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The Highland Creek Site: Middle to Late Archaic Wetland Utilization in Western Kentucky

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The Highland Creek Site: Middle to Late Archaic Wetland Utilization in Western Kentucky THE HIGHLAND CREEK SITE: MIDDLE TO LATE ARCHAIC WETLAND UTILIZATION IN WESTERN KENTUCKY By Greg Maggard David Pollack With Contributions by Emanuel Breitburg Jack Rossen Nick Hermann Jay Stottman Report Prepared For: Louisville District, United State Army Corps of Engineers P.O. Box 59, Louisville, KY 40201 Kentucky Archaeological Survey Research Report No. 5 (Jointly Administered by: The Kentucky Heritage Council and The University of Kentucky Department of Anthropology) Lexington, Kentucky 2006 Copyright 2006 Kentucky Archaeological Survey All Rights Reserved ii Kentucky Archaeological Survey The Kentucky Archaeological Survey is jointly administered by the Kentucky Heritage Council (State Historic Preservation Office) and the University of Kentucky Department of Anthropology. Its mission is to provide a service to other state agencies, to work with private landowners to protect archaeological sites, and to educate the public about Kentucky’s rich archaeological heritage. Kentucky Heritage Council The mandate of the Kentucky Heritage Council is to identify, preserve, and protect the cultural resources of Kentucky. The Council also maintains continually-updated inventories of historic structures and archaeological sites and nominates properties to the National Register of Historic Places. By working with other state and federal agencies, local communities, and interested citizens, the Council seeks to build a greater awareness of Kentucky’s past and to encourage the long-term preservation of Kentucky’s significant cultural resources. Through its various programs (e.g., Main Street, Grants, Publications, Rural Preservation, Civil War Initiative, Conferences), the Council strives to show how historic resources contribute to the heritage, economy, and quality of life of all Kentuckians. University of Kentucky Department of Anthropology The University of Kentucky Department of Anthropology has a mission to educate students and promote scholarly research in the field of archaeology. The Department also is charged by state law with enforcing and administering the State Antiquities Act, which prohibits the destruction of archaeological sites on state and municipal lands. It maintains comprehensive inventory files and records on archaeological sites in the Commonwealth through the Office of State Archaeology, and supports the major state curation repository for archaeological collections (the William S. Webb Museum of Anthropology). iii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS As with any archaeological project, the successful investigation of the Highland Creek site and the completion of this report could not have been accomplished without the assistance of a number of individuals whom we would like to take this opportunity to thank. First, we would like to acknowledge the dedicated work of the field and laboratory crew: Melissa Gordon, Jennifer Harr, Gene Hume, Leon Lane, David McBride, Niki Mills, Kurt Rademaker, Jennifer Taylor, Rai Taylor, and Marcie Venter. Conducting archaeology in backwater swamps presents many challenges, and they all performed admirably. Our thanks are also extended to Kary Stackelbeck, who not only prepared with most of the illustrations for this report, but provided editorial comments, and David McBride, who was kind enough to provide the artifact photographs. We would like to thank the Kentucky Department of Fish and Wildlife, specifically Mike Morton, for providing us access to the site, storing equipment, and helping us transport personnel and equipment to and from the site. We would also like to recognize Barbara Gortman and Ed Winkle for handling the administrative details associated with this project and for getting the truck fixed. Finally, we would like to thank Anne Bader, Jan Marie Hemberger, and the Louisville District Corps of Engineers for supporting the archaeological investigations conducted at the Highland Creek site and for providing comments on this report. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgments ..........................................................iv List of Figures ............................................................. vii List of Tables ............................................................ viii Chapter 1: Introduction ..................................................... 1 Chapter 2: Background ..................................................... 5 Environmental Background ................................................. 5 Regional Culture History................................................... 7 Previous Archaeological Research .......................................... 12 Chapter 3: Field Methods ................................................... 14 Chapter 4: Excavation and Stratigraphy ...................................... 16 Introduction ............................................................ 16 Looter Pits and Test Units................................................. 16 Auger Probes........................................................... 46 Discussion............................................................. 48 Chapter 5: Lithic Materials ................................................. 50 Introduction ............................................................ 50 Chipped Stone Assemblage ................................................ 50 Non-chipped Stone Assemblage ............................................ 62 Discussion............................................................. 64 Chapter 6: Ceramics ....................................................... 66 Introduction ............................................................ 66 Limestone Tempered Plain ................................................ 66 Grog Tempered Plain .................................................... 66 Discussion............................................................. 66 Chapter 7: Historic Artifacts (by M. Jay Stottman)............................... 68 Introduction ............................................................ 68 Functional Groups ....................................................... 68 Discussion............................................................. 72 Chapter 8: Archaeobotanical Remains (by Jack Rossen, Ithaca College, Ithaca, New York, and University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky) ..................... 73 Introduction ............................................................ 73 Methods ............................................................... 73 Preservation ............................................................ 74 Wood Charcoal ......................................................... 74 Plant Food Remains ...................................................... 75 Discussion............................................................. 82 v Chapter 9: Faunal Remains (by Emanual Breitburg, Tennessee Division of Archaeology, Nashville, Tennessee) ......................................... 85 Summary .............................................................. 87 Chapter 10: Human Remains (by Nicholas P. Herrmann, Knoxville, Tennessee) ....... 88 Introduction ............................................................ 88 Methods ............................................................... 88 Inventory.............................................................. 89 Sample Demographics.................................................... 89 Individual Descriptions ................................................... 90 Discussion and Conclusions ............................................... 96 Chapter 11: Summary and Conclusions ....................................... 98 Plant and Animal Remains ................................................ 99 Lithic Materials........................................................ 100 Features and Burials .................................................... 101 Conclusion............................................................ 101 References Cited .......................................................... 104 vi LIST OF FIGURES 1.1 Location of the Highland Creek Site (15Un127) ............................. 2 1.2 Map of the Highland Creek Site Showing the Location of Test Units and Looter Pits ....................................................... 3 4.1 Location of Test Units and Looter Pits. ................................... 17 4.2 Stratigraphic Profile of East Wall of Looter Pit 1............................ 18 4.3 Planview of Feature 2 in Looter Pit 1. .................................... 20 4.4 Stratigraphic Profile, North Wall of Test Unit 3............................. 22 4.5 Planview of Feature 9 in Test Unit 3 ..................................... 24 4.6 Stratigraphic Profile, South Wall of Looter Pit 2............................ 27 4.7 Stratigraphic Profile, West Wall of Test Unit 1.............................. 29 4.8 Planview of Features 7 and 8 in Test Unit 1................................ 31 4.9 Stratigraphic Profile of Northeast Wall of Looter Pit 3 ....................... 33 4.10 Stratigraphic Profile, East wall of Test Unit 2 .............................. 36 4.11 Planview of Feature 4 in Test Unit 2...................................... 37 4.12 Planview of Feature 11 in Test Unit 2..................................... 38 4.13 Planview of Features 12 and 13 in Test Unit 2.............................. 39 4.14 Stratigraphic Profile of the Northwest Wall of Looter Pit 4.................... 41 4.15 Stratigraphic Profile, West Wall of Test Unit 4 ............................. 44 4.16 Planview of Features 14 and 15 in Test Unit 4.............................
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