meeting 1992 54 thusiasm, attention to detail, and willingness to go the extra mile, New Archaeological Society Postcards Available 55 as they have throughout the years of my relationships with them. Book Review 55 The highest accolade, of course, must go to Editor Bob Converse, whose talent for organization and ability and willing­ Object of the Society 56 ness to assume awesome responsibility would be impossible to describe in a way that does him justice.

Best personal regards,

James G. Hovan President

Front Cover Summer solstice sunset over the Serpent Mound, June 21, 1990. As shown here, on the date of the summer solstice and for a day or two before and after the solstice, the sun will set in approximate alignment with a sightline extending from the intersection of the serpent's jaws through the far end of the oval embankment. Also of interest is that in 224 B.C., just one day before the summer solstice, a total solar eclipse was visible throughout the Hopewell heartland. Could it be that the Serpent Mound depicts this solstice eclipse?

Photo by William F. Romain, using a 35mm Nikon F2 Photomic camera.

Copyright © 1990 by William F. Romain THE BAKER II SITE AND HUMAN OCCUPATION OF THE SOUTHWESTERN SANDUSKY BAY REGION by David M. Stothers Director, The Archaeological Research Program The University of Toledo

Introduction The "Birdstone" Burial uncorrected radiometric date of 2650+/- 60 The intent of this article is to document (Burial Feature No. 2) B.P. or 700 B.C. (Beta-46639). However, and record information of historical value When discovered, this burial was with a C13/C12 stable carbon fractionation which has been obtained from the Baker II extended on its back (figure 2) and lay in calibration of -21.7, the date was adjusted Site (UTSA.93) located in northern Riley the center of a very faint oblong gray stain, to 2710 +/- 60 B.P, or 760 B.C. (Beta- Township, Sandusky County, fronting onto which delimited the original burial pit. The 46639). the west end of Sandusky Bay, on the pit outline was two meters in length and The C14 date of 760 B.C. for the Baker II eastern end of a peninsula-like finger of about one meter'wide. The burial lay in a birdstone burial establishes a placement in land which lies between the Sandusky sandy-silt soil matrix which had been time for the bar style birdstones which were River to the north, and the north bank of excavated into the underlying buff basal included as grave furniture. However, dates Green Creek to the south (figure 1). This lake bed clay which forms the previously of 2330 +/- 120 B.P. (CWRU-90) or 380 area, until recently, when the site was mentioned mudflats during lower water. B.C. and 2390 +/ 95 B.P. (CWRU-53) or destroyed by dike construction, was The burial was more or less intact in an 440 B.C. on human bone associated with a fronted by extensive mud-flats, (figure 1), in extended posture, with its head oriented to similar bar style birdstone from Burial which dark brown-black organic cultural the west, although the erosion waters had Feature 100 at the Williams site in the lower features contrasted readily with the orange- disrupted and carried away the fingers and Maumee River Valley (Stothers and Abel buff clay bedding. This report will toes, several pieces of the collapsed skull n.d.a.) suggest an extended duration of emphasize specific features, which were and most of the rib cage. However, several popularity for this style of birdstone. located mapped, salvaged and in some cranial fragments, the scapulae, innom- This radiocarbon date and its associated cases radiocarbon dated. In addition, inates, a few disintegrated vertebral stable carbon isotope fractionation specific cultural items recovered from a remnants and major sections for the calibration are in accord with the general water eroded surface context, which are longbones of the arms and legs lay in record for this period of time during diagnostic and significant in their contri­ anatomical order and alignment, indicating prehistory in northern Ohio, surrounding bution to an understanding of human occu­ a supine, extended burial. Cranial suture regions of the midwest and in eastern pation at the Baker II site and its environs closure, epiphyseal fusion, the sciatic notch North America (Stothers and Bechtel 1987). will also be documented and discussed. angle, and symphysis pubis faces indicated It is apparent from the fractionation that this individual was a mature adult male calibration, that the individual associated of an indeterminate age. Site History with these birdstones consumed no C-4 The Baker II site is a multi-component plants. By inference and based upon the site which has disclosed a record of Grave Inclusions general record, this individual, his cultural intermittent human occupation from the This burial was associated with two group, and other contemporary popula­ earliest regional phase of the Paleo-lndian green-gray slate bar style birdstones (figure tions were pre-agricultural hunter-gath­ time period through historic aboriginal and 3a, b), which lay on either side of the erers, whose social organization consisted Euro-American occupations of the mid- remnant cranial segments. The birdstone of territorial band units. 1700's and mid-1800's respectively. with protruding "nubbin-like" eyes (figure, Based upon a series of new radiocarbon The earliest evidence of human occu­ 3a) lay on the left side of the cranial vault, dates from several different sites in pation is documented in the recovery of a while the other specimen lay to the right of Pennsylvania (Grantz 1986; Johnson Gainey style of fluted biface (UTLA the collapsed cranium. The burial feature 1982:154), northern Ohio (Prufer et al. Unpublished Manuscripts; Stothers and was mapped and excavated and des­ 1989: 24-28, 80; Stothers and Abel n.d.a.) Abel 1991), fashioned of the creme variant ignated burial feature No. 2. Additional and Southwestern Michigan (Garland 1990: of Upper Mercer chert. The biface (figure grave furniture was not encountered, and a 360-394), it is suggested that the Early 3C) measures 56.5 mm in length; 26.0 mm lack of any red ocher staining, either on the Woodland time period, associated with the in width; is 7.5 mm in maximum thickness, bones or in the grave fill, was noted. introduction of fired clay ceramic tech­ and exhibits heavy grinding on its basal The recovered materials, both cultural nology, may have its inception between concavity and lower lateral edges as far up and biological were brought to the archae­ 1,000-800 B.C., earlier than previously rec­ as the distal end of the flutes (ca. 21.0 mm). ological research facility at the University of ognized. Whether or not the Baker II The Archaic period of prehistoric site Toledo where they were photographed, birdstone burial be assigned a late Archaic utilization is represented by a few serrated recorded, and analyzed. or Early Woodland placement in time is a Kirk Stemmed points, dated to ca. 7,600- During the summer of 1991 a portion of moot point, and incapable of being 6,900 B.C. (Stothers and Abel 1991) and the recovered skeletal material from this answered, based upon our present fashioned of Indian Creek chert from burial was shipped to Beta Analytic in knowledge. Indiana (UTLA Unpublished Manuscripts); a Miami, Florida, in order to establish a date few LeCroy bifurcate based points dated to in time for this interment and the associ­ The Middle Woodland Time Period ca. 6,500-5,000 B.C. (Stothers and Abel ated bar style birdstones. At the same time Although large numbers of Esch 1991) and made of southern Ohio Upper that a date was obtained from the C14 Cordmarked ceramic rimsherds (UTLA Mercer chert; late Archaic-Early Woodland determination, a stable carbon calibration Unpublished Manuscripts); a marked Feeheley knives (UTLA Unpublished to determine the relative proportion of quantity of Flint Ridge bladelets and Manuscripts) and many late Archaic-Early C13/C12 in the bone, was also undertaken. bladelet fragments; prismatic bladelet Woodland "Small Point" varieties such as The sample which was submitted for core fragments, and notched points of Merom, Trimble, Innes, Crawford Knoll, analysis consisted of 450.0 gms. of shaft Flint Ridge chalcedony attest to extensive (Ibid ), which date to ca. 2,500-100 B.C. sections from the right and left femora. This utilization of this locale by Esch phase (Stothers and Abel, n.d.a.). sample from Burial Feature 2 produced an populations (ca. A.D. 1-500), a dated

4 feature (Abel and Edwards 1990) deserves An extended adult skeleton, of indeter­ down to the vessel shoulder, at which point detailed consideration. Designated B.F.I., minate sex (designated B.F.3), was accom­ a distinctively different type of heavy, the feature consisted of two flexed panied by a complete grit tempered vessel, irregular cord-malleated vessel body individuals, interred in a pit and associated which was placed upright adjacent to the treatment begins. with a cache of artifacts (figure 4) including right side of the cranium. This burial was The rim is slightly everted, having a flat three corner-notched points, seven oriented with its head to the east, the lip measuring 6.0 mm in thickness, which is trapezoidal slate pendants, an unfinished cranium was collapsed and fragmentary, impressed around its circumference by bannerstone, a celt and its engraved elk and water erosion had removed con­ cord-wrapped stick vertical impressions. antler handle, a diabase pick (Abel and siderable skeletal material including cranial This vessel also displays six cord-wrapped Edwards 1990: 4-7) and other associated portions, leg and arm segments, and the stick impressed stylized "arrow-like" motifs items. A bone sample from the individual hands and feet. at regular intervals around the circum­ associated with the pick and slate The collarless grit tempered ceramic ference of the vessel on the shoulder. This pendants yielded a raw radiocarbon date of vessel which accompanied this burial vessel has an orifice diameter of 115.0 mm; 1590 +/- 110 years B.P. (or 360 A.D.) or (figure 3e; UTLA Unpublished Manuscripts) is 182.0 mm in total height; has a plain, 1610 +/- 110 B.P. (340 A.D.) when has a plain, smooth flattened lip (5.0 mm. in smooth interior, and manifests a rounded corrected for the fractionation adjustment. thickness); an orifice diameter of 70.0 mm sub-conical base. (Beta-14758). A stable carbon (C13/C12) and a total vessel height of 78.0 mm. The The second of three vessels (Stothers calibration of -23.57 was also obtained, interior is plain and smooth, and the vessel and Abel 1990: 37-38) is collarless, indicating that this individual, and by exhibits a rounded sub-conical base. The exhibiting cord-wrapped stick impressed inference the associated cultural group, like exterior body treatment below the shoulder left obliques, above cord-wrapped stick other contemporary societies in the Eastern is irregularly cord-malleated, while the neck impressed arcs, which form partially Woodlands were pre-agricultural hunter- and rim area above the shoulder is crudely overlapping "rainbow-like" motifs on the gatherers (Stothers and Bechtel 1987). smoothed and separated from the lower shoulder, just below the neck. The interior While the diabase pick (figure 4a) body by a single incised line which of the vessel is plain and smooth, but the resembles similar early Late Woodland encircles the top of the vessel shoulder. lip circumference is decorated with cord- picks found in contexts labelled "Intrusive The smoothed neck-rim band is decorated wrapped stick impressed right obliques; Mound" (Stothers 1991b) and "Wayne with two sets of opposed geometric motifs the orifice diameter is 121.0 mm; the total Mortuary Complex" (Halsy 1976) in Ohio of dentate stamped impression. The motifs vessel length is 194.0 mm; the vessel body and Michigan respectively, this style of are identical each consisting of four is heavily cord-malleated, and the vessel artifact apparently has its origins in the verticals, of which the outside verticals base is rounded. The third ceramic vessel earlier Middle Woodland time period, as have a short oblique connecting to their (Stothers and Abel 1990: figure 6a) is this dated burial feature suggests. The upper ends, forming an "arrow-like" similar to the second vessel, except it radiocarbon date and artifacts associated appearance. This vessel can typologically displays an undecorated but cord- with this feature suggest affiliation with the be assigned to the Vase Dentate type roughened (fabric impressed) rim and lip. Hopewellian Esch phase (ca. 1-500 A.D.) of (Fitting 1965). The lip is flat and measures 7.0 mm in the Sandusky tradition in north central Ohio Approximately five feet to the north of the thickness. Three parallel cord-wrapped (Abel and Edwards 1990; Stothers and Abel B.F.3 vessel, a subsurface cache pit (des­ stick impressed horizontals encircle the 1990; Stothers, Pratt and Shane 1979). The ignated F.4) was exposed as a dark black- vessel on the shoulder, just below the extensive surface recovery of prismatic brown circular organic stain which con­ neck. The vessel interior is plain and bladelets and bladelet segments, prismatic trasted readily with the surrounding buff-tan smooth; the orifice diameter is 104.0 mm bladelet core fragments and corner- basal clay into which it was excavated. and the total vessel height is 174.0 mm. notched points fashioned of Flint Ridge This pit feature was circular in outline, The vessel body is cord-malleated and the chalcedony (UTLA Unpublished Man­ measuring 86 centimeters in diameter, base is rounded (Stothers and Abel 1990; uscripts) from this locale, attests to the while it measured 41 centimeters in depth figure 6a). existence of a mechanism of trade and and had a basin shaped profile. This pit Another extended supine adult male exchange which connected northern Ohio contained three complete, upright ceramic burial (designated B.F.5) lay with its head Esch phase populations with their southern vessels, while the soil in the pit bottom was oriented to the east. This burial contained Ohio Scioto Hopewell neighbors. heavily stained with a red ocher deposit. grave inclusions (figure 5; UTLA Unpub­ The ocher deposit covered three Jack's lished Manuscripts) consisting of two The Late Woodland Time Period Reef Corner Notched points of Upper unilaterally barbed antler harpoons; an The Baker II site revealed abundant Mercer chert (one of which was reworked antler billet; two stone celts, the larger one ceramic material to indicate that this locale into a halfted end-scraper), and two fashioned of diabase, and the smaller one was extensively utilized between ca. A.D. triangular cache blades or preforms of Pipe of siltstone; as well as a corner-notched 500 and A.D. 1200 by late Woodland pop­ Creek chert. The three complete vessels point fashioned of local Delaware chert. ulations of the Riviere au Vase and Younge included in this cache pit (UTLA Unpub­ These grave inclusions were placed to the phases of the Western Basin Tradition lished Manuscripts) are all collarless and right side of the pelvis in a cluster, as (Stothers and Graves 1983; UTLA Unpub­ grit tempered and all are varieties of the though they may have at one time been lished Manuscripts). Large numbers of rim Vase Corded ceramic type (Fitting 1965; contained in a skin bag or carrying pouch. sherds and vessel segments from eroded Stothers and Pratt 1981). As such, all of The notched point was not clearly asso­ contexts are assignable to the documented these vessels are contemporary and repre­ ciated with the artifact cluster and may style varieties of Western Basin ware sent the Riviere au Vase phase (A.D. 500- represent the accidental inclusion of a (Fitting 1965; Stothers and Pratt 1981; 1,000) of the Western Basin Tradition Feeheley point from a much earlier occupa­ UTLA Unpublished Manuscripts) which are (Stothers 1978, Stothers and Graves 1983). tion, which became included in the grave affiliated with the emerging Western Basin It should be pointed out that these vessels pit when it was filled with soil. tribal group (Stothers 1991b) who resided were inadvertently and mistakenly assigned A sample of human bone from B.F. 5 was in the western Lake Erie region. to the Green Creek phase of the Sandusky submitted to Beta Analytic in Miami, Florida In addition to the above mentioned Late Tradition in an earlier article (Stothers and in order to obtain a radiocarbon date and a Woodland ceramics collected from water Abel 1990). stable carbon isotope calibration. The raw eroded surface contexts, three features and The first of the three vessels included in C14 date for this burial and its associated their associated cultural material relate to F.4 (figure 3d) is collarless with a cord- antler harpoons, antler billet and celts was the Late Woodland time period. roughened (fabric impressed) rim and neck assayed at 1380 +/- 70 B.P. or 570 A.D.

5 However, the C13 adjusted date be­ river and creek drainages which flowed Rock Shelter and the Cross Creek Drainage. easterly towards Lake Erie. In fact historic Department of Anthropology, University of comes 1440 +/- 70 or A.D. 510 +/- 70 (Beta Pittsburgh. 47805). The stable carbon isotope cali­ records indicate that Muddy Creek Bay Keeler, Lucy E. bration of -21.1 for this burial indicates no (located at the western end of Sandusky 1908 Old Fort Sandoski of 1745 and the Sandusky consumption of C4 plants such as maize. Bay), where the Baker II site is located, did Country. Ohio Archaeological and Historical not become an inundated bay until historic Publications. Vol. XVII:357-430. Prufer, Olaf H., D.A. Long and D.J. Metzger Historic Aboriginal and times (Stothers and Abel, n.d.b.), and in fact 1989 Krill Cave: A Stratified Rockshelter in Summit Euro-American Occupations was land-locked until the 1800's. County, Ohio. Kent State Research Papers in A large number of historic items were Stated otherwise, sites of human occu­ Archaeology, No. 8. Kent, Ohio. recovered from surface eroded contexts. pation, which today are located on islands, Stothers, David M. 1974 A New Theoretical Approach to the Position of Although it is difficult to draw associations or along eroding shore lines of Sandusky Early Man in Relation to the Late Glacial Prehistory from non-contextual data, the historic Bay were located in an ecologically rich of Northwestern Ohio. Toledo Area Aboriginal materials were clustered in two areas some mosaic of marshes, wetlands and dry in­ Research Bulletin 3(1):46-51. fifteen meters distant from each other. land prairie lake plains; which were tra­ 1978 The Western Basin Tradition: Algonquian or Iroquois? The Michigan Archaeologist 24(1): 36. The materials recovered from these two versed by the former channels of the 1991a Intrusive Mound: Cultural Instrusion or Cultural clusters, are markedly different in their Sandusky River and several small drain­ Continuity? The Ohio Journal of Science 91(2):53. documented period of use, and in their ages such as Muddy, Raccoon, South, 1991 b Lost in Time: The Forgotten Tribal Groups of make-up. Green and Pickerel Creeks. Northern Ohio. Ohio Archaeologist 41 (3):26-27. Stothers, David M. and Timothy J. Abel What is believed to represent an historic Throughout postglacial times the Baker II 1990 Filling the Gap: Baker I and the Green Creek Wyandot occupation, possibly a hunting locale and the remainder of the Sandusky Phase in Northcentral Ohio. Ohio Archaeologist and/or fishing camp associated with one of Bay basin consisted of a varied and envi­ 40(1):36-49. the nearby village occupations of Huron- ronmentally rich biome. Baker II would have 1991 Earliest Man in the Southwestern Lake Erie Basin: A1990 Perspective. North American Archaeologist Wyandot Chief Nicolas (Keeler, 1908 been one of many ideal locations for habita­ 12(3):195-242. Stothers and Abel n.d.b.) is represented tion and subsistence exploitation in the n.d.a. Reflections of the Late Archaic and Early (figures 6 and 7) by wooden handled iron greater Muddy Creek Bay region. Except Woodland Time Periods in the Western Lake Erie butcher knives and fragments; bone knife for these slightly elevated and well drained Region. Manuscript in preparation. handles; an iron jaw harp; a scissors han­ locations, most of the surrounding terrain n.d.b. Post Pleistocene Shorelines and Human Adapta­ tions Within the Lands Surrounding the South­ dle; a broken iron trade axe; an iron gun (?) appears to have been characterized by low, western Lake Erie Basin. Manuscript in preparation. wrench; an iron trident tip; a bilaterally poorly drained elm-ash swamp forests and Stothers, David M. and Susan K. Bechtel barbed brass fish spear; a triangular brass prairie grasslands. Thus, Baker II and sites 1987 Stable Carbon Isotope Analysis: An Inter-Regional arrow point with attachment hole; lead shot, like it in the region would have offered an Perspective. Archaeology of Eastern North America 15:137-154. and cut lead stock; a brass ramrod ferrule; ideal location from which to exploit the rich Stothers, David M. and James R. Graves a brass decorative attachment; a blade and varied subsistence resources afforded 1983 Cultural Continuity and Change: The Western style musket flint of English Dover flint; by this environment. As such, it is not sur­ Basin, Ontario Iroquois and Sandusky Traditions - pewter spoons and brass thimbles; 2 silver prising that repeated human occupation of a 1982 Perspective. Archaeology of Eastern North America 11:109-142. brooches, 2 silver ear cones and one silver this locale is evident throughout time. Stothers, David M. and G. M. Pratt ball, and three round wire wound glass Unfortunately, Baker II and other similar site 1981 New Perspectives on the Late Woodland Cultures beads (one sky-blue, the other two indigo in locations are being rapidly lost and/or des­ of the Western Lake Erie Region. Midcontinental color). troyed by increasing water levels, erosion Journal of Archaeology 6(1 ):91 -121. and modern shoreline conservation diking. Stothers, David M., G. M. Pratt and O. C. Shane The other cluster of historic material 1979 The Western Basin Middle Woodland: Non- consists of broken Euro-American china, Hopewellians in a Hopewellian World. Hopewell stoneware, iron nails, and kaolin pipe bowl References Cited Archaeology: The Chillicothe Conference (D. Brose and N. Greber, eds.):47-58. The Kent State Abel, Timothy J. and G.R. Edwards and stem fragments (UTLA Unpublished University Press. Kent, Ohio. Manuscripts). The historic china has been 1990 A Possible Hopewellian Pit Burial from North- Central Ohio. Ohio Archaeologist 40(2):4-7. Tucker, Patrick M. analyzed (Tucker 1992) and consists of Coakley, J.P. and CF.M. Lewis 1992 A Tabulation and Analysis of Historic Ceramics blaci<, blue and brown transfer print vari­ 1985 Postglacial Lake Levels in the Erie Basin. from the Baker II Site. Unpublished manuscript on eties; blue shell edge; hand-painted stone Quartemary Evolution of the Great Lakes (P.F. file at The University of Toledo Laboratory of Archaeology. china; Rockingham or Bennington Ware, Karrow and P.E. Calkin, eds.): 195-212. Geological Association of Canada Special Paper 30. UTLA Unpublished Manuscripts. Unpublished hand-painted bone china, relief-molded Fitting, James E. manuscript files pertaining to site analyses and porcelain; Albany slip and dipped (banded) 1965 Late Woodland Culture in Southeastern Michigan inventories. On file, The University of Toledo ware; and gray salt-glazed stoneware. University of Michigan Museum of Anthropology, Archaeological Research Program. Ceramic types and identifiable maker's Anthropological Papers, No. 24. Ann Arbor. Forsyth, Jane L. Acknowledgements marks indicate a date range of 1840-1860, 1973 Late Glacial and Post-Glacial History of Western The co-operative efforts, aid and support of several while statistical averaging of date ranges for Lake Erie. The Compass of Sigma Gamma Epsilon individuals, organizations and institutions have made individual ceramic types gives a single 51(1):16-26. this article possible. The information which forms the mean date of A.D. 1853. Garland, Elizabeth R. basis of this article has been preserved for posterity 1990 Late Archaic and Early Woodland Adaptation in through the co-operative efforts of the Sandusky Bay the Lower St. Joseph River Valley. Michigan Chapter of the Archaeological Society of Ohio; The Interpretations Cultural Resource Investigation Series, Vol. 2. University of Toledo's Archaeological Research In order to interpret the various human Michigan Department of State. Program; and concerned citizens. occupations represented at the Baker II site Grantz, Denise L. The funding to underwrite the cost of radiocarbon 1986 Archaeological Investigation of the Crawford-Grist dating features of importance at Baker II was made pos­ and for that matter anywhere else on Site #2: An Early Woodland Hamlet. Pennsylvania sible through research grants made available by: the islands or the littoral areas of Sandusky Archaeologist 56(3-4): 1 -21. Archaeological Society of Ohio; the Office of Research, Bay, a proper understanding of past hydrol­ Halsey, John R. The University of Toledo; the Archaeology Department, ogy and water stages of Lake Erie must be 1976 The Bussinger Site: A Multi-Component Site in the Ohio Historical Society; and the Sandusky Bay Chapter, ASO. taken into consideration (Stothers 1974; Saginaw Valley of Michigan with a Review of Early Late Woodland Mortuary Complexes in the Photographic documentation, illustration plates and Forsyth 1973; Coakley and Lewis 1985). Northeastern Woodlands. Unpublished Ph.D. maps are a result of the co-operative efforts of Jeff Until about 1 A.D., none of what is today Dissertation in Anthropology. University of North Walton, Timothy J. Abel and the author. Sandusky Bay existed as an inundated bay Carolina, Chapel Hill. Dr. Jane Forsyth, Professor of Geology at Bowling (Stothers and Abel n.d.b.). Instead the Johnson, William C. Green State University is thanked for her consultation, 1982 Ceramics from Meadowcroft Rockshelter: A Re- advise and direction with regard to post Pleistocene Sandusky Bay basin was a low estuary Evaluation and Interpretation. Meadowcroft: Col­ water elevation changes in the western Lake Erie and plain of marshes and wetlands bordering lected Papers on the Archaeology of Meadowcroft Sandusky Bay lake basins.

6 i ^**A*AAA*J; • ny&y^iHmaiiatiiiLiiiix&yvwjiJwwtJiJvtJvvwv

Baker II Site UT SA 03 Burial Feature 2

Fig. 1 (Stothers) Map showing location of Baker II Site and feature locations on site. Fig. 2 (Stothers) Horizontal plan of Burial Feature 2 (C14 dated to 760 B.C.) indicating location of two slate birdstones on either side of cranium.

Fig. 3 (Stothers) A, B Slate bar style birdstones associated with B.F. 2 C Gainey style fluted point of creme variant Upper Mercer chert. D One of three collarless vessels included in pit feature F. 4. Note "arrow" motif. E Collarless, grit tempered vessel associated with B. F. 3. Note "arrow" motif. Fig. 4 (Stothers) Artifacts associated with B.F. 1 (C14 dated to A.D. 340). Included: a, diabase pick; b, c, h, corner-notched points; f, sandstone celt; g, unfinished slate bannerstone; I, sandstone abrading stone; d, biface tip; e, j-o, polished slate pendants (only e, has two holes); elk antler celt handle not shown (see Abel 1990).

BAKER No. 2 UTI.A-SA-93 242-C

Fig. 5 (Stothers) Artifact cache associated with B.F. 5 (C14 dated to A.D. 510). Included: a, d, stone celts; b, two unilaterally barbed antler harpoons; c, battered antler flint knapping baton; e, notched Feeheley point included in feature fill.

8 Fig. 6 (Stothers) Historic aboriginal (Wyandot); European derived trade items. Included: A, C, Iron butcher knife blade and riveted wooden handle grips; B, iron knife blade tips; E, F, riveted bone handles from knives; G, iron scissors finger loop; broken iron trade axe; I, iron musket wrench; J, iron trident spear.

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Fig. 7 (Stothers) Historic aboriginal (Wyandot); European-derived trade items. Included: A, k bilaterally barbed, brass fish spear; B, C, cut lead stock and lead shot; D, brass ramrod ferrule; E, brass ornament; F, triangular brass arrow point with attachment hole; G, melted turquoise glass bead (?); H, musket flint; I, 3 circular wire-wound glass beads; 0'0 J, 2 silver cones, 2 silver brooches and one silver ball; M, L, pewter spoon fragments and brass finger thimbles. 2. ¥*£>/,,•<, % €*

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A LATERALLY HAFTED OHIO HOPEWELL BLADELET FROM DOW CHEMICAL #2 (33U302) by Paul J. Pacheco and William H. Pickard Department of Anthropology The Ohio State University Columbus, Ohio 43210

Knives of flint and obsidian have evidence for the bladelet having been lat­ from all of the major Ohio regions are more been taken from several of the erally hafted into a groove or slot on either similar to each other than they are to mounds. Some are identical with wood, bone, or antler. Our paper serves bladelets of the Illinois Hopewell bladelet those of Mexico .... With skill and ex­ two purposes; first to place the discovery industry (Monet-White 1968), despite the perience in the art, the mound- of this particular bladelet into the broader fact that each of these Ohio regions can be builders, as well as the Mexicans, context of the Ohio Hopewell blade-core interpreted on the basis of other evidence succeeded in striking off thin, narrow industry, and second to place the discov­ as regional variants of Ohio Hopewell slips, with edges sharp as razors. ery of the bladelet into the specific context (Greber and Ruhl 1989; Pacheco 1990) Clavigero states that so skillful were of the Dow #2 Ohio Hopewell blade-core Interpretations of bladelet use at the dif­ the Mexicans in the manufacture of assemblage. ferent Ohio Hopewell localities at which obsidian knives, that a single work­ they have been recovered have ranged man could produce a hundred per THE OHIO HOPEWELL from pure speculations to scientifically hour. These answered many of the BLADE-CORE INDUSTRY based arguments. One popular idea con­ purposes for which the more deli­ Ohio Hopewell bladelets are thin, nar­ cerning bladelet use and likewise the rela­ cate cutting instruments of the pre­ row, long flakes removed from prepared tively sudden origin of the Ohio Hopewell sent day are used, such as shaving, cores. Bladelets have one or more arrises blade-core industry, is that bladelets were and incising in surgical operations, or dorsal spines which run the length of integral to the artistic crafts industry asso­ not to mention the part which they the blade parallel to the lateral edges, in­ ciated with ritual offerings placed in played in the bloody observances of dicative of previously removed bladelets. Hopewellian burial mounds. The restriction the Aztec ritual (Squier and Davis "Classic" Hopewell bladelets as defined by of bladelet use and manufacture in Ohio to 1848:214-215). Pi-Sunyer (1965:61) are prismoidal in only Hopewellian contexts (Robertson cross-section. Greber, Davis, and DuFresne 1986) is taken as primary evidence for this INTRODUCTION (1981:499) have reported an average width argument. Mills (1916:390) exemplifies this Perhaps the single most recognizable of 11.55mm (S.D. 3.34mm) and an average position in his description of bladelet use and abundant diagnostic artifacts of Ohio thickness of 3.09mm (S.D. 1.23mm) for a from the Tremper Mound: Hopewell lithic technology, are small rela­ sample of 1620 whole and fragmentary Flint knives no doubt were used tively uniform prismatic blades struck from bladelets from several localities in and by the primitive artists in fashioning prepared cores (Fischer 1974). In addition around the Liberty Earthworks in Ross the admirably sculptured animal and to being referred to as prismatic blades, County, Ohio. Length measurements on the bird pipes found in the mound. many other terms, most of which beg the sample of 311 whole bladelets in the Baby and Langois (1979:18) provided question of function, have been used to re­ Liberty collections, exhibited greater vari­ supporting evidence for the use of blade- fer to these distinctive artifacts, including; ability than either width or thickness mea­ lets in the manufacturing of ceremonial ob­ flint knives (Mills 1916:390), flaked knives surements. Whole bladelets were further jects based on their recovery of numerous (Mills 1921:142), prismoidal flake knives, subdivided into hinged and non-hinged bladelets from excavations of nondomestic curved simple knives, concave-convex categories, with hinged bladelets averaging structures located within the largest circular ribbon knives, ribbon flake knives (Pi- only about half the length of non-hinged enclosure at the Seip Earthworks. They ar­ Sunyer 1965:61), lamellar flakes (Wiant bladelets. Non-hinged whole bladelets av­ gued that bladelets were used in these and McGimsey 1986:183), and bladelets eraged 40.23mm (S.D.13.37mm) in length structures, which they refer to as special­ (Greber et al. 1981). Bladelets are the term (Greber etal. 1981:506). ized craft workshops, to produce ceremo­ preferred here; the assumed product of Ohio Hopewell bladelets and cores have nial objects made out of exotic shell, cop­ the Ohio Hopewell blade-core industry been studied from several different regions per, and mica. (Robertson 1986:29). of southern and central Ohio, including the Bladelets also have been associated The following paper reports a discovery central Scioto Valley, the Little Miami with other specific aspects of Ohio made in 1988 at the Dow Chemical #2 site Valley, and the Licking Valley. Morpho­ Hopewell lifestyles and ceremonialism. (33U302), Licking County, Ohio (Fig. 1). logical descriptions and comparisons have One of the more interesting of these argu­ Test excavation and surface collection of been based on excavation and surface ments is that bladelets were used to dis­ the plowzone at this site by students of the collections from various contexts including sect the remains of honored dead during Ohio State University Summer Archae­ mounds, earthworks, and habitation locali­ burial ceremonies (Converse 1981:41). ological Field School produced a lithic as­ ties (eg. Pi-Sunyer 1965; Carskadden Grubb (1981:18-19) has argued in contrast semblage which included artifacts diag­ 1972; Greber et al. 1981; Genheimer 1984; that bladelets were used to shave the nostic of Early and Late Archaic, Middle and Dancey 1990). Some variability in heads of live Ohio Hopewell males, liken­ Woodland, and Late Woodland time peri­ bladelet morphology from locality to local­ ing them to disposable razors. Grubb ods (Pacheco and Dancey 1989). The ity within and between Ohio regions is bases his argument on ceramic figurines Middle Woodland/Hopewell lithic assem­ probably due to the social contexts of from Illinois Hopewell mound sites show­ blage is composed of the products and bladelet use and manufacturing tech­ ing male hair styles with only a single strip by-products of two separate lithic indus­ niques. However, besides the tendency for of hair remaining down the middle of the tries; one for producing bifaces, the other longer bladelets to be found in civic-cere­ scalp (ie. a Mohawk haircut). for producing bladelets. One of the frag­ monial contexts, other types of morpho­ Genheimer (1984:127) reported research mentary bladelets recovered from the logical variation are not consistent or well by Tankersely, in which bladelet use is at­ plowzone has a dark substance adhering known (Greber et al. 1981:507). In gen­ tributed to the cutting of plant tissue be­ to one lateral edge which we interpret as eral, however, Ohio Hopewell bladelets cause of plant silica sheen on the lateral

12 edges of some examined bladelets. These Whole or fragmentary bladelets, how­ THE DOW CHEMICAL #2 BLADELET bladelets were collected from sites outside ever, could have been laterally hafted by Dow Chemical #2 (33U302) is situated the Stubbs Mills Earthworks in the Little cementation into prepared grooves or slots on an upland ridge overlooking the narrow Miami Valley. Tankersely also identified in materials such as bone, wood, or antler. floodplain of a small perennial stream in wear patterns on some of the bladelets The cementing agent could have been one central Licking County, Ohio (Fig. 1). The that he felt were caused by the manufac­ of many natural substances which are stream is a branch of Ramp Creek, which turing of bone artifacts. At these locations sticky and/or harden such as pitch, tar, or is itself a branch of the South Fork of the near a civic-ceremonial center, the social bitumen. The lateral hafting of small blade Licking River. The site was investigated to context of bladelet use does not appear to segments was a common technique explore Ohio Hopewell/Middle Woodland be purely domestic; activities like plant amongst other prehistoric cultures utilizing settlement variability in an upland context. processing are also probably not directly a blade-core technology: It was chosen because the Dow Chemical interpretable as craft production either. Numerous flakes, however, quite Granville Research Center provided both a An extensive analysis of Ohio Hopewell as minute, with their edges showing protected location for conducting excava­ bladelet use has been reported by Yerkes evident signs of wear, are present tions and a site that had been previously (1990) based on his examination of a sam­ among the refuse left by the cave- collected only a limited number of times. ple of bladelets for microwear traces from dwellers of the Reindeer period of Dow Chemical #2 is approximately 5200 the Murphy site (33U212). Dancey (1991) Southern France. These minute square meters in area as measured by the has argued that the Murphy site represents flakes have also been found in Egypt spread of lithic artifacts on the surface. the sedentary residential base of a small and in Asia, as well as in Britain. Initial investigation of the site in 1988, the Middle Woodland group. The Murphy site There is a class of ancient Scandi­ "year of the drought", was limited to sub­ is situated 2.5 kilometers west of the navian harpoon heads, the stems of surface testing of the plowzone and geo­ Newark Earthworks in the Licking Valley, which are formed of bone with small physical prospecting with a proton magne­ and probably represents bladelet produc­ flint flakes cemented into a groove tometer (Pacheco and Dancey 1989). A tion and use in a Hopewellian domestic on either side so as to form barbs. 1 % sample of plowzone sediments was context. Murphy site bladelets exhibited Among the Australians we find very obtained, producing a collection of ap­ microwear traces attributed to twelve dif­ minute splinters of flint and quartz proximately 3700 lithic artifacts. The ferent domestic tasks; primarily cutting, secured to wooden handles by bladelet was recovered from Testpit 39 in engraving, and scraping, indicating the 'black boy' gum, and forming the the southeastern quadrant of the site. generalized and expedient use of a stan­ teeth of rude saws and the barbs of Systematic surface collection in the Spring dardized artifact form. Yerkes (1990) found javelins (Evans as quoted in Fowke of 1989 following a fresh plowing of the no evidence for craft specialization at the 1902:672). site produced approximately 10,500 addi­ Murphy site, further supporting the posi­ Characteristic wear patterns or the tional lithic artifacts. The final analysis of tion that bladelets were not solely for the residue of the substance used to cement these collections is not yet complete, how­ manufacture of ceremonial artifacts. the bladelet into place are two possible ever, the surface collections identified two Ohio Hopewell bladelets clearly were sources of evidence that a particular primary clusters of Middle Woodland arti­ used for a variety of tasks, regardless of bladelet was laterally hafted. Wiant and facts in the southeastern and north central any specific purpose related to their origin. McGimsey (1986:259) have documented a areas of the site. These clusters are sepa­ The social context of bladelet use appears retouched Illinois Hopewell bladelet from rated spatially from two other clusters of to be the single most important factor de­ the Napolean Hollow site on which they artifacts. Based on diagnostic projectile termining their specific use at any one time identified a wear pattern they argue was points in these other clusters; one cluster or place. Once blade-core technology was caused by lateral hafting. A hypothetical has Early and Late Archaic components, adopted by Ohio Hopewell lithic manufac­ reconstruction of the tool is shown in their and the other cluster has a Late Woodland turers, the high edge to volume ratio inher­ report (Wiant and McGimsey 1986:260, component. Both of these other clusters ent in any type of true blade technology Fig. 14.13b). To our knowledge, no com­ have relatively high frequencies of Upper appears to have provided a rich supply of parable Ohio Hopewell bladelets have Mercer chert, while the Middle Woodland useful expedient tools. been reported in the literature. clusters are almost entirely composed of In the Liberty Earthworks collection there Likewise, no Ohio Hopewell bladelets Flint Ridge chert. was no solid evidence to determine have been previously reported with the The Middle Woodland assemblage in­ whether or not the bladelets were hafted residue of a substance used to cement the cludes a number of bifaces in different (Greber et al. 1981:524). Rather, prima fa­ bladelet into the hafting devise. The only stages of production (Fig. 2). These bifaces cie evidence exists that these bladelets reported evidence of this sort comes from and the technology employed to produce were primarily hand held tools: the Anderson site, a Ft. Ancient culture vil­ them is distinct from the core technology The short length of the retouch lage. Here Robertson (1986:33, Fig. 2v) re­ used to produce bladelets. Thus the tends to indicate that the bladelets ported a pitch-like substance adhering to Middle Woodland assemblage at Dow #2 were used in fine work involving the proximal half of both faces of a small represents dual industries with separate short movements of the bladelet. linear flake. He interpreted the substance trajectories of manufacture. Both industries Only small surfaces or edges could as possible evidence for lateral hafting, but utilize hand-size tabular blocks of the bed­ have been worked on at one time. noted that a true blade-core industry is ded Flint Ridge chert as their starting These small cutting or scraping mo­ lacking at Ft. Ancient sites. points, but from there diverge as the bifa­ tions could have been carried out Therefore, the Dow #2 bladelet appears cial industry removes flakes to produce an without hafting (Greber et al. to represent an isolated and possibly rare implement and the blade-core industry 1981:524). example of a laterally hafted Ohio- removes flakes which are themselves im­ There was also a low frequency of Hopewell bladelet. The specific use of the plements. The contrast between the indus­ notched bladelets in the Liberty collec­ artifact is unknown, although an extrapo­ tries is therefore a contrast between posi­ tions, indicating that bladelets were rarely lation of the domestic context in which it tive and negative flake removal strategies. basally hafted like projectile points. Other was discovered suggests it might have An analogy can be made between the du­ reported Ohio Hopewell blade-core been used expediently for any number of alism inherent in the Hopewellian lithic assemblages have a similar paucity of light cutting tasks. Microwear traces tend technology to the dualism which is a com­ notched bladelets, further supporting the to be obscured in plowzone contexts, so mon aspect of Hopewellian artistic motifs interpretation of bladelets as hand held the specific use of the Dow #2 bladelet will (Greber and Ruhl 1989). Examples of tools. probably remain unknown. bladelets from Dow #2 are shown in Figure

13 3 and examples of cores are shown in likely candidate at this time is some type treme summer-time conditions. A special Figure 4. Many of the bladelets and cores of pitch. thanks goes to Mr. William Stoby for identi­ have glossy appearances from heat-treat­ fying Dow Chemical Site #2 (33U302) and ment during the manufacturing process. CONCLUSION recognizing it's potential as well as for act­ The Dow #2 Middle Woodland assem­ Bladelets are the product of a blade- ing as an intermediary between the blage is similar to the assemblage from the core industry which is restricted temporally Granville Research Center and the O.S.U. Murphy site which also contains evidence in Ohio to the period of the Hopewell phe­ Field School. for the production of bifaces and bladelets nomenon. The blade-core industry is but (Dancey 1991). Because of the large num­ one aspect of a dualistic Hopewellian lithic bers of these tool types at the Murphy site, technology that also included bifacially REFERENCES the site was initially interpreted as a lithic chipped tools. Ohio Hopewell bladelets are Baby, Raymond S., and Suzanne M. Langois 1979 Seip Mound State Memorial: Nonmortuary production center (Cowan et al. 1981). Part similar to small blades manufactured with Aspects of Hopewell. In Hopewell Archaeology: of the problem in interpreting the Murphy core technologies in other parts of the the Chillicothe Conference, edited by D. Brose site was the lack of prior exploration of world, far removed from the Ohio Valley. and N. Greber, pp. 16-18. Kent, Ohio: Kent Licking Valley Hopewell sites other than Whether or not Ohio Hopewell bladelets State University Press. Bernhardt, Jack E. mounds and earthworks. Bernhardt's lim­ were originally produced for a limited 1976 A Preliminary Survey of Middle Woodland ited two week survey of Licking Valley sites range of activities such as the manufactur­ Prehistory in Licking County, Ohio. in the early 1970's was the only available ing of delicate art objects for placement in Pennsylvania Archaeologist 46:39-54. research at the time that Murphy was sur­ burial mounds, they certainly appear to Carskadden, Jeff have been used for a variety of tasks. The 1972 An Analysis of Blades from Three Hopewellian veyed. He failed to find large numbers of Sites in Muskingum County, Ohio. Ohio bladelets during his survey and perpetu­ single most important determinant of the Archaeologist 22(2):8-10. ated the idea that bladelets were special­ use of any specific bladelet is probably the Converse, Robert ized artifacts: social context in which it was found. 1981 Caption to Photograph of G. Dilley Collection. Bladelets produced and used near earth­ Ohio Archaeologist 31 (1):41. One striking feature of the survey Cowan, C. Wesley, B. Aument, L. Klempay, data in this region of the valley is works and mounds were most likely used and L. Piotrowski the limited occurrence of Hopewell in craft production, while those found in 1981 Variation in Hopewell Settlement Patterns and blades and the total absence of domestic contexts may more accurately Lithic Industries in the Vicinity of the Newark represent expedient tools used in day to Earthworks: Some Preliminary Observations. Hopewell blade cores.... It seems Paper presented at the Midwestern Archae­ more probable that the Hopewell day activities. ological Conference, Madison, Wisconsin. blade and core industry was a spe­ Our examination of the broader cultural Dancey, William S. cialized enterprise which may have and specific assemblage contexts of the 1990 The Murphy Site Bladelet Industry. Paper pre­ sented at the Eastern States Archaeological been localized within certain com­ Dow #2 bladelet has hopefully provided a Federation Conference, Columbus, Ohio. munities not examined during our useful summary of an artifact type that 1991 A Middle Woodland Settlement in Central Ohio: survey of this portion of the valley continues to fascinate students of Ohio A Preliminary Report on the Murphy Site or within communities along South prehistory. Little evidence was discovered (33U212). Pennsylvania Archaeologist 61: in press. Fork (Bernhardt 1976:49). supporting the notion that bladelets were Fischer, Fred As evidence accumulates from a variety hafted tools. They do not appear to have 1974 Early and Middle Woodland Settlement, of Licking Valley Hopewell mound, earth­ been purposefully segmented and broken Subsistence and Population in the Central Ohio work, and open sites, a pattern emerges of as was a common practice in the Old Valley. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, the generalized distribution, production, World. Most Ohio Hopewell bladelets were Washington University, St. Louis. Fowke, Gerard and use of bladelets in all sectors of the probably hand held tools. The Dow #2 1902 Archaeological History of Ohio. Columbus: Ohio community (Pacheco 1988; 1990). bladelet is a small medial fragment which State Archaeological and Historical Society. Bernhardt's failure to identify blade-core has the residue of dark hard substance Genheimer, Robert A. assemblages in the Middle Woodland com­ adhering to one lateral edge. There is 1984 A Systematic Examination of Middle Woodland Settlements in Warren County Ohio. Report pre­ ponents he examined in 1974 might be edge damage on the opposite lateral edge pared for the Ohio Preservation Office, Columbus. credited to his surveying sites in tall stands which may have been caused by the use Greber, N'omi, R. Davis, and A.S. DuFresne of corn, which obviously restricted visibility of the bladelet while hafted. No specific 1981 The Micro-Component of the Ohio Hopewell (Bernhardt 1976:46). Therefore, identifica­ evidence had previously been reported for Lithic Technology: Bladelets. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 376:489-528. tion of a dual bifacial and blade-core indus­ the lateral hafting of a bladelet, suggesting Greber, N'omi, and K. Ruhl tries at other Licking Valley Hopewell locali­ that the Dow #2 bladelet is a relatively rare 1989 The Hopewell Site: A Contemporary Analysis ties not directly associated with mounds or example of a hafted expedient tool. Given Based on the Work of Charles C. Willoughby. earthworks most likely represent domestic the domestic context in which the Dow #2 Boulder, Co.: Westview Press. Grubb, Thomas C. contexts rather than specialized production bladelet was discovered, this interpreta­ 1981 Why Hopewell Cores and Bladelets? Ohio centers. The fact that Dow #2 is neither tion is consistent with the accumulating Archaeologist 31 (2): 18-20. large or strategically located supports this data base on bladelet usage in different Mills, William C. interpretation. Hopewellian social contexts. Therefore, 1916 Exploration of the Tremper Mound. Ohio State the laterally hafted Dow #2 bladelet is Archaeological and Historical Quarterly. The final aspect of the Dow #2 bladelet 25(3):262-398. is a description of the artifact itself (Fig 5). probably the exception to the pattern 1921 Flint Ridge. Ohio State Archaeological and The bladelet is a medial fragment 12mm rather than the rule. Historical Quarterly 30:90-61. long and 6mm wide, and is a mere 1.5mm Monet-White, Anta 1968 The Lithic Industries of the Illinois Valley in the thick. The residue is located along one lat­ ACKNOWLEDGMENT Early and Middle Woodland Periods. Museum eral edge for a distance of 7mm. There is It should be noted that much of this pro­ of Anthropology, University of Michigan, some indication of minor flake scarring ject would not have been possible without Anthropological Papers 38, Ann Arbor, Mi. occurring on the edge opposite of the Pacheco, Paul J., and W.S. Dancey the generous cooperation of the Dow 1989 Archaeological Investigations at the Dow residue which might represent macro­ Chemical Granville Research Center in al­ Chemical #2 site (33U302), Licking County, scopic use-wear. Closer examination of lowing access to their property and for Ohio. Ms. on file, Department of Anthropology, the residue (Fig. 6) indicates a glossy hard maintaining the area of the site. Credit The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio. substance adhering to the blade edge. should also be given to Dr. William Dancey Pacheco, Paul J. 1988 Ohio Middle Woodland Settlement Variability in The exact type of residue remains un­ and the participants of the 1988 Ohio State the Upper Licking River Drainage. Journal of the known, although efforts are in progress to University Archaeological Field School for Steward Anthropological Society 18(Nos. 1-2): find a positive identification. The most providing excellent field work under ex­ 87-117.

14 1990 The Hopewell Settlement Pattern as Revealed Industries. Pennsylvania Archaeologist 56(Nos. Yerkes, Richard W. by Siteless Survey. Paper presented at the 1-2):29-36. 1990 Using Microwear Analysis to Investigate Eastern States Archaeological Federation Squier, George E., and E.H. Davis Domestic Activities and Craft Specialization at Conference, Columbus, Ohio. 1848 Ancient Monuments of the Mississippi Valley. the Murphy Site, A Small Hopewell Settlement Pi-Sunyer, Oriol Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge 1. in Licking County, Ohio. In, The Interpretative 1965 The Flint Industry. (In) The McGraw Site; A Study Washington D.C. Possibilities of Microwear Studies, edited by in Hopewellian Dynamics, edited by O. Prufer, Wiant, Michael E., and C.R. McGimsey K. Knuttson J. Taffinder. Aun 14, Societas pp. 60-89. Cleveland Museum of Natural History, 1986 Woodland Period Occupations at the Napolean Archaeologica Upsaliensi, Uppsala, Sweden. Scientific Publications n.s. Vol. 4, No. 3. Hollow Site in the Lower Illinois Valley. Kampsville Robertson, James A. Archaeological Center, Center for American 1986 Fort Ancient and the Persistence of Blade-Core Archaeology Research Series, Volume 6.

Fig. 2 (Pacheco and Pickard) Selected bifaces recovered in surface collection and test pit excavation activities at Dow Chemical Site #2 (33LI302).

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Fig. 1 (Pacheco and Pickard) Location and arrangement of Dow Chemical Site tt2 (33U302). Fig. 4 (Pacheco and Pickard) Various cores recovered from Dow Chemical Site #2 (33U302).

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Fig. 5 (Pacheco and Pickard) Bladelet fragment recovered from Dow Chemical Site #2 (33U302). The substance on the Fig. 3 (Pacheco and Pickard) Typical upper edge may be the residue of some Fig. 6 (Pacheco and Pickard) Approx. 50x magnification of whole and fragmentary bladelets from sort of adhesive. The lower edge exhibits bladelet edge showing residue of possible adhesive Dow Chemical Site #2 (33U302). probable use-wear scars. substance.

15 POTSHERDS, PROJECTILE POINTS, AND POLITICS: THE FUTURE OF ARCHAEOLOGY IN THE STATE OF OHIO1 by David M. Stothers Timothy J. Abel Jeffery P. Scheff Andrew M. Schneider The Archaeological Research Program, The University of Toledo

ABSTRACT many questions concerning historic and mean the difference between the freedom The Western Lake Erie Archaeological prehistoric peoples in the above mentioned to learn about the past, or the suppression Research Program (W.L.E.A.R.R), based at region. To date, it has been making a differ­ and control of it for profit. Our heritage be­ the University of Toledo, serves as a model ence between heritage lost and "preserving longs to everyone, and everyone deserves program for archaeological research. the past for the future" by integrating the to share in preserving and discovering it. It Through the coordination of various organi­ co-operative efforts of these groups. is, therefore, of utter necessity that these zations such as the Archaeology Program The relationship and importance of these problems be adequately judged in order to of the University of Toledo, the Sandusky integrated groups which make up the permit the unimpeded advancement of sci­ Bay Chapter of the Archaeological Society W.L.E.A.R.R, the initiated model program, entific knowledge. of Ohio, Firelands Archaeological Research and how it has evolved emphasizing the Center, area high schools, and interested progress and the advancement of educa­ W.L.E.A.R.P. AS A PROTOTYPE community members, the W.L.E.A.R.R is tion and knowledge of Ohio's past, will be As in any research endeavor, obstacles trying to "preserve the past for the future." one priority of this paper. In order to illus­ need to be overcome, the most significant The relationship and importance of these trate the relationship and importance of of which are financial support and labor. To organizations to the W.L.E.A.R.R and how these integrated groups which make up the overcome these obstacles, the members this program has evolved for the progress W.L.E.A.R.R, the first section of this paper of the W.L.E.A.R.P. collectively distribute and the advancement of education and will describe each major constituent group responsibilities and burdens in order to knowledge of Ohio's past, will only be one of the W.L.E.A.R.P. These include the achieve worth results. A few such groups priority of this paper. The second part of Sandusky Bay Chapter of the Archaeo­ involved in this co-operative research in­ this paper describes an alternate approach logical Society of Ohio, the Firelands Ar­ clude The Sandusky Bay chapter of the to archaeological research. This alternative chaeological Research Center, and private Archaeological Society of Ohio and the approach seems to be more concerned individuals who, along with the support of Firelands Archaeological Research Center. with individual profit and control through public benefactors and interdisciplinary re­ Also, important contributions are made by contract archaeology and state legislation search, collectively contribute to field and various interscholastic departments and which could seriously threaten the future of lab work under the supervision of the students at the University of Toledo, along archaeological research in Ohio, as it has Archaeological Research Program at the with support from public benefactors and already done in other areas of the country. University of Toledo. The final part of the interested community members. This paper is a written version of the slide- first section, will emphasize and describe illustrated presentation given to the Ar­ various outreach programs, which are The Sandusky Bay Chapter chaeological Society of Ohio, Columbus, aimed at educating the public and hosted The Sandusky Bay Chapter of the Ar­ November 24,1991. by the Archaeological Research Program at chaeological Society of Ohio is a group of the University of Toledo, will be discussed. people, made up primarily of avocational INTRODUCTION The second part of this paper describes archaeologists, but also of professionals Today, hardly a day passes in which we an alternate approach to archaeological re­ and students, who share a common inter­ do not hear of another archaeological site search which seems to be more concerned est in the pursuit of archaeological knowl­ that has been irretrievably lost to erosion, with reaping profit, than preserving the edge of the early history and prehistory of irresponsible looting, or commercial devel­ past. This approach has great potential for northern Ohio. The Sandusky Bay Chapter opment in Ohio. Archaeologists try to doc­ placing capitalist politics in control of our works with the University of Toledo's Ar­ ument and learn anything and everything heritage and transforming it into a com­ chaeological Research Program and par­ possible from these rapidly diminishing re­ modity to be politically controlled and ticipates in many of the latter's research sources, but it never seems to be enough. parochialized; which means that monetary endeavors. The Sandusky Bay Chapter is a To put it plainly, there are simply not gain, not knowledge, will become the focus non-profit interest group which is funded enough archaeologists to keep pace with of research interests. In essence, this paper purely through dues and donations. The the rate at which archaeological resources contrasts two different perspectives re­ manner in which the donations are utilized are lost, either in Ohio, or elsewhere, for garding archaeological research. The by this chapter, however, distinguishes it that matter. In order to effectively "preserve W.L.E.A.R.P. is dedicated to a research from many other interest groups. the past for the future", a co-operative re­ methodology which places knowledge as It is not necessary to stress the impor­ search endeavor is needed which unites the ultimate achievement and goal of ar­ tance of adequate radiocarbon dating, and the talents of professional and non-profes­ chaeology. The other plan seems dedicated photo documentation, to a chronological sional archaeologists alike. The Western to a research methodology which empha­ understanding of prehistoric populations. Lake Erie Archaeological Research Pro­ sizes the control of historic resources for With this in mind, funds for radiocarbon gram (W.L.E.A.R.P), based at the Uni­ the realization of profit. The discipline of ar­ dating have been established by patron versity of Toledo, Ohio, is a model for the chaeology is plagued by many problems coordination of the varied interests of pro­ such as these. It is the goal of this paper to community benefactors and the Sandusky fessional archaeologists, amateur archaeol­ inform the ASO, and the public in general, Bay Chapter in conjunction with the ogists, and the general public. In northern of the potential which these problems pose W.L.E.A.R.R, to pay for the expensive price Ohio, southeast Michigan, and the tri-state for the future of archaeology in the state of tag associated with dating cultural material region (southwest Michigan, northeast Ohio. The ASO is the largest advocate excavated. Also, the parent organization of Indiana, and northwest Ohio), the group on the North American continent, the Sandusky Bay Chapter, Archaeological W.L.E.A.R.P. is co-operatively answering and therefore, the voice of the ASO could Society of Ohio, aids in the dating of site materials through additional grants. Further

16 donations are allocated to the purchase of when excavations come to a freeze (pun in­ community benefactors help to underwrite photographic supplies, which are used to tended). This program is designed to edu­ the cost of laboratory and field equipment. record excavated, as well as, in situ mater­ cate and inform interested people in the Some of these donations have been used ial. Other monetary expenditures gener­ processes and techniques applied to analy­ for the purchase of a laboratory computer, ated by the Sandusky Bay Chapter's ef­ sis and research, which bring about ad­ with which charts and graphs can be cre­ forts are directed to offset the cost of vancement in knowledge. One further issue ated, to graphically illustrate layouts of var­ profits lost by farmers who willingly sacri­ of note concerning the Sandusky Bay ious sites and to help interpret information fice portions of their crops that are under Chapter is the monthly publication of their gained from them. In addition, these excavation during the planting season so newsletter. This newsletter keeps members monies help to further underwrite the cost 2 that archaeological work may continue. abreast of the events, speakers, and meet­ of radiocarbon dating. Not only are monetary contributions of ings of the chapter as well as accomplish­ As with the Sandusky Bay Chapter, the Sandusky Bay Chapter important, but ments of the W.LE.A.R.R funds received from the patron community its members also form the backbone of the are also expended on needed equipment. labor force of the W.L.E.A.R.P. Many hours The Firelands Many generous donators have helped the of work and effort are contributed in order Archaeological Research Center W.L.E.A.R.P. in times of need. For example, to aid professionals, to gain permission to The Firelands Archaeological Research a bulldozer and operator was donated excavate on property that is privately Center (F.A.R.C.) is a newly established orga­ through patron community support, to re­ owned, to conduct reconnaissance site nization, funded purely through internal and move the plow zone of the Petersen site, surveys, and to excavate the sites them­ patron means, with the goal of promoting where excavation teams had a limited selves. Without this volunteer labor force, the knowledge of early history and prehis­ amount of time to save this large impor­ the acquisition of extensive information tory in northern Ohio and beyond. In co­ tant, multicomponent site from condo­ from these sites would not be possible. operation with the W.L.E.A.R.R, it is con­ minium development. Also, a generator The Sandusky Bay Chapter also aids in the cerned with forefront, technically advanced was donated for lighting purposes, in the donation of equipment such as shovels, research and analysis methods. Although excavation of the Devil's Den Rockshelter trowels, and tape measures. Their vital the W.L.E.A.R.R and F.A.R.C. differ in some site near Crystal Rock, Ohio. A member of help contributes greatly to the success of aspects, they work in conjunction with one the W.L.E.A.R.P, the Sandusky Bay the W.LE.A.R.R another in reconstructing the past. Chapter, and F.A.R.C. owns a private air­ Various members of the Sandusky Bay For example, an experimental procedure plane which he donates, to fly University of Chapter also conduct professionally di­ is being currently developed at the F.A.R.C, Toledo researchers over archaeological rected individual research within areas of to improve the preparation of archaeologi­ sites, in order to take aerial reconnais­ personal interest. For example, one mem­ cal wood charcoal for genus and species sance photographs. Further, an hydraulic ber is attempting to duplicate the methods identification (Haas 1991:39). This proce­ lift bucket was donated to take aerial pho­ of aboriginal ceramic manufacture. Other dure aids in reconstructing long vanished tographs of various aspects of excavation members independently continue tabula­ paleoenvironments. Other research in nut at the Weilnau site, near Milan, Ohio. These tion and analysis of excavated cultural ma­ shell and faunal analysis is being con­ are generous donations considering that terial. Still others have created museums to ducted to aid in determining the seasonality gas, equipment operating time, mainte­ display cultural resources which have been and function of various sites. These fore­ nance, and operator wages were under­ found in the local area. Two such examples front research procedures are being under­ written by the donor company. However, of the latter are The Sandusky Bay Indian taken in the hope of reaching a more com­ they do it willingly because they share in a Museum in Sandusky, Ohio and the prehensive understanding of prehistoric common vision and goal of preserving the Michindio Museum in Edon, Ohio, near the biotic zones and settlement patterns. past. It is also important to note that area Michigan-Indiana-Ohio tri-state junction. In Additionally, research is being conducted high schools, while not donating equip­ each case, the direction and guidance by on how certain chemical fertilizers affect ra­ ment, have donated much time and effort archaeologists at the University of Toledo diocarbon dates and the preservation of with regard to excavation and analysis has been an integral part of their learning cultural materials in the ground. (Scalf 1990, 1991; Burnard 1991:41). Not only does this volunteer labor help the experience. Another procedure under development, W.L.E.A.R.R, but it also educates the stu­ Under the supervision of professionals called blood residue analysis, is being un­ dents in the discipline of archaeology. from the Archaeological Research Program dertaken on lithic materials, to aid in deter­ at the University of Toledo, the Sandusky mining patterns of exploitation by prehis­ Bay Chapter also takes part in various pro­ toric peoples. Too, paleobotanical analysis Interdisciplinary Research fessional responsibilities such as recording of materials from sites is being used to dis­ Modern archaeology must make wide­ data, delivering research papers, and pub­ cover what types and forms of plantlife spread use of an interdisciplinary approach lishing research results. One such outlet for were available and utilized by a site's in­ (Willey and Phillips 1958:1; Hole 1983:4). the dissemination for current research ac­ habitants (Abel 1991:3-7). All of this helps Some (Taylor 1983:29; Hodder 1987) feel complishments is the Annual Review of Ar­ in specifying what type of subsistence that the investigation and understanding of chaeological Research, hosted by the Uni­ technology certain aboriginals relied upon past human societies is, at the very least, a versity of Toledo's Laboratory of Ethno- in this region. Discoveries made by the conjunctive and co-operative endeavor. As archaeology, and held every November Firelands Research Program are published such, co-operative research in both labo­ (Anonymous 1988:58; Anonymous 1990: 43). and distributed through The Ohio Archae­ ratory analysis and field excavation pro­ Various students, faculty, as well as avo­ ologist, the Sandusky Bay Chapter jects, each make their respective contribu­ cational members of the Sandusky Bay newsletter, theEAft.C. Occasional Papers, tions. Many collaborative research efforts Chapter, each give a summation of field and other local, regional, and international are taking place between the W.L.E.A.R.P. work, research, and analysis in which they publication outlets, to further the under­ and the University of Toledo's Geology de­ participated during that year. This gives standing and knowledge of northern Ohio's partment. Magnetometer survey, a process other professionals, members, students, early history and prehistory. by which cultural features such as mid­ and interested public an opportunity to see dens, former fire pits, and areas of soil dis­ what work is being done and what is being Public Aid turbance are located below the ground's learned. In addition to the Annual Review of Donations and support have also been surface, is being performed at three sites Archaeological Research, the University of acquired through sources other than the in northwestern and northcentral Ohio Toledo's Archaeological Research Program Sandusky Bay Chapter and the F.A.R.C. (Zackrzewski 1991:52), and is being sponsors lab sessions through each winter, For instance, contributions from patron planned for many others. The magnetome-

17 ter survey is correlated with site maps to community members by sponsoring many ological knowledge that can be gained is help archaeologists locate areas of spe­ programs which are open to the public. drastically reduced. Secondly, contract ar­ cific interest. Since the technique is fairly One such program is the winter work­ chaeology has become a self-serving en­ rapid, it plays a vital role at sites where de­ shop, at which the various aspects of lithic terprise directed toward financial profit, struction is eminent or in cases where re­ and ceramic analyses are explored. Each rather than the advancement of knowl­ stricted access or excavation are neces­ workshop consists of a morning lecture fol­ edge. Lastly, certain proposed legislation sary (Ibid.). The University of Toledo's lowed by an opportunity for hands-on ex­ threatens the future of all archaeological Geology department, and the Libbey- perience, which applies what has been research. All of these problems severely Owens-Ford research labs, utilize forefront learned. Also, the Archaeology Program hinder the pursuit of knowledge. technology in analysis techniques such as sponsors the Annual Review of Archae­ Scanning Electron Microspicy (SEM), ological Research which, as already men­ Competition and Co-operation Elemental Dispersion Spectroscopy (EDS), tioned, is an opportunity to share in the In the interest of objectivity, competition and X-ray Diffraction, to analyze pottery, learning of what has been accomplished in is beneficial and essential to the advance­ proto-historic European trade metals, and the last year. ment of knowledge. The most common chert samples. These techniques identify Also, the Archaeological Research Pro­ form of competition within the field of ar­ the elemental composition of the artifact gram at the University of Toledo attempts chaeology is that which seems to be di­ by correlating a "finger print" of composi­ to educate the general public by giving rected toward the acquisition of power and tion to "finger prints" at source locations. presentations when invited to do so. These prestige. This attitude creates competition These techniques make it possible for ar­ presentations provide a general overview for power and control, in which self-serving chaeologists to discover the precise ori­ and give insight into the lifeways of the personal aggrandizement is the outcome. gins of the materials employed and ac­ long since vanished cultural groups of However, competition along with co-opera­ quired by local populations. northern Ohio. Public presentations have tion within the field of archaeology has the The Ohio State University's anthropolog­ been addressed to groups of people rang­ distinctive ability to transform these efforts ical research labs also help in the analysis ing from elementary school students to se­ into knowledge. The "pursuit of knowl­ of human skeletal materials. The human nior citizen organizations. An opportunity is edge" and "preserving the past" are the osteology lab examines skeletal remains also provided, to those groups that are in­ moving directives behind constructive ar­ found on sites to obtain metric and genetic terested, to do hands-on work in the field. chaeological research. As such, research physical data, as well as, paleo-pathologi- Students of the University of Toledo, en­ groups who do not cooperate and share in­ cal attributes. This information is needed in rolled in anthropology and archaeology formation do not achieve as much as might order to produce population profiles which courses, also contribute much time and ef­ otherwise be possible (Hole 1983:6). reflect age, sex, and stature composites, fort towards the excavation of many sites. along with pathological data, describing The above programs provide a golden op­ The Professional and Amateur the diseases affecting prehistoric peoples. portunity for aspiring archaeology students Archaeologist Furthermore, this information may reveal to gain valuable experience in the field. As many amateurs are for the most part physical adaptations that occurred in re­ In addition, many papers are published untrained, they are unfortunately unaware sponse to local environments, as well as by faculty and students. This is a further at­ of the amount of knowledge that can be offering inferences to biological relations tempt to inform others of what work is be­ lost due to improper excavation. Furthe­ throughout Ohio and beyond. ing conducted in the area and of what is rmore, the amateur is often unaware of the A former University of Toledo student, being learned. Some publications are di­ importance of his collection and of the rel­ now finishing his doctoral degree at the rected at educating the general public (e.g. evance of their knowledge about the area University of Wisconsin, Madison, is con­ Abel and Stothers 1991:5-11), while others or region in which he lives. Often, profes­ ducting research in thin-section analysis of aim to inform the professional body (e.q. sionals neglect to consult and actively in­ aboriginal ceramics, in order to determine Stothers 1981: 47-56; Stothers and Graves volve the farmer and avocational archaeol­ what materials were used in their construc­ 1985:153-175; Stothers and Abel 1989, ogist when surveying local areas. tion and in what geographic regions these 1990,1991, n.d.; Stothers, Graves, Bechtel, The relationship between professional materials were obtained. Faunal analysis and Abel n.d.). and amateur or avocational archaeologists is also being performed by students at the With the continued support and dedica­ has, at times, been one of bitter confron­ University of Toronto and researchers affili­ tion received from the Sandusky Bay tation (e.g. Brose 1991:44; Pigott 1990). ated with the Science Museum of Chapter, the Firelands Archaeological Some professionals resist discoveries Minnesota. These analyses help in deter­ Research Center, public benefactors, area made by avocational archaeologists, due mining what species of animals were ex­ high schools, interested community mem­ to an assumed lower level of insight and ploited by prehistoric populations. These, bers, and interdisciplinary laboratory re­ academic training (Martin 1971:2). Pigott along with other professional and student searchers, the W.L.E.A.R.R, centered at (1990: 29) points out that, "most profes­ co-operative research at various institu­ the University of Toledo, has achieved sional archaeologists are willing to assign tions contribute to the success of the great success. The Archaeological Re­ only very limited roles to amateurs in the W.L.E.A.R.R (Stothers and Abel 1992:224). search Program at the University of Toledo field of archaeology." Amateur archaeolo­ All results are returned to the W.L.E.A.R.P. is the 'operational link' among all of these gists are for the most part surface collec­ to aid in interpretation and publication. organizations and secures their co-opera­ tors, or "arrowhead hunters," and far out­ tion in every aspect of the pursuit of the ar­ number the professional work force. They Archaeological Research Program chaeological knowledge of northern Ohio are, because of intimate knowledge of at the University of Toledo and contiguous regions. their respective collecting territories, a The Archaeological Research Program valuable asset to the professional. Often, at the University of Toledo is the profes­ THE PRESERVATION OF THE PAST: sites are discovered by these "mere ama­ sional liaison between the above stated or­ PROSPECTS AND PROBLEMS teurs," only to be recorded by profession­ ganizations and their research efforts The purpose of this section is to outline als (Pigott 1990:31). Proposed legislation has attempted to severely limit the activi­ (Burnard 1991:41). The purpose of these some of the potential problems in the dis­ ties of surface collectors, thereby poten­ research efforts is to reconstruct prehis­ cipline which may adversely affect the pur­ tially eliminating a valuable resource to toric and historic lifeways. The Archa­ suit of knowledge; and further, to inform study of our heritage. It is obvious that eological Research Program at the Univer­ and advise the public of the possible con­ there is a need for greater co-operation sity of Toledo plays a significant role in sequences of these problems. First, with­ between these groups. sharing this information with interested out co-operation the amount of archae­

18 Contract and Academic Archaeology sional world (Murphy 1990a), further objec­ townships to meet any conditions but still Currently, a more insidious form of com­ tion to Contract Archaeology and its mo­ delegates authority to enact resolutions petition is occurring between some con­ tives has been voiced. In some cases, concerning land management (Ibid.). tract archaeologists and academic archae­ mandated completion reports for long- House Bills 77 and 274 delegate authority ologists. Contract archaeologists are either since completed projects have never been to a few individuals who may know little self-employed contractors or are employed filed in compliance with the regulation of about the importance of archaeological by the state or large contract companies. the Ohio Archaeological Council and the sites and leaves room for possible acquisi­ Many of these are profit motivated archae­ Ohio Historic Preservation Office. Some tion of personal power. Other proposed ologists who offer archaeological consulta­ admit that the lack of such reports, for legislation includes House Bill 264 and the tion and so called "expertise" to would be whatever reason, has not had a positive ef­ newly proposed Cemeteries Laws. Each of developers who must comply to the regula­ fect on public opinion concerning Contract these attempt to restrict and control ar­ tions of historic preservation legislation. Archaeology (Tonetti 1992). chaeological research in the state of Ohio. The quickest and least expensive means of As Martin (1971:6) suggests, the accu­ While House Bill 244 would jeopardize dealing with the remains usually takes racy of our knowledge of the past can only the right to own and collect artifacts, House precedence, thus affecting the quality and be increased by formulating hypotheses Resolution 5237 and House Bill 1626 would thoroughness of the archaeological investi­ and testing them. However, it is difficult for prohibit excavation without consent of the gation. Some contract archaeologists at­ archaeologists to test hypotheses if pub­ affiliated tribe or organization (Browner tempt professionally sound and responsible lished data does not exist, is not known to 1991:24). These "interest groups" could vir­ investigation, but are hindered by time con­ exist, or cannot be obtained. To gain a tually stop the progress of any archaeologi­ straints and a lack of adequate professional more comprehensive picture of America's cal program until the affiliated tribe or con­ quality control in excavation retrieval be­ past, larger archaeological units of classifi­ sulting organization could be found, if one cause of these factors. Under the rubric of cation and interpretive perspectives must even existed (Converse 1990:41)1 salvage archaeology, many contract ar­ be investigated (Martin 1971; Taylor 1983; What is at issue is the purpose behind chaeologists after World War II attempted Stothers and Abel 1991, 1992, n.d.). How the aforementioned legislative proposals. In to preserve aspects of prehistory that can this picture be completed if certain "in­ the Ohio case, it seems that a coterie is would have otherwise been lost (Hole terest" groups withhold information that seeking to control resources for profit. 1983:6). In Eastern North America, the could support and enhance, or even con­ Laws are needed to preserve the past, but Kampsville Project and the I-270 Project tradict, hypotheses proposed by other in­ how these laws will be executed and what are two recent examples where contract ar­ vestigators? Along with King (1983:145, the long term effects might be, should be chaeology has done well to expedite the 150), we feel that archaeologists have re­ considered thoroughly, and unrestricted in­ full potential of archaeological research. sponsibilities to their colleagues and the put by all concerned parties is a prerequi­ The rate at which cultural resources are advancement of scholarship, among oth­ site necessity. If a balance is maintained being lost has necessitated that a contin­ ers. It should be recognized that the goals then a law can be considered efficacious to gent of professionals be trained to deal of archaeology and the collecting and shar­ all; if a law tips the balance in favor of one with our rapidly diminishing cultural re­ ing of data are dependent upon one an­ group over the other, then the law should sources. However, it is unfortunate that other (Martin 1971:3). be considered a detriment to the advance­ some individuals have take advantage of ment of knowledge and the future of scien­ this situation by using archaeology to ac­ Legislation tific research. With regard to the proposed complish profit motivated objectives (Hole Pending legislation in Ohio could threaten laws concerning archaeology in the state of 1983:6). Archaeological data collected un­ the future of archaeological research for the Ohio, the latter has so far been the norm. der such profit motivated methodology professional and avocational archaeologist. If these or future proposals are to go into suffers because self-serving interests usu­ The goal of these proposed laws has thus effect, research would resemble that which ally direct the research endeavor (King, far attempted to place the control of re­ has come to be in Ontario, Arizona, Hickman, Berg 1977:189; Murphy 1990b). search, academic or otherwise, into the California, Nebraska, and other areas; It seems that the old axiom "money cor­ hands of a few individuals who would prob­ where it has become severely restricted rupts" is only too true, especially when the ably use the power for profitable endeav­ and directed by political mandate (Edwards profit motive foresails co-operation and the ors. Profit motivated contract archaeolo­ 1991:43). Given time, all archaeological pursuit of higher knowledge. gists will use this legislation to endorse sites will be destroyed by natural or human In Contract Archaeology, the quality of their own competitive endeavors (Murphy initiated causes - gone forever - and the investigative reports is only as good as a 1990b). The constitution of the United archaeological picture will be forever lost. contract specifies (King 1983:157). There States was created with a series of checks Under the circumstances, it does not seem are particular reports that "serve to show and balances to prevent any one body from logical to delay and hinder research in a how persuasive and sloppy the recycling of dominating the entire law-making process field where irreplaceable information is al­ archaeological background text has been of the nation. Those in favor of legislation ready quickly vanishing at an alarming rate! among some contract archaeologists" restricting archaeological research are, in (Murphy 1989:39). Indeed, anyone having essence, eliminating the natural checks and SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS read Ohio 'Contract Reports' must notice balances implied by the term 'scientific re­ The W.L.E.A.R.R serves as a model pro­ their "similarity and repetitiousness" (Ibid.). search'. Archaeology is a science because gram for archaeological research. Through Others elaborate by stating that these are its purpose is to establish and test laws the direction of this program, excavation re­ "embarrassingly bad examples of scientific concerning patterns of human behavior search is conducted and material is ana­ research" (King, Hickman, Berg 1977: 189). (Martin 1971:5). However, patterns of hu­ lyzed using "state of the art" techniques to Further, reports that are written by contract man behavior become questionable when obtain the most information possible. This archaeologists are difficult if not impossible established through "scientific" investiga­ information is published and is therefore to obtain (Hole 1983:6; Fagan 1991:10; tion which is controlled and directed by po­ available to anyone interested. The Tonetti 1991) due to a lack of knowledge litical motives realized through legislative W.L.E.A.R.P. is composed of various ama­ that such reports even exist. As a result of mandate. teur and professional organizations such the inability of researchers to know the ex­ One piece of legislation which illustrates as: The Sandusky Bay Chapter of the istence of unpublished and not easily ac­ this proposed scenario is House Bill 77, Archaeological Society of Ohio; the Port cessed reports, in addition to officially man­ which would extend the townships' power Clinton and Fremont Ross High Schools; dated restriction of the dissemination of to regulate and restrict land-use (Shrimpton the Firelands Archaeological Research contract derived information to the profes­ 1991:2). House Bill 274 would not require Center; and students, faculty, and re-

19 searchers in related disciplines (geology, children's children. We would like to thank Continent. Thames and Hudson Ltd., London. the many supporters, without whom the Haas, Jim R. history, biology, etc.) from several regional, 1991 A Processing Guide for Archaeological Charcoal. The state, inter-state, as well as international in­ W.L.E.A.R.P. would not be a model pro­ Ohio Archaeologist, 41(3):39. stitutions and facilities of education and re­ gram for co-operation and accomplish­ Hodder, Ian search. It is also supported by public bene­ ment in preserving the past for the future 1987 Archaeology as Long-Term History. Cambridge through the pursuit of archaeology. University Press, New York factors and interested community mem­ Hole, Frank bers. This productive endeavor is success­ 1983 Changing Directions in Archaeological Thought. In: fully "preserving the past for the future" and ADDRESSES FOR DONATIONS Ancient North Americans, ed. Jesse D. Jennings, pp "much has been accomplished as a result of The Sandusky Bay Chapter of the Archaeo­ 1 -23. San Francisco: W.H. Freeman and Company, logical Society of Ohio: king, Thomas F. this professional/avocational co-operation" 1983 Professional Responsibility in Public Archaeology. (Stothers and Abel 1990:40). This paper has Care of: Pres. George B. DeMuth 4303 Nash Road Annual Review of Anthropology, 12:143-64. outlined how co-operation as exemplified by King, Thomas F., Patricia Parker Hickman, Wakeman, Ohio 44889 and Gary Berg the W.LE.A.R.R should be a model for pro­ The Archaeological Research Program at the ductive archaeological research in the state 1977 Anthropology in Historic Preservations: Caring For University of Toledo: Culture's Clutter. Academic Press Inc., New York. of Ohio and areas beyond. Care of: Dr. David M. Stothers Martin, Paul S. The alternative scenario would be similar Director, Archaeological 1971 The Revolution in Archaeology, American Antiquity, to that occurring elsewhere. The regulation Research Program 36(1)3. of archaeology for profit and control can University of Toledo Murphy, James L. Toledo, Ohio 43606 1989 Prufer's Pearls: Plagerism in Ohio Contract only have negative consequences. Regu­ Archaeology, The Ohio Archaeologist, 39(4):38-39. lation, control, and direction of scientific re­ The Firelands Archaeological Research Center: Murphy, Harry search does not result in knowledge and Care of: Brian Mickey 1990a Personal Written Communication to Dr. David M. Treasurer, Firelands truth, but instead it promotes self-serving Stothers, March 26,1990. Archaeological Research 1990b Bureaucracy, the Agency Archaeologist and the opportunism in terms of the profit motive Center Ethical Dilemma. Presentation given to the Midwest and self-aggrandizement, and results in or­ 718 South Main St. Archaeological Conference, Evanston, Illinois, thodoxy established by regulation, control, Amherst, Ohio 44001 October 5-6. and direction. Such political direction and Pigott, Thomas R. 1990 Sermons in Stone. The Ohio Archaeologist, 40(4): formulation of knowledge is malevolent and NOTES 29-31. inappropriate, to say the least, in terms of 1 This paper is a written version of a slide il­ Scalf, Greg the objective pursuit of knowledge. lustrated presentation entitled "Pot­ 1990 The Port Clinton High School Archaeological Program. University of Toledo's Annual Archae­ Fundamental changes in attitude must sherds, Projectile Points, and Politics: ological Review, University of Toledo, Toledo. be brought about if there is to be any future The Future of Archaeology in the State of 1991 The Port Clinton High School Archaeological for archaeology in the state of Ohio. There Ohio" given to the Archaeological Society Program: Continued Success. University of Toledo's exists a problem in attitude throughout of Ohio, Columbus, November 24,1991. Annual Archaeological Review, University of Toledo, Ohio, and beyond. The problem concerns 2 Toledo. For further information concerning contri­ Shrimpton, Rebecca attitudes toward commitment, integrity, butions to the W.L.E.A.R.R, Sandusky 1991 Townships Can Now Protect Historic Properties. and responsibility. You that care about Bay Chapter of the Archaeological Ohio Preservations: News from the Ohio Historic knowing about a true and verifiable past Society of Ohio, or Firelands Archaeo­ Preservation Office, 11(6):2. must not let political mandate transform logical Research Center, please refer to Stothers, David M. 1981 Indian Hills (33W04): A Protohistoric Assistaeronon the good and honorable things in life to a the end of this article (all contributions Village in the Maumee River Valley of Northwestern realm that can be controlled and directed, are tax deductible). Ohio. Ontario Archaeology, 36:47-56. or bought and sold. This is not the heritage Stothers, David M. and Timothy J. Abel of a few, but the heritage of all, and is irre­ 1989 The Position of the "Pearson Complex" in the Late REFERENCES CITED Prehistory of Northern Ohio. Archaeology of Eastern placeable and unique. Your voice to local, Abel, Timothy J. North America 17:109-141. regional, state, and federal representatives 1991 An Ethnobotanical Analysis of a 14th Century Wolf 1990 Filling the Gap: Baker I and the Green Creek Phase in is needed. Unless you voice your opinions, Phase Feature at the Petersen Site, in North- North Central Ohio. The Ohio Archaeologist, Central Ohio. Newsletter of the London Chapter, 40(1):36-49. the voice of others will be heard, and it will Ontario Archaeological Society, 91-6:3-7., October decide the future of archaeology in Ohio. 1991 Earliest Man in the Southwestern Lake Erie Drainage: 1991 (Reprinted in Occasional Publication of the A1991 Perspective. North American Archaeologist, This will have detrimental effects on the un­ F.A.R.C, Firelands Occasional Paper No., 1, Milan, 12(3):195-242. Ohio 1991.). derstanding of our heritage. Let your opin­ 1992 Beads, brass, and Beaver: Archaeological Reflections Abel, Timothy J. and David M. Stothers of Protohistoric 'Fire Nation' Trade and Exchange. ions be known - contact your legislators 1991 The Search for the Fire Nation. Ohio Michigan now, before it is too late. n.d. Archaeological Reflections of the Late Archaic and Line, 14(4):55-11. Early Woodland Time Periods in the Western Lake Anonymous Erie Regions. Manuscript in preparation. 1988 Reference to annual review of WLEARP, Lab ses­ Stothers, David M. and James R. Graves Acknowledgements sions, and excavation projects for newly formed 1985 The Prairie Peninsula Co-Tradition: A Hypothesis for Many individuals, organizations, and in­ WLEARP. The Ohio Archaeologist, 38(3):58. Hopewellian to Upper Mississippian Continuity. stitutions have come together in a com­ 1990 Archaeology 1991: Annual Review "Research and Archaeology of Eastern North America, 13:153-175. mon co-operative enterprise to bring about Education: A Co-operative Endeavor. The Ohio Stothers, David M., James R. Graves, Susan K. Bechtel, Archaeologist, 41(3):43. Timothy J. Abel advancement in the scientific understand­ Brose, David S. ing of northern Ohio's past through the dis­ n.d. Western Basin Tradition: Algonquian or Iroquois? - a 1991 The Rocks That All Melt in the Sun, The Ohio 1992 Perspective. Manuscript in Preparation. cipline of archaeology. Among these are: Archaeologist, 41(2):44-46. Taylor, Walter W. members of the Sandusky Bay Chapter of Browner, Thomas 1983 A Study of Archaeology. The Southern Illinois 1991 H.R. 5237 Ttie New Law Legislative History, Intent, University Press, Illinois (Reprinted edition of 1948). the Archaeological Society of Ohio; the Results, Cost and Possible Problems. Prehistoric Firelands Archaeological Research Center; Tonetti, Alan C. Antiquities, 24:34-35. 1991 Personal Written Communication to Dr. David M. the support groups of the Port Clinton and Burnard, Nancy A. Stothers, April 4,1991. Fremont Ross High Schools; the commu­ 1991 The Western Lake Erie Archaeological Research 1992 Personal Written Communication to Gene R. Program: A Prototype for the Future. The Ohio Edwards, February 9,1992. nity; University of Toledo students and fac­ Archaeologist, 41(3):41. Willey, Gordon R. and Phillip Phillips. ulty, and interested public benefactors. Converse, Robert N. 1958 Method and Theory in American Archaeology. The 1990 An Editorial. The Ohio Archaeologist 40(2):41. Together, these are the people of the University of Chicago Press, Chicago. Edwards, Gene Western Lake Erie Archaeological Re­ Zakrzewski, Mark F. search Program. What they represent is a 1991 H.B. 274 and the Newly Proposed Cemeteries Law. The Ohio ArchaeologistA\ (?):43. 1991 Magnetometer Surveys Applied to Preliminary Investigations of Archaeological Sites in Northern commitment to preserving the past for the Fagan, Brian M. Ohio. The Ohio Journal of Science, 91(2):52. future - a legacy to our children and our 1991 Ancient North America: The Archaeology of a

20 Fig. 1 (Stothers, Abel, Scheff, Schneider) Aerial view of Fall 1990 W.L.E.A.R.P. field investigations at the Weilnau site (UT-ER-280).

Fig. 2 (Stothers, Abel, Scheff, Schneider) W.L.E.A.R.P. crews uncover sections of palisade and devensive dith at the Petersen site (33-OT-9) Summer 1990.

21 A FINE COSHOCTON COUNTY BIFACE by Larry L. Morris 901 Evening Star Avenue S.E. East Canton, Ohio 44730

One early spring morning following an him in the field he picked up a fine ovate all-night rain my wife Nancy and I biface (Figure 1). rushed to our favorite Coshocton The piece is made from high quality County site. Upon arriving we found my black Upper Mercer flint and measures uncle, the late Robert W. Morris, had 4.67" (11.86cm) long, 1.96" (4.98cm) beaten us there. Just as we approached wide and .44" (1.12cm) thick.

Fig. 1 (Morris) Coshocton Knife

AN ARCHAIC FLINT RIDGE KNIFE FROM MONTGOMERY COUNTY by Scott L. Sholiton 120 North Keowee Street Dayton, Ohio 45402

A friend and I hunted a knoll along a creek in Montgomery County, Ohio, on February 18, 1992. After finding various flakes, I found this ovate Flint Ridge knife. Made by the Archaic Indians, this example is 2 8/10" long and 1 /8/10" wide. It is made of mottled white Flint Ridge chal­ cedony. It exhibits fine pressure retouch on one side, as do many knives.

Reference Converse, Robert N. 1973 Ohio Flint Types. The Archaeological Society of Ohio, Columbus.

Fig. 1 (Sholiton) Obverse and reverse of Archaic knife.

22 FEWER THAN A THOUSAND LEFT! THE CONTINUING DESTRUCTION OF OHIO'S PREHISTORIC MOUNDS by Phillip R. Shriver Miami University

In his widely read and acclaimed Indians newspaper accounts, the Society in turn Developers, in an act almost too deplor­ of the United States, first published a half- had written the developers, asking them to able to believe, flattened an Indian burial century ago, Clark Wissler begins his preserve the mound. Some time, appar­ mound, churning up stone tools and hu­ chapter on "The Builders" with this sen­ ently on October 8 or 9, the mound was man bones....The destruction of the mound tence: "The tourist driving through the leveled, despite the appeal from the Ohio suggests a shocking disregard for civilized state of Ohio may see some of the world's Historical Society even though the nearest human behavior and an ignorance of the finest prehistoric earthworks." (1940: 35.) construction was still about 500 yards importance of such links to the past. Please note, he did not say "some of the away. Outraged township officials, who While it's impossible to preserve all of the midwest's," nor did he say "some of North learned of its destruction after the fact, ex­ past, it's crucial that we preserve the most America's." He said "some of the world's." pressed their displeasure to the press as important parts of our heritage. Safe­ And he meant it. well as to local citizens. Said Trustee guarding historic sites allows us to put our To generations of school children, Ohio President David Kern, "Legally they (the de­ lives into perspective. It helps us see not has not only been known as "the Mother of velopers) can do it since they own the only who we were, but who we're becom­ Presidents," it has also been known as property, but morally and ethically it is ing, both as individuals and as a society. "the Mound Builder State," boasting more wrong....The people of this area are proud We simply cannot allow economic ma­ prehistoric mounds than any other state in of their heritage, and we don't like that kind terialism to become strong enough to the union. (See Bowman, 1943: 21; of high-tech desecration." (See Hamilton deaden our sense of what's sacred or of Shetrone, 1951:6.) Journal News, October 22, 24, 1991; historic importance. If that happens, we'll Estimates of the number of prehistoric Cincinnati Enquirer, October 22,1991.) be marching into the future wearing blind­ mounds in Ohio at the time of historic con­ Over the course of several weeks, press, ers. And we'll be sure to get hurt." tact range from a low of 5,000 to a high of radio, and television commentaries kept the Interestingly, in the midst of the uproar, 20,000, with the most commonly accepted story and its ramifications before the public. teachers and students in the Liberty Ele­ number being about 10,000. In his flawed According to Al Tonetti of the Archaeology mentary School on Princeton Road not far (see Carskadden, 1989: 28-34) though still Section of the State Preservation Office at from the demolished mound determined to useful Archaeological Atlas of Ohio, William the Ohio Historical Center, leveling of the try to hear and to understand all sides of C. Mills cautiously observed in 1914 that Butler County mound had "reverberated the controversy, and, more important, to de­ the number of mounds, enclosures, and throughout the state." (See Cincinnati termine what ought to be done to prevent other earthworks may well once have to­ Enquirer, November 8, 1991.) According to such tragic losses from occurring in the fu­ taled more than 11,000, but the number the attorney for the developers, as quoted ture. Invitations to attend and to speak at had been steadily reduced by farming "and in the Enquirer on October 30,1991, 8 peo­ programs at the school were extended to other destructive agencies" so that the best ple (not identified) had been on hand when and accepted by Ruffini; Cowan; State figure he could come up with of those still the bulldozer had knocked down the Representative Scott Nein of Middletown; remaining was 3,513. (1914: iii.) Seventy- Holloway Mound, described by the attor­ James Matre, attorney for the Hunting eight years and a myriad of highways, ney as being only about 1 foot tall and 30 Creek development; Guy Jones of the shopping malls, parking lots, and housing feet in diameter, and none of the 8 had Miami Valley Council of Native Americans; subdivisions later, the estimated number of found any artifacts. According to Dr. Wesley Sylvia Ball of the Archaeological Conser­ prehistoric earthworks still with us in Ohio Cowan, curator of archaeology of the vancy; and Liberty Township trustees. in 1992 has diminished to fewer than a Cincinnati Museum of Natural History, the Though no definitive conclusions emerged thousand. (See Hamilton Journal-News, mound was more nearly 6 feet in height as to the specifics of desirable state legis­ October 24, 1991. This figure is attributed and 100 feet in diameter [originally it may lation, the consensus of most of the 230 to Dr. Wesley Cowan of the Cincinnati have been as many as 195 feet in diame­ school children and their teachers who Museum of Natural History.) As our daily ter], and contained at least one burial [a heard the presentations centered on the newspapers remind us, even these remain­ portion of a human leg bone was un­ need here in Ohio to do something now to ing earthworks are imperiled! earthed] as well as cremation sites, "some­ assure the protection and preservation of A recent case in point involved the thing developers wouldn't have noticed be­ archaeological sites. (See Cincinnati Holloway Mound, also known locally as the cause they aren't archaeologists." (See Enquirer, October 25, November 28, 1991; D.S. Rose Mound, located east of the Hamilton Journal-News, October 30, 1991.) Hamilton Journal-News, October 24, 30, Springhill Cemetery near the intersection of Observed Cowan, "It's like putting together 1991.) Yankee and Princeton roads in Liberty a jigsaw puzzle [when] three-quarters of The protection and preservation of the Township, Butler County. Identified as an the pieces have been lost." Commented remaining prehistoric earthworks here in Indian burial mound as early as 1879 and Franco Ruffini, Deputy State Historic Pre­ Ohio - now fewer than a thousand, or less placed on the National Register of Historic servation Officer, the developers "may have than 10% of the probable number a cen­ Places in 1975, the mound was bull-dozed found no artifacts because they were not tury ago - mandates agreement and action into oblivion by a real estate developer in trained archaeologists. 'You don't try to find on effective state laws of the type already October 1991 to enable expansion of a something with a bulldozer,' he said." (See adopted in more than 30 other states in housing subdivision. According to news­ Hamilton Journal-News, October 24,1991.) the federal union. Also to be encouraged paper accounts, a neighbor who could see In its lead editorial on October 26, 1991, are such voluntary, philanthropic agencies the mound from her backyard had noti­ the Hamilton Journal-News observed under as the Archaeological Conservancy and its fied the Ohio Historical Society in early the headline "Burial Mound Loser in Battle program of purchasing sites for the pur­ September to express concern for the With Greed:"....It's hard for many people to pose of preserving them. (See Grubb, mound because she had learned that de­ ponder the desecration or destruction of a 1989: 31.) Some of its recent notable suc­ velopers had purchased the property. In grave. But that was the horrid scene in cesses include the acquisition of the Great mid-September, according to those same Union [sic] Township earlier this month. Mound near Trenton in Butler County (see

23 Figure 1), the purchase of the Chris Connor and the earthworks] named, not inappro­ Ohio, can be protected and preserved for Site on the west bank of Brush Creek in priately by the Directors, "Sacra Via," or future generations to see and appreciate Adams County, a 99-year lease from the Sacred Way,...was also preserved by a will be determined by the collective will of Central Silica Company of the Wilson special resolution of the Company, "never those of us of the present generation. As Mound near Glenford in Perry County (see to be disturbed or defaced, as common Wesley Cowan so aptly expressed it in his Figure 2), the gift of the Henneberger ground, not to be enclosed." comments to the children and teachers of Mound in Ross County (see Figures 3 and Paradoxically, two hundred years later the Liberty Elementary School: "Every time 4), and negotiations for the purchase of the after those first preservationist resolutions we lose an Indian mound we lose some­ Hopewellian High Banks Earthworks near were adopted in Ohio's first settlement, we thing that's a part of all of us. Does history Chillicothe in Ross County (see Figure 5). find fewer than 10% of Ohio's earthworks belong to an individual, or does it belong to The last-named, together with the Hopeton still standing. Yet maybe, just maybe, an each [and every one] of us?" (See Hamilton Earthworks (see Figure 6), the Hopewell important corner has been turned in this Journal-News, October 30,1991.) Mound Group, and the Seip Earthworks, present age of preservation-mindedness. collectively comprise prospective additions Increasing numbers of us are beginning to Acknowledgements to the Mound City Group National Mon­ question whether the destruction of our Appreciation goes to Sylvia Ball of the ument (see Figure 7), as embodied in fed­ history and prehistory must be a necessary Archaeological Conservancy's Eastern eral legislation introduced by Senator concomitant of that which some others call Regional Office in Indianapolis for the pho­ Howard Metzenbaum of Ohio (already "progress." The preservation of Ohio's re­ tographs used in this article, and to the passed in the Senate) and by Congress­ maining prehistoric earthworks as well as Audio Visual Service of Miami University man Bob McEwen of Ohio in the House of historic sites should be a matter of great for their reproduction. Representatives, currently being consid­ concern to all who are interested in ar­ ered by that body. (See correspondence chaeology as well as history. References with Metzenbaum, Glenn, McEwen, et al, Significantly, in the forty years I have Ball, Sylvia April-December 1991.) With the hoped-for been reading the Ohio Archaeologist, I do 1990 "Hopewell Mound Donated." The Archaeological passage of that legislation, a new Hopewell Conservancy Newsletter, Summer, 1990. not remember a single issue with as many (Reports the donation of the Henneberger Mound Culture National Historic Park will emerge articles calling attention to the need for near Frankfort in Ross County.) here in Ohio. preservation as the Fall, 1991, issue. Take a 1990 "Hopewell Mounds Site Additions Acquired." The look at Jacque F. Stahler's article on Archaeological Conservancy Newsletter, Fall While help in the preservation of Ohio's 1990. (Reports the acquisition of 16 acres of the remaining prehistoric earthworks can "Mound Preservation in Logan County" and typological Hopewell site in Ross County.) come from the federal government through read of the work of the Blue Jacket Chapter 1990 "Rare Platform Mound Preserved in Ohio." The the creation of the Hopewell Culture of the Archaeological Society of Ohio in Archaeological Conservancy Newsletter, Fall erecting fencing around Dunn's Pond 1990. (Reports the lease of the Wilson Mound in National Historic Park, from the privately- Perry County.) financed Archaeological Conservancy Mound near Indian Lake to prevent off- 1990 "The Mound Signal Test." Ohio Archaeologist, headquartered in New Mexico, and from road recreational vehicles, including trail 40(2): 42. the Ohio Historical Society (which already bikes, from further damaging the mound. 1991 "Major Hopewell Earthworks to be Acquired." The Then read Thomas C. Grubb's article enti­ Archaeological Conservancy Newsletter, Summer maintains such sites as Fort Ancient, the 1991. (Reports the option to purchase the High Newark Earthworks, the Serpent Mound, tled "Mounds vs. People: The Capitolium Bank Earthworks near Chillicothe in Ross and the Miamisburg Mound), much more Case," ironically affecting one of the so- County.) will be required if most of the extant sites called "truncated pyramids" or platform 1992 Correspondence. See letters of January 7 and 23. mounds in Marietta described by Squier Bowman, David W. are to be saved. In the final analysis, pres­ 1943 Pathway of Progress: A Short History of Ohio. ervation must begin on the local level and Davis (above) as a "public square" to American Book Company, New York. through an informed citizenry. be protected by the resolution of 1788. Carskadden, Jeff Significantly, the cause of preservation Fortunately, as Grubb has pointed out, the 1989 "Some Comments on the Usefulness of Mills' Atlas." Ohio Archaeologist, 39(4): 28-34. of Ohio's mounds began as early as 1788 exigencies of handicapped access for the Marietta Public Library as well as protection Edwards, Gene R. at Marietta, the very first organized settle­ 1991 "H.B. 274 and the Newly Proposed Cemeteries ment in the Northwest Territory following and cultural identification of the flat-topped Law." Ohio Archaeologist, 41(2): 43. the American Revolution. The Directors of mound were ultimately reconciled through Grubb, Thomas C. the Ohio Land Company, cognizant of the the involvement and research of Dr. N'omi 1989 "The Archaeological Conservancy." Ohio Greber of the Cleveland Museum of Natural Archaeologist, 39(3): 31. A map showing the loca­ importance of the great earthworks built by tion of the Great Mound near Trenton in Butler the prehistoric inhabitants of the land at History with the help of students from County, Ohio, accompanies a picture of the the mouth of the Muskingum, took imme­ Marietta College and volunteers from both mound. diate steps for their preservation even as Ohio and West Virginia. And finally, take 1991 "Mounds vs. People: The Capitolium Case." Ohio note of the notice on page 51 of this same Archaeologist, 41 (4), 50. the town of Marietta was being planned. Kuhn, David W. According to Squier and Davis (1848: 75), issue headlined "An Archaeology Essay 1989 "Prospective Ohio Legislation on Preservation "one of their earliest official acts was the Contest." Sponsored by the Society for and Human Remains." Ohio Archaeologist, 39(2): passage of a resolution, which is entered American Archaeology, eighth grade stu­ 70. Mills, William C. upon the journal of their proceedings, re­ dents across Ohio and elsewhere have been invited to submit essays on "why it is 1914 The Archaeological Atlas of Ohio. The Ohio State serving the two truncated pyramids and Archaeological and Historical Society, Columbus. the great mound, with a few acres at­ important to protect archaeological sites." Potter, Martha A. tached to each, as public squares. They After describing what an archaeological site 1968 Ohio's Prehistoric People. The Ohio Historical placed them under the future corporation is and what can be learned through its in­ Society, Columbus. vestigation, they have been asked to con­ Shetrone, H.C. of Marietta, directing that they should be 1951 Primer of Ohio Archaeology: The Mound Builders sider how students can help protect such embellished with shade trees, when di­ and the Indians. The Ohio State Archaeological vested of the forest which then covered sites. I can assure you that students in and Historical Society, Columbus. them, which trees, it was added, should be Butler County have submitted entries in Silverberg, Robert 1968 Mound Builders of Ancient America. Ohio of native growth, and of the varieties that contest after their experience last fall with the destruction of the Holloway Mound University Press, Athens, Ohio. named in the resolution. The great mound Skinner, Shaune M. with its surrounding square was desig­ in Liberty Township. 1990 "Confusion About Antiquities Law." Ohio nated as a cemetery, and placed under the Archaeologist, 40(1): 34. Ultimately, whether or not the remaining Squier, E.G. and E.H. Davis control of trustees....The magnificent av­ prehistoric earthworks, which constitute 1848 Ancient Monuments of the Mississippi Valley. The enue [connecting the Muskingum River some of our greatest treasures here in Smithsonian Institution, Washington.

24 Stahler, Jacque F. 1991 "Mound Preservation in Logan County." Ohio Archaeologist, 41(4): 16-17. JSHKftlE IMHflK. WilSil&iS Webb, William S. and Raymond S. Baby BOSS ca. OHIO 1957 The Adena People No. 2. The Ohio Historical & G. Sy*,*r aiu* B. // fimvt* A'a'vryut-j 1444 Society, Columbus. Wissler, Clark 1940 Indians of the United States. Doubleday & Company, Garden City, New York. Wolf, Thomas M„ editor 1991 "Gravel Mining Continues to Threaten Hopeton Earthworks." Ohio Preservation, 11(3): 1-2. Woodward, Susan L. and Jerry N. McDonald 1986 Indian Mounds of the Middle Ohio Valley: A Guide to Adena and Ohio Hopewell Sites. McDonald and Woodward Publishing Company, Newark, Ohio. 1991 "Gravel Mining Continues to Threaten Hopeton Earthworks." Ohio Archaeologist, 41(3): 25. This is a reprint from the May-June 1991 Ohio Preservation. Newspaper Articles 1990 Columbus Dispatch, July 8,13 (editorial, "Preserving Prehistory") 1991 Cincinnati Enquirer, August 19 ("Working to Save the Hopewell Hidden Heritage") 1991 Cincinnati Enquirer, October 22, 24, 26, 29, 30, November 8, December 2. 1991 Hamilton Journal-News, October 22, 24, 26, 30, November 8.

Fig. 5 (Shriver) Negotiations are currently underway for the purchase of the High Bank Works by the Archaeological Conservancy and for their inclusion in the proposed new Hopewell Culture National Historic Park. (See Archaeological • NiSSiK t* ft* * t ** lofl *«. • » ' Conservancy "Newsletter," Summer 1991.) Shown here is a u - • * * * *&f *• * • *V***•• * j". c *«" < map prepared by Squier and Davis in 1846 of the High Bank \ \r- **.I6i*e'*"Vc»i'>u ,••;/1''.,. Works. As explained by them (1848:50), "The beautiful group here represented is situated on the right bank of the Scioto River, five miles below the town of Chillicothe, near the road from that place to Jackson. It occurs at a place where the river has cut its way up to the third terrace, which in conse­ quence here presents a bold bank, rising seventy-five or eighty feet above the water. . . The principle work consists of an octagon and a circle; the former measuring 950 feet, the latter 1,050 feet, in diameter. In immediate connection with the work are two small circles, which are shown in the plan, each measuring 250 feet in diameter."

^/*

F/g. 4 (Shriver) Map of the Frankfort Works prepared by Squier and Davis in 1846. (See page 57.) Consisting of a large and small circle and a square, it was one of the largest complexes of the Hopewell Culture. The diameter of the larger circle was more than 1,000 feet, while the area of the square was some 27 acres. The largest of the three con­ joined mounds inside the larger circle (pointed out on the map by an arrow) is the Henneberger Mound, the only presently visible remnant of the Frankfort Works. According to the Archaeological Conservancy "Newsletter," Summer, 1990, one of the two smaller mounds was excavated by Warren K. Moorehead in 1889. In it he found more than 20 1000 fl to Inch burials together with hundreds of pearl beads, perforated bear teeth, spool-shaped ornaments, and pipe fragments.

25 Fig. 6 (Shriver) The Hopeton Earthworks are situated four miles north of the city of Chillicothe on the east bank of the Scioto River. They approximate the dimensions of the High Bank Works. Shown here is a map prepared by Squier and Davis in 1846 which faces page 51 of their "Ancient Monuments." A part of the Hopeton complex is presently threatened by private commercial gravel mining operations, a circumstance which has prompted the push for legislation to enlarge the Mound City Group National Monument to include this and other properties in the proposed new Hopewell Culture National Historic Park under the auspices of the National Park Service.

Fig. 7 (Shriver) Mound City, a large Hopewell cemetery four miles north of Chillicothe on the west side of the Scioto River, is shown here (above) on the map prepared by Squier and Davis in 1846. Then located on the property of Henry Shriver, it was later overwhelmed by Camp Sherman in the course of World War I. It has since become a national monument and would remain a central feature of the proposed new Hopewell Culture National Historic Park. As explained by Squier and Davis (1848:54), "The first and most striking fea­ ture in connection with this work is the unusual number of mounds which it contains. There are no less than twenty-four within its walls."

4 1 *V,»* 4it Fig. 1 (Shriver) The Great Mound was acquired in 1989 by the Archaeological Conservancy. Located near the Wayne-Madison Township Line Road northwest of Trenton in Butler County, Ohio, it is believed to be the third largest Adena Mound in America, after those at Miamisburg, Ohio, and Moundsville, West Virginia.

Fig. 2 (Shriver) The Wilson Mound in Perry County, Ohio, was acquired by the Archaeological Con­ servancy in 1990 on a 99-year lease from Central Silica, a division of Oglebay Norton Company. Believed to be Hopewellian, it is one of the rare platform or flat-top mounds of the type referred to by Squier and Davis as "truncated pyramidal." Measuring 18 feet in height with a base covering more than an acre, it was partially excavated in 1897 but has not been explored since then.

Fig. 3 (Shriver) Donated to the Archaeological Conservancy in 1990 by the family of Freda Henneberger and named in her honor in recog­ nition of her dedication to its preservation, the Henneberger Mound is the last remnant of the once extensive Frankfort Works near Paint Creek in Ross County, Ohio. Standing 20 feet in height with a diameter of approximately 100 feet, it is one of the finest examples of a large, unexcavated Hopewell Mound. Sylvia Ball, Eastern Regional Director of the Archaeological Conservancy, is shown standing on the Henneberger Mound. Photograph courtesy of Sylvia Ball.

27 A LARGE ADENA BLADE by Jim Hahn Heath, Ohio

Fig. 1 (Hahn) This large 8 inch Adena blade is made of Flint Ridge Chalcedony. It was found in north central Ohio. Author's collection.

28 FRACTURED BASE POINTS

Fractured base points from Ohio made of Flint Ridge flint, Indiana hornstone and Carter Cave flint.

29 BASKETRY, PREHISTORIC AND MODERN by Elaine Holzapfel 104 E. Lincoln Greenville, Ohio

However, in Feature 15 of the Cresap North America. A coiled basket is made "This I could not break by pulling, and Mound in West Virginia, just across the by lashing bundles of grass together and no man could." Ohio River, a 2,000 year-old basket was spiralling the bundles into the desired Journal of Henry Thoreau, 1856 found among fragments of human bone. shape (Figures 3, 9, 10). There was practically nothing left of the Prehistoric baskets in the Midwest are basket, but an alert excavator noted the rarely preserved, except in dry caves or Thoreau's amazement was caused by data before the powdery fragments dis­ rockshelters, and these are the most a tough strand he had created when he appeared. It measured 8 1/2 inches in di­ likely places in which surviving baskets twisted fibers from the stems of milk­ ameter and 2 1/4 inches deep and may yet be found. weed. seemed to be in the shape of a bowl It must have been by similar experi­ (Dragoo1963). REFERENCES mentation that prehistoric man began to Some of the earliest evidence of bas­ Adovasio, J.M. and R.L. Andrews make the textiles called baskets. ketry in the Midwest was discovered at 1984 The Origins of Perishable Production (Baskets are considered hard textiles.) the Modoc Rock Shelter in Randolph East of the Rockies. Paper presented at And how essential they would have been County, Illinois. Textile impressions dating the Society for American Archaeology, to the hunter-gatherer. These light­ from the Early Archaic - 8,340 years be­ Annual meetings, Portland, Oregon. weight, flexible containers carried roots, fore present - had been fire-hardened Ahler, Steven berries, nuts, fish, clams, paw-paws, and into baked silt (Figure 13) (Ahler 1991). 1991 Modoc Matting and Beads. The Living many other items. They were almost cer­ Some of the angular chunks of fire- Museum Vol. 53-1 The Illinois State tainly used in processing and storing cracked rock found in local fields have an Museum Springfield, III. foods and possibly served as containers association with baskets, as one method Dragoo, Don W. to eat from. of cooking was to place water and the 1963 Mounds for the Dead. Annals of the The enormous earthworks built by food to be cooked into a basket lined Carnegie Museum, Vol. 37, Pittsburgh. Hopewell and Adena Indians (200 B.C.- with skins. Very hot rocks were then Holzapfel, Elaine 500 A.D.) were apparently erected with dropped into the water to boil the food. 1991 Flint Tools from Harrison Co., Indiana. thousands of loads of soil carried in bas­ Such tools as those in Figure 2 were Ohio Archaeologist 41 (2). kets. On p.191 of The Mound Builders, is possibly used to construct baskets. Jennings, Jesse a photograph of the imprint of a basket Even such simple tools as spokeshaves 1968 Prehistory of North America. McGraw- left on such a load of soil. This basket- on flint flakes could have been used to Hill, Inc., New York. load weighed 30 pounds (Shetrone prepare willow or other vegetal fibers, Mauldin, Barbara 1930). and straight edges might have shaved 1984 Traditions in Transition. Museum of New Basket-making originated indepen­ splints for use in plaited weaving Mexico Press, Santa Fe. dently all over the world, and identical (Holzapfel 1991). Petersen, J.B. and N.D. Hamilton techniques evolved in many different Three main types of baskets have 1984 Early Woodland Ceramic and Perishable times and places. Therefore, the study of been made all over the world; the bas­ Fiber Industries from the Northeast: A modern baskets helps us recognize the kets pictured display the 3 methods of Summary and Interpretation. Annals of construction and appearance of ancient manufacture. the Carnegie Museum 53(13), ones. Ed Rossbach, in 77ie Nature of PLAITING is the earliest weaving Pittsburgh. Basketry, says, "If by some magic bas­ method in North America. It began to be Rossbach, Ed kets from prehistory appeared among used around 10,000 years ago. In plait­ 1986 The Nature of Basketry. Schiffer Pub. baskets made today, they would go un­ ing, frequently flat splints are woven at Ltd., Westchester, Pa. noticed and would be put to use." right angles to one another, often in an Shetrone, Henry Although many of the ancient baskets over-one, under-one pattern. Almost all 1930 The Mound Builders. Appleton and Co., in museums are from the Southwest, Indian groups did some plaiting (Figures New York. basket-making is just as old in the east­ 4 and 5). Turnbaugh, Sarah Peabody and William A. ern part of North America, where baskets TWINING began to be used around 1986 Indian Baskets. Schiffer Pub. Ltd., West were in use for almost 10,000 years 8,000 years ago. In twining, 2 or more flex­ Chester, Pa. (Adovasio and Andrews 1984, Petersen ible fibers such as grasses or rushes are Will, Christoph and Hamilton 1984). woven simultaneously between the upright 1985 International Basketry. Schiffer Pub. Ltd., Unfortunately, baskets disintegrate elements (Figures 6, 7, 8,11,12,13). West Chester, Pa. rapidly in the damp soil and climate of COILING is the latest form of basketry, the eastern section of this country. having been in use only 3,000 years in

30 Knives

Fig. 1 (Holzapfel) Basketry tools used by modern Indians (after Mauldin 1984).

Tin-Can Lid

Fig. 2 (Holzapfel) Tools possibly used for basketry by prehistoric Indians. Flint knives, bone awls, eccentrics.

Fig. 3 (Holzapfel) Awl being used in construction of coiled basket (after Mauldin 1984).

31 Fig. 4 (Holzapfel) Plaited. Made of split river cane by Eva Wolfe, Qualla Cherokee, North Carolina, 1985.

Fig. 7 (Holzapfel) Twined. Cornhusk bag, Nez Perce ca. 1900.

*'•:>'&

J J- Jl f^ w^wt*iyr~.

Fig. 5 (Holzapfel) Plaited. Made by the writer from a black ash log after 2 days instruction by Chippewa Edith Bondie of Hubbard Lake, Michigan, and several weeks trial and error. rWfl^B

.vi.i - -!'•-•

Fig. 6 (Holzapfel) Twined. Miniature basket from Northwest Coast, ca. Fig. 8 (Holzapfel) Twined. Australian Aborigine "dilly bag," by Dhirimbuk 1930's. of the Gupapuyngi Group, 1985.

32 Fig. 9 (Holzapfel) Coiled. Second Mesa, Hopi, ca. 1900.

Fig. 10 (Holzapfel) Coiled. Africa, 1940's.

• 3!B$ 'vy-VV' Hi* Fig. 11 (Holzapfel) Pottery sherd with impression of twining (1200-1500 Fig. 12 (Holzapfel) Twining sketched from impressions on Mississippian A.D.). pottery (after Jennings 1968).

*w w*

luutix I F/g. 73 (Holzapfel) Fire-hardened silt with twined textile impression dated at 8,530 years old (Reproduced from the "The Living Museum",) with the permission of the 5C" Illinois State Museum.

33 A PERFECT LEAF-SHAPED BLADE by Jack I. Rosenfeld Columbus, Ohio

While surface hunting June 12, 1990, in black soil adjacent to one of my more productive sites in Licking County Ohio, I found this masterfully chipped, classic leaf-shaped blade. This type of blade is associated with the Adena culture of Ohio. It is 2 1/2 inches long and 1 1/2 inches across the face. The blade is thin, carefully chipped by percussion and pressure retouching. It is made of light gray Flint Ridge high quality chalcedony material. This is the most perfect example of a leaf-shaped blade I've found to date.

REFERENCE Converse, Robert N. 1973 Ohio Flint Types, The Archaeological Society of Ohio, Columbus, Ohio

Fig. 1 (Rosenfeld) Obverse and reverse of Adena Blade. CANNEL COAL ARTIFACTS by Jerry Ball 3796 Mt. Zion Road Lucas, OH 44843

Fig. 1 (Ball) Pictured are three cannel coal arti­ facts from my collection. Top left - is a pebble pendant found in Harrison Twp., Licking County, Ohio. Lower left - ovate Glacial Kame gorget - reverse side is unusual in that it is concave with small grooves cut from the edge to the holes. (Wayne County, Ohio, Right - Coffin shaped gor­ get. Provenience unknown.

VUVrMM '|ni|TUji|i|H^HfflilW|iin^"

34 HOPEWELLIAN CONCEPTS IN GEOMETRY by William F. Romain 4000 Westbrook Drive, #502 Brooklyn, Ohio 44144

"Habentibus symbolum facilus ust metric symmetry. This was done by refer­ The Newark Fairground Circle transitus." - For those who have the ence to Squier and Davis' (1848) mon­ and Square symbol, the passage is easy. umental work, Ancient Monuments of the One of the most basic concepts to be Mississippi Valley. Although there are er­ expressed in the earthworks is found in the Something very unusual was going on in rors in Squier and Davis' work, their vol­ relationship between the Fairground Circle southern Ohio, about 2,000 years ago. In ume is still the best source document and Square at the Newark Earthworks. The particular, a group of people known as the available in terms of maps and figures. Newark Earthworks are located in Licking Hopewell were developing a rather sophis­ From the resulting list of geometrically- County, Ohio, at about 40° 02'30" North ticated proficiency in plane geometry. shaped Hopewellian earthworks, I se­ latitude and 82° 25'30" West longitude. In essence, geometry can be defined lected for analysis those sites that were Figure 1 shows the Fairground Circle, as "the study of points, lines, and planes comprised of two or more geometric com­ which according to Thomas (1894:462), and their relationships" (Cummins, ponents, or otherwise seemed related to has a diameter (as measured from midline Kenney, and Kanold 1988:3). Evidence nearby sites. of the embankment to midline) of about for the Hopewell's interest in geometry is The next step was to redraw these 1,190 feet. Also represented in Figure 1 is found in the dozens of parallel walls, per­ sites in such a way as to reduce them to the Newark Square, which according to fect squares, circles, ellipses, long arcs in their most essential or idealized geomet­ Thomas (1894:466), has sides that are parallel, and octagonal earthworks found ric shapes - while at the same time, stan­ each 928 feet in length. throughout southern Ohio. The underly­ dardizing their scale. This was neces­ Interestingly enough, the perimeters of ing principles of geometry that are ex­ sary because the maps presented by these two figures are almost equal to each pressed in these earthworks are the sub­ Squier and Davis, and others, are to dif­ other. More specifically, the circumference ject of this article. ferent scales. of the Fairground Circle is 3,736.6 feet, In this instance, all figures were re-drawn while the perimeter of the Newark Square Background to a scale of one inch equals five hundred is 3,712.0 feet - for a difference of only The Hopewell existed from about 200 feet. (Where measurement data had to be 24.6 feet. In terms of percentages, the cir­ B.C. to A.D. 500. Hopewellian influence taken directly from Squier and Davis' fig­ cumference of the Fairground Circle and extended throughout the eastern United ures, an engineer's scale was used.) perimeter of the Newark Square differ from States, however, the heartland of the In any event, where possible, use of each other by less than one percent Hopewell seems to have been in southern Squier and Davis' measurement data (3712.0 / 3736.6 = 0.99357). Ohio. Indeed, it is within this area that the was superseded by the use of more re­ Also relevant is that the circumference of geometrically-shaped Hopewellian earth­ cent and more accurate data and figures the Circle, and perimeter of the Square are works occur. such as those provided by Thomas both equal to about 3,500 times the basic Although there are hundreds of Hopewell (1894), Marshall (1987), Anderson (1980), Hopewell unit of measurement of 1.053 mounds in the eastern United States, there and others. feet (3,500 x 1.053 = 3,685.5 feet). In fact, are only a couple of dozen or so geometri­ The resultant set of drawings were then the difference between the perimeter of the cally-shaped earthworks. Most of these examined for geometric relationships be­ Newark Square (which is 3,712.0 feet) and earthworks are thousands of feet in length tween component parts, and for patterns 3,500 times the basic Hopewell unit of and breadth and as discussed in earlier ar­ or regularities between sites. Recurrent length is only 27 feet, or less than one per­ ticles, virtually all of these earthworks ap­ patterns were then grouped together, and cent (3,685.5 / 3,712.0 = 0.9929). pear to have been aligned to significant are presented here in some semblance of In essence, the idea that seems to be celestial events (see Romain 1991a, order - generally, from the simplest to expressed here is that if a given unit of 1992a, 1992b). more complex. linear measurement (equal in this case Although Squier and Davis (1848) and Next, each site was checked for multi­ to 3,500 times the basic Hopewell unit many others since, have noted that geomet­ ples of the basic Hopewell unit of length. of length) is used for the circumference ric regularities are evident in the earthworks, This information was then considered in of a circle and the perimeter of a square, surprisingly few detailed studies have been the final site analysis. (As the reader may then the resultant figures will exhibit the made of these geometric patterns. recall, in an earlier article (Romain 1991b), I proportionate sizes of the figures shown To date, the most comprehensive exami­ proposed that the basic Hopewell unit of in Figure 1. nation of the geometry of the earthworks length was equal to about 1.053 feet, or has been made by Marshall (1978, 1980, 12.6 inches.) The Hopeton Earthwork 1987). Other relevant papers include those Finally, for comparative purposes, I in­ The next concept to be discussed is by Hively and Horn (1982, 1984), and cluded in each site illustration presented found in the relationship between the Keplinger (1919-20). In their own way, each herein, a small representation of the origi­ Circle and Square of the Hopeton Earth­ of these papers has contributed to the nal map used to generate the idealized work. This earthwork is shown in Figure 2, overall understanding of Hopewell geome­ geometric figures. and is located at about 39° 23'00" North try. Along these lines, the present study is In essence, what I found was that the latitude and 82° 58'45" West longitude. intended to search out and present some Hopewell had a special interest in the According to Thomas (1894:474), the of the more interesting geometric precepts mathematical and geometric relation­ north-south diameter of the Hopeton Circle implicit in the earthworks that have not ships between component segments, or is 960 feet. Similarly, the straightest side of been previously reported. parts of various circles, squares, and the extant Hopeton Square has a length of octagons. Moreover, each site seems to 957 feet. What is presented in Figure 2, Analyses have been based on a particular unit of therefore, are idealized figures based on For this study, the first task was to length which is a multiple of the basic these measurements of 960 and 957 feet. identify those Hopewell (or likely Hopewell unit of length. Notably, the diameter of the Circle and Hopewell) sites in Ohio, evidencing geo- each of the sides of the Square are very

35 close to being equal to 900 times the basic the resultant square is then used for the di­ is located in Ross County, Ohio, at about Hopewell unit of length of 1.053 feet (900 x ameter of a circle, then the resultant figures 39° 19'25" North latitude and 82° 55'40" 1.053 feet = 947.7 feet). In fact, the differ­ will exhibit the proportionate sizes of the West longitude. ence between the diameter of the Hopeton figures shown in Figure 3. According to Squier and Davis' (1848:PI. Circle (which is 960 feet) and 900 times the XXI, No. 3) figure, the diameter of the basic Hopewell unit of length is only about The Milford Earthwork Works East Large Circle and the diagonal 12 feet, or less than two percent (947.7 / The same concept just noted for the of the Works East Square are both about 960 = 0.987); while the difference between Circleville Earthwork also seems ex­ 1,480 feet. each side of the idealized Hopeton Square pressed in the Milford Earthwork. The Relevant in this case is that the diameter and 900 times the basic Hopewell unit of Milford Earthwork is shown in Figure 4. It is of the Large Circle and the diagonal of the length is only 9 feet, or less than one per­ located in Clermont County, Ohio, at about Square are both equal to about 1,400 cent (947.7 / 957 = 0.9903). 39° 10'40" North latitude and 84° 16'40" times the basic Hopewell unit of length of 1.053 feet (1,400 x 1.053 feet = 1,474.2 What I think is being expressed in this West longitude. feet). In fact, the difference between either earthwork is the idea that if a particular unit What is presented in Figure 4, is a very the diameter of the Large Circle, or the di­ of linear measurement (equal in this case idealized plan of the earthwork - based on agonal of the Square (which are each to 957 feet, or about 900 times the basic Squier and Davis' (1848:PI. XXXIV, No.1) about 1,480 feet) and 1,400 times the ba­ Hopewell unit of length) is used to define figure. In Squier and Davis' figure, the di­ sic Hopewell unit of length is only about 6 the diameter of a circle and each of the ameter of the Milford Circle is about 1,400 feet, or less than one-half of one percent sides of a square, then the resultant figures feet in length, while each side of the (1,474.2 / 1,480 = 0.9960). will exhibit the proportionate sizes of the Milford Square is about 950 feet in length. figures shown in Figure 2. The diagonal of the Milford Square is about It will also be noted, that the Works East 1,350 feet. Square fits rather precisely into the Works The Circleville and Milford Earthworks Relevant here is that each side of the East Large Circle. In fact, the vertices of The next two earthworks each seem to Milford Square is equal to about 900 such an inscribed square fairly precisely define the four quadrants of the Works demonstrate one underlying geometric times the basic Hopewell unit of length of East Large Circle. concept - although each site employs dif­ 1.053 feet (900 x 1.053 feet = 947.7 feet). ferent multiples of the basic Hopewell unit In fact, the difference between any one As far as the Works East Small Circle is of length. side of the Milford Square (which is 950 concerned, it will be noted that the diame­ feet) and 900 times the basic Hopewell ter of this Circle is approximately equal to unit of length is only about two and one- the radius of the Works East Large Circle. The Circleville Earthwork half feet, or less than one-half of one per­ The first site to be considered is the The concept that seems expressed here cent (947.7 / 950 = 0.9976). Circleville Earthwork. This site is located in is that if a particular unit of length (equal in Pickaway County, Ohio, at about 39° Particularly interesting, however, is that this instance to 1,480 feet, or 1,400 times 35'30" North latitude and 82° 55'45" West the diameter of the Milford Circle is very the basic Hopewell unit of length) is used longitude. As shown by Figure 3, the close to the length of the diagonal of the for the diagonal of a square and also for Circleville Earthwork is comprised of two Milford Square - i.e., about 1,350 - 1,400 the diameter of a circle, then the resultant concentric circular earthworks and an as­ feet. It will also be noted that the Milford figures will exhibit the proportionate sizes sociated square. Square fits fairly well into the idealized of the figures shown in Figure 5. According to the measurement data pro­ Milford Circle. In fact, the vertices of such vided by Marshall (1987:Fig. 7), the diame­ an inscribed square fairly precisely define The Frankfort Earthwork ter of the Circleville Large Circle is 1,188 the four quadrants of the Milford Circle. The Frankfort Earthwork is shown in feet. Also, according to Marshall (1987:Fig. Like the Circleville Earthwork, the con­ Figure 6. The site is located in Ross 7), the Circleville Square is comprised of cept that seems to be expressed here is County, Ohio, at about 39° 24'15" North sides which are each 841 feet in length, that if a particular unit of length (equal in latitude and 83° 11 '00" West longitude. while the diagonal of the Square is about this instance to 950 feet, or about 900 Very little remains of this site - but consid­ 1,180 feet. times the basic Hopewell unit of length) is eration of Squier and Davis' (1848:PI. XXI, No. 4) figure will show that this site is vir­ Relevant here is that each side of the used to define each side of a square, and if tually identical in terms of the size of its Circleville Square is virtually equal to 800 the length of the diagonal of the resultant components, to the Works East Earth­ times the basic Hopewell unit of length of square is then used for the diameter of a work. Like the Works East, the diameter of 1.053 feet (800 x 1.053 feet = 842.4 feet). circle, then the resultant figures will exhibit the Frankfort Large Circle and the diago­ In fact, the difference between any one the proportionate sizes of the figures nal of the Frankfort Square are both about side of the Circleville Square (which is 841 shown in Figure 4. 1,480 feet. feet in length) and 800 times the basic Hopewell unit of length is only about one The Works East and Again relevant in this instance, is that and one-half feet, or less than one-half of Frankfort Earthworks the diameter of the Frankfort Large Circle one percent (841 / 842.4 = 0.9983). The next two earthworks are very similar and the diagonal of the Frankfort Square Also significant is that the diameter of in concept to the Circleville and Milford are both equal to about 1,400 times the the Circleville Large Circle is essentially the earthworks just discussed. However, the basic Hopewell unit of length of 1.053 same as the diagonal of the Circleville Works East and Frankfort Earthwork seem feet (1,400 x 1.053 feet = 1,474.2 feet). In Square - i.e., about 1,180 feet. And, it will to have been based on the diagonal of the fact, the difference between either the di­ be noted that the Circleville Square fits square instead of the sides of the square. ameter of the Large Circle, or the diago­ quite neatly into the Circleville Large Circle. The resultant proportional figures are the nal of the Square (which are each about In fact, the vertices of such an inscribed same, however, among all four earthworks 1,480 feet) and 1,400 times the basic square precisely define the four quadrants - i.e., Circleville, Milford, Works East, and Hopewell unit of length is only about 6 of the Circleville Large Circle. Frankfort. Hopefully, what I have just said feet, or less than one-half of one percent will become clear after considering the (1,474.2 / 1,480 = 0.9960). The idea that seems to be expressed next two analyses. here is that if a particular unit of length As was the case with the Works East, it (equal in this instance to 841 feet, or about will again be noted that the Frankfort 800 times the basic Hopewell unit of The Works East of Chillicothe Square fits neatly into the Frankfort Large length) is used to define each side of a The site known as the Works East of Circle - and the vertices of such an in­ square, and if the length of the diagonal of Chillicothe is shown in Figure 5. The site scribed square fairly precisely define the

36 four quadrants of the Frankfort Large The Shriver Circle and Baum Large Circle has a diameter of Circle. Mound City Earthworks 1,320 feet. Further, according to Thomas It will also be noted that the diameter of The Shriver Circle and Mound City (1894:483), the Baum Square is com­ the Frankfort Small Circle is approxi­ Earthworks are both located in Ross prised of sides that are each about 1,124 mately equal to the radius of the Frankfort County, Ohio. The Shriver Circle is located feet in length. The diagonal of the Square Large Circle. at about 39° 22 '00" North latitude and 83° is about 1,584 feet. As with the Works East, the idea that 00'25" West longitude; while Mound City is Relevant in this case is that the diagonal seems to be expressed here is that if a located at about 39° 22'40" North latitude of the Baum Square is very close to 1,500 particular unit of length (equal in this in­ and 83° 00'15" West longitude. Because times the basic Hopewell unit of length of stance to 1,480 feet, or 1,400 times the these two earthworks are so close to each 1.053 feet (1,500 x 1.053 feet = 1,579.5 basic Hopewell unit of length) is used for other and because they are on the same feet). In fact, the difference between the di­ the diagonal of a square and for the diam­ north-south axis, my hypothesis is that agonal of the Baum Square (which is 1,584 eter of a circle, then the resultant figures they are related to each other. In Figure 8, feet) and 1,500 times the basic Hopewell will exhibit the proportionate sizes of the the earthworks are shown together. unit of length is only about 5 feet, or less figures shown in Figure 6. In the case of the Shriver Circle, I have than one-half of one percent (1,579.5 / idealized the shape of the earthwork to re­ 1,584 = 0.9972). The Pike County, Shriver-Mound City, flect a circle having a diameter of 1,000 Interestingly enough, if the circumfer­ Baum, and Liberty Earthworks feet. This diameter of 1,000 feet was deter­ ence of the idealized Baum Large Circle is The next group of four earthworks all mined from Squier and Davis' (1848:PI. divided into three equal segments or arcs, seem to be related in the sense that they XIX) scale drawing of the earthwork. and the end points of these segments or can be explained by reference to an in­ Similarly, in the case of Mound City, I arcs are connected - thus forming an in­ scribed equilateral triangle. have idealized the shape of this earthwork scribed equilateral triangle within the Large to reflect a square having equal sides of Circle, then what becomes evident is that The Pike County Earthwork 880 feet. This figure is based on Marshall's any one leg of the inscribed triangle will be The Pike County, or Seal Earthwork is (1987:Fig. 6) representation of the earth­ almost equal in length to any one side of shown in Figure 7. The site is located in work as having sides that are, on average, the Baum Square. Pike County, Ohio, at about 39° 03'00" 880 feet apart. Correspondingly, the diago­ Like the Shriver-Mound City Earthwork, North latitude and 83° 02' 30" West lon­ nal of the Mound City Square is about what I think is being expressed here is the gitude. 1,240 feet. idea that if a particular unit of length (equal As determined from Squier and Davis' Of interest here is that the diagonal of in this case to 1,584 feet, or about 1,500 (1848:PI. XXIV) plan of the site, the Pike the Mound City Square is fairly close to times the basic Hopewell unit of length) is Circle has a diameter of about 1,050 feet. 1,200 times the basic Hopewell unit of used to define the diagonal of a square, Further, according to Thomas (1894:491), length of 1.053 feet (1,200 x 1.053 feet = and if a circle is defined by circumscribing the Pike Square is comprised of sides that 1,263.6 feet). In fact, the difference be­ a circle around an equilateral triangle hav­ are each about 852 feet in length. tween the diagonal of the Mound City ing legs or sides that are equal in length to Relevant here is that each side of the Square (which is about 1,240 feet) and the sides of the square just constructed Pike Square is almost equal to 800 times 1,200 times the basic Hopewell unit of (i.e., 1,124 feet), then the resultant figures the basic Hopewell unit of length of 1.053 length is only about 24 feet, or less than will exhibit the proportional sizes of the fig­ feet (800 x 1.053 feet = 842.4 feet). In fact, two percent (1,240 / 1,263.6 = 0.9813). ures shown in Figure 9. the difference between any one side of the Turning to the Shriver Circle, if the cir­ Regarding the Baum Small Circle, it will Pike Square (which is about 852 feet) and cumference of the idealized Shriver Circle be noted that the diameter of this Circle is 800 times the basic Hopewell unit of length is divided into three equal segments or roughly equal to the radius of the Baum is only about 9.6 feet, or less than two per­ arcs, and the end points of these seg­ Large Circle. This proportional relation­ cent (842.4 / 852 = 0.9887). ments or arcs are connected - thus form­ ship wherein the Large Circle is approxi­ Similarly, it will be noted that the diam­ ing an inscribed, equilateral triangle within mately twice the size of the Small Circle is eter of the Pike Circle (which is 1,050 feet) the Circle, then what becomes evident is also to be found at the Works East, is virtually equal to 1,000 times the basic that any one leg of this triangle will be Liberty, Seip, and Frankfort earthworks. Hopewell unit of length (1,000 x 1.053 equal in length to any one side of the ideal­ Moreover, as indicated by Figure 18, feet = 1,053 feet). ized Mound City Square. Baum, Seip, and the Works East are all lo­ In any event, if the circumference of the What I think is being expressed here is cated on the same lunar azimuth. idealized Pike Circle is divided into three the idea that if a particular unit of length equal segments or arcs, and the end (equal in this case to 1,240 feet, or about The Liberty Earthwork points of these segments or arcs are con­ 1,200 times the basic Hopewell unit of The Liberty Earthwork is shown in Figure nected - thus forming an equilateral trian­ length) is used to define the diagonal of a 10. It is located in Ross County, Ohio, at gle within the Circle, then what becomes square, and if a circle is defined by circum­ about 39° 15'30" North latitude and 82° evident is that any one leg of this triangle scribing a circle around an equilateral trian­ 52' 45" West longitude. will be about equal in length to any one gle having legs or sides that are equal to According to Squier and Davis' (1848:PI. side of the Pike Square. the sides of the square just constructed XX) plan of the site, the diameter of the What I think is being expressed in this (i.e., 880 feet), then the resultant figures will Liberty Large Circle is 1,700 feet. Further, earthwork is the idea that if a particular unit exhibit the proportional sizes of the figures according to Thomas (1894:482), the of length (equal in this case to about 800 shown in Figure 8. Liberty Square has sides that are each times the basic Hopewell unit of length) is about 1,106 feet in length. The length of used to define each side of a square, and if The Baum Earthwork the Square's diagonal is about 1,566 feet. this same unit of length is used to con­ Yet another earthwork that expresses Now, if the circumference of the ideal­ struct a circle by means of circumscribing the same concept just noted is the Baum ized Liberty Large Circle is divided into a circle around an equilateral triangle hav­ Earthwork. This earthwork is shown in three equal segments or arcs, and the end ing legs or sides that are equal in length to Figure 9. It is located in Ross County, Ohio, points of these segments or arcs are con­ the sides of the square just constructed at about 39° 14'30" North latitude and 83° nected - thus forming an inscribed equilat­ (i.e., about 850 feet), then the resultant fig­ 09'30" West longitude. eral triangle within the Large Circle, then ures will exhibit the proportionate sizes of As determined from Squier and Davis' what becomes evident is that any one leg the figures shown in Figure 7. (1848:PI. XXI, No. 1) plan of the site, the of this triangle will be fairly close to the

37 length of the diagonal of the Liberty each side of a square, and if the length of equal in length to the diameter of the Square. the diagonal of the resultant square is used Observatory Circle. Also of interest is that the legs of the to define one-third of the circumference of My contribution to the analysis of the inscribed equilateral triangle (which are a circle, then the resultant figures will ex­ Newark Observatory Circle and Octagon 1,470 feet in length) are each equal to hibit the proportionate sizes of the figures is the observation that the diameter of about 1,400 times the basic Hopewell shown in Figure 11. the Observatory Circle and the one set of unit of length of 1.053 feet (1,400 x 1.053 As with the other tri-partite earthworks the Octagon's alternate vertices (which feet = 1,474.2 feet). In fact, the difference already mentioned, it will be noted that are each about 1,054 feet in length), are between any one leg of the inscribed the diameter of the Seip Small Circle is, virtually equal to 1,000 times the basic equilateral triangle and 1,400 times the for all practical purposes, equal in length Hopewell unit of length (1,000 x 1.053 basic Hopewell unit of length is only to the radius of the Seip Large Circle. feet = 1,053 feet). about 4 feet, or less than one-half of one It appears that the idea being expressed percent (1,470 / 1,474.2 = 0.9972). The High Bank Earthwork in the Newark Observatory Circle and What I think is being expressed in this The next site to be considered is the Octagon is that if a particular unit of length earthwork is the idea that if a particular High Bank Earthwork. This earthwork, (equal in this case to 1,054 feet, or 1,000 unit of length (equal in this case to about which is shown in Figure 12, is located in times the basic Hopewell unit of length) is 1,400 times the basic Hopewell unit of Ross County, Ohio, at about 39° 17'45" used for the diameter of a circle, then a length) is used to define the diagonal of a North latitude and 82° 55'10" West longi­ square that is constructed around this cir­ square, and if this same unit of length is tude. cle will also have sides that are equal to used to define a circle by circumscribing According to Thomas (1894:478-479), 1,054 feet. If this square is then used to a circle around an equilateral triangle the diameter of the High Bank Circle is construct an octagon, then the resultant having legs that are equal in length to the 1,052 feet, while the diagonals of the High figures will exhibit the proportionate sizes diagonal of the square just constructed Bank Octagon are 1,250 feet and 1,270 of the figures shown in Figure 13. (i.e., about 1,470 - 1,566 feet), then the feet respectively. resultant figures will exhibit the propor­ Hively and Horn (1984) have reported on The Marietta Earthworks tionate sizes of the figures shown in the High Bank Earthwork at length, and Whereas the preceding analyses have Figure 10. they are to be credited with pointing out dealt with the relationships between asso­ that the apothem of the High Bank ciated circles and squares, in the next few analyses, some interesting relationships The Seip Earthwork Octagon is virtually equal in length to the are explored between square earthworks. The next case to be considered is the diameter of the High Bank Circle. (An In some cases, these squares are sepa­ Seip Earthwork. This site, which is shown apothem is a line that extends perpendicu­ rated from each other by several miles. in Figure 11, is located in Ross County, larly from the center of a regular polygon to Ohio, at about 39° 12'45" North latitude one of its sides.) First to be considered are the Marietta and 83° 13'30" West longitude. According My contribution to the analysis of High Earthworks, which are shown in Figure 14. to Squier and Davis' (1848:PI.XXI, No. 2) Bank is the observation that the apothem This site is located in Washington County, plan of the site, the diameter of the Seip of the High Bank Octagon and the diam­ Ohio, at about 39° 25'30" North latitude Large Circle is 1,532 feet. Further, accord­ eter of the High Bank Circle, which are and 81° 27'30" West longitude. ing to Thomas (1894:488), the Seip Square both about 1,052 feet in length, are virtu- According to Squier and Davis' plan of is comprised of one set of walls which are ally equal to 1,000 times the basic the site, the diagonal of the Marietta Large 1,113 feet in length, while the adjacent Hopewell unit of length (1,000 x 1.053 Square is about 2,120 feet in length, while walls of the Square are 1,141 feet in length. feet = 1,053 feet). the diagonal of the Marietta Small Square The diagonal of this Square is approxi­ It appears that the idea being expressed is about 1,460 feet. mately 1,607 feet. at High Bank is that if a particular unit of Of interest here is that the length of the Relevant in this case is that two sides of length (equal in this instance to 1,000 diagonal of the Marietta Large Square the Seip Square are almost equal to 1,100 times the basic Hopewell unit of length) is (which is 2,120 feet) is very close to 2,000 times the basic Hopewell unit of length of used for the diameter of a circle and this times the basic Hopewell unit of length of 1.053 feet (1,100 x 1.053 feet = 1,158.3 same length is used for the apothem of an 1.053 feet (2,000 x 1.053 feet = 2,106 feet). feet). In fact, the difference between the octagon, then the resultant figures will ex­ In fact, the difference between the diago­ sides of the Seip Square that are 1,141 hibit the proportionate sizes of the figures nal of the Marietta Large Square and 2,000 feet in length, and 1,100 times the basic shown in Figure 12. times the basic Hopewell unit of length is Hopewell unit of length is only about 17 only about 14 feet, or less than one per­ feet, or less than two percent (1,141 / The Newark Circle and cent (1,460 / 1,474.2 = 0.9904) 1,158.3 = 0.9851) Octagon Earthworks Similarly, it will be noted that the length Also of interest is that if the circumfer­ The Newark Observatory Circle and of the diagonal of the Marietta Small ence of the Seip Large Circle is divided Octagon are very similar in concept to the Square (which is 1,460 feet) is very close to into three equal segments or arcs, then High Bank Earthwork - even though the 1,400 times the length of the basic what becomes evident is that each of two sets of earthworks are separated from Hopewell unit of length of 1.053 feet (1,400 these segments or arcs will be equal in each other by almost 60 miles. The x 1.053 feet = 1,474.2 feet). Again, the dif­ length to the diagonal of the Seip Square. Newark Observatory Circle and Octagon ference between the diagonal of the More specifically, simple calculation will earthworks are shown in Figure 13. They Marietta Small Square and 1,400 times the show that if the diameter of the Seip Large are located in Licking County, Ohio, at basic Hopewell unit of length is only about Circle is 1,532 feet, then the circumference about 40° 03'10" North latitude and 82° 14 feet, or less than one percent (1,460 / will be 4,810.5 feet. One-third of this cir­ 26'45" West longitude. 1,474.2 = 0.9904). cumference is 1,603.5 feet, which for all According to Thomas (1894:464), the Perhaps even more significant, however, practical purposes, is identical to the diameter of the Newark Observatory is the observation that the diagonal of the length of the diagonal of the Seip Square Circle is 1,054 feet, while the diagonals of Marietta Small Square is almost exactly which is 1,607 feet. the Octagon are 1,708 feet and 1,720 two-thirds the length of the diagonal of the Marietta Large Square (1,460 feet / 2,120 The idea that seems to be expressed feet respectively. feet = 0.688). here is that if a particular unit of length Hively and Horn (1982) have pointed (equal in this case to 1,100 times the basic out how the distances between one set Apparently, the idea that was intended Hopewell unit of length) is used to define of the Octagon's alternate vertices are here is that if a particular unit of length

38 (equal in this case to 2,000 times the basic sic Hopewell unit of length is only about 7 concepts in geometry. Indeed, from the Hopewell unit of length) is used to define feet, or less than one percent (1,053 / foregoing analyses we can conclude that the diagonal of a square, then two-thirds of 1,060 = 0.9934). the Hopewell understood various concepts that figure will result in a unit of length Of even greater interest, however, is the relating to points and lines, angles, trian­ equal to about 1,400 times the basic observation that the sides of the Dunlap gles, circles, squares, and octagons. Hopewell unit of length. Further, if a square Earthwork (which are about 800 feet in is constructed using this diagonal (i.e., length) are equal to about three-quarters of Points and Lines 1,460 feet), then the resultant square will the length of the sides of the Hopewell Certainly, the Hopewell understood, for exhibit the proportionate relationship to the Square (which are each about 1,060 feet in example, that a line is defined by two or first square as shown by the figures in length). Moreover, as indicated by Figure more points. In fact, this is one of the most Figure 14. 19, the Dunlap and Hopewell earthworks fundamental principles of geometry. That are both on the same lunar azimuth. the Hopewell understood this concept is The Dunlap and Cedar Bank Earthworks demonstrated by their locating sites along The Dunlap Earthwork, shown in Figure The Hopewell and lunar azimuths as shown by Figure 19. In 15, is a solitary figure. It is located in Ross Frankfort Square Earthworks this example, the individual sites can be County, Ohio, at about 39° 24'40" North Another interesting relationship seems considered as points on a line. latitude and 82° 59'55" West longitude. In represented in the square earthworks at Also apparent is that the Hopewell un­ idealized form, the Dunlap Earthwork is a the Hopewell and Frankfort sites. derstood the idea of bisection - or dividing square with sides that are each about 800 As already mentioned, the Hopewell a line into two equal parts. In fact, the feet in length. Square is comprised of sides that are Hopewell often bisected their earthworks Similarly, the Cedar Bank Earthwork, about 1,060 feet in length. Curiously by means of gateways. Figure 10 illustrates which is shown in Figure 16, is also a soli­ enough, the Frankfort Square is similarly my point. Notice how each side of the tary figure, having an essentially square comprised of sides that are 1,040 feet in Liberty Square is bisected by a gateway. shape in its idealized form. The site is lo­ length. In other words, the Hopewell and As the reader may recall, two lines that cated at about 39° 24'00" North latitude Frankfort Squares are almost the same are the same distance apart from one an­ and 82° 58'35" West longitude. According size (to within two percent) - even though other are known as parallel lines; while a to Squier and Davis' (1848:PI.XVIII) plan, they are separated from each other by transversal line is a line that intersects two the Cedar Bank Earthwork has a diagonal about 6 miles. Even more surprising, as or more lines at different points. of about 1,620 feet, and sides that are shown by Figure 19, the Hopewell and That the Hopewell understood the con­ each about 1,150 feet in length. Frankfort Earthworks are both located on cept of parallel lines is evidenced by the Of particular interest here is that the the same lunar azimuth. many examples of parallel walls such as sides of the Cedar Bank Earthwork (which those found at Newark, Hopeton, and are about 1,150 feet) are very close to The Anderson, Mound City, and Portsmouth, as well as the parallel walls 1,100 times the length of the basic High Bank Square Earthworks found amongst the opposite sides of vari­ Hopewell unit of length of 1.053 feet (1,100 The last set of geographically sepa­ ous square earthworks. x 1.053 feet = 1,158.3 feet). In fact, the dif­ rated but apparently related squares in­ The Hopewell's recognition of trans­ ference between each side of the Cedar clude the Anderson, Mound City, and versal lines is suggested by inscribed di­ Bank Earthwork and 1,100 times the basic High Bank earthworks. agonals within various square earth­ Hopewell unit of length is only about 8 The Anderson Earthwork, which is works which are the same length as feet, or less than one percent (1,150 / shown in Figure 18, is located in Ross various segments of associated circular 1,158.3 = 0.9928). County, Ohio, at about 83° 03'12" West earthworks. Of even greater interest, however, is the longitude and 39° 21 '39" North latitude. observation that the sides of the Dunlap In its idealized form, the Anderson Angles Earthwork (which are about 800 feet in Earthwork represents a square having Clearly, the Hopewell were familiar with length) are each equal to about one-half of sides that are about 900 feet in length, and the right angle, as well as the obtuse an­ the length of the diagonal of the Cedar a diagonal of about 1,270 feet. gle. Recall that a right angle has a span of Bank Earthwork (which is about 1,620 Notably, the length of the diagonal of the ninety degrees, whereas an obtuse angle feet). Moreover, as shown by Figure 19, the Anderson Earthwork is very close to 1,200 has a span greater than ninety degrees. Dunlap and Cedar Bank earthworks are times the basic Hopewell unit of length As Figures 1-18 show, the right angle is both on the same lunar azimuth. (1,200 x 1.053 feet = 1,263.6 feet). Indeed, repeatedly expressed in the earthworks. the difference between the length of the di­ Indeed, Hopewell surveying techniques The Hopewell and Dunlap Earthworks agonal of the Anderson Square (which is were sufficiently advanced that they As just noted, in its idealized form, the about 1,270 feet) and 1,200 times the ba­ could lay out what are essentially perfect Dunlap Earthwork is a solitary square with sic Hopewell unit of length is only about 6 right angles. Thomas' (1894:465, 482, sides that are about 800 feet in length. feet, or less than one percent (1,263.6 / 483) data for example, shows that almost The Hopewell Square, on the other 1,270 = 0.9950). perfect right angles are found in the hand, is a larger square with sides that are, More to the point, however, is the obser­ Newark Octagon, Liberty, and Baum according to Cowen's map of the site (see vation that the Anderson Square is approx­ earthworks. Angles found at other Greber and Ruhl 1989: Fig.2.1), about imately the same size as the idealized Hopewellian earthworks typically vary by 1,060 feet in length. The Hopewell Square, Mound City Square; and both the about only 15 to 30 minutes of arc from which is shown in Figure 17, is located at Anderson Square and Mound City Square being perfect right angles. about 39° 20'45" North latitude and 83° are very close in size to the inscribed From the above discussion it is also 06'30" West longitude. square found within the High Bank clear that the Hopewell understood the Particularly noteworthy is that the sides Octagon. Even more surprising is that the idea of perpendicular lines - i.e., lines that of the Hopewell Square (which again, are Anderson, Mound City, and High Bank intersect to form a right angle. This too is about 1,060 feet in length) are very close squares are on connecting lunar azimuths shown by the many examples of square to 1,000 times the length of the basic - see Figure 19. earthworks - which by their very nature, Hopewell unit of length of 1.053 feet have perpendicular sides. (1,000 x 1.053 feet = 1,053 feet). In fact, Discussion Intentionally designed, congruent obtuse the difference between each side of the Clearly, the Hopewell had a good under­ angles, of course, are expressed in the oc­ Hopewell Square and 1,000 times the ba­ standing of some of the more important tagons at Newark and High Bank.

39 Triangles Next, the circle and square compo­ knowledge of astronomy, a basic unit of Surprisingly, although squares, rectan­ nents within each site would be propor­ length, and a calendar system related to gles, circles, and octagons are found tionately varied so as to express a partic­ the moon's phases (Romain 1991c). among the earthworks of Ohio, earthen ular geometric concept. At Hopeton, for These were some rather sophisticated triangles are conspicuously absent. There example, the geometric concept ex­ accomplishments. is little doubt, however, the Hopewell pressed is that if a square is constructed I am not certain as to what led to these were well aware of certain properties of, with sides that are each the same length developments. Perhaps the Hopewell's in­ for instance, the equilateral triangle. This as the diameter of a circle, then the resul­ terest in geometry was triggered by an in­ is evidenced by Figures 7-10, wherein the tant figures will exhibit the proportionate terest in the points and geometric patterns legs of various inscribed equilateral trian­ sizes that are shown in Figure 2. Clearly, of circles and arcs made by the sun, gles are found to be equal in length to ei­ each geometric 'postulate' noted thus far moon, and stars. On the other hand, ther the sides, or diagonals of related can be arrived at simply by varying the maybe the Hopewell's interest in geometry square embankments. proportionate sizes of the circle and was sparked by their efforts at long dis­ tance trading. Allow me to explain: Also clear is that the Hopewell were fa­ square at each earthwork. miliar with the idea of the right triangle - Next, individual components of the It is well-known that the Hopewell col­ which is a triangle having one right angle. earthwork, i.e., the circles and squares, lected vast quantities of exotic raw materi­ This is evidenced by their use of in­ were oriented in such a way as to reflect als including obsidian, copper, mica, and scribed diagonals extending across vari­ alignments to selected astronomical shells from such far-away sources as ous square earthworks - thus forming events such as solstices and lunar stand­ Yellowstone, the upper Great Lakes, and right triangles. (As already discussed, stills. Having examined dozens of the Gulf Coast. some of these diagonals are exactly the Hopewell sites, I am coming to the con­ Obviously, the people who made these same length as other related segments - clusion that such orientations were more journeys (even if they went only as far as thus demonstrating the conscious design symbolic than observationally intended. their own territorial limits) needed to be of the diagonals by the Hopewell.) In other words, the earthworks seem to fairly proficient in dead-reckoning naviga­ have been oriented along idealized celes­ tion. Simply stated, some fair degree of Circles, Squares, and Octagons tial azimuths. expertise is needed if one is to travel Since this paper has dealt almost exclu­ Additionally, each site seems to have hundreds of miles by canoe, or on foot sively with the relationships between the been oriented so that at least one side of and then, after an exchange of goods, circles and squares evident in the the square embankment at each site ex­ turn around and return home - all without Hopewellian earthworks, my comments tended more or less parallel to a nearby getting lost, or travelling in circles. My here will be brief. river, stream, or creek. Using Hopeton as guess is that for such people, the mea­ For whatever reason, the Hopewell were an example again, it will be noted that the surement of linear distances, as well as very interested in the relationships be­ Hopeton Square's northwest embankment direction-finding, and time reckoning by tween circles and squares. From the pre­ extends parallel to the Scioto River, as the sun and moon would necessarily ceding analyses, it can be concluded that does the Hopeton Square's southwest em­ reach a fairly sophisticated level of devel­ the Hopewell recognized and were able to bankment. Additional examples of similar opment. Considered in this context, it geometrically manipulate such variables as correspondences at other sites are pre­ seems natural that we would find such the perimeter of a square, the circumfer­ sented in Note 1. (As a practical matter, to knowledge expressed in these people's ence of a circle, the radius and diameter of locate a site so that its component parts earthworks. After all, it was probably this a circle, polygons that are inscribed within were aligned to selected celestial events knowledge that assured the Hopewell's a circle, polygons that are circumscribed and also parallel to a watercourse would continued florescence. by a circle, diagonals of a square, arcs or simply have required locating the site near segments of circles, and even apothems. a section of a river or stream that extended Notel: along an azimuth that is the same as, or Virtually every square or octagonal perpendicular to the selected astronomical Some Final Observations Hopewellian earthwork can be shown to azimuth. In the case of the Scioto River At this point I do not see any convincing have at least one side which extends gen­ and its tributaries, the meanderings of evidence that the Hopewell knew the value erally parallel to a nearby watercourse. these waterways are sufficient to allow a for, ir or that they had knowledge of the At Dunlap, for example, the north facing wide latitude in azimuths - such that what­ Pythagorean Theorem. wall of the earthwork closely parallels the ever the selected celestial azimuth, a part Also apparent from the preceding analy­ Scioto River. Similarly, the west wall of the of the river or stream could always be ses is that we can now add several miss­ Cedar Bank Earthwork is parallel to the found to extend either parallel to, or per­ ing pieces to my previously published Scioto River. The south wall of the pendicular to the selected azimuth.) table of selected multiples of the basic Anderson Earthwork closely parallels the Hopewell unit of length (Romain 1991b). Finally, each site was located, or posi­ adjacent course of the North Fork of Paint This updated version is presented in Table tioned so that it was on the same lunar Creek. The west wall of the Works East 1. The real point, however, is that each azimuth as a related site - as shown in Earthwork is parallel to the Scioto River. geometric earthwork appears to have been Figure 19. The northwest wall of the High Bank based on one particular multiple of the ba­ In summary, the design and locating of Square, and southwest wall of the Liberty sic Hopewell unit of length. a site was a fairly involved matter - which Square are parallel to the Scioto River. Similarly, the southwest wall of the Seip In connection with these multiples, I can took into account elements of geometry, Square, and northwest wall of the Baum envision a typical Hopewellian earthwork astronomy, hydro-geomorphology, and Square closely parallel Paint Creek. And being laid out in the following way: inter-site relationships. Indeed, each site the list goes on.... First, a particular multiple of the basic was unique - not only in its linear dimen­ Hopewell unit of length would have been sions and underlying geometric proper­ Interestingly enough, this characteris­ selected as the fundamental or operational ties, but also in the way it combined vari­ tic of waterway parallelism seems to be unit. For instance, at Hopeton, the multiple ous intersecting azimuths of the sun, even more pronounced at later chosen was 900 times the basic Hopewell moon, and water. Mississippian sites - where huge temple unit of length. All other measurements at In the past several articles, I have sug­ mounds are clearly built with sides that the site would then be functionally related gested that the Adena-Hopewell Mound- closely parallel nearby rivers and streams to, or be the result of manipulations of this builders had a working knowledge of (see e.g., Morgan 1980). Indeed, in this multiple, or operational unit of length. geometry, a detailed observational characteristic we may have additional ev-

40 idence for the continuity of beliefs ex­ 1) on a sociological level the earth­ References tending from Hopewell times through the works may have served to further inte­ Anderson, Jerrel C. Mississippian Period. grate the Hopewell with the cosmos, as 1980 A Recent Discovery - The Anderson In any event, the association between well as further establishing the identity of Earthwork. Ohio Archaeologist 30(1):31-35. the Hopewellian earthworks and water is the Hopewell people; Cummins, J.J., Kenney, M., and T.D. Kanold further strengthened by the numerous in­ 2) on an ideological level the earthworks 1983 Informal Geometry. Merrill Publishing, Columbus, Ohio. stances of "moats", or ditches located may have provided sacred entrances to both interior and exterior to the earth­ Greber, N'omi B., and Katherine C. Ruhl the Otherworid - to be used for shamanic 1989 The Hopewell Site: A Contemporary works; and by the observation that most of journeys and other such purposes; Analysis Based on the Work of Charles C. the geometric Hopewellian earthworks are 3) on a pragmatic level the earthworks Willoughby. Westview Press, Boulder, CO. built on distinct river terraces as opposed may have been used to validate the pow­ Hively, Ray, and Robert Horn to higher terrain. Lastly, the several in­ ers of the Hopewellian shamen by pro­ 1984 Hopewellian Geometry and Astronomy at stances of parallel walls which lead from viding them with the means for predicting High Bank. Archaeoastronomy 7:S85- the earthworks at Hopeton, Marietta, solstices, lunar standstills, and possibly, S100. (Supplement to Vol. 15, Journal for Portsmouth, and Piketon to nearby water­ even lunar and solar eclipses; and finally, the History of Astronomy.) 1982 Geometry and Astronomy in Prehistoric ways further suggest the association of the 4) intentionally or not, the earthworks earthworks with water. Ohio. Archaeoastronomy 4:S1 -520. certainly functioned to memorialize the (Supplement to Vol. 13, Journal for the Considered in a symbolic context, it geometric and astronomical knowledge History of Astronomy.) might be suggested that the sun and discovered by the Hopewell. Quite possi­ Keplinger, John G. moon are incorporated into the earthworks bly, this knowledge had its origins in the 1919-20 Who Were the Mound Builders? by virtue of each site's alignment to signifi­ Hopewell's efforts at long distance trading. Journal of the Illinois State Historical cant celestial events. The earth is incorpo­ Alternatively, it may be that the geo­ Society XII:45-52. rated into the earthworks by the very na­ metric earthworks simply represent the Marshall, James A. ture of each site's earthen walls and boundaries of Hopewellian horticultural 1987 An Atlas of American Indian Geometry. geometric design. And, water is symboli­ or agricultural areas - similar to our fields Ohio Archaeologist 37(2):36-49. 1980 Geometry of the Hopewell Earthworks. cally incorporated into the earthworks by which are bounded by fences, hedge­ Ohio Archaeologist 30(2):8-12. way of each site's associations with nearby rows, and walls. Clearly, the earthworks waterways. Indeed, in any one earthwork, 1978 American Indian Geometry. Ohio define fairly large, easily cultivated areas, Archaeologist 28(1 ):29-33. we seem to have all three primal realms and they are often located in very fertile Morgan, William N. symbolically and physically united - i.e., river terrace areas, and they symbolically 1980 Prehistoric Architecture in the Eastern earth, sky, and water. incorporate elements of the sun, moon, United States. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA. From what we know of historic Indian and water - which are essential elements Romain, William F. groups, it seems likely that the Hopewell in the growing cycle. Certainly it is not 1992a More Astronomical Alignments at would have considered the junctures, or unusual for a developing agricultural Hopewell Sites in Ohio. Ohio Archaeologist meeting places of these three primal community to associate the sun, moon, 42(1 ):in press. 1992b Hopewell Inter-site Relationships and realms as sacred. If this is true, then one and water - as expressed in the align­ Astronomical Alignments. Ohio can only wonder if perhaps such sites ments of the earthworks - with concepts Archaeologist 42(1 ):in press. were also considered geometrically- of fertility and growth. And, even the oc­ 1991 a Possible Astronomical Alignments at shaped entrances to the Otherworid. currence of burial mounds within the en­ Hopewell Sites in Ohio. Ohio Archaeologist Recall too, that many of the geometri­ closures is supportive of the idea of re­ 41(3):4-16. cally-shaped Hopewellian earthworks had newed life - which after all, is the essence 1991 b Evidence for a Basic Hopewell Unit of burial mounds located within their of agriculture. Perhaps too, this scenario Measure. Ohio Archaeologist 41(4):28-37. perimeters. Burial mounds were located, might explain the paucity of artifacts 1991c Calendric Information Evident in the for example, within the enclosures at found within the geometric enclosures. Adena Tablets. Ohio Archaeologist 41(4):41-48. Shriver, Mound City, Seip, Liberty, and Indeed, the earthen embankments may Squier, Ephraim G., and Edwin H. Davis have been designed to protect Hopewell Tremper. Given that a burial of any type 1848 Ancient Monuments of the Mississippi crops against periodic floods that char­ represents the ultimate transition or pas­ Valley. Smithsonian Contributions to sage from this world to the next, then acterize the southern Ohio river valleys. Knowledge. Vol. 1. Smithsonian Institution, clearly, the occurrence of numerous buri­ The questions continue Washington, D.C. als within the perimeter of the earthworks Thomas, Cyrus lends support for the idea that the geo­ Acknowledgements 1894 Report on the Mound Explorations of the Bureau of Ethnology for the Years 1890- metrically-shaped enclosures of the I would like to thank Jerrel C. Anderson 1891. In Twelfth Annual Report of the Hopewell may have been intended as for permission to reproduce his map of shamanic entrances, or portals to the Bureau of American Ethnology for the the Anderson Earthwork. Years 1890-1891. Washington, D.C. Otherworid. And, special thanks are extended to In summary, the geometrically-shaped my new bride, Evelyn Romain for her pa­ earthworks of the Hopewell may have tient help in exploring the earthworks of had multiple purposes: southern Ohio.

41 Table 1. (Romain) Selected Multiples of the Basic Hopewell Unit of Measure (1.053 ft.)

Multiple Site

1 x 1.053 ft. 1.053 ft. Seip 2 x 1.053 2.106 Mound City 4 x 1.053 4.212 Harness Mound 5 x 1.053 5.265 Harness Mound, Mound City 6 x 1.053 6.318 Harness Mound 7 x 1.053 7.371 Mound City 30 x 1.053 31.590 Serpent Mound 60 x 1.053 63.180 Serpent Mound 120 x 1.053 = 126.360 Serpent Mound 500 x 1.053 = 526.500 Newark 800 x 1.053 = 842.400 Circleville, Shriver, Mound City 900 x 1.053 = 947.700 Hopeton, Milford 1,000 x 1.053 = 1,053.000 Pike, High Bank, Newark 1,100 x 1.053 = 1,158.300 Seip, Cedar Bank 1,200 x 1.053 = 1,263.600 Mound City, Anderson 1,400 x 1.053 = 1,474.200 Works East, Frankfort, Liberty, Marietta 1,500 x 1.053 = 1,579.500 Baum, Liberty 2,000 x 1.053 = 2,106.000 High Bank, Marietta 3,500 x 1.053 = 3,685.500 Newark 6,000 x 1.053 = 6,318.000 Newark

42 CIRCUMFERENCE : 3,736.6 FT. PERIMETER : 3,712.0 FT.

NEWARK SQUARE

928 FT..

Fig. 1 (Romain) Schematic plan of the Newark Fairground Circle and Square Earthworks. Note how the circumference of the Fairground Circle is almost the same length as the perimeter of the Newark Square. (Inset figure after Squier and Davis 1848: PI. XXV.)

HOPETON SQUARE

957 FT.

Fig. 2 (Romain) Schematic plan of the Hopeton Earthwork. Note how the diameter of the Hopeton Circle (line A-B) is virtually the same length as any one side of the Hopeton Square (e.g., line C-D). (Inset figure after Squier and Davis 1848: PI. XVII.)

CIRCLEVILLE"^ SQUARE \

841 FT.

Fig. 3 (Romain) Schematic plan of the Circleville Earthwork. Note how the diameter of the Circleville Large Circle (line A-B) is almost exactly the same length as the diagonal of the Circleville Square (line C-D). Also note how the Circleville Square precisely fits into the Large Circle - thus dividing the Circle into quadrants. (Inset figure after Squier and Davis 1848: Fig. 10.)

43 Fiq 4 (Romain) Schematic plan of the Milford Earthwork. Note how the diameter of the Milford Circle (line A-B) is very close to the same length as the diagonal of the Milford Square (line C-D.) Also note how the Milford Square fits into the Milford Circle - thus dividing the Circle into quadrants (Inset figure after Squier and Davis 1848: PI. XXXIV, No. 1.)

twa.i. iw«h, '! llftae SlSJSs&SZ

Fig 5 (Romain) Schematic plan of the Works East of Chillicothe Earthwork. Note how the diameter of the Works East Large Circle (line A-B) is the same length as the diagonal of the Works East Square (line C-D). Also note how the Works East Square precisely fits into the Works East Large Circle - thus dividing the Circle into quadrants. Also of interest is that the Works East Small Circle is close to one-half the size of the Works East Large Circle. (Inset figure after Squier and Davis 1848: PI. XXI, No. 3.)

44 5 \ \ \\

N -\> ,*s . \ > <> FRANKFORT \ SQUARE \ \

irtt 11 *-...

i T K **.. i— —. r—J ' MM ft.Kindt, t.4.4, • . 4 4 t44J4 4f4t.

Fig. 6 (Romain) Schematic plan of the Frankfort Earthwork. Note how the diameter of the Frankfort Large Circle (line A-B) is very close to the same length as the diagonal of the Frankfort Square (line C-D). Also note how the Frankfort Square precisely fits into the Frankfort Large Circle - thus dividing the Circle into quadrants. Also of interest is that the Frankfort Small Circle is close to one-half the size of the Frankfort Large Circle. (Inset figure after Squier and Davis 1848: PI. XXI, No. 4.)

PIKE V^ SQUARE \ Jd 852 FT.

Fig. 7 (Romain) Schematic plan of the Pike Earthwork. Note how any one side of the Pike Square (e.g., line C-D) is very close to the length of any one side of an equilateral triangle inscribed within the Pike Circle (e.g., line A-B). (Inset figure after Squier and Davis 1848: PI. XXIV.)

45 v,

W MOUND CITY ^N SQUARE N N 880 FT.

Fig. 8 (Romain) Schematic plan of the Shriver Circle and Mound City Square. Note how any one side of the Mound City Square (e.g., line C-D) is the same length as any one side of an equilateral triangle inscribed within the Shriver Circle (e.g., line A-B). (Inset figure after Squier and Davis 1848: PI. XIX.)

\ \ \

\*>

BAUM \ SQUARE

•1,124 FT.

m /. fpr flu*** * .

Fig. 9 (Romain) Schematic plan of the Baum Earthwork. Note how any one side of the Baum Square (e.g., line C-D) is almost equal to the length of any one side (e.g., line A-B) of an equilateral triangle inscribed within the Baum Large Circle. Also note that the Baum " V A»«. SJ lirn \ r/ "'^^BV • Small Circle is almost one-half the size of the Baum Large Circle. (Inset figure after Squier and Davis 1848: PI. XXI, No. 1.) H -y*?-7V ^i-y^'- -— H»00 ft t. bich

46 5

*> W \ LIBERTY \ SQUARE \ \ 1,106 FT.

Fig. 10 (Romain) Schematic plan of the Liberty Earthwork. Note how the diagonal of the Liberty Square (line C-D) is approximately equal to the length of any one side (e.g., line A-B) of an equilateral triangle inscribed within the Liberty Large Circle. Also note that the Liberty Small Circle is close to one-half the size of the Liberty Large Circle. (Inset figure after Squier and Davis 1848: PI. XX.)

\ \

Xfc

V SEIP \ SQUARE \

1,141 FT.

*i*r-\-

^•_p-\^.r'»ii.....'v\ Fig. 11 (Romain) Schematic plan of the Seip Earthwork. Note how the diagonal of the Seip Square (line C-D) is virtually equal to one-third of the circumference of the Seip Large Circle (arc A-B). Also note how the Seip Small Circle is very close to one-half the size of the Seip Large ~^ KS%S." \^ii~*ZZ Circle. (Inset figure after Squier and Davis 1848: PI. XXI, No. 2.)

47 Fig. 12 (Romain) Schematic plan of the High Bank Earthwork. Note how the apothem of the Octagon (e.g., line C-D) is equal in length to the diameter of the High Bank Circle (line A-B). Note too, that the High Bank Circle is virtually equal in size to the Newark Observatory Circle. (Inset figure after Squier and Davis 1848: PI. XVI.)

Fig. 13 (Romain) Schematic plan of the Newark Observatory Circle and Octagon. Note how a line extending between the Octagon's alternate vertices (e.g., line C-D) is equal in length to the diameter of the Observatory Circle (line A-B). Inset figure after Squier and Davis 1848: PI. XXV.)

48 |x" \ \ \ \ \ \ \\ V? \\

\ ^> \ MARIETTA N SMALL \ \ SQUARE \ MARIETTA \ LARGE \ L SQUARE \ 1,040 FT.

1,510 FT.

Fig. 14 (Romain) Schematic plan of the Marietta Earthworks. Note that the diagonal or any one side of the Marietta Small Square is almost exactly two- thirds the length of the diagonal of the Marietta Large Square. Hence, the Marietta Small Square is two-thirds the size of the Marietta Large Square. (Inset figure after Squier and Davis 1848: PI. XXVI.)

DUNLAP SQUARE

800 FT. Fig. 15 (Romain) Schematic plan of the Dunlap Earthwork. Note that the Dunlap Square is almost exactly three- quarters the size of the Hopewell Square shown in Figure 17. Note too, as shown by Figure 19, how the Dunlap and Hopewell earthworks are on the same lunar azimuth. (Inset figure after Romain 1992a.)

K\ \ \

Fig. 16 (Romain) Schematic plan of the Cedar Bank Earthwork. Note that the diagonal of the \ Cedar Bank Square is almost exactly double the length of any one side of the Dunlap Earthwork. CEDAR BANK \ Note too, as shown by Figure 19, that the Dunlap SQUARE \ and Cedar Bank earthworks are on the same lunar \ azimuth. (Inset figure after Squier and Davis 1848: PI. XVIII.)

49 \ \ \ Fig. 17 (Romain) Schematic plan of the Hopewell Square Earthwork. Note that the Hopewell Square and Xs Frankfort Square (see Figure 6) are i\ virtually identical in size. Moreover, the Hopewell Square and Frankfort Square are both on the same lunar x azimuth - see Figure 19. (Inset \ figure re-drawn by the author after \ Cowen, in Greber and Ruhl 1989: HOPEWELL V Fig. 2. 1.) SQUARE N \ ...^ 1,060 FT.

Fig. 18 (Romain) Schematic plan of the Anderson Earthwork. Note that the squares at Anderson, Mound City (see Figure 8), and the inscribed square within the High Bank Octagon (see Figure 10) are all the same size. Moreover, as shown by Figure 19, Anderson, Mound City, ANDERSON N and High Bank are all on connecting lunar azimuths. SQUARE

900 FT.

Fig. 19 (Romain) Map of part of Ross County, Ohio, show­ ing astronomical alignments between Hopewell sites. Map by the author.

50 A RESPONSE TO BALDWIN'S WITCH HUNT by Martha Potter Otto Ohio Historical Society Columbus, Ohio

I wish to respond to John Baldwin's re­ [were] not related to each other [or] to the By definition, all professional archaeol­ cent article (1991). I do not intend to dwell modern .... Native American." is contra­ ogists receive money for their work just on the highly antagonistic and conde­ dicted by evidence that has been accu­ as professional lawyers, plumbers, and scending tone of the piece nor speculate mulating ever since Samuel Morton pub­ truck drivers are paid, although the hourly on the author's intentions for writing it. I lished his Crania Americana in 1839. In rates for the latter three professions likely do wish to point out some misconcep­ those 150 years, physical anthropologists far exceed that for archaeologists. Some tions which the article perpetuates, gross have made, and continue to make, signif­ archaeologists earn their living as the re­ over-simplifications, and flagrant errors. icant contributions to our understanding sult of the projects funded by the federal of the biological aspects of American government. They can do so because a Government Indians, as well as of other ethnic/racial coalition of professional and avocational The "Someone in our government..." groups in the world. It is evident that bio­ archaeologists and the interested public, who determined that the Archaeological logical relationships among prehistoric citing many "horror stories" about signifi­ Resources Protection Act of 1979 applies groups and across the line between pre­ cant archaeological sites being utterly to private, as well as to federal and Indian history and history are quite complex and destroyed by a federally-financed pro­ land, was our own representatives and are misrepresented by such sweeping jects, pressured Congress into allocating senators who enacted the legislation. This statements as the one just quoted. 1 % of federal construction project costs is not the first time that governmental for archaeological investigations (that bodies have imposed their will on private Archaeologists means that 99% of those funds go to en­ property. The zoning codes that can pre­ In my opinion, Baldwin's statements gineering consultants, heavy-equipment vent the establishment of land fills in resi­ about archaeologists are intentionally operators, concrete and blacktop con­ dential areas are also examples of laws simplistic, incorrect, and self-serving, be­ tractors, etc.). Contract archaeology, as that control activities on private property. ginning with his definition as being "those this type of work is called, is highly labor- I will not comment on the ARPA case in involved in any anti-collector manipula­ intensive. I am acquainted with many Indiana, which will indeed be settled in tion". While he objects to all collectors contract archaeologists, some of whom court, except to disagree with the state­ being stereotyped as "unscrupulous" he are quite successful businesspeople, ment that it involves "... a few boxes of has no problem putting all archaeologists however, none of them is growing worthless rocks." I urge readers to look into a single, incorrectly-defined cate­ wealthy in their profession—they cer­ at Curtis Tomak's report (1990) and then gory. I strongly disagree with the state­ tainly do not drive fancy cars or wear decide for themselves. According to ment that "...Archaeology is dead." I can Rolex watches. Tomak (1990: 9-10), material removed see that notion disproved by the growing As with his other broad, overly simpli­ from the Mount Vernon mound prior to interest among the general public in ar­ fied generalizations, Mr. Baldwin does not his formal investigation included: over chaeology, in the support for preservation cite specific examples of the "...horror 1900 chert bifaces and fragments, quartz efforts, in the growth of organizations stories [about] the high dollar cost waste crystal and obsidian artifacts, several such as the Archaeological Conservancy, of this fund [for contract archaeology] pieces of mica, three copper celts, addi­ Inc., in the number of school classes vis­ with no redeeming value received....". tional worked copper, 94 pearl beads, iting the archaeological exhibits at the While there may have been problems two decorated leather objects, 39 bear Ohio Historical Center, at the level of par­ when the legislation was first imple­ canine teeth, and seven worked sections ticipation in the Ohio Historical Society's mented, the archaeological profession of human mandibles. various educational programs, and even and federal and state agencies have the continued high attendance rates at taken great pains to provide for "quality Indians ASO meetings. Archaeology was never control" and to make available to the pub­ The sweeping statement that cultures intended to solve "... the drug problem, lic the results of contract archaeology living throughout North America prior to stop pollution, [and] help poverty...."; in­ projects. Associations of professional ar­ A.D. 1400 disappeared and "...long ster­ deed, if it were, our funding limitations chaeologists on the national (Society for ile periods existed before new cultures would probably disappear. Professional Archaeology) and state (Ohio inhabited the same ....area" is highly mis­ The question of the benefits of archae­ Archaeological Council, for example) lev­ leading, as anyone with even the most ology to our modern society arises fre­ els have enacted procedures and ethics casual knowledge of North American ar­ quently these days, often from persons policies that regulate the quality and chaeology can recognize immediately. or agencies who desire carte blanche so quantity of work and the qualifications of While some Indian societies in New they can build their shopping malls or the people doing it. Many projects today England and the Caribbean, for example, reservoirs. At a time when we are worried include funds for publications written for were wiped out at the point of initial con­ about global warming, data from archae­ the general public that describe specific tact with Europeans, that was not the ological sites can show us how environ­ projects and the results. Prime examples case in other parts of North America ments have changed over time both are books by Bareis and Porter (1984) on such as the Iroquois area of New York through natural cycles and as a result of the very important FAI-270 project the and Canada or in the Southwest. While human intervention. At a time when we American Bottom near Cahokia, and by the debate continues in the Ohio area re­ are obsessed with the spread of dis­ Brose (1991) on the extensive Tennessee- garding the relationships between late eases, data from archaeological sites can Tombigbee Waterway project. I can also prehistoric and historic Indian groups, help us understand the origins and cite instances in which contract archaeol­ there are a number of prehistoric sites spread of contagion. At a time when we ogists have installed exhibits at local mu­ that clearly post-date A.D. 1400. are encouraging individuals and groups seums showing the results of their investi­ of all kinds to develop self-esteem, ar­ gations. Reports on specific projects in The contention that "...Chronology chaeology can trace cultural heritage Ohio are on file in the Archaeology Lab at proves that ... these early inhabitants back through the recent and distant past. the Ohio Historical Center and are acces-

51 sible to all persons who have a legitimate many of the mounds from which the arti­ is reason enough to preserve their handi­ interest in the information. facts were taken (one could speculate work. Equally important as the artifacts endless whether the mounds could have are the contexts in which they are found. Collectors been preserved). At the same time, it was Anyone worthy of the title "archaeologist" I am quite willing to acknowledge the the concept of artifacts having primarily assumes the responsibility of recording information provided in the books by, for monetary value that resulted in the literal the point of origin of every artifact picked example, Knoblock (bannerstones) and mining of Spiro mound (Hamilton 1952: up in a plowed field or excavated in a site Townsend (birdstones). I disagree, how­ 22-28) and the infamous Slack Farm inci­ and that object's relationship to other ar­ ever, with Baldwin's characterizations of dent. The high value of Mimbres pottery tifacts and features. I am not satisfied publications written by archaeologists. in the current art market endangers every with painting just an "...adequate picture" For one thing, the major archaeological remaining intact Mimbres site in New of past cultures. I want to know as much publications such as American Antiquity, Mexico, if indeed there are any left. about them as is possible now, and I Southeastern Archaeology, Archaeology I would like to know to whom Baldwin want future generations to devise new of Eastern North America, North Ameri­ is referring in the statement that "...some and better ways of learning even more. can Archaeologist, and the journals of the of our nation's archaeologists ... have various state archaeological societies, in­ sold items in their care from our public References Cited cluding the ASO, are funded privately institutions and universities...." If such in­ Baldwin, John through individual memberships and sub­ cidents have occurred recently, the per­ 1991 Letter to the Editor: Space Age Witch scriptions, not tax dollars. If my tax dol­ sons involved have violated the ethics Hunt. Ohio Archaeologist 41 (3): 42-43 lars are being spent on archaeological in­ codes of all professional archaeological Bareis, Charles J. and James W. Porter (eds) vestigations such as the FAI 270 project, organizations, and likely the ethics codes 1985 American Bottom Archaeology: A then I want a few more of my taxes to be of their own institutions, and should not Summary of the FAI-270 Project used to publish the results of the work so to be considered professional archaeolo­ Contribution to the Culture History of the the knowledge gained will be available to gists. If, however, the incidents occurred Mississippi River Valley. Published for the widest audiences possible. I also dis­ in the past, then Baldwin is dredging up the Illinois Dept. of Transportation by the agree that "Papers and ... books written events that cannot be changed simply to University of Illinois Press, Urbana, IL by archaeologists are ...less valuable ref­ inflame the current situation. I will not be Brose, David S. erence sources", (presumably less valu­ responsible for the sins of my profes­ 1991 Yesterday's River: The Archaeology of able than things written by collectors). sional "fathers". 10,000 Years Along the Tennessee- Considering the libraries accumulated by Tombigbee Waterway. Cleveland Mu­ many responsible amateur archaeolo­ Conclusion seum of Natural History, Cleveland, OH gists, often at considerable personal ex­ I agree with Baldwin that prehistoric ar­ Hamilton, Henry W. pense, it is clear to me that many others tifacts can be appreciated as art forms; I 1952 The Spiro Mound. Missouri disagree also. disagree that that is their primary value. Archaeologist 14. Missouri I can agree that without a George Heye Artifacts, from the most spectacular ef­ Archaeological Society, Columbia there would be no Museum of the figy pipes to the homeliest potsherds and Tomak, Curtis H. American Indian, or the new National flint flakes, are our only evidence of pre­ 1990 The Mount Vernon Site: A Hopewell Museum of the American Indian. In Ohio, historic cultures, our only links with the Ceremonial/Burial Site in Posey County, the significance of the Wehrle collection people who lived here before us. Indeed, Indiana. Indiana Dept. of Transportation, is the written documentation describing the mere fact that these cultures existed Indianapolis, IN

52 A BANNER PREFORM by David W. Reed 2469 Scott Drive Wooster, Ohio 44691

The banner preform illustrated in the end (Fig. 4) is 2 cm wide. The depth of Morehead's theory that some sandstone accompanying photograph was a per­ the hole is 6 mm deep by 8 mm across. tubes may actually have served as han­ sonal find of the author in October of The piece is circular and has a flat dles for flint or bone tools. 1991. It was found in New Castle base. Due to the shape of the hole, it ap­ Township in Coshocton County. Other ar­ pears as though it may have been drilled REFERENCES tifacts found on this site include several from the top as well as from the side. The Converse, Robert N. side scrapers, a hammerstone, and a pit­ tapered end (Fig. 4) shows considerable 1978 Ohio Slate Types.The Archaeological ted stone. wear and also indicates partial drilling of Society of Ohio, Columbus. The preform (Fig. 1 and Fig. 2) is made another hole. Morehead, Warren from gray banded slate. It measures The purpose of the stone seems to be 1990 Ohio Archaeological and Historical 6 1/2 cm long. The width at the drilled that of an atlatl weight. Another possibil­ Publications, Vol. V. end (Fig. 3) is 3 cm wide and the obverse ity for its use may follow Warren

Fig. 1 (Reed) Unfinished slate banner.

Fig. 4 (Reed) Opposite end.

Fig. 2 (Reed) Obverse of banner.

53 THE ANNUAL MEETING 1992

New ASO President Larry Morris takes the symbolic gavel from retiring President Jim Hovan.

Annual Converse Award recipients Don Casto 1991 winner and Bill Romain 1992 winner are shown with Editor Robert Converse.

Editor Robert Converse, serving his 25th year as Editor, with Raymond Vietzen of Elyria who was one of the first editors of our publication over forty years ago.

64 NEW ARCHAEOLOGICAL SOCIETY POSTCARDS AVAILABLE

The postcards shown in the photo­ gloss paper, these full color cards are of Midwestern artifacts and are suitable graph are now being sold by the offered for .50$ each. They depict for framing. Write or call our business Society. Printed on highest quality some of the rarest and most interesting office.

BOOK REVIEW

Cultural Variability in Context - mately 1,000 BC to 1,000 AD in the by Ahler where Hopewell type points Woodland Settlements of the Ohio River Valley. It would probably be are given names from obscure non- Mid-Ohio Valley more appealing to the non-professional Ohio sites. if it had a less imposing title - to be Despite its somewhat technical for­ Edited by Mark Seeman quite frank I don't understand the mat, the book will allow the lay reader MCJA Special Paper No. 7 meaning. Nevertheless, several of the an idea of what is being done in Ohio in Kent State University Press - papers are of interest, one of which is archaeology. Of special interest is the Kent, Ohio 44242-0001 on the use of the bow and arrow by closing commentary by James Brown 93 pages - $14.00 Mark Seeman. The reader will find the which concisely summarizes the dan­ hypothesis of projectile point size as a ger of equating cultural development This publication consists of a group determinant for bow or spear use inter­ from sites as widely separated as Ohio of ten papers presented at the 1989 esting. Somewhat troubling is the and Illinois. meeting of the Society for American propensity for giving Ohio point types Archaeology. Most of them deal with names derived from sources outside cultural development from approxi­ Ohio such as in the Hansen Site report Robert N. Converse

BACK COVER Pentagonal points from the collection of Don Potter, Reynoldsburg, Ohio.

55 OBJECT OF THE SOCIETY The Archaeological Society of Ohio is organized to discover and conserve archaeological sites and material within the State of Ohio, to seek and promote a better understanding among students and collectors of archaeological material, professional and non-professional, including individuals, museums, and institutions of learning, and to disseminate knowledge on the subject of archaeology. Membership in the society shall be open to any person of good character interested in archaeology or the collecting of American Indian artifacts, upon acceptance of written application and payment of dues.

56